DOCSLIB.ORG

July September 2010 67Kb

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
July September 2010 67Kb Vol. LVII-No.3 JULY-SEPTEMBER, 2010 Editorial Board Contents 1. Editorial 2 Sh. Prasun Mukherjee - Chairperson Sh. P.C. Sabarwal - Member 2. Abstracts & Keywords 4 Sh. S.P. Vaid - Member 3. Terrorism: Problem and Prospects 8 Sh. M.K. Chhabra - Member Dr. Subhash Sharma & Devendra Mishra Sh. Desh Raj Singh - Member Dr. B.V. Trivedi - Member 4. Terrorism - A Challenge before the Nation 13 Dr. P. Mohan Rao Editor Gopal K. N. Chowdhary 5. Strategy & Tactics on Trial in the Conflict of 19 Left Wing Extremists Giridhari Nayak 6. Left Extremism in India: Causes and Remedies 29 Dr. S.K. Kataria 7. The Red Ink bloodies the Land: India Colored 37 Dr. Manan Dwivedi 8. Tackling Terror in India- A Denovo Look 47 Brig. M.S. Khara 9. International Terrorism and India 62 Ashwini Kumar 10. Maritime Security: A Conceptual Framework and 76 Developing a Possible Typology for a Policy Maker Rajnish Kumar Rai 11. War on Terror: The Road Ahead 91 Arvind Verma 12. International Co-operation to Combat Cyberterrorism & 102 Misuse of Internet by Terrorists-Issues Krishna Sastry Pendyala & K S R Charan Reddy IPS 13. Evolving Trends in Terrorist Crimes 109 Dr. J.R. Gaur 14. Intractable Communal Violence in India 114 K. Saleem Ali, Prof. Amarjeet Kaur & Prof. K.K. Aggarwal Editorial The specter of terrorism has been haunting world in general and India in particular for the last few decades. It has come to forefront in new millennium with 'catalytic' terrorist attack on USA in September, 2001, what is known as 9/11. Though our country has been subjected to series of terrorist attacks for more than two decades, resulting from our neighbours pursuing terrorism as instrument of state's policy, it caught Nation's attention in wake of attack on Parliament on 13th December, 2001. However, the Mumbai Attack on 26th November, 2008, which is known as 26/11 shook not only entire nation but its tremors were felt across the world also. Nevertheless, there are some positive trends so far as terrorism is concerned. According to RAND- MIPT, while there is no “upward trend in international incidents of terrorism, domestic terrorism incidents are much more numerous than international incidents.” Despite this pragmatic optimism, terrorism has no borderline and it is very difficult to categorize it as domestic and international. Even so called domestic incidents have international inputs and players, as was the case in Mumbai attack, and even international act of terrorism might have domestic ramifications. Even 9/11, 26/11, London or Madrid or Lahore may be termed international as well as domestic. This type of spatial classification of terrorism is akin to terming and classifying 'good' and 'bad' terrorist as is being done by some nations to suit their geo-political interests. This kind of 'piecemeal' and 'ad hoc' approach is not going to help in curbing terrorism. Terrorism has both domestic and international ramifications as well as players and inputs. It is misnomer to categorize it into domestic and international or 'good' and 'bad' or 'Freedom-Fighter' and 'Jihadi'. The terrorism must be seen as terrorism, nothing else whatever justification or provocation may be. A terrorist is the terrorist, terrorism is the terrorism, whether domestic or international or good or bad. This compartmentalized approach to terrorism has done much harm to our campaign against terrorism, and has demoralized our forces and policy makers. Moreover, we must act ourselves instead of hoping that some other nation or world entity shall do our bidding in containing terrorism. If we continue to try half-hearted measures to contain terrorism, we shall get what we have been getting so far: 'Sympathy', hyperbole, crocodile tears, 'sermons on patience'. Meanwhile we shall continue to bleed profusely. 2➢ The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVII-No. 3, July-September, 2010 Another misnomer regarding terrorism is containment vs. engagement. The terrorist must be contained, their network smashed and leadership neutralized. Engagement, on the other hand, would give them time and breathing space to regroup as happened in case of Taliban and terrorist or insurgents operating in North East. Engagement as policy succeeds only when the actor is rational to some extent and open to some sort of negotiation and dialogues. However, we must formulate long-term as well as short-term strategy to contain terrorism. Moreover, we should be prepared to sacrifice short-term gain for long-term windfall so far as terrorism is concerned. Apart from implementing police Reform and Police Modernization, there should be concerted efforts to involve community and society in this campaign. The coalescing and synergization of other stakeholders is a must for this purpose. It is heartening to note that world in general and India in particular has woken up to the challenges that terrorism poses. The first step in this regard has been in respect of setting up Multi- Agency Centre (MAC) to neutralize terrorists and insurgents with a mechanism for intelligence sharing and operational coordination among the police forces of the country. It has a network of 29 Subsidiary MAC & SMACS spread all over country. 24X7 control rooms in all 29 SMACS have become operational. Moreover, data centers are also being set up in state capitals, and MAC, SMACS and special branch units are being e-connected. Other measures that have been taken to deal with terrorism are: Setting up of National Investigation Agency (NIA), enactment of Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment (UAPA) Bill, 2008; implementation of National Police Missions, enactment of a Model Police Act, pushing Mega- City policing, upgrading forensic science laboratories to global standards and overall reform in Criminal Justice System. In this issue of Indian Police Journal (July-September, 2010) we have discussed various aspects, types and modes of terrorism. We hope our esteemed readers would appreciate efforts and give their feedback. Gopal K.N. Chowdhary Editor The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVII-No. 3, July-September, 2010➢ 3 Abstracts & Key Words Terrorism: Problem and Prospects public buildings and kill innocent people living or assembled therein and the like. Dr. Subhash Sharma & Devendra Mishra Strategy & Tactics on Trial in the Conflict Key Words of Left Wing extremists Terrorist, Unethical, WMD, Global Capitalism, Cross Giridhari Nayak Border Terrorism, Blue Box, Organised Crime, Rightist Ideology, Media Exposure. Key Words Abstract Strategy, Tactics, Guerrilla Warfare, Mechanism, Dynamics, Enigma, External Environment, Internal Here we would deal with following aspects of Capacity, Flunk Strategy, Piecemeal Approach. terrorism. First and foremost we would deal with the various dimensions of terrorism. Second, we Abstract would deal with the causes of terrorism. Third, we Strategy & tactics are overused words, and less would deal with the measures to combat terrorism. understood concepts. The words seem honorific, Terrorism - A Challenge before the attractive, but most of the time the concepts are Nation used content-free and ambiguously. People cannot be blamed for it. Originating from the Greek word Dr. P. Mohan Rao 'Strategos' meaning General, tactics from the Greek Key Words word 'takitas' meaning foot soldier, both the words strategy and tactics have marched a very long Global Dimension, Invisible Enemy, Politically journey of more than two millennia. Strategy and Motivated Action, Cult of Pistol and Bomb, Sinister tactics as concepts are used by multiple disciplines Design, Fundamentals, Regions, Goal-oriented ranging from military to medicine. Volumes have Action, Worldwide Network, NIA been written about strategy and tactics. Even then Abstract people use it loosely and inappropriately. Therefore, one has to understand the meaning, mechanism and Terrorism is a politically motivated action combining dynamics of strategy & tactics. psychological (fear inducing) and physical (violent action) components carried out by individuals or Left Extremism in India Causes and small groups, with the aim of' forcing or compelling Remedies the state or the authorities to meet their demands. Dr. S.K. Kataria That is, political terrorism can be thought of as the use of violence by a group acting either on behalf of, Key Words or in opposition to, an established authority. The key Realistic Strategy, Internal Seurity, Multidimensional element is the execution of activities with a view to Strategy, Insurgents, Special infrastructure, Lalgarh wear out the established authority by causing panic, Episode, Developmental Infrastructure, destruction, distrust and demoralization among the Balkanization, Holistic Approch, COBRA, VVIPS, people at large. Thus, the range of such activities VIPs covers cases of hijacking of buses and planes, taking of any person or persons as hostage, abduction of Abstract the leaders or their family members, assassination The left wing extremism in India has become a of heads of states or government or of important serious concern for internal security and socio- political personalities, explosion of bombs to destroy economic development of tribal communities of 13 4➢ The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVII-No. 3, July-September, 2010 Abstracts & Key Words states. This is the first time in the history of Tackling Terror in India-A Denovo Look independent India that the central government and Brig. M.S. Khara naxal infested state governments are all set to contain extremism through a holistic approach. The 'Lalgarh Key Words Experience' has not only increased the motivational
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 3. India's Internal Challenges
    3. India’s Internal Challenges The Unrest in Punjab : Akali Dal was the major political party in Punjab. In 1973, the Akali Dal passed the ‘Aanandpur Sahib Resolution’. The following demands were made in this resolution: Chandigarh should be made part of Punjab, the Punjabi speaking parts in other States should be included in the State of Punjab, recruitment of people from Punjab in the Indian army should be increased, and more autonomy should be given to the State of Punjab. Akali Dal came to power in Punjab in 1977. While taking charge, they asked for a larger share of river waters for Punjab, ‘holy city’ status for Amritsar, etc. along with their old demands. In 1980, the movement for ‘Independent Khalistan’ took root in Punjab. During that period, the leader of the Akali Dal was Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal. He used to direct his activists from the Golden Temple to stage protests. On the other side of the Golden Temple, armed followers started gathering around the staunch Khalistan supporter Sant Jarnailsingh Bhindranwale. During that period, terrorist activities had begun. Bhindranwale was arrested in 1981, accused of the murder of newspaper editor, Lala Jagatnarayan. After this incident, the situation worsened. Due to these developments, President’s rule was imposed in Punjab in 1983. Bhindranwale went to stay at a religious place called Akal Takht. Bhindranwale’s followers captured the Golden Temple and built a barricade of sand bags over there. The area looked like a fort. This greatly disturbed the peace in Punjab. It was a major challenge to Indian democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Determining Mobilization Into Terrorist Organizations in the United States, Ireland, Lebanon and India
    THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENTAL STRATEGIES ON COLLECTIVE ACTION AFTER BACKLASH: DETERMINING MOBILIZATION INTO TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, IRELAND, LEBANON AND INDIA By ASHLIE T. PERRY A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate- School- Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Global Affairs written under the direction of Dr. Leslie Kennedy Newark, New Jersey May 2014 ABSTRACT Researchers in the field of Security Studies would ultimately like to make prescriptions on how to curb international and domestic violence worldwide. Much of the existing research focuses on the governmental responses to existing terrorist groups, such as counterterrorism strategies, while other research focuses on the immediate impact of terrorist organizations. Therefore, little focus is given to the historical and cultural factors influencing mobilization of actors and the relationship between parties involved. Research suggests that governmental strategies against collective groups, such as brute police force, can serve as a catalyst for backlash. Further research should be done to understand the impact of governmental strategies that aid in the mobilization of individuals into terrorist organizations, viewing terrorists as the backlash of a policy choice implemented by domestic or state level institutions. A sense of grievance is the key motivational factor for most terrorist organization, a common bond between members. Unwarranted use of violence, death of civilians and a lack of transparency in governmental decision making, make it easier to capture sentiments of an already aggrieved population into that of a terrorist organization. The current research assesses the impact of governmental strategies on collective action and mobilization into terrorist organizations after backlash.
    [Show full text]
  • Iu\I-+L Beinart
    Batwara: Partition and the City of Amritsar by Pitamber P. Sahni Diploma in Architecture (1999) Sushant School of Art and Architecture, Gurgaon, India Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2003 JUL 0 2 2003 LIBRARIgES © 2003 Pitamber P. Sahni. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author Department of Architecture May 22, 2003 Certified by JJu in Beinart Professor of Architecture Thesis Advisor Accepted by Iu\i-+l Beinart Chairman, Department Comt tee on Graduate Students ROTCH Readers: Alice H. Amsden Barton L. Weller Professor of Political Economy Department of Urban Studies and Planning Heghnar Watenpaugh Assistant Professor of the History of Architecture Department of Architecture Batwara: Partition and the City of Amritsar )y Pitaiber P. Sahni Submiitted to the Department of Architectutire inl Partial FulfiInent of the Requiremen ts for the Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies ABSTRACT The Partition of British India into the two dominions of India and Pakistan on August 1 5th 1947 left in its wake the largest human migration of the twentieth century with the transfer of twelve million people across two newly formed borders. The boundary line, demarcating Indian and Pakistani territory, was created 17 miles to the west of Amritsar awarding the city to India. Amritsar, a flourishing commercial and cultural center, thus, became a border city overnight on the Indian side.
    [Show full text]
  • समाचार प से च यत अंश Newspapers Clippings
    Oct 2020 समाचार प से चयत अशं Newspapers Clippings A Daily service to keep DRDO Fraternity abreast with DRDO Technologies, Defence Technologies, Defence Policies, International Relations and Science & Technology खंड : 45 अंक : 241 14 अटूबर 2020 Volume: 45 Issue: 241 14 October 2020 ररा ववानान प ुपतकालयु तकालय DefenceDefence Science Science Library Library रार वैा वैानाकन कस चूसनूचान ाए एवव ं ं लेखनलेखन कक DefenceDefence Scientific Scientific Information Information & & Documentation Documentation Centre Centre , 110 054 मेटकॉफ हाउसहाउस, ददलल - - 110 054 MetcalfeMetcalfe House, House, Delhi Delhi - -110 110 054 054 CONTENT S. No. TITLE Page No. DRDO News 1-4 DRDO Technology News 1-4 1. BrahMos test with indigenous components has gone up now: DRDO Chairman 1 Dr G Satheesh Reddy 2. Army introduces compulsory psychological training for all soldiers in Jammu and 2 Kashmir 3. What is SMART test and why is it important? 3 Defence News 5-18 Defence Strategic National/International 5-18 4. Parliament panel to visit Ladakh on October 28-29 amid India-China standoff 5 5. Indian Army’s Fire and Fury Corps in Leh gets Lt Gen PGK Menon as its new 6 Head 6. Indian Army is always prepared; they usher on winters with strong foot, efficacy, 7 and vigilance 7. Snipers Only Shoot to Kill 9 8. Experts debate the necessity of second Mountain Strike Corps for China border 13 9. Indian Navy Ship-Builder behind lethal Warships & Submarines goes public amid 15 ongoing stand-off with China 10.
    [Show full text]
  • The Strategic Effects of Counterinsurgency Operations at Religious Sites: Lessons from India, Thailand, and Israel
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Winter 3-21-2013 The Strategic Effects of Counterinsurgency Operations at Religious Sites: Lessons from India, Thailand, and Israel Timothy L. Christopher Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Asian Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, and the Other Religion Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Christopher, Timothy L., "The Strategic Effects of Counterinsurgency Operations at Religious Sites: Lessons from India, Thailand, and Israel" (2013). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 111. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.111 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. The Strategic Effects of Counterinsurgency Operations at Religious Sites: Lessons from India, Thailand, and Israel by Timothy L. Christopher A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Political Science Thesis Committee: David Kinsella, Chair Bruce Gilley Ronald Tammen Portland State University 2013 © 2013 Timothy L. Christopher ABSTRACT With the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center buildings, the intersection of religious ideals in war has been at the forefront of the American discussion on war and conflict. The New York attacks were followed by the U.S. invasions of Afghanistan in October of 2001 in an attempt to destroy the religious government of the Taliban and capture the Islamic terrorist leader Osama bin Laden, and then followed by the 2003 invasion of Iraq, both in an attempt to fight terrorism and religious extremism.
    [Show full text]
  • Countering Khalistan Countering Khalistan: Understanding India’S Counter-Rebellion Strategies During the Punjab Crisis
    93 Philip Hultquist: Countering Khalistan Countering Khalistan: Understanding India’s Counter-Rebellion Strategies during the Punjab Crisis Philip Hultquist Roosevelt University _______________________________________________________________ The government of India oversaw the near secession of a vitally important State during the Punjab Crisis. Like most countries facing an armed rebellion, it struggled to defeat the militants, despite numerous military advantages. The government also failed to end the conflict through settlement, despite strong incentives to do so. For their part, the opposition and armed rebellion failed to achieve any significant concessions to remedy Sikh or Punjabi grievances and were eventually defeated. This article integrates previous research on counterinsurgency and civil war settlements to understand why settlements so often fail and why states are so rarely able to defeat insurgent movements. The article outlines the conditions under which either a settlement or military approach is likely to be successful, emphasizing the interplay between the veto players in the government, the capacity of the security forces, and the level of cohesion between the political and armed opposition. Applying this analysis to the Punjab Crisis highlights the role of veto players in neighboring States and ruling coalitions that prevented a negotiated settlement and the counterproductive role of collective violence by security forces. It also identifies relatively rare conditions under which a hardline security-centric approach is likely to be successful - in this case, unified Centre and State governments, increased capacity of security forces, and fragmenting, criminalized rebels. ________________________________________________________________ Introduction Punjab is one of the most strategically important States in India. It borders rival Pakistan, the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir, and is one of the buffer States between Pakistan and the capital, Delhi.
    [Show full text]
  • Read PDF \ Operation Black Thunder: an Eyewitness Account of Terrorism
    AD3LFX84JJ3Y Kindle ^ Operation Black Thunder: An Eyewitness Account of Terrorism in Punjab Operation Black Th under: A n Eyewitness A ccount of Terrorism in Punjab Filesize: 3.22 MB Reviews Basically no words to describe. We have read through and i also am sure that i am going to going to read once more once again later on. You may like just how the article writer compose this publication. (Mrs. Jane Quitzon DDS) DISCLAIMER | DMCA SCQLZVQTK7CZ « eBook # Operation Black Thunder: An Eyewitness Account of Terrorism in Punjab OPERATION BLACK THUNDER: AN EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF TERRORISM IN PUNJAB To get Operation Black Thunder: An Eyewitness Account of Terrorism in Punjab PDF, you should refer to the web link listed below and save the file or have access to other information which might be relevant to OPERATION BLACK THUNDER: AN EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF TERRORISM IN PUNJAB book. SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd. Paperback. Book Condition: new. BRAND NEW, Operation Black Thunder: An Eyewitness Account of Terrorism in Punjab, Sarab Jit Singh, Terrorism has aected several of India's states, at dierent times and in dierent forms, and continues to be a matter of national, and increasingly international, concern. One of the states most aected by terrorism was Punjab, which was torn apart by acts of violence during the 1980s, while its people were caught in the crossfire between the threats of the terrorists and the Indian government's attempts to combat them. The Golden Temple in Amritsar was the scene of two pivotal anti-terrorist operations during this decade- Operation Blue Star in 1984 followed by Operation Black Thunder in 1988, when the Indian government dislodged terrorists who had occupied this holiest of Sikh places of worship.
    [Show full text]
  • India April 2006
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT INDIA APRIL 2006 RDS-IND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE INDIA APRIL 2006 Contents Paragraphs 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT .................................................................... 1.01 2. GEOGRAPHY .................................................................................. 2.01 3. ECONOMY ...................................................................................... 3.01 4. HISTORY ........................................................................................ 4.01 1991 to present ........................................................................... 4.01 Congress (I) and economic reform................................................ 4.01 Emergence of BJP........................................................................ 4.02 Tension with Pakistan................................................................... 4.04 Religious strife .............................................................................. 4.19 General elections 2004................................................................. 4.25 State assembly elections .............................................................. 4.29 Indian Ocean Tsunami – 26 December 2004................................ 4.37 Heavy snow and avalanches ........................................................ 4.43 Monsoon....................................................................................... 4.44 EARTHQUAKE - 2005…………………………………………………….4.47 Disaster management..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: a Charismatic Authority and His Ideology John P
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-22-2017 Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: A Charismatic Authority and His Ideology John P. Cibotti Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC001784 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics Commons, Asian Studies Commons, Child Psychology Commons, Community Psychology Commons, Human Ecology Commons, Human Geography Commons, Political Economy Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Regional Sociology Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, Social Psychology Commons, Sociology of Culture Commons, and the Sociology of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Cibotti, John P., "Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: A Charismatic Authority and His Ideology" (2017). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3190. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3190 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE: A CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY AND HIS IDEOLOGY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in RELIGIOUS STUDIES by John Paul Cibotti 2017 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs This thesis, written by John Paul Cibotti, and entitled Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: A Charismatic Authority and His Ideology, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment.
    [Show full text]
  • Militancy and Counter-Militancy Operations: Changing Patterns and Dynamics of Violence in Punjab, 1978 to 1993
    65 Satnam Singh Deol: Militancy in Punjab Militancy and Counter-Militancy Operations: Changing Patterns and Dynamics of Violence in Punjab, 1978 to 1993 Satnam Singh Deol Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar _______________________________________________________________ How did the patterns of violence committed by Sikh militants and the state security forces change during different phases of the insurgency from 1978 to 1993 and, most importantly, what explains the difference in these patterns? This study attempts to answer these questions. It argues that this variation in the patterns and dynamics of violence can be explained by changing socio-political circumstances and compulsions during this period. The violence committed by the militants intensified until this violence was eventually delegitimized by the common Sikh masses due to changing dynamics within the militant movement and the nature of its violence. Simultaneously, the violence committed by the state overpowered the militancy only after it was firmly backed by the political regimes in power, including providing de facto legal impunity to the police and security forces for a brutal and controversial counterinsurgency campaign. Thus, this article disaggregates the various phases of violence committed by both the militants and the state from 1978 to 1993, and examines the interrelationship between the forms of violence committed by both sides in the conflict. Important observations emerging from this empirical study are offered in the concluding section. ________________________________________________________________ Introduction and Historical Background The Sikhs, even after being defeated by the British and losing their political control in the north-western region, maintained a unique religious, ethnical and political legacy, which was separate from Hindus in various domains (Singh, 1963; Dhillon, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India
    ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY INDIA India is the second largest country in the world with regard to population, the world’s largest democracy and by far the largest country in South Asia, and one of the most diverse and pluralistic nations in the world in terms of official languages, cultures, religions and social identities. Indians have for centuries exchanged ideas with other cultures globally and some traditions have been transformed in those transnational and transcultural encounters and become successful innovations with an extraordinary global popularity. India is an emerging global power in terms of economy, but in spite of India’s impressive economic growth over the last decades, some of the most serious problems of Indian society such as poverty, repression of women, inequality both in terms of living conditions and of opportunities such as access to education, employment, and the economic resources of the state persist and do not seem to go away. Now available in paperback, this Handbook contains chapters by the field’s foremost scholars dealing with fundamental issues in India’s current cultural and social transformation and concentrates on India as it emerged after the economic reforms and the new economic policy of the 1980s and 1990s and as it develops in the twenty-first century. Following an introduction by the editor, the book is divided into five parts: • Part I: Foundation • Part II: India and the world • Part III: Society, class, caste and gender • Part IV: Religion and diversity • Part V: Cultural change and innovations. Exploring the cultural changes and innovations relating a number of contexts in contemporary India, this Handbook is essential reading for students and scholars interested in Indian and South Asian culture, politics and society.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chronology
    A CHRONOLOGY OF MAJoR EVeNTS DeSCRIBed 1469–1708 Growth of Sikhdom, under its ten Gurus, and as a distinct tradi- tion, respecting but distinctly departing from South Asia’s pre- vailing religions of Hinduism and Islam. Through these centuries, Sikh resistance to tyrannical rulers became legendary (starting with the first Guru, Nanak, till the tenth Guru, Gobind Singh) 1757 Mughal empire on decline; British expand control 1801 Ranjit Singh becomes Maharaja of Punjab 1809 Anglo-Sikh Treaty of friendship signed: Ranjit Singh’s empire continues north of river Sutlej, British India south of Sutlej 1839 Maharaja Ranjit Singh dies; instability of the Sikh empire ensues; British meddling in Lahore (Punjab) court accelerates instability 1849 End of Second Anglo-Sikh War; British annex Punjab 1872 Singh Sabha Movement launched in Punjab 1913 Ghadr Party organized in California 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1920 Gurdwara Reform Movement begins (till 1925) 1921 Nanakana Sahib Massacre 1922 Guru-ka-Bagh protest, morcha 1922 Ajit Singh Bains born 1931 Inderjit Singh Jaijee born 1935 Baljit Kaur born 1946 Riots on communal lines in various cities, as rumors spread of Partition after British departure 1947 British prepone departure date; at least one million lives lost in the Partition of Punjab between India and Pakistan 1948 Patiala and East Punjab States Union, PEPSU, created from erstwhile princely states of Punjab © Mallika Kaur 2019 291 M. Kaur, Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24674-7 292
    [Show full text]