DOCSLIB.ORG

Six Books of the Commonwealth

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Six Books of the Commonwealth SIX BOOKS OF THE COMMONWEALTH by JEAN BODIN Abridged and translated by M. J. TOOLEY BASIL BLACKWELL OXFORD PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN IN THE CITY OF OXFORD AT THE ALDEN PRESS BOUND BY THE KEMP HALL BINDERY, OXFORD [taken from the Liberty Library of Constitutional Classics] <http://www.constitution.org/liberlib.htm> CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. Biographical Sketch. II. The Argument of the Six books of the Commonwealth. TRANSLATOR'S NOTE. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE. THE SIX BOOKS OF THE COMMONWEALTH. BOOK I [The chapter numbers in brackets are those of the original French.] The final end of the well-ordered commonwealth [Chapter I] 1 Concerning the family [Chapters II-V] 6 Concerning the citizen [Chapters VI and VII] 18 Concerning sovereignty [Chapter VIII] 25 Concerning feudatory and tributary princes [Chapter IX] 36 The true attributes of sovereignty [Chapter X] 40 BOOK II Of the different kinds of commonwealth [Chapter I] 51 Concerning despotic monarchy [Chapter II] 56 Concerning royal monarchy [Chapter III] 59 Concerning tyrannical monarchy [Chapters IV and V] 61 Concerning the aristocratic state [Chapter VI] 69 Concerning popular states [Chapter VII] 72 BOOK III The council [Chapter I] 77 Officers of state and holders of commissions [Chapters II and III] 80 The magistrate [Chapters IV and V] 84 Concerning corporate associations, guilds, estates, and communities [Chapter VII] 96 BOOK IV The rise and fall of commonwealths [Chapter I] 109 That changes of government and changes in law should not be sudden [Chapter III] 123 Whether the tenure of office in the commonwealth should be permanent [Chapter IV] 128 Whether the prince should render justice to his subjects in person [Chapter VI] 133 How seditions may be avoided [Chapter VII] 138 BOOK V The order to be observed in adapting the form of the commonwealth to divers conditions of men, and the means of determining their dispositions [Chapter I] How to prevent those disorders which spring from excessive wealth and excessive poverty [Chapter II] Concerning rewards and punishments [Chapter IV] Whether it is expedient to arm subjects, fortify and organize for war [Chapter V] The keeping of treaties and alliances between princes [Chapter VI] BOOK VI The census and the censorship [Chapter I] The revenues [Chapter II] A comparison of the three legitimate types of commonwealth, popular, aristocratic, and monarchical, concluding in favour of monarchy [Chapter IV] That in a royal monarchy succession should not be by election nor in the female line, but by hereditary succession in the male line [Chapter V] Concerning distributive, commutative, and harmonic justice, and their relation to the aristocratic, popular, and monarchical states [Chapter VI] INTRODUCTION I. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH JEAN BODIN, like Machiavelli, was one of those writers whose political thinking developed under pressure of personal experience. The Six books of the Commonwealth was published early in 1576, and more than any of his other works, reflects all the facets of his very varied experience. It is the work of a humanist who had had a conservative education; of a jurist who was as familiar with the work of Du Moulins on the customary law as of the medieval civilians; and of a patriot who had turned his attention to politics in the conditions produced by the Wars of Religion. The circumstances under which the first years of his life were passed explain how he came to be all these things. He was born in Angers in 1529 or 1530 of a prosperous bourgeois family. His first patron was its bishop, Gabriel Bouvery, a man of influential connections -- he was a nephew of Francis I's Chancellor Poyet -- and a scholar versed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Under his influence, at the early age of 15 or 16 years, Bodin was professed in the Carmelite house of Nôtre-Dame at Angers, and then sent with three other young monks to be educated at the house of their Order in Paris. In Paris he came in contact with both the old and the new learning. His style of exposition makes it clear that he was trained in the old methods of formal argument. It is also clear that he was grounded in the traditional aristotelianism of the schools, without however succumbing entirely to its influence. He was familiar with Aristotle, but nearly always treats him as the antagonist to be refuted rather than the master to be followed. What, understandably enough, he seems to have found more attractive was the new learning centred in the Collège des Quatre Langues, later to become the Collège de France, where linguistic studies replaced theological, and Plato superseded Aristotle as the master philosopher. Its courses were open to all who cared to attend, and there Bodin probably acquired his extensive knowledge of Greek and Hebrew literature, and his platonism. As a legacy of his Paris education his style was permanently modelled on the disputation, but he was a man of the renaissance in preferring Plato to Aristotle, and in being at any rate as much interested in the humane studies of languages and history as in philosophy and theology. His first sojourn in Paris ended when he was 18 or 19 years old with his leaving the convent, after being dispensed from his vows, and abandoning the study of philosophy and the humanities for that of law. The circumstances leading up to this great change of direction are obscure. But in 1547 the prior of the Carmelites of Tours and two brothers, one of whom was named Jean Bodin, were cited before the Parlement of Paris for having too freely debated matters of faith. In the event the prior and one of the brothers, but not Jean Bodin, were burned. It is not certain whether this was the author of the Six books of the Commonwealth, for the name Jean Bodin was fairly common in the sixteenth century, nor why he escaped, whoever he was. Did he recant? Or was influence used to save him, perhaps that of Gabriel Bouvery? Our Jean Bodin's written works are evidence that he was the sort of man who might easily have got into such dangers in his youth. His last book, the Heptaplomeres, a dialogue between people of different religious faiths, shows him to have been deeply interested in religion, to have been profoundly curious about all the various systems of belief professed in his day, and to have reached so detached a judgement of them that what his own convictions were is a matter of some controversy. He always expressed great repugnance for any policy of forcing men's consciences, and declared in the Heptaplomeres that under such a threat a man was justified in concealing his convictions. He never risked publishing this work. If the Carmelite of 1547 was our Jean Bodin, the reason for his leaving the dangerous environment of the convent becomes clear; and his attitude to religious persecution, and his tendency to conform his own religious profession to time and place, is explained. The same sort of ambiguity hangs over what may have been another incident in his religious experience. In 1552 a Jean Bodin was in Geneva and left about a year later. If this man also was our Jean Bodin it is evidence of his desire to acquaint himself thoroughly with what Calvinism stood for, but one cannot be certain of anything else than that he must have conformed openly to Calvinist practises. The treatment of Calvinism in the Heptaplomeres does not suggest that he became, much less remained, a convinced Calvinist. The burning of Servetus for heresy in 1553 might well have determined his leaving the city. Before this happened, about 1550, he had embarked on the study of the civil law, and but for the possible break in 1552, was for ten years in Toulouse, both as student and teacher. That is to say his life in Toulouse was the counterpart of his life in Paris. His environment was academic, and his activities those of a scholar, though Roman law had replaced the classics as the subject of his studies. His entry into the world of affairs came in 1561 when he abandoned the teaching of the law for its practice, and went to Paris to be called to the bar. He had, of course, to take the oath declaring his catholic orthodoxy required of every avocat du roi on entering into his office. The removal involved more than a change of occupation, important as that was to his development as a writer. The climate of legal opinion was very different in Paris from what it had been in Toulouse. In south France the new learning had invaded the law schools. A new jurisprudence, especially associated with Bourges, and the name of Jacques Cujas, developed out of the humanist passion for recovering and reconstituting the classical past. The great medieval civilians, a Bartolus or a Baldus, consciously adapted Roman law to the legal requirements of their own age, just as the medieval grammarian consciously developed Latin to be a vehicle for expressing his own processes of thought. To Cujas this was a work of barbarization, and he aimed at restoring the original text of the corpus iuris civilis. The results of his endeavours was one of the monuments of renaissance scholarship, and put him in the front rank of sixteenth-century jurists. Paris lawyers were at once more conservative and more practical, perhaps because the customary law of the north, though deeply penetrated by the principles of Roman law, was not a derivation from it, as was the case in the south, but fundamentally an indigenous growth. The Paris lawyer, concerned with the problems of actual legal practice, necessarily therefore perpetuated the Bartolist tradition in his treatment of Roman law.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Philip Barker 87 in the Historians Craftl, Marc Bloch Poses A
    87 THE POLITICS OF PRIMOGENITURE: SEX, CONSCIOUSNESS AND SOClAL ORGANISATlON IN NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE (900 - 1250 AD) Philip Barker In the Historians Craftl, Marc Bloch poses a number of questions concerning the characteristics of objects of historical research, to which he applies the general term 'documents', be they archaeological remnants or texts. Indeed this very classification reduces all historical phenomena to the status of a text or sub-text, as he then elaborates: what do we really mean by document, if it is not a 'track' as it were, the mark, perceptible to the senses, which some phenomenon, in itself inaccessible has left behind?2 Bloch goes on to use this formulation to develop a concept of historical research founded on observation, a science of history bound to the observation of the 'tracks' of a directly inaccessible phenomenon But, to whatever age of mankind the scholar turns, the methods of observation remain almost uniformly dependent upon 'tracks', and are, therefore, fundamentally the same.3 The raw material of history then, according to Bloch, has the status of a 'track', a sign, and whilst its susceptibility to observation is the central constitutive feature of its historical status, it has other properties. It is the sign of another sign which is fundamentally inaccessible to the historian, and as a sign it is linked to the elements that govern the production of its meaning. A 'document' in Bloch's sense may be arbitrary, a remnant from an uncoded past, but an historical sign is not, it is regulated by the mode of its production.
    [Show full text]
  • The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
    Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202).
    [Show full text]
  • A Letter to Pope Francis Concerning His Past, the Abysmal State of Papism, and a Plea to Return to Holy Orthodoxy
    A Letter to Pope Francis Concerning His Past, the Abysmal State of Papism, and a Plea to Return to Holy Orthodoxy The lengthy letter that follows was written by His Eminence, the Metropolitan of Piraeus, Seraphim, and His Eminence, the Metropolitan of Dryinoupolis, Andrew, both of the Church of Greece. It was sent to Pope Francis on April 10, 2014. The Orthodox Christian Information Center (OrthodoxInfo.com) assisted in editing the English translation. It was posted on OrthodoxInfo.com on Great and Holy Monday, April 14, 2014. The above title was added for the English version and did not appear in the Greek text. Metropolitan Seraphim is well known and loved in Greece for his defense of Orthodoxy, his strong stance against ecumenism, and for the philanthropic work carried out in his Metropolis (http://www.imp.gr/). His Metropolis is also well known for Greece’s first and best ecclesiastical radio station: http://www.pe912fm.com/. This radio station is one of the most important tools for Orthodox outreach in Greece. Metropolitan Seraphim was born in 1956 in Athens. He studied law and theology, receiving his master’s degree and his license to practice law. In 1980 he was tonsured a monk and ordained to the holy diaconate and the priesthood by His Beatitude Seraphim of blessed memory, Archbishop of Athens and All Greece. He served as the rector of various churches and as the head ecclesiastical judge for the Archdiocese of Athens (1983) and as the Secretary of the Synodal Court of the Church of Greece (1985-2000). In December of 2000 the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarch elected him as an auxiliary bishop of the Holy Archdiocese of Australia in which he served until 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Universality of Jurisdiction Over War Crimes
    California Law Review VOLUME XXXIII JUNE, 1945 NumBm 2 Universality of Jurisdiction Over War Crimes Willard B. Cowles* B ECAUSE of the mobility of troops in the present war and the practice of transferring troops from one front to another, it may well be that units of Gestapo, SS, or other German organizations, which have been charged with committing some of the worst war crimes, may have been moved from one front to another, perhaps as "flying squad- rons". It may also be a fact that many, even hundreds of, members of such groups have now been captured and are prisoners of war in Great Britain or the United States. Such prisoners held by Great Britain may have committed atrocities against Yugoslavs in Yugo- slavia or Greeks in Greece. German prisoners in the custody of the United States may have committed atrocities against Poles in Poland before the United States became a belligerent. Furthermore, for rea- sons not obvious, but none the less real, it may be that some countries will not wish to punish certain war criminals or that they would prefer that some such individuals be punished by other States. Again, the custodian State may wish to punish an offender itself rather than turn him over to another government even though a request for rendition has been made. Because of notions of territorial jurisdiction, it is thought by some persons that, although a State may punish war criminals for offenses committed against its own armed forces during the military opera- tions, it may not punish an offender when the victim of a criminal act was not a member of its forces, if the crime was committed in a place over which, at the time of the act, the punishing State did not have *Lt.
    [Show full text]
  • 15-108 Puerto Rico V. Sanchez Valle (06/09/2016)
    (Slip Opinion) OCTOBER TERM, 2015 1 Syllabus NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued. The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Syllabus COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO v. SANCHEZ VALLE ET AL. CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF PUERTO RICO No. 15–108. Argued January 13, 2016—Decided June 9, 2016 Respondents Luis Sánchez Valle and Jaime Gómez Vázquez each sold a gun to an undercover police officer. Puerto Rican prosecutors indict­ ed them for illegally selling firearms in violation of the Puerto Rico Arms Act of 2000. While those charges were pending, federal grand juries also indicted them, based on the same transactions, for viola­ tions of analogous U. S. gun trafficking statutes. Both defendants pleaded guilty to the federal charges and moved to dismiss the pend­ ing Commonwealth charges on double jeopardy grounds. The trial court in each case dismissed the charges, rejecting prosecutors’ ar­ guments that Puerto Rico and the United States are separate sover­ eigns for double jeopardy purposes and so could bring successive prosecutions against each defendant. The Puerto Rico Court of Ap­ peals consolidated the cases and reversed. The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico granted review and held, in line with the trial court, that Puerto Rico’s gun sale prosecutions violated the Double Jeopardy Clause.
    [Show full text]
  • The Executive Power Clause
    ARTICLE THE EXECUTIVE POWER CLAUSE JULIAN DAVIS MORTENSON† Article II of the Constitution vests “the executive power” in the President. Advocates of presidential power have long claimed that this phrase was originally understood as a term of art for the full suite of powers held by a typical eighteenth- century monarch. In its strongest form, this view yields a powerful presumption of indefeasible presidential authority in the arenas of foreign affairs and national security. This so-called Vesting Clause Thesis is conventional wisdom among constitutional originalists. But it is also demonstrably wrong. Based on a comprehensive review of Founding-era archives—including records of drafting, legislative, and ratication debates, committee les, private and ocial correspondence, diaries, newspapers, pamphlets, poetry, and other publications—this Article not only refutes the Vesting Clause Thesis as a statement of the original understanding, but replaces it with a comprehensive armative account of the clause that is both historically and theoretically coherent. † James G. Phillipp Professor of law, University of Michigan. Thanks to Nick Bagley, Josh Chafetz, Reece Dameron, Jo Ann Davis, Brian Finucane, Louis Fisher, David Gerson, Jonathan Gienapp, Monica Hakimi, Jason Hart, Don Herzog, Kian Hudson, Daniel Hulsebosch, Rebecca Ingber, Andrew Kent, Gary Lawson, Marty Lederman, Tom McSweeney, Henry Monaghan, Bill Novak, David Pozen, Richard Primus, Daphna Renan, Jed Shugerman, Matt Steilen, Valentina Vadi, Matt Waxman, John Witt, Ilan Wurman, and Mariah Zeisberg, as well as participants in the Georgetown Law School Legal History Workshop, the Hofstra Law School Faculty Workshop, the Hugh & Hazel Darling Originalism Works-in-Progress Conference, the McGeorge School of Law Faculty Workshop, the Michigan Law School Governance Workshop, the University of Michigan Legal History Workshop, and the University of Michigan Atlantic History Seminar, for helpful comments on earlier drafts.
    [Show full text]
  • Special List 318 1
    special list 318 1 RICHARD C.RAMER Special List 318 The Middle Ages 2 RICHARDrichard c. C.RAMER ramer Old and Rare Books 225 east 70th street . suite 12f . new york, n.y. 10021-5217 Email [email protected] . Website www.livroraro.com Telephones (212) 737 0222 and 737 0223 Fax (212) 288 4169 December 3, 2018 Special List 318 The Middle Ages Items marked with an asterisk (*) will be shipped from Lisbon. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED: All items are understood to be on approval, and may be returned within a reasonable time for any reason whatsoever. VISITORS BY APPOINTMENT special list 318 3 Special List 318 The Middle Ages Important Study of Medieval Portuguese Sigillography, Nicely Bound *1. ABRANTES, D. Luís Gonzaga de Lancastre e Távora, Marquês de. O estudo da sigilografia medieval portuguesa: I. Panorama dos estudos sig- ilográficos no nosso país e normas para a sua sistematização; II. Esboço de um Corpus esfragístico medieval português. Lisbon: ICLP / Ministério da Educação, 1983. Large 8°, contemporary navy blue half morocco over marbled boards, spine with raised bands in five compartments, gilt letter, top edges tinted blue, original illustrated wrappers bound in. In very fine condition. 353 pp., (3 ll.), 485 illustrations on 78 ll. plates. ISBN: none. $350.00 FIRST and ONLY EDITION. ❊ OCLC: 165508668 (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen- Nürnberg,Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg, Universitätsbibliothek Ausburg); 959001864 (Biblioteca de Arte Calouste Gulbenkian). Another Copy, in the Original Wrappers, of this Important Study of Medieval Portuguese Sigillography *2. ABRANTES, D. Luís Gonzaga de Lancastre e Távora, Marquês de. O estudo da sigilografia medieval portuguesa: I.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflexos Dirige Calles. the Iconographic Program of The
    Reflexos dirige calles. The Iconographic Program of the Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de NievaÕs ecclesia fratrum (1414-1432)1 Diana Lucêa Gîmez-Chacîn UDC: 726.71.04(460.188)"13" D. Lucía Gómez-Chacón Original scientific paper Universidad Complutense de Madrid Manuscript received: 24. 03. 2016. Departamento de Historia del Arte I (Medieval) Revised manuscript accepted: 29. 03. 2016. Facultad de Geografía e Historia DOI: 10.1484/J.HAM.5.111363 28040 Madrid, España In 1399, Queen Catherine of Lancaster founded the Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de Nieva (Segovia, Spain). e present paper aims to highlight the relevance of the apparently profane scenes and representations of Friars Preachers that decorate this former Dominican convent's ecclesia fratrum, as they constitute a message through which the religious community, and especially its novices, could be instructed in regular observance at a time when the Order of Preachers was undergoing a profound spiritual reform. Key words: Santa Maria la Real de Nieva, Order of Preachers, Queenship, Observant reform, ecclesia fratrum, medieval iconography. According to the chronicles, in 1392 the Virgin Mary In spite of its iconographic richness, the sculptural reliefs appeared to a shepherd called Pedro Amador while he was preserved inside the church have been buried in oblivion for watching over his flock in a slate quarry near the village of many centuries. The representations of diligent as well as Nieva, in the current Spanish province of Segovia. The Mar- lazy Dominican friars that decorate the capitals and corbels ian apparition asked him to go to Segovia and beg Bishop inside the sanctuary have been relegated to the background Alonso de Frias to unearth her effigy, which had remained as a consequence of the interest aroused not only by the hidden in that exact place for a long time.
    [Show full text]
  • Attacking Hereditary Monarchy
    Activity Two: Attacking Hereditary Monarchy Student Worksheet Student Name _____________________________________________ Date _________________________ Direction: Read the Excerpt below from Common Sense and answer the questions directly below. Excerpts from Common Sense MANKIND being originally equals in the order of creation, the equality could only be destroyed by some subsequent circumstance; the distinctions of rich, and poor, may in a great measure be accounted for, and that without having recourse to the harsh ill sounding names of oppression and avarice. Oppression is often the consequence, but seldom or never the means of riches; and though avarice will preserve a man from being necessitously poor, it generally makes him too timorous to be wealthy. But there is another and greater distinction for which no truly natural or religious reason can be assigned, and that is, the distinction of men into KINGS and SUBJECTS. Male and female are the distinctions of nature, good and bad the distinctions of heaven; but how a race of men came into the world so exalted above the rest, and distinguished like some new species, is worth enquiring into, and whether they are the means of happiness or of misery to mankind. To the evil of monarchy we have added that of hereditary succession; and as the first is a degradation and lessening of ourselves, so the second, claimed as a matter of right, is an insult and an imposition on posterity. For all men being originally equals, no one by birth could have a right to set up his own family in perpetual preference to all others for ever, and though himself might deserve some decent degree of honors of his contemporaries, yet his descendants might be far too unworthy to inherit them.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Tools and the History of Political Thought: the Case of Jean
    Digital Tools and the History of Political Th ought: Th e Case of Jean Bodin Ioannis D. Evrigenis, Tufts University Abstract As scholars debate the virtues, drawbacks, and even the existence of the digital human- ities, it is worth thinking more narrowly about how certain digital tools might be put to use in the study of the history of political thought. In what follows, I examine the case of Jean Bodin’s Les six livres de la république, a work as challenging as it is impor- tant. By means of examples of the development of that work and of certain relatively new techniques, I consider the opportunities that these tools aff ord us for the composi- tion of digital variorum editions that are broadly collaborative, fully accessible, up-to- date, and featuring a heretofore impossible degree of editorial accountability. Keywords: Jean Bodin, Les six livres de la république, De Republica Libri Sex, digital hu- manities, history of political thought, history of ideas, text, meaning, editing In interpretive battles over the meaning--intended and otherwise--of infl uen- tial texts, warring parties often consider the nuances and evolution of lan- guage, the historical setting in which a treatise was composed, other relevant debates and exchanges, and speculate about the author’s motives and inten- tions. More often than not, however, these debates tend to take the text itself for granted in at least three important ways. Th e fi rst concerns its provenance, genealogy, and history. Nearly every com- mentary on political thought will have something to say about the setting in which a text was composed, and some may even address the history of its composition and reception.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Mcculloch, Hugh. Men and Measures of Half a Century. New York
    McCulloch, Hugh. Men and Measures of Half a Century. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1888. CHAPTER I. Growth of England and the United States — Bill for Railroad from Boston to Salem — Jeremiah Mason — Ichabod Bartlett — Stage-coaching — Boston in 1883 — Its Commercial Character^ — ^Massachusetts — Her High Character — Change in Character of New England Population — Boston — Southern Prejudices against New England — Bishop Spaulding's Anecdote 1 CHAPTER II. Changes in New England Theology — The Westminster Catechism — Dr. Channing's Sermon at the Ordination of Mr. Sparks — Division of the Churches— The Unitarians — The Calvinists— Dr. Beecher tried for Heresy — Thomas Pessenden— His Question to a Dying Christian — Plenary Inspiration 10 CHAPTER III, Boston— Its Lawyers — Daniel Webster — His Varied Talents — His Debate with Hayne — Mr. Calhoun — Sectional Feeling — Race between a Northern and Southern Horse — Mr. Webster before a Jury — Franklin Dexter — Benjamin Curtis — W. M. Evarts — William Groesbeck — Rufus Choate — Richard Fletcher — Mr. Choate and Mr. Clay— Mr. Burlingame and Mr. Brooks — Theodore Lyman — Harrison Gray Otis — Josiah Quincy — Edward Everett — Caleb Cushing — Henry W. Longfellow — Oliver W. Holmes — Interesting Incident 16. CHAPTER IV. The Boston Clergy : Channing, Gannett, Parker, Lowell, Ware, Pierpont, Palfrey, Blagden, Edward Beecher, Frothingham, Emerson, Ripley, Walker — Outside of Boston : Upham, Whitman and Nichols, Father Taylor, the Sailor Preacher— James Freeman Clarke — Edward Everett Hale — M. J. Savage — Decline of Unitarianism — The Catholic Church — Progress of Liberal Thought — Position of the Churches in Regard to Slavery — The Slave Question 37 CHAPTER V. Departure from New England — William Emerson — New York — Philadelphia — Baltimore — Wheeling — The Ohio River — Thomas F, Marshall—Emancipation—Feeling in Favor of it checked by the Profits of Slavery — John Bright and the Opium Trade — Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cabinet Manual
    The Cabinet Manual A guide to laws, conventions and rules on the operation of government 1st edition October 2011 The Cabinet Manual A guide to laws, conventions and rules on the operation of government 1st edition October 2011 Foreword by the Prime Minister On entering government I set out, Cabinet has endorsed the Cabinet Manual as an authoritative guide for ministers and officials, with the Deputy Prime Minister, our and I expect everyone working in government to shared desire for a political system be mindful of the guidance it contains. that is looked at with admiration This country has a rich constitution developed around the world and is more through history and practice, and the Cabinet transparent and accountable. Manual is invaluable in recording this and in ensuring that the workings of government are The Cabinet Manual sets out the internal rules far more open and accountable. and procedures under which the Government operates. For the first time the conventions determining how the Government operates are transparently set out in one place. Codifying and publishing these sheds welcome light on how the Government interacts with the other parts of our democratic system. We are currently in the first coalition Government David Cameron for over 60 years. The manual sets out the laws, Prime Minister conventions and rules that do not change from one administration to the next but also how the current coalition Government operates and recent changes to legislation such as the establishment of fixed-term Parliaments. The content of the Cabinet Manual is not party political – it is a record of fact, and I welcome the role that the previous government, select committees and constitutional experts have played in developing it in draft to final publication.
    [Show full text]