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Pottery Production During the Late Horizon in the Huancabamba Valley, Cajamarca - Peru Jose Luis Pena University of South Florida, [email protected]

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Pottery Production During the Late Horizon in the Huancabamba Valley, Cajamarca - Peru Jose Luis Pena University of South Florida, Josep@Mail.Usf.Edu University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2013 Pottery Production during the Late Horizon in the Huancabamba Valley, Cajamarca - Peru Jose Luis Pena University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Pena, Jose Luis, "Pottery Production during the Late Horizon in the Huancabamba Valley, Cajamarca - Peru" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4559 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pottery Production during the Late Horizon in the Huancabamba Valley, Cajamarca – Peru by Jose L. Pena A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology College of Art and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Robert H. Tykot, Ph.D. Nancy Marie White, Ph.D. Brent Weisman, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 30, 2013 Keywords: Late Horizon, Inca, Huancabamba, Pottery production, Trace-element analysis Copyright © 2013, Jose L. Pena ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are a number of people and institutions how made this these possible through their guidance and support. First I would like to thank to my advisor Dr. Robert Tykot for his support throughout this entire process. I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Nancy White and Dr. Brent Weisman. Dr. White I thank you for your comments that helped me to form and expand my ideas. Dr. Weisman I thank you for your willingness to help me through this entire thesis process. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Atsushi Yamamoto for his continued support and encouragement, but above all for allowing me to analyze the materials that we both discovered from the survey work conducted in the Huancabamba Valley. I would also like to thank the Sede Regional de Cultura – Cajamarca, a Peruvian institution that provided the access needed to analyze all of my archaeological materials and the Senior Curator at the Museum of Cajamarca, who generously provided me with a working space to conduct the analysis contained in this thesis. I would also like to thank to my wife, Patti, for her constant support and patience, but most all of for pushing me through the most difficult times of my thesis research. I would also like to thank several individuals who helped me along on my thesis journey - Lic. Fernando Moncada, Humberto Levice, Lic. Wilder Leon, Ms. Jane Cuccia, Jacob Jones, Ashley Meredith, and Lic. Denisse Vergara. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ........................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ....................................................................................................... iv Abstract…...…... ................................................................................................... vi Chapter One: Introduction and Research Goals ................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................... 1 Research Goals ........................................................................ 4 Chapter Two: The Inca Socio Political Organization ............................................. 7 The Inca State .......................................................................... 7 The Inca Administration in the Provinces ............................... 12 The Inca Occupation in the North of Peru .............................. 18 Chapter Three: Inca Ceramic Production .......................................................... 24 Craft Production ..................................................................... 24 The Organization of the Ceramic Production in the Inca Empire ........................................................................... 26 Huanuco Region .............................................................. 27 Xauxa Region................................................................... 28 Lake Titicaca Region ........................................................ 31 Cajamarca Region ........................................................... 32 South Coast of Peru ......................................................... 33 North Coast of Peru ......................................................... 35 Inca Pottery Production under Inca Rule ................................ 37 Chapter Four: The Huancabamba Valley ........................................................... 41 Geography ............................................................................. 41 Climate ................................................................................... 41 Geomorphology ..................................................................... 43 Flora and Fauna ..................................................................... 43 Previous Archaeological Research ........................................ 44 Chapter Five: Methodology................................................................................. 51 Pottery Analysis ..................................................................... 51 Trace Element Analysis ......................................................... 56 i Chapter Six: Material Analysis ............................................................................ 63 Pottery Analysis ..................................................................... 63 La Huaca 2 ....................................................................... 65 Pucara Viejo ..................................................................... 66 Alumbre ............................................................................ 67 Ingatambo ........................................................................ 69 Yerma .............................................................................. 70 Tasajeras ......................................................................... 72 Trace Element Analysis ......................................................... 73 Chapter Seven: Discussion ................................................................................ 82 Late Horizon Occupation in the Huancabamba Valley ........... 82 Pottery Production.................................................................. 84 Working with Museum Collections in Cajamarca ................... 87 Applied Archaeology .............................................................. 88 Chapter Eight: Conclusions ................................................................................ 89 References…. ..................................................................................................... 93 Appendix: Pottery Types and Trace Element Tables……. ............................... 103 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Chronology of Peruvian cultures adapted from Moseley 1992 and Julien 1988 .......................................................................................... 8 Table 2.2. Inca decimal system (adapted from Julien 1982) ............................. 15 Table 2.1. Pottery types of the archaeological sites from the Huancabamba Valley ................................................................................................ 64 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. Inca Empire or Tahuantinsuyo ......................................................... 9 Figure 2.2. Inca Road System (adapted from Hyslop 1984) ............................ 16 Figure 2.3. Chimu Empire (adapted from Mackey and Klymyshyn 1990) ........ 20 Figure 3.1. Inca pottery production sites mentioned in the text ....................... 26 Figure 4.1. Location of the Huancabamba River ............................................. 42 Figure 4.2. The eight natural regions proposed by Pulgar Vidal ...................... 42 Figure 4.3. Area of the archaeological survey in the Huancabamba Valley (2005) ................................................................................ 45 Figure 4.4. Huancabamba Valley .................................................................... 46 Figure 4.5 . Archaeological sites mentioned in the text ................................... 49 Figure 5.1. Cuzco pottery shapes (adapted from Rowe 1944) ........................ 54 Figure 5.2. Bruker III–SD portable X- ray fluorescence spectrometer in use at the Museum of Cajamarca in Cajamarca, Peru by author .... 62 Figure 5.3. pXRF analysis comparing the trace elements of two samples ........ 62 Figure 6.1. Archaeological sites providing ceramics studied in this thesis ......... 63 Figure 6.2. Fine pottery sherds from La Huaca 2 .............................................. 65 Figure 6.3. Profile of long-necked jars from La Huaca 2 .................................... 66 Figure 6.4. Profile of pottery sherds form Pucara Viejo ................................... 67 Figure 6.5. Pottery sherds exhibit the paleteado technique ............................. 68 Figure 6.6. Profile of pottery sherds from Alumbre ......................................... 68 iv Figure 6.7. Sherds decorated with the paleteado technique ........................... 69 Figure 6.8. Profile sherds from Ingatambo ....................................................... 70 Figure 6.9. Profile of pottery sherds
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