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Modo De Vida Y Expectativas De Salud De Comunidades Del Litoral De La Costa Norte Del Perú Durante El Período Formativo

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Modo De Vida Y Expectativas De Salud De Comunidades Del Litoral De La Costa Norte Del Perú Durante El Período Formativo UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES E.A.P DE ARQUEOLOGÍA Modo de vida y expectativas de salud de comunidades del litoral de la costa norte del Perú durante el período formativo Análisis bioantropológico de los individuos del sitio arqueológico Puémape TESIS para optar el Título Profesional de Licenciado en Arqueología AUTOR Luis Nicanor Pezo Lanfranco ASESOR Dr. Rafael Vega-Centeno Sara-Lafosse Lima- Perú 2010 RESUMEN Este trabajo lleva a cabo una aproximación al conocimiento del modo de vida y expectativas de salud de las comunidades costeras del Período Formativo (2500-1 a.C.) de la Costa Norte de los Andes Centrales, mediante el análisis de los restos óseos de los individuos de los contextos funerarios asignados a las distintas fases ocupacionales del sitio arqueológico Puémape, localizado en el litoral de la quebrada de Cupisnique. A partir del análisis osteológico intragrupal e intergrupal, se describen y discuten los principales cambios o regularidades en los indicadores bioantropológicos de tres poblaciones que habitaron el sitio (Elera, 1998): Puémape Temprano (ca. 4400 + 110 a.p.) [3355:2835 a.C. p= 0.887097], Puémape Medio (ca. 3960+ 110 a.p. y 3920+ 110 a.p.) [2678:2034 a.C. p=0.982982 y 2627:2012 a.C. p=0.990279] y Puémape Salinar (ca. 2340 + 90 a.p) [564:92 a.C. p=0.939282]. Las correlaciones entre las evidencias bioantropológicas y los datos arqueológicos de las fases a nivel local y regional, nos ayudan a responder, desde una perspectiva comparativa, algunas preguntas sobre los patrones de subsistencia, la situación de salud y el grado de complejización de las relaciones sociales de las comunidades costeras del Período Formativo de los Andes Centrales. 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS El presente trabajo no hubiera podido ser realizado sin el invalorable apoyo, humano y material, de varias personas e instituciones a las cuales estaremos eternamente agradecidos. A nuestros profesores: Rafael Vega-Centeno por el asesoramiento, las críticas constructivas y la confianza. A María Inés Barreto quien acompañó y revisó en repetidas oportunidades los manuscritos iniciales, por sus importantes correcciones y paciencia. A Javier Alcalde, Daniel Morales y Sabine Eggers, por su amistad y apoyo en la realización de este trabajo y otros proyectos académicos. A Sandra Téllez, por la oportunidad que dio origen al desarrollo del trabajo, a Carlos Elera por la inspiración y los datos arqueológicos que soportan esta investigación, a Sandro Pezo por los datos y discusiones sobre el modo de vida de marisqueros y pescadores artesanales y a Franco León del Val por las valiosas informaciones sobre las dietas de Puémape. A Elver Mayer por su ayuda en la edición de algunos gráficos de la presente tesis y a mis colegas José Antonio Sánchez y Alexis Solís por su colaboración con las impresiones finales del documento. A Francisco Campos y Jhonny Berríos, del área de Manejo de Colecciones del Museo de la Nación, por su importante colaboración durante el análisis de las muestras. A la dirección del Museo de la Nación de Lima, por haber facilitado el acceso a las colecciones. 3 ÍNDICE LISTA DE TABLAS .................................................................................................. 8 LISTA DE FIGURAS .............................................................................................. 10 LISTA DE IMÁGENES ........................................................................................... 11 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................. 12 1. ANTECEDENTES DE INVESTIGACIÓN ................................................ 15 1.1. EL SITIO ARQUEOLÓGICO PUÉMAPE ............................................................ 15 1.1.1. LOCALIZACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA DEL SITIO PUÉMAPE .................................... 15 1.1.2. EL MEDIO ECOLÓGICO DE LA REGIÓN CUPISNIQUE................................... 15 1.2. CONTEXTO ARQUEOLÓGICO DEL SITIO PUÉMAPE........................................ 20 1.2.1. DELIMITACIÓN CRONOLÓGICA. EL PERÍODO FORMATIVO DE LOS ANDES CENTRALES ................................................................................................ 20 1.2.2. ANTECEDENTES DEL ESTUDIO ARQUEOLÓGICO DE PUÉMAPE ................. 23 1.2.3. LAS FASES ARQUEOLÓGICAS DEL SITIO PUÉMAPE..................................... 24 La Secuencia Cronológica de Puémape.. ............................................. 24 Las Evidencias de las Fases Ocupacionales .......................................... 25 1.2.4. LAS FASES DEL SITIO PUÉMAPE, EL CONTEXTO REGIONAL ........................ 29 Puémape Temprano-1: Final del Arcaico Tardío o Pre-cerámico Final .............................................................................. 29 Puémape Temprano-2: El Formativo Temprano ................................. 31 Puémape Medio: Formativo Medio Temprano, Cupisnique Clásico .... 36 Puémape Tardío: Formativo Medio Tardío, Cupisnique Tardío ........... 42 Puémape Salinar: Postrimerías del Formativo .................................... 43 1.2.5. EL ESCENARIO DOMÉSTICO EN EL SITIO PUÉMAPE ................................... 56 Escenario Doméstico en la Fase Puémape Temprano 1 (EPP-1) ......... 56 Escenario Doméstico en la Fase Puémape Medio ............................... 57 Escenario Doméstico en la Fase Puémape Salinar ............................... 58 1.2.6. ACERCAMIENTO AL PATRÓN SUBSITENCIAL DE PUÉMAPE ........................ 59 Restos Vegetales del Sitio Puémape ................................................... 59 Restos de Fauna del Sitio Puémape .................................................... 60 4 2. BIOANTROLOPOLOGÍA Y MODO DE VIDA: MARCO TEÓRICO- METODOLÓGICO .......................................................................... 67 2.1. IMPORTANCIA DEL ANÁLISIS BIOANTROPOLÓGICO ..................................... 67 2.2. EL MODO DE VIDA ....................................................................................... 68 2.2.1. PERFIL BIOANTROPOLÓGICO: EDAD Y SEXO .............................. 70 2.2.2. ESTATURA Y ROBUSTEZ: EL TIPO CONSTITUCIONAL .................. 71 2.2.3. ESTRÉS NUTRICIONAL: ESTADO NUTRICIONAL .......................... 72 2.2.4. TIPO DE DIETA: ALIMENTOS CONSUMIDOS ............................... 73 2.2.5. ESTRÉS FUNCIONAL: ACTIVIDADES COTIDIANAS ....................... 74 2.2.6. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS: AMENAZAS MICROBIOLÓGICAS ................................................................... 75 2.2.7. TRAUMATISMOS ÓSEOS: VIOLENCIA INTERPERSONAL .............. 76 2.2.8. CULTURIZACIÓN DEL CUERPO: ETNICIDAD Y/O ESTATUS SOCIAL ....................................................................... 77 2.3. IMPLICANCIAS SOCIALES DEL PROCESO SALUD-ENFERMEDAD Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL MODO DE VIDA ............................................................................. 79 2.3.1. EL PROCESO SALUD-ENFERMEDAD ........................................... 79 2.3.2. MODO DE VIDA, ESTRÉS Y ENFERMEDAD .................................. 81 2.3.3. ESTRÉS Y TRANSICIÓN ............................................................... 86 2.3.4. PROCESO SALUD-ENFERMEDAD Y ESTRUCTURA SOCIAL ........... 87 2.3.5. VIOLENCIA SOCIAL Y ENFERMEDAD .......................................... 89 2.3.6. ENFERMEDAD Y MEDIOAMBIENTE............................................ 91 3. EL PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN .......................................................... 94 4. HIPÓTESIS ................................................................................................... 94 5. OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN .......................................................... 96 5.1. OBJETIVOS GENERALES ................................................................................ 96 5.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ........................................... 96 5 6. MATERIALES Y METODOS ............................................................... 97 6.1. LA MUESTRA OSTEOLÓGICA ........................................................................ 97 6.1.1. CARACTERÍSTICAS TAFONÓMICAS GENERALES DE LA MUESTRA.................................................................................. 98 6.1.2. LIMITACIONES DE LA MUESTRA .............................................. 100 6.2. REGISTRO DE DATOS ................................................................................. 100 6.2.1. DETERMINACIÓN DEL PERFIL BIOANTROPOLÓGICO ............... .101 6.2.2. ANÁLISIS OSTEOLÓGICO GENERAL .......................................... 102 6.2.3. ANÁLISIS DENTAL .................................................................... 103 6.3. INSTRUMENTOS DE REGISTRO Y ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO ............................ 103 6.4. DETERMINACIONES DEL ANÁLISIS GRUPAL ................................................ 104 7. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ............................................................. 111 7.1. SEXO Y EDAD: ACERCAMIENTO A LA DEMOGRAFÍA DE PUÉMAPE ............. 111 7.2. CARACTERÍSTICAS CONSTITUCIONALES: ESTATURA Y ROBUSTEZ EN PUÉMAPE ............................................................................................... 125 7.3. ESTRÉS NUTRICIONAL ................................................................................ 132 7.4. TIPO DE DIETA - ANÁLISIS DENTAL ............................................................. 145 7.5. ESTRÉS FUNCIONAL ................................................................................... 175 7.5.1. EXOSTOSIS AUDITIVA ......................................................................
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