7 X 11 Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73586-5 - Carnivoran Evolution: New Views on Phylogeny, Form, and Function Edited by Anjali Goswami and Anthony Friscia Index More information

Index

Page numbers in bold type refers to ﬁgures.

Acinonyx jubatus, 226, 304 Arctoidea, 12, 27, 30, 31, 40, 94, 104 Actiocyon, 115, 125 Artiodactyla, 312 active replacement, 311 Atilix paludinosis, 9 Adelphailurus, 411 Ailuridae, 11, 30, 92–126, 231, 304 badgers, see Mustelidae diagnosis, 116 bamboo, 12, 94 Ailurinae, 92, 116–20 Barbourofelinae, 10, 34, 295, 301 Ailuropoda, 15, 20, 31, 94, 104, 107, 226 basicranium, 37, 65, 107, 155, 157, 158, 159 Ailurus, 117, 126 Bassaricyon, 11 Ailurus fulgens, 3, 30, 93, 126 Bassaricyon lasius, 377 alisphenoid canal, 82, 107, 110 Bassariscus, 231, 238 allometry, 43, 165, 168 Bassariscus astutus, 388 multiphasic, 172–6, 178–85 Bathygale, 32 postcranial, 411–59 bear-dogs, see Amphicyonidae Alopecocyon, 112, 113, 115, 122, 125 behaviour, 411, 454 Alopex lagopus, 392 Bergmann’s Rule, 396 American lion, see Panthera leo cf. atrox biogeography, 225–39, 247–65, 361 Amphictis, 30, 92, 109, 112, 115, 116, biomechanics 123–124 cranial, 466–81 Amphicynodon, 109 postcranial, 450–9 Amphicynopsis, 297 bite force, 466–81 Amphicyon major, 299 body size, 39–43, 226, 248, 249, 269, Amphicyonidae, 17, 34, 41, 142, 193, 295 270, 301, 314, 325, 330, 412, 413 Ancient DNA, 25 bone cracking, 8, 16, 19, 289, 304 Andrewsarchus, 304 brain size, 39, 43–7 Aonyx, 236 lions, 168 aquatic species, 4, see Pinnipedia Buxolestes, 271 ArcGIS, 379 Arctictis, 104, 261, 303 C4 grasslands, 237 Arctictis binturong, 2, 8, 79, 226 Callorhinus ursinus, 345, 352, 363 Arctocephalus australis, 345, 363 Canidae, 16, 94, 192–203, 229, 230, Arctocephalus gazella, 347 233, 234, 235, 294, 314, 315, arctocyonids, 270, 271, 273 392, 393 Arctodus, 15 body size evolution, 41–3 Arctogalidia, 261 Borophaginae, 16, 41, 233 Arctogalidia trivirgata, 75, 79 brain size evolution, 46–7

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Index 487

Caninae, 16, 203, 233 Oxyaenidae, 17, 270, 273, 289, 314 Hesperocyoninae, 16, 41, 203, 233 Proviverrinae, 275 Caniformia, 1, 10, 27, 31, 94 Crocuta crocuta, 2, 30 body size evolution, 40–1 Cryptoprocta ferox, 2, 9, 66, 67, 203, 204, brain size evolution, 44 226, 231, 233, 234 Canis, 468 Cynogale bennettii, 78 Canis (Lycaon) pictus, 226, 231 Cynogale lowei, 78 Canis aureus, 295 Cynoidea, see Canidae Canis dirus, 177 Cystophora cristata, 352, 353, 356, 359, Canis latrans, 392 360, 362, 363 Canis lupus, 30, 233 carnassials, 4, 17, 20, 192, 196, 230 development, 142, 143, 145, 172, 174, 176, Carnivoraformes, 26, 36–8, 47 190, 213, 362, 363 Carnivoramorpha, 4, 26–36 Diatryma, 304 carnivoran Didymictis, 47, 49 deﬁnition of, 1 Didymictis protenus, 49 carnivore didymoconids, 270, 271 deﬁnition of, 1 diet, 226, 269, 270, 271, 314, 342, 466 Cephalogale, 109 dimorphism, 345, 352, 356, 361, 363–4 character correlation, 37, 141 dingo, 475–9 effects on phylogenetic analyses, Dinictis, 329 146–7, 158 Dinobastis, 412, 418, 433, 434, 435, 453, Chasmaporthetes, 8, 203 455, 456, 459 cheetah, see Acinonynx Dinobastis serus, 443 Chriacus, 303 Dinofelis, 412, 427, 429, 430, 434, 453, Chrotogale owstoni, 68, 79 454, 456, 458, 459 civets, see Viverridae Dinofelis barlowi, 441, 442, 453 Civettictis, 264 Diplogale hosei, 79 Civettictis civetta, 65, 82, 257, 258 directional selection, 197, 212 climate change, 375 dirk-toothed cats, 412 competition, 194, 197, 311–35 disparity, 225, 227, 233–4, 238, 239, competitive replacement, 311 246, 247–65, 316 condylarths, 303 dog-bears, see Ursidae, Hemicyoninae constraint, 190, 192–4, 197, 361 Dollo’s Law, 190 developmental, 213 functional, 213 ecological replacement, 334 convergence, 19, 359–61, 475 ecomorphology, 18, 192, 225, 247–65, Cope’s Rule, 315, 332 see Canidae, body 269, 299, 311–35, 359, 362, size evolution 374–97, 453 correspondence analysis, 226, 230 ecoregions, 382 Creodonta, 15, 17, 27, 271, 301, 311–35 elevation, 381 competition with Carnivora, 17 Enaliarctos, 13 Hyaenodontidae, 17, 270, 273, 275, Enaliarctos mealsi, 344 295, 297, 301, 304, 314 encephalisation, see brain size Limnocyoninae, 275 Enhydra lutris, 231, 236, 385 Machairoidinae, 275 Enhydrocyon, 202, 203

488 Index

Erignathus barbatus, 14, 342, 353, 359, 360, 362 Genetta maculata, 81 Eupleres goudotii, 9, 30, 66, 68, 204, Genetta pardina, 81 231, 233, 234 Genetta piscivora, 80, 81 Eupleridae, 9, 31, 67–72, 229, 231, 233, 234 Genetta poensis, 81 Euplerinae, 70 Genetta servalina, 81 Galidiinae, 70 Genetta tigrina, 81, 255 evolutionarily stable systems, 190 Genetta victoriae, 81 evolutionary ratchet, 212 Genetta thierryi, 81 evolutionary rates, 195, 197, 205–15 geometric morphometrics, 147, 345 exaptation, 114 Giant panda, see Ailuropoda Great American Biotic Interchange, false sabre-toothed cats, see Nimravidae 7, 10, 12, 16 false-thumb, 114 guild structure, 269–305 Felidae, 7, 194, 203, 229, 230, 231, 233, Gulo diaphorus, 121 234, 235, 248, 294, 297, 393 Gulo gulo, 30 Felinae, 411 Machairodontinae, 7, 411–59 habitat selectivity, 265 Homotheriini, 412 Halichoerus grypus, 353, 354, 359, 360, 362 Metailurini, 411 Harpagolestes, 304 Smilodontini, 412 Helogale, 294 Feliformia, 1, 6, 27, 64, 247 Hemicyon, 299 Feloidea, 27 Hemigalus, 261 Finite Element Analysis, 466–81 Hemigalus derbyanus, 79 Fissipedia, 34 Herpestes, 256, 261, 264, 294 Fossa fossana, 66, 68, 204 Herpestes ichneumon, 256, 258 fossil record, 4 Herpestes vitticollis, 255 ancestral state reconstruction, 39, 198 Herpestidae, 8, 31, 64, 70, 203, 229, phylogenetic analyses, 25 234, 238, 247–65, 294, 315 fur seals, see Otariidae Herpestinae, 70 Mungotinae, 70 Galerella, 256, 261 Herpestides, 77 Galerella pulverulenta, 258 Herpestoidea, 27 Galerella sanguinea, 258 Homotherium, 25, 412, 418, 427, 428, 430, Galictis, 294, 301 433, 434, 435, 440, 441, 443, 453, Galicitis cuja, 295 454, 457, 459 Galidia elegans, 69 Hyaenictis, 203 Galidictis fasciata, 69 Hyaenidae, 8, 31, 193, 203, 229, 231, 233, Galidictis grandidieri, 69 234, 289, 294 Genetta, 78, 80, 254, 258, 261, 301 Hyaenodon, 325, 329, 331, 332 Genetta abyssinica, 81, 257, 260 Hyaenodon gigas, 304 Genetta angolensis, 81 Hyainailouros, 304 Genetta bourloni, 81 Hydrurga leptonyx, 14, 342, 352–3, 354, 359 Genetta cristata, 81 hypercarnivory, 19, 20, 192–215, 230, 254, Genetta felina, 81 258, 260, 271, 315 Genetta genetta, 65, 81, 295 hypocarnivory, 230, 254, 255, 271, 304 Genetta johnstoni, 81 hypsodonty, 396

Index 489

Ichneugale, 122 Mephitidae, 12, 30, 229, 231, 233 Ictonyx, 260 Mephitis mephitis, 3, 30, 388 independent contrasts, 351 Mesonychia, 270, 271, 273, 289 insectivory, 271, 315 Mesonyx, 304 Ischyrictis, 297, 299, 301 Metailurus, 412 Miacidae, 297, 301, 314 see Miacoidea Laurasiatheria, 5 Miacis, 38, 47, 330 Leptonychotes weddelli, 354 Miacis uintensis, 49 Leptoplesictis, 299 Miacoidea, 5, 34–6, 37 see Carnivoraformes Limnocyon, 330 Mimocyon, 325 Limnocyonidae, 314 Miocyon, 329, 330, 332 linsang, see Prionodontidae Miracinonyx, 25 Lobodon carcinophagus, 14, 342, 354 Mirounga leonina, 40, 356, 359, 360, locomotion, 4, 19, 39, 269, 270, 271, 362, 363 302, 374–97, 411 see postcranial modularity, 37, 141, 142–6, 159 morphology molecular phylogenetics, 4, 26, 31, 33, 66, digitigrade, 376, 379 93–100 plantigrade, 376, 379 mongooses, see Herpestidae semidigitigrade, 379 Monte Carlo simulations, 150 Lokotunjailurus, 454 morphological bias, 189–215 Lontra canadensis, 3, 30 morphological diversity, 194 Lophocyoninae, 303 morphological integration, 141, 142–6, 150, Lutrinae, 235 156, 190, 213 Lycyaena, 202, 203 morphospace occupation, 195, 227, 232, Lynx canadensis, 388 234–8, 316, 353, 358, 361 Lynx rufus, 30, 388 Mungos mungo, 2, 30 Mungotictis decemlineata, 69 Machaeroides, 297, 301, 325 Mustela, 202, 203, 235 Machairodus, 412, 454 Mustela frenata, 30 Macrogalidia musschenbroekii, 75 Mustela nivalis, 40, 226 Madagascar, 9 Mustelictis, 109 Magerictis, 116, 119, 125 Mustelidae, 10, 28, 30, 32, 104, 193, 203, Magerictis imperialis, 112, 115 229, 231, 235, 247, 294, 297, 301, Malagasy carnivorans, see Eupleridae 315, 334, 393 Malagasy mongooses, 69, see Eupleridae relationships, 10, 32 see Musteloidea marsupial carnivores, 18 Musteloidea, 10–12, 27, 30, 95, 115 Borhyaenoidea, 18 Mydaus, 104, 231 Martes, 235, 297 Martes americana, 388 Nandinia binotata, 30, 66–7 Megantereon, 412, 444, 447, 448, 454, Nandiniidae, 9, 30, 231 458, 459 Nasua, 11 Megaviverra, 264 Nasua narica, 3 Megistotherium, 304, 333 Neofelis, 447 Megistotherium osteothlastes, 17 Nimravidae, 9, 15, 34, 142, 194, 203 Meles, 104, 235 non-metric multidimensional scaling Melursus, 231 (NMDS), 324

490 Index

Odobenidae, 13, 30, 342 passive replacement, 312 Dusignathinae, 13 Patriofelis, 304, 329, 331 Odobeninae, 13 Percrocuta, 299 suction feeding, 13 Percrocutidae, 289 Odobenus rosmarus, 3, 342, 353 perineal gland, 65, 75, 78 Ommatophoca rossi, 354 Perissodactyla, 312 ontogeny, 345, 352, 354, 362 Philotrox, 203 Oo¨dectes, 38, 330 Phoca vitulina, 30 Oo¨dectes herpestoides, 49 Phocidae, 13, 14, 30, 342 Otaria byronia, 345, 353, 356, 360, 361, 362, 363 Monachinae, 14 Otariidae, 13, 14, 30, 342 Phocinae, 14 Arctocephalinae, 14 Pholidota, 5, 27 Otariinae, 14 phylogenetic inertia, 423 Otocyon megalotis, 231, 234 Pinnipedia, 12, 27, 30, 41, 342–65 otters, see Mustelidae, Lutrinae relationships, 12, 14, 343 Oxyaena, 330 Pinnipedimorpha, 27 Plesictis, 32 Pachycrocuta, 235 Pliocrocuta, 235 Paguma, 261 Poecilogale, 260 Paguma larvata, 79 Poiana, 65, 75, 80, 258, 261 Palaearctonyx, 297 Poisson’s ratio, 467 palaeobiogeography, 5–17, 344 postcranial morphology, 47–51, 415, palaeoclimate, 269 see locomotion palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, 269, Potos, 11, 104, 303 374–97 Potos ﬂavus, 30 Palaeontictis, 329 precipitation, 381 Paleomustelidae, 32 prehensile tail, 4, 11 pangolins, see Pholidota prey acquisition, 411, 454 Panthera, 165, 459 Primates, 312 Panthera leo, 2, 294, 451–3, 470, 471–2, principal component analysis, 269 473, 474–5, 476 principal components analysis, 195, 272, Panthera leo cf. atrox, 165–85, 470 349, 418 Panthera onca, 295 principal coordinates analysis, 153, 158 Panthera pardus, 295 Prionodon linsang, 66 Panthera spelea, 165 Prionodon pardicolor, 66 Panthera tigris, 451–3 Prionodontidae, 31, 68, 72–5, 231 Pantherinae, 291 Pristinailurus, 112, 116, 119, 126 pantolestids, 270, 271, 273, 304 Procynodictis, 38, 47 Paracynictis, 261 Procyon, 104 Paradoxurus, 79, 261 Procyon gloveralleni, 377 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, 79 Procyonidae, 11, 31, 94, 95, 104, 112, 229, Paradoxurus jerdoni, 79 231, 235, 238, 294, 303, 315, 393 Paradoxurus zeylonensis, 80 Proputorius, 297, 299 Parailurus, 92, 111, 112, 116, 117–19 Proteles cristata, 8, 226, 231, 234 Paralutra, 295, 299 Protictitherium, 299 paroxyclaenids, 303 Protursus, 113, 121, 125

Index 491

Pseudaelurus, 297, 299 stress, 467 Puijila darwini, 13 Sunkahetanka, 203 Suricata suricatta, 9 Quercitherium, 304 Quercygale, 38 taphonomy, 302 Tapocyon, 38, 47 raccoons, see Procyonidae Tapocyon robustus, 49 radial sesamoid, see false-thumb Taxidea, 235 Rangifer tarandus, 391 taxon-free analysis, 247, 269 Red pandas, see Ailuridae temperature, 375, 381 relationships, see fossil record, phylogenetic Teratodon, 304 analyses, molecular phylogenetics Thylacinus cynocephalus, 475–9, see marsupial Carnivora, 25 carnivores placental superorders, 4 Thylacoleo carnifex, 474–5, 476, see marsupial total evidence, 26, 31 carnivores reproductive strategies, 342 Tremarctos, 15 Rodentia, 312 Tremarctos ornatus, 236 Tritemnodon, 297, 301, 330 sabre-toothery, 7, 19, 413 Trocharion, 295 Salanoia concolor, 69 Trochictis, 299 Sansanosmilus, 297, 301 Trochotherium, 295 Sarkastodon, 304 Scimitar-toothed cats, 412 Uintacyon, 38, 301 sea lions, see Otariidae Uintacyon major, 297 seals, see Phocidae Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 388 Semigenetta, 77, 297 Ursidae, 12, 15, 30, 31, 41, 94, 95, 193, short-faced bear, see Arctodus 229, 231, 295, 393 Simocyon, 112, 113, 116, 121, 125 Amphicynodontinae, 15 Simocyon batalleri, 114 Hemicyoninae, 15 Simocyoninae, 11, 30, 113–16, 120–3 polar bear, 15, 226 Sinopa rapax, 272 sloth bear, 15 skunks, see Mephitidae Ursinae, 15 Smilodon, 25, 141, 412, 427, 430, 434, 443, Ursus americanus, 30 444, 447, 449, 453, 454, 458, 459 Ursus arctos, 3, 237, 304 Smilodon fatalis, 2, 177, 470, 471–2, 473 Ursus spelaeus, 25 Smilodon gracilis, 429, 436 specialisation, 190–2, 362 vegetation cover, 382 speciation, 246 Viretius, 122 species richness, 387 Viverra, 78, 254, 261, 264 spectacled bear, see Tremarctos Viverra bakeri, 264 Speothos, 295 Viverra civettina, 82 Spilogale pygmaea, 377 Viverra durandi, 264 stabilising selection, 190, 194, 197, 212 Viverra howelli, 264 stem carnivorans, see Carnivoramorpha Viverra leakeyi, 264 stink badgers, see Mephitidae Viverra leptorhyncha, 122 strain, 467 Viverra megaspila, 82

492 Index

Viverra tainguensis, 83 Paradoxurinae, 66, 75, 77, 79 Viverra tangalunga, 82 relationships, 64–83 Viverra zibetha, 30, 82 Viverrinae, 66, 75, 77, 81 Viverravidae, 5, 34–6, 38, 47, 275, 295, 313 Vulpavus, 38, 47, 49, 297 locomotion, 49–51 Vulpes vulpes, 3, 392 Viverravus, 49 Vulpes zerda, 233 Viverravus acutus, 6, 49 Viverravus gracilis, 37 walrus, see Odobenidae Viverricula, 261, 264 weasels, see Mustelidae Viverricula indica, 67, 82 Viverridae, 7, 28, 31, 104, 193, 229, 231, Xenosmilus, 412 233, 234, 238, 247–65, 294, 301, 303, 315, 334 Young’s modulus, 467 Genettinae, 75, 78, 80 Hemigalinae, 66, 75, 77, 78 Zalophus californianus, 3, 30