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Home , Akal Takht, Amritsar, Anandpur Sahib, Beant Singh (assassin), Dharam Yudh Morcha, Hoshiarpur

 A Chronology

Of Major Events Described

1469–1708 Growth of Sikhdom, under its ten , and as a distinct tradi- tion, respecting but distinctly departing from ’s pre- vailing religions of and . Through these centuries, Sikh resistance to tyrannical rulers became legendary (starting with the first , Nanak, till the tenth Guru, Gobind Singh) 1757 Mughal on decline; British expand control 1801 becomes of 1809 Anglo-Sikh Treaty of friendship signed: Ranjit Singh’s empire continues north of river , British south of Sutlej 1839 Maharaja Ranjit Singh dies; instability of the ensues; British meddling in (Punjab) court accelerates instability 1849 End of Second Anglo-Sikh War; British annex Punjab 1872 launched in Punjab 1913 Ghadr Party organized in California 1919 Massacre 1920 Reform Movement begins (till 1925) 1921 Nanakana Massacre 1922 Guru-ka-Bagh protest, morcha 1922 Bains born 1931 Inderjit Singh Jaijee born 1935 Baljit Kaur born 1946 Riots on communal lines in various cities, as rumors spread of Partition after British departure 1947 British prepone departure date; at least one million lives lost in the Partition of Punjab between India and 1948 and East Punjab States Union, PEPSU, created from erstwhile princely states of Punjab

© Mallika Kaur 2019 291 M. Kaur, Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24674-7 292 A CHRONOLOGY

1950 Indian Constitution promulgated; Sikh representatives refuse to sign in protest 1955 Morchas begin for Punjabi Suba, and recognition of 1956 PEPSU dissolved by Center 1960 Marches for Punjabi Suba intensify Green Revolution agricultural experiment underway in Punjab 1966 Trifurcation of Punjab: smaller Punjab, , Himachal 1967 commits suicide for Punjabi Suba 1969 Pheruman commits suicide for Punjabi Suba 1970 Naxal movement in Punjab gains popularity 1973 Resolution prepared 1974 Ajit Singh Bains appointed Judge 1975 Emergency declared by Save Democracy morchas launched from Sahib; Akalis arrested in thousands 1976 Punjab’s water ordered to be significantly diverted to non-­ riparian states 1977 Emergency ends 1978 protests and killings of unarmed Anandpur Sahib Declaration endorsed at All India Akali Conference 1980 Indira Gandhi and Congress return to power 1981 Close to 30,000 Akalis court arrest around Anandpur Sahib Resolution declared by Akalis and anti-Sikh violence in Haryana and 1983 Justice Bains retires Disturbed Area Ordinance and Armed Forces Special Powers Act enforced President’s Rule declared in Punjab 1984 Inderjit Singh Jaijee resigns job; moves from Delhi to Punjab June attacks on across Punjab, under “Operation Bluestar” Indian forces comb Punjab countryside, thousands affected, under code name “” Sarbat at Darbar Sahib Indira Gandhi assassinated November anti-Sikh pogroms in Delhi and across India H.S. Jaijee dies 1985 Bains Committee appointed by new Punjab Government Baljit Kaur resigns job Inderjit Singh Jaijee elected MLA A CHRONOLOGY 293

Air India Flight 182 from Montreal to explodes midair Rajiv-Longowal Accord signed Longowal murdered Baljit Kaur goes to Amnesty International, UK 1986 Bains Committee submits report for release of detainees Jaijee joins breakaway Akali MLAs in protest; dismissed from Party and Legislative Assembly Press conference at Takht and Declaration of Khalistan “ I” on Darbar Sahib reneges on promised transfer Kulwider Singh, Kid, first arrested while a school student 1987 President’s Rule begins (till 1992) Movement Against State Repression, MASR formalized Justice Bains renames his organization Punjab Human Rights Organization, PHRO Sushil Muni sent to hold talks with Akalis 1988 “Operation Black Thunder II” on Darbar Sahib Bidar, Karnataka student massacres 59th Amendment passed for Punjab, extending legality of President’s Rule beyond one year KCF original leadership begins dying in quick succession Justice Bains’s ‘Siege of the Sikhs’ published 1989 Kulwinder Singh, Kid, killed Sarpanch Kuljit Singh Dhatt, , killed in custody and hanged in Indira Gandhi assas- sination case Parliamentary elections; and Khalistani candidates sweep Simranjit Singh Mann released from jail, returns to Punjab 59th Amendment repealed Jaijee elected president of Minority and Front UK parliamentarians visit Punjab to assess police excesses students murdered at Engineering College, Patiala Forty sarpanches simultaneously resign to protest police excesses in Punjab villages 1990 Sit-in outside Governor House, protesting police violence Mukerji (December 1989–1990) resigns as Governor 1991 Election opposition by Central Congress Government Election postponed: 29 candidates killed Kaale-Kachhe Vaale looters become prominent Pilibhit, bus massacre Chandigarh blast case; Multani abducted, killed, Bhullar family members abducted, killed Rajiv Gandhi assassinated 294 A CHRONOLOGY

1992 Rescheduled election boycotted by militants government elected Justice Bains abducted by police 1993 Chaman Lal’s son Gulshan Kumar abducted, killed Kaunke abducted, disappeared Jaijee goes to UK Parliament World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna; Jaijee attends Kulbir Kaur Dhami abducted by police, kept in secret torture center 1994 discovers mass secret cremations Dhami exposé about fake surrender Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh jail massacre Vinod Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Mukhtiar Singh abducted; Sumedh Saini accused 1995 Chief Minister Beant Singh assassinated disappeared Bhullar deported from Germany, arrested at New Delhi Airport 1996 Justice Bains acquitted of all charges 1997 Kulbir Kaur Dhami released from jail; acquitted of all charges Ajaib Singh consumes poison in Darbar Sahib, leaves suicide note 1998 Punjab People’s Commission hearings held in Chandigarh 2001 High Court confirms sentence against policemen in Chaman Lal’s son’s case Supreme Court stays Chaman Lal’s son’s case 2007 High Court upholds sentences of five junior policemen in Khalra murder case 2010 Several arrests of alleged militants after seizure of RDX explo- sives; Narain Singh named as suspect, returns to hiding 2011 Supreme Court upholds five life sentences in Khalra murder case 2012 Punjab mass cremations case declared “complete” by Supreme Court Accused policemen in Kid case acquitted; appeals Tarlochan Singh dies 2013 Narain Singh arrested, tortured, jailed 2014 Three policemen convicted in 1989 Dhatt case; family appeals for enhanced sentences 2016 Bhullar paroled after 20 years Supreme Court lifts stay on Chaman Lal’s son’s case after 15 years Chaman Lal dies two days before trial resumes Trial court finds 47 policemen guilty in Pilibhit bus massacre case A CHRONOLOGY 295

2017 Amar Kaur, pursuing the Saini case since 1994, dies at 102 New evidence of 8257 extrajudicial killings across Punjab between 1980 and 1995 released by Punjab Documentation and Advocacy Project 2018 Narain Singh released on bail Dhatt case appeal pending in High Court Chaman Lal’s son’s case stayed again by High Court Glossary1

Akal Takht Literally, timeless throne. This is the temporal seat of the Sikh nation, significantly built across the spiritual center, the Harmandir Sahib. Akali Literally, immortal. A person affiliated with an Akali party. The Party was first formed in the 1920 as Sikhs organized against British rule. Has since split many times, but remains a prominent force in Punjab. Amrit The baptism/initiation, through which a Sikh becomes a Khalsa. May be used literally for water from a spiritually significant place or ceremony. May also be used poetically as the Guru’s metaphysical blessing, loving gift to a Sikh. Amritdhari One who has received Amrit; has partaken in the initiation ceremony. Ardaas Literally, prayer. In Sikh practice, the part of the daily prayers said standing up, briefly reciting inspirational Sikh history, recognizing blessings, and making any supplications. Baba An elderly man. Also, someone considered, or who promotes himself as, a holy man. Beas One of undivided Punjab’s five large rivers, today entirely in India; origi- nating in the and running into the Sutlej River. Betaa A child; masculine form, but often used neutrally. Beti A female child. Signifies the completion of the reading of the entire (1430 pages). This practice is undertaken on various occasions, notably after a Sikh death. BJP is one of India’s two major political parties; overtly Hindu nationalist, with its roots in the right-wing paramilitary organization RSS. In coalition with regional parties, it is, under Narendra Modi’s prime ministership, the ruling party in India since 2014. Bluestar Code name for the army operation launched in June 1984 across Punjab, epicentered in . BSF .

© Mallika Kaur 2019 297 M. Kaur, Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24674-7 298 GLOSSARY

CBI Central Bureau of Investigation; India’s highest investigative agency, based in capital New Delhi. Chunni Long scarf traditionally worn with Punjabi women’s dress. CIA Staff Criminal Investigation Agency centers across Punjab that gained notoriety as torture sites. Congress The oldest nationalist political party in India; came into power in 1947 and has ruled India for the majority of its existence since, often in coalition with regional parties. Starting with Jawaharlal Nehru, then his daughter Indira Gandhi, her son Rajiv, then his widow Sonia, and now her son Rahul, it has been controlled by the Nehru-Gandhi family. Crore Ten million. CRPF Central Reserve Police Force; paramilitary force under the authority of the central government. (Often referred to by Punjabi villagers as CRP) Dadaji Paternal grandfather. Dadiji Paternal grandmother. Darbar Sahib Also known as Harmandir Sahib, or “Golden ” to for- eigners, in Amritsar, Punjab. DGP Director General of Police; highest ranking police in the state. Dharam Yudh Morcha Literally, struggle for righteousness; protest move- ment launched in 1981, initially by the Akalis. DIG Deputy Inspector General of Police. FIR First Information Report; ordinarily a prerequisite to commencing a criminal prosecution in India. Gurdwara Sikh place of learning, community, worship. Gurpurab Literally, Guru’s-Day. Guru’s anniversary, or any date significant in Sikh Guru history: birth, death, or martyrdom. Guru Literally, one who leads from darkness to light. Sikhs had ten human Gurus (1469–1708), and now venerate as living Guru the Guru Granth and the Guru Panth (the initiated/committed Sikhs). First Sikh Guru who was born in 1469. Collectives or groups committed to a common cause. Jathedaar Most commonly used to refer to the head of the , Amritsar, or the head of one of the four other Takhts (thrones) of Sikh political power. May be used to refer to the leader of a jatha or to a vocal activist. Jatt Literally, farmer. The farmer caste; also the majority caste of Punjab. Once one of the “lower castes” who converted to Sikhi under the Gurus. Now Jatts are considered/consider themselves a high (even the highest) caste among Sikhs, though philosophically a casteless community. Karaa A steel bangle. One of the five articles of faith mandated for Khalsa Sikhs. Kaur Common last name bequeathed to all Sikh females by in 1699, to replace family names denoting caste, cementing a casteless community. Khalsa Those publicly proclaiming, especially following an Amrit ceremony, their adherence to Sikh faith and community. May be used more fluidly for spirited Sikhs. May be used to refer to the Sikh people as a whole. Kirpaan A sword. One of the five articles of faith mandated for Khalsa Sikhs. GLOSSARY 299

Kirtan Sikh spiritual poetry contained in the Guru Granth Sahib, sung to the accompaniment of instruments. Lakh One hundred thousand. Communal meal prepared in Sikh gurdwaras to feed the visitors and the hungry. It is an equalizing experience: all sit together to eat without distinction as to gender, class, or caste. Maharaja for a particularly powerful king or sovereign. MASR Movement Against State Repression; human rights organization launched by Inderjit Singh Jaijee. MLA Member of Legislative Assembly, state legislature in India. Morcha Literally, campaign. A protest march. that originated in , was largely Sunni Muslim, and controlled most of the northern from the early sixteenth to mid-eighteenth century. Naana Maternal grandfather. Naani Maternal grandmother. Panchayat Local government unit in a village. Parikarma The path around a gurdwara. PHRO Punjab Human Rights Organization. Pitaji Father, with respect. Saab Honorable Sir. Honorific for a prominent, respected person. A turbaned man (employed often as a jibe post 1984). Sarpanch Head of the village government. Truth Is Eternal. Commonly used as a Sikh greeting. SGPC The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, a gurdwara manage- ment organization, was created in 1920, during the Gurdwara Reform Movement, as Sikhs responded to corruption and colonial control of their gurdwaras. Shaheedi Martyrdom. is a bestowed honor since the first Sikh martyr, the fifth Guru, who refused to give up his faith or his fight for human rights, and was tortured to death by Mughal rulers in 1606. Sikhi The Sikh way of life; the people and their path. Called “” under Western influence, its definition is often limited to a spiritual faith system. Singh Common last name bequeathed to all Sikh males by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699, to replace family names denoting caste, cementing a casteless community. SSP Senior Superintendent of Police; usually the most senior ranking police official in a Punjab district. Sutlej The longest of undivided Punjab’s five rivers, today running between India and Pakistan. Taksaal A seminary. Now also understood as a subset of Sikhs who follow certain discipline and practices separate from the majority.

Note 1. In deference to the first language of most interlocutors, Punjabi words and phrases, when employed, are not italicized in the text but explained in text and/ or this glossary. Index1

A 172, 182, 184–186, 188, 190, 197, AFSPA, see Armed Forces Special Powers 198, 200, 201, 207, 210, 218, 227, Act 238, 240–242, 246, 248, 251, 252, Air India Flight 182, 243 256, 267–273, 282–285 Akal Takht, 69, 71, 76, 77, 81, 86, 98, Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh, 17, 61, 62, 104, 165, 217, 226, 239, 260, 262, 64–66, 98, 219, 224–228, 235–237, 270–272 239, 240, 242, 244, 249, 256–259, Alienation, 16, 154, 196, 209, 241, 268 262, 263, 268, 271, 272, 289n36 Amrit Kaur (Bains), 38, 69, 97 Bhog, 14, 44, 133, 153, 222 Anandpur Sahib Resolution (ASR), 197, Bhullar, Devinder Pal Singh, 174–176 226, 228, 236 Black Thunder, 99, 221, 249 Armed Forces Special Powers Act Bluestar, 19n11, 248, 271, 274, 283 (AFSPA), 98, 237, 245 Boycott (election), 6, 16, 126–132 , 36, 39, 92n23, 97, 137 British, ix, xii, 5, 7, 11, 31–39, 68–73, Asylum, 24, 27, 28, 106, 174 95, 97, 103, 105, 107, 112, 114–117, 121n41, 163, 194, 196, 197, 206, 239, 262, 273 B Bus, 17, 100, 120n11, 124, 148, Bains, Ajit Singh, see Justice Bains 165, 170, 171, 222, 237, 264, 277, Bains, Rachpal, see Mrs. Bains 278, 285 Bains, Rajvinder, 31, 48–50, 84, 89, 112, 139, 145, 194, 243 Bains Committee, 247, 248, 264 C Baljit Kaur, xi, 9, 10, 14, 15, 28, 35, 43, Canal, 8, 35, 37, 43, 95, 104, 128, 132, 46–48, 51, 60, 67, 73, 76, 81, 133, 186, 199, 200, 226, 227, 88–90, 96, 126, 130, 134, 137, 234, 250 143, 144, 146, 147, 152, 153, Caste system, 35, 192 156–158, 160, 161, 166, 168, 170, Cat, 27, 80, 190

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

© Mallika Kaur 2019 301 M. Kaur, Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24674-7 302 INDEX

Chaman Lal, 97–99, 108, 109, 111–113, Dhami, Kulbir, 61, 84, 85, 88, 90, 200, 119, 258, 261 259, 261, 265, 270 Children, xi–xiii, 4, 5, 13, 28, 30, 31, 40, See also Kaur, Kulbir 47, 49, 62, 63, 68, 69, 74, 76, 86, Dharam Yudh Morcha, 234–236 88–90, 99, 109, 118, 119, 126, Dhillon, Jaspal Singh, 25, 26, 29, 41 142, 156, 168, 170, 171, 184, 198, Diaspora, xi, 16, 18, 27, 131, 194, 218, 209, 211, 215, 220, 222–224, 238, 227, 244, 251, 269, 274 249, 251, 261, 262, 264, 267, 276, Disappearance, xii, 6, 12, 13, 15, 17, 277, 286, 287 25–27, 30, 42, 45, 48, 49, 56n82, Civil disobedience, 68, 164, 236, 257 88, 98, 102, 103, 105, 124, 147, Civil society, x, 8, 17, 26, 41, 46, 48, 190, 221, 269 263, 284 Dishonor, 4, 10, 62, 84, 108, 118, 158, Colonial, ix, xii, 6, 11, 31, 33–35, 37, 170, 183 39, 68, 72, 87, 113, 116, 208, 262 Committee for Information and Initiative on Punjab (CIIP), 28, 48, 141, E 154, 155 Emergency, 207–210, 228, 229n13, 261 Communist, 23, 42, 72, 80, 107, 115, Encounter, 24, 25, 52, 81, 82, 87, 100, 192, 194–196, 226, 234, 246, 247, 102, 109–111, 128, 158, 171, 278, 286 172, 174, 182, 195, 199, 240, 247, Compensation, 43, 48, 52, 159, 199, 248, 250 223, 245, 264 Extortion, 103, 111, 172, 183, 198, Constitution, 77, 108, 135, 138, 143, 222, 251 144, 148n3, 156, 193, 197, 219, 226, 257 Conversion, 34, 139, 192 G Cremations, 25, 26, 28, 39, 41–44, 48, Gandhi, Indira, ix, 16, 17, 106, 132, 88, 109, 111, 113, 128, 182, 198, 139, 166, 182, 188, 196, 208–210, 199, 212, 249, 265, 266, 272 223, 227, 228, 229n13, 234–238, See also Mass cremations 245, 257–261, 269–270, 273–275, Crematoria, 8, 24, 25, 29, 42, 48, 109, 278, 282, 283 133, 266 Gandhi, Mohandas, x, 35, 72, 114, 117, 163 Gandhi, Rajiv, 16, 17, 127, 131, 132, D 182, 183, 189, 215, 220, 242, 243, Dalit, 18, 81, 92n23, 138, 139, 177n1, 245, 246, 257, 274, 275, 278, 284 191–194, 246, 265, 277 Genocide, 17, 105, 154, 283, 285 Darbar Sahib, 16, 32, 45, 62–64, 66, 69, Ghadr, 37–39, 71, 72, 91n7 98, 99, 137, 157, 189, 190, 210, Gill, Sukhjeet Kaur (Dr.), 128, 130–131, 219, 221, 225, 234–237, 239, 249, 146, 244 250, 256–263, 265, 267, 268, Ginnu, Gurinder Singh, 210–214, 222, 270–274, 282, 283, 286 223, 274 See also Golden Temple, 16, 32, 265, 268 Death census, 43, 278 Green Revolution, 6, 163, 166, 195, Debt, 37, 158, 159, 234 197, 223 Democracy, xii, 16, 42, 72, 117, 184, Grewal, G.S., 65, 126, 143, 247, 248, 208, 210 257, 259 , 83, 92n23 Gurbaksh Singh (Bains), 38, 69, 72, 115 INDEX 303

Gurdwara Reform Movement, 71, 72 K Gurtej Singh, 130, 131, 166, 212, 236 Kaunke, Gurdev Singh, 98–102 Dev, 259 Kaunke, Gurmail Kaur, 99, 101, 102 Guru Gobind, x, 32, 157, 177n2, Kaur, Kulbir, 60–68, 74–82, 84–90, 200, 182, 183, 197, 211, 225, 259–261, 265, 270 232n57, 267 See also Dhami, Kulbir Guru Granth Sahib, 24, 70, 71, 73, 96, Kaur, Kuldip, 210, 211, 213, 214, 222, 165, 182, 225, 259 223, 274–278, 283, 285 Guru Nanak, 32, 70, 119, 163, Khalistan, 62, 86, 107, 114, 125, 127, 211, 283 130, 131, 133, 139, 143, 158, 183, 188, 196, 217–218, 227, 240, 241, 249–251, 271, 273 H Khalra, Jaswant, see Jaswant, Singh Khalra Habeas corpus, 41, 85, 101, 125, 139, Khalra, Paramjit, see Paramjit, Kaur 160, 174 Khalra Kid, Kulwinder Singh, 182, 188, 198–201, 257 I Kumar, Ram Narayan, 26, 27, 47, 52n1, Informer, 84, 104, 131, 153, 222 56n81, 101, 102, 120n10, 150n57, 154–156, 220, 248, 263

J Jaijee, H.S., 73, 94, 96, 97, 113, 118, L 135, 137, 162, 201, 256 Langar, 65, 70, 163, 262, 268 Jaijee, Inderjit Singh, xi, 4–11, 26, 27, Leftist, 29, 42, 91n7, 136, 158, 167, 65, 73, 94, 95, 118, 119, 127, 138, 192, 193, 222, 286 148n1, 155, 157, 163, 167, 184, Longowal, Harchand Singh, 65, 234, 235, 191, 206, 208, 218, 234, 246, 243–246, 254n50, 257, 258, 261, 263 252n3, 256, 269 Jallianwala Bagh, 69, 114, 116, 262 Jaswant, Singh Khalra, 22–30, 39–52, M 53n3, 109, 112, 113, 133 MASR, see Movement Against State Jatt, 37, 97, 138, 160, 166, 192–194, 242 Repression Jawaharlal Nehru, see Nehru, Jawaharlal Mass cremations, 42, 43, 45, 48, 52, detainees, 214, 264 113, 267 Journalist, 10, 41, 84, 124, 125, See also Cremations 144, 171, 200, 209, 220, 221, 228, Memory, xi, 10, 16, 18, 34, 38, 58, 61, 239, 243, 244, 249, 261, 267, 65, 95, 223, 234, 240, 241, 250, 269, 277 271, 273, 287 Justice Bains, 9, 10, 14, 15, 26, 27, Militancy, 8, 14, 16, 17, 23, 45, 66, 80, 29–33, 37–39, 41, 43, 46–48, 60, 82, 84, 87, 104, 105, 131–133, 144, 69, 72, 82, 88, 89, 97, 102, 109, 168, 192–194, 220, 222, 246, 250 110, 112, 115, 117, 118, 124, 126, Movement Against State Repression 128, 132, 134, 135, 139–148, (MASR), 43, 127, 191, 218 163–165, 168, 182, 184–188, 194, Mrs. Bains, 125, 126, 134, 139, 142, 198, 201, 208, 209, 212, 218–221, 145, 146, 148 237, 243–245, 247, 248, 256, 264, Multani, Balwant Singh, 173–176 273, 286 Multani, Darshan Singh, 172, 173, 176 304 INDEX

N Resignation/resigned, 127, 183, 184, Naked, 76, 79, 102, 109, 160 188, 189, 202n6, 252, 269 , 7, 70, 71 Reward/rewards, 15, 45, 84, 103, 104, Naxal, 192, 193, 195 120n21, 133, 186, 221, 250 Negotiation, 116, 127, 130, 137, 190, River water, 223, 245, 248 217, 256 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 97, 114, 117, 136, 138, 163, 189 S Nirankari, 61, 224–228 , 270, 272 Sarkaria, Dhoom Singh, 33, 34 Sarkaria, G. S., 32, 33, 95, 120n1 P Sarkaria, K. S., 91n8, 285 Pakistan, 5, 6, 8, 28, 39, 60, 61, 64–66, Sarkaria, R. S., 32, 118, 119, 236 84, 88, 114, 115, 117–119, Sarkaria, Sardar Atma Singh, 95 122n45, 131, 135, 149n32, 164, Self-determination, 10, 144, 145, 188 165, 177n6, 183, 189, 196, 201n4, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak 203n35, 235, 236, 243 Committee (SGPC), 40, 41, 44, 69, Pandit Nehru, see Nehru, Jawaharlal 70, 88, 131, 239, 252n5 Paramjit, Kaur Khalra, 22–25, 27–30, Shiv Sena, 211, 213, 214, 249 39–52, 258, 263 Sikhistan, 114, 137 , , 139, 143, 144, Sikh Kingdom, 31, 34, 94, 95 150n45, 218 Singh, Nand, 165–166 Partition, ix, x, 5, 6, 79, 98, 115–119, Singh Sabha, 35, 36, 40, 94 122n50, 136, 163, 164, 193, Singh, Tarlochan (Principal), 182, 253n31 198–201, 257 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Student/students, xii, 22, 61, 63, 87, (PEPSU), 135, 137, 139 136, 144, 184–186, 195, 198, People’s Commission, 46, 47, 147 202n10, 209, 210, 212–214, 222, Pheruman, Darshan Singh, 166 223, 226, 227, 234, 240, 254n58 PHRO, see Punjab Human Rights Suicide, 9, 45, 78, 85, 89, 234, 265, Organization 287, 289n36 Pogrom, 3, 10, 16, 17, 211, 223, 241, 274, 275, 278, 282, 284 President’s Rule, 16, 127, 135, 148n3, T 196, 208, 215, 219, 221, 237, 242 TADA, see Terrorist and Disruptive Punjab Human Rights Organization Activities (Prevention) Act (PHRO), 88, 124, 125, 212–214, Terrorist and Disruptive Activities 218, 243, 244 (Prevention) Act (TADA), 85, 86, Punjabi Suba, 137, 163, 164, 166, 98, 103, 104, 131, 143, 171, 229n12 178n21, 215, 247 Third Agency, 236, 238, 243, 244, 258 Torture center, xii, 132, 157, 183, 185 R Trains, 44, 273, 276–279, 288n15 Rajiv-Longowal Accord, 245, 248 Trauma, xi, 86, 98, 184, 186, 223, 269, Rao, Narasimha, 131, 132, 145, 273 282, 285–287 Rape, 12, 58, 84, 90n4, 118, 157, 169, 277, 278 Refugee, 117–119, 135, 285 W Remand, police, 79, 174 Woodrose, 133, 248, 269, 274, 283, Reparation, 49, 80, 148, 216 289n44