GALLINAZO PHASE MIGRATION IN THE MOCHE VALLEY, PERU Barker Fariss A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Department of Anthropology (Archaeology). Chapel Hill 2012 Approved by: Dr. Brian R. Billman Dr. Carole L. Crumley Dr. Scott L. H. Madry Dr. R. P. Stephen Davis Dr. Patricia A. McAnany © 2012 Barker Fariss ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT BARKER FARISS: Gallinazo Phase Migration in the Moche Valley, Peru (Under the direction of Brian R. Billman) This dissertation project is focused on settlement patterns in the Moche Valley, on the North Coast of Peru, during the Gallinazo Phase of Early Intermediate Period (ca. 0-200 CE). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, generalized logistic models (GLM) and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) are used to define architecture and spatial organization unique to nonlocal settlement. This research addresses broad theoretical concepts in anthropology like ethnicity and power, and examines methodological issues of investigating prehistoric culture contact and interaction. The concept of an ethnotone is reintroduced to replace the core/periphery model in a pluralistic society where there is no central place. Nonlocal architecture at a sample of sites is specifically described and settlement patterns are differentiated. The results provide further evidence that nonlocal Gallinazo Phase settlements in the Moche Valley are ethnic-highland. Contrary to conflict- centered theories about culture contact in the Andes, interaction between migrants and locals on the North Coast at this time was probably less violent than previously thought. Among other variables, this research establishes that building on hillsides was common, and communities tended to aggregate into clusters around elite compounds; yet, this pattern is not overtly defensive. Technological advancement in the form of expanding irrigation regimes lessened competition for resources, resulting in social complementarity rather than conflict. iii For Lou Nell Falls iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are so many people I must recognize as instrumental in completion of my project. Without a doubt, I would not be here if it were not for the encouragement of Brian Billman, my dissertation advisor, colleague and friend. I would also like to thank everyone in my dissertation committee individually. Carole Crumley has been a mentor to me since my years as an undergraduate student at UNC in the 1990’s. I always sought her approval and she helped me achieve a confidence in my ability that I will carry forward into my professional career. Scott Madry’s assistance with GIS has been invaluable; and, his behind-the-scenes supervision of my project helped me find a path to completion. Steve Davis and Patricia McAnany provided me with some of the most thorough and insightful comments regarding the presentation of my research. My dissertation in its current form is in large part a result of the time and effort they put into thoughtfully reading multiple drafts of the manuscript. Thank you all very much. There are no words to express my appreciation for the enduring encouragement and loving support I have received throughout this process from my wife of 15 years, Brandie. We met in high school and began building a life together more than two decades ago. We travelled the world and landed in Chapel Hill; now, we have returned to Oklahoma with our two beautiful boys. Things weren’t always easy for us, but we persevered. To quote someone important to us, “What a long, strange trip it’s been.” Thanks for being my travel companion. v While I know you are too young to realize it now, Keller and Crosby, your presence in my life has inspired me to fight through disappointment and misfortune, and to continue working on this project even when it seemed hopelessly out of reach. To my mom, Dolores, you very much continue to be an inspiration to me; and your words of support have been essential every step of the way. To her husband Cecil, thanks for championing my project all these years as a priority, reminding me of its significance in the face of sobering life events. For over a decade, Brandie’s parents Bob and Lisa Sullivan and her sister Jamie have maintained unwavering support; thank you. To my big sister Kristie, thanks for always being there. Dad, thanks for imparting nuggets of practical wisdom that continue to serve me well; such as, “excuses only sound good to those who make them” (so, let that be fair warning to my nascent graduate students). To my entire family, thank you so much for all you have done; and, thank you in advance for your patience, love and support in the years to come. I have made so many friends and colleagues over the last decade; I should have started a master list. Many thanks to all of the people I have lived among and worked closely with in Peru since 2001. Gracias a Jesus Breceño, mis amigos de Ciudad de Dios y todos los trabajadores. Gracias a Jose y todo mi familia de Huanchaco. To my coworkers Jen, Daniel, Julio, Evan and Sara, among so many others over eight years, I will always appreciate your friendship. To those who paved the way, Chris, Jon, Celeste, Greg and Amber, thanks for your guidance. And Erik, no matter how much time passes, I know that we will always be able to reconnect and have lively discussion over a beer (or two, or three). Thanks comrade. I would also like to thank the Anthropology Department faculty; in particular, Charles Price for his friendship and advice. And lastly, to my life-long friends, Grant, Paul, Ross and Steve, who knew me before graduate school, thanks to you all for sticking around. Cheers. vi PREFACE As I write this preface, I have just returned from monitoring a seismographic survey in Oklahoma. I work for the Osage Nation now, and frequently find myself thinking about the role of archaeologists in today’s society. As the wells are drilled and the pipelines are buried, everyone seems concerned about energy independence or environmental degradation; rarely does one hear elected officials or the public discuss protection of cultural resources. But, although few are talking about it, the good thing about the United States is that we have laws to protect cultural resources. What’s more, the great thing about having laws in this country is that they are usually enforced. I find myself reading dozens of Section 106 notifications every day, monitoring construction in culturally sensitive areas and performing other duties. Our office is also involved in community outreach and public education. Preserving cultural resources must go beyond enforcing the laws; it begins and ends with education. We must understand the past, and that is often the strength of research archaeology. We must protect the past, and that is the directive of cultural resource management (CRM). An important place where research archaeology and CRM meet is education. It is imperative that archaeologists work together to understand the past, preserve prehistoric material culture and educate the public. I have noticed in the last decade an increase in dialog about public education between research archaeologists and CRM professionals at conferences and in trade journals. We are moving in the right direction. vii I was trained as an Andean archaeologist. This dissertation deals with prehistory on the North Coast of ancient Peru. While Peru has laws regarding the protection of cultural resources, they are almost never enforced. Around the world, in places like the Moche Valley, Peru, it has become the job of research archaeologists (often foreign) to manage the preservation of cultural resources. By saying this, I am not passing judgment; often these countries have far more important social issues to manage with limited financial resources. It seems ironic that many of the most significant prehistoric sites are situated in the poorest regions of the world. It is important for research archaeologists working in these regions to bring with their field school students, grant funding, and professional agendas a plan for preserving the cultural resources in unprotected areas. For example, in 2007 I assisted Dr. Brian Billman with launching MOCHE, Inc. (Mobilizing Opportunity through Cultural Heritage Empowerment); a 501c3 nonprofit organization that partners with descendent communities in Peru to develop a stronger sense of connection with the past and provide resources for mutually agreed upon community development activities in return for help protecting endangered prehistoric sites. In addition to focusing my efforts on cultural resources of North America, I will continue to contribute to the protection of Peru’s threatened cultural heritage and ecological resources. My future research will facilitate the goals of MOCHE by accurately characterizing the region’s archaeological landscape and by highlighting the potential areas for community involvement. I will continue working with MOCHE in every way possible to provide opportunities for improved heritage protection and ecological preservation in the context of sustainable rural development. viii I first traveled to Peru in 1997 to attend a three-month Spanish immersion course in Cuzco with my wife Brandie, a new graduate student in the Ecology Curriculum at UNC- Chapel Hill. We returned to Peru every summer over the next three years for her pre- dissertation fieldwork, until we moved to Peru in 2001 to conduct her field research. Brandie’s dissertation focused on community and conservation dynamics in the Huascaran Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site, and for nearly two years we lived in a highland village called Pashpa located just over 10,000 feet above sea level [Figure F-1]. I helped conduct social surveys and followed herders around for weeks in participant observation.