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Golden Temple Golden Temple, Amritsar Golden Temple or Harmandir Sahib is the place of pilgrimage for Sikhs located in Amritsar. The temple was designed by Guru Arjun Dev, the fifth Sikh guru. There is no restriction for the member of any community or religion to visit the temple. This tutorial will let you know about the history of the temple along with the structures present inside. You will also get the information about the best time to visit it along with how to reach the temple. Audience This tutorial is designed for the people who would like to know about the history of Golden Temple along with the interiors and design of the temple. This temple is visited by many people from India and abroad. Prerequisites This is a brief tutorial designed only for informational purpose. There are no prerequisites as such. All that you should have is a keen interest to explore new places and experience their charm. Copyright & Disclaimer Copyright 2017 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute, or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. -
Khalistan & Kashmir: a Tale of Two Conflicts
123 Matthew Webb: Khalistan & Kashmir Khalistan & Kashmir: A Tale of Two Conflicts Matthew J. Webb Petroleum Institute _______________________________________________________________ While sharing many similarities in origin and tactics, separatist insurgencies in the Indian states of Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir have followed remarkably different trajectories. Whereas Punjab has largely returned to normalcy and been successfully re-integrated into India’s political and economic framework, in Kashmir diminished levels of violence mask a deep-seated antipathy to Indian rule. Through a comparison of the socio- economic and political realities that have shaped the both regions, this paper attempts to identify the primary reasons behind the very different paths that politics has taken in each state. Employing a distinction from the normative literature, the paper argues that mobilization behind a separatist agenda can be attributed to a range of factors broadly categorized as either ‘push’ or ‘pull’. Whereas Sikh separatism is best attributed to factors that mostly fall into the latter category in the form of economic self-interest, the Kashmiri independence movement is more motivated by ‘push’ factors centered on considerations of remedial justice. This difference, in addition to the ethnic distance between Kashmiri Muslims and mainstream Indian (Hindu) society, explains why the politics of separatism continues in Kashmir, but not Punjab. ________________________________________________________________ Introduction Of the many separatist insurgencies India has faced since independence, those in the states of Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir have proven the most destructive and potent threats to the country’s territorial integrity. Ostensibly separate movements, the campaigns for Khalistan and an independent Kashmir nonetheless shared numerous similarities in origin and tactics, and for a brief time were contemporaneous. -
The Institution of the Akal Takht: the Transformation of Authority in Sikh History
religions Article The Institution of the Akal Takht: The Transformation of Authority in Sikh History Gurbeer Singh Department of Religious Studies, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; [email protected] Abstract: The Akal Takht is considered to be the central seat of authority in the Sikh tradition. This article uses theories of legitimacy and authority to explore the validity of the authority and legitimacy of the Akal Takht and its leaders throughout time. Starting from the initial institution of the Akal Takht and ending at the Akal Takht today, the article applies Weber’s three types of legitimate authority to the various leaderships and custodianships throughout Sikh history. The article also uses Berger and Luckmann’s theory of the symbolic universe to establish the constant presence of traditional authority in the leadership of the Akal Takht. Merton’s concept of group norms is used to explain the loss of legitimacy at certain points of history, even if one or more types of Weber’s legitimate authority match the situation. This article shows that the Akal Takht’s authority, as with other political religious institutions, is in the reciprocal relationship between the Sikh population and those in charge. This fluidity in authority is used to explain and offer a solution on the issue of authenticity and authority in the Sikh tradition. Keywords: Akal Takht; jathedar; Sikh institutions; Sikh Rehat Maryada; Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC); authority; legitimacy Citation: Singh, Gurbeer. 2021. The Institution of the Akal Takht: The 1. Introduction Transformation of Authority in Sikh History. Religions 12: 390. https:// The Akal Takht, originally known as the Akal Bunga, is the seat of temporal and doi.org/10.3390/rel12060390 spiritual authority of the Sikh tradition. -
Gurduara: a Sikh Place of Learning
Gurduara: A Sikh Place of Learning State of the Panth, Report 3 September 2018 Guarduara Janam Asthan Guru Nanak Sahib Nankana Sahib, Panjab 1933 (Photo: Panjab Digital Library) State of the Panth The State of the Panth is a series of reports on Sikh topics presented by the Sikh Research Institute to the global Sikh community. The series reflects on matters affecting either a large section of the Sikh population or provides a perspective on critical issues facing the human race at large. It surveys the self-identified Sikhs on their stances. It outlines a Sikh perspective based on Gurmat (the Guru’s Way) traditions of Bani (wisdom), Tavarikh (history), and Rahit (lifestyle). It lays out recommendations for individual Sikhs and Sikh institutions in “best practices” approach to strengthen the bonds within the community. Report prepared by Harinder Singh, Senior Fellow, Research & Policy Parveen Kaur, Research Assistant Inni Kaur, Editor Acknowledgments Reviewers We are indebted to Gurdit Singh, Rajvinder Singh, and Sundeep Kaur for their insights during the research phase of this report. Their comments on early versions of the manuscript were invaluable in shaping its final iteration. Any omissions or errors found in the report are a full responsibility of SikhRI. Skyrocket We thank the Skyrocket team for sharing their design expertise and making the report as beautiful as it is. The strength of our brand is supported by their knowledge. V 1.0, confidential and not for circulation 3 Table of Contents Summary 5 Bani Wisdom 7 Tavarikh History 11 Rahit Lifestyle 18 Survey 25 Recommendations 31 References 34 V 1.0, confidential and not for circulation 4 Summary The Gurduara is considered to be the heart of the Sikh community. -
Draft Framework June 16, 2016
DRAFT FRAMEWORK JUNE 16, 2016 This package has been produced by the Free Akal Takht team as a starting point for discussion and collaboration within the global Sikh community (Sikh Qaum). ੴ ਵਾਿਹਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕੀ ਫ਼ਤਹ ॥ ਵਡਾ ਤੇਰਾ ਦਰਬਾਰੁ ਸਚਾ ਤੁਧੁ ਤਖਤੁ ॥ ਿਸਿਰ ਸਾਹਾ ਪਾਿਤਸਾਹੁ ਿਨਹਚਲੁ ਚਉਰੁ ਛਤੁ ॥ Framework Introduction Contents Outline of Package Introduction Terminology Ideology Outline of Package This package has been produced by the Free Akal Takht team as a starting point for discussion and collaboration within the global Sikh community (Sikh Qaum). The package is made up of the following documents: 1. Free Akal Takht Introduction a. Guiding principles and mandate of the Free Akal Takht Team 2. Short Term: Next Sarbat Khalsa 3. Long Term: Framework Introduction a. This current document. Introduction to the Framework 4. Long Term: Framework Governance a. An explanation of the proposed Akal Takht Governance System framework 5. Framework Definitions a. Definitions of the main terms and institutions used in the Framework 6. Framework Background a. A more thorough explanation of the key institutions and principles used in the Framework from a Gurbani, Gurmat and Sikh historical perspective 7. Framework Diagram a. A visual representation of the framework 8. Frequently Asked Questions a. Answers to the questions we are asked most often about the Free Akal Takht movement and the framework #FreeAkalTakht DRAFT Framework 2 of 51 ੴ ਵਾਿਹਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕੀ ਫ਼ਤਹ ॥ ਵਡਾ ਤੇਰਾ ਦਰਬਾਰੁ ਸਚਾ ਤੁਧੁ ਤਖਤੁ ॥ ਿਸਿਰ ਸਾਹਾ ਪਾਿਤਸਾਹੁ ਿਨਹਚਲੁ ਚਉਰੁ ਛਤੁ ॥ Free Akal Takht Introduction Contents Our Mandate Guiding principles Where Are We Headed? Short Term and Long Term #FreeAkalTakht DRAFT Framework 3 of 51 Our Mandate Free Akal Takht is focused on supporting the following two resolutions that were declared at the November 2015 Sarbat Khalsa: Resolution #2 Reaffirms Akal Takht Sahib is Gurugifted sovereign Sikh institution which must become fully independent again. -
Gaining Authority and Legitimacy: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee and the Golden Temple C. 1920–2000 by Gurveen Kaur K
Gaining Authority and Legitimacy: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee and the Golden Temple c. 1920–2000 by Gurveen Kaur Khurana A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology and History) in The University of Michigan 2019 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Farina Mir, Co-Chair Professor Mrinalini Sinha, Co-Chair Associate Professor William Glover Professor Paul C. Johnson Professor Webb Keane Gurveen Kaur Khurana [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5452-9968 © Gurveen Kaur Khurana 2019 DEDICATION To Samarth, Ozzie and Papa ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is only a part of the journey that began more than ten years ago, and there are many that have made it possible for me to get here. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them for their support along the way. My greatest debt is to my dissertation advisors Mrinalini Sinha and Farina Mir. Mrinalini has supported me through out and has always been a source of intellectual support and more. She has allowed me the freedom to grow and gain from her vast knowledge, while being patient with me finding my way. There are no words that can express my gratitude to her for all that she has done. Farina Mir’s rigor sets high standards for us all and will guide my way over the years. The rest of my committee, Webb Keane, William Glover and Paul Johnson have all been wonderful with their time and support through this dissertation writing. My deepest thanks also to Dilip Menon, Shahid Amin, Sunil Kumar and Neeladri Bhattacharya for the early intellectual training in historical thinking and methodology. -
The Shiromani Akali Dal and Emerging Ideological Cleavages in Contemporary Sikh Politics in Punjab: Integrative Regionalism Versus Exclusivist Ethnonationalism
143 Jugdep Chima: Ideological Cleavages in Sikh Politics The Shiromani Akali Dal and Emerging Ideological Cleavages in Contemporary Sikh Politics in Punjab: Integrative Regionalism versus Exclusivist Ethnonationalism Jugdep Singh Chima Hiram College, USA ________________________________________________________________ This article describes the emerging ideological cleavages in contemporary Sikh politics, and attempts to answer why the Shiromani Akali Dal has taken a moderate stance on Sikh ethnic issues and in its public discourse in the post-militancy era? I put forward a descriptive argument that rhetorical/ideological cleavages in contemporary Sikh politics in Punjab can be differentiated into two largely contrasting poles. The first is the dominant Akali Dal (Badal) which claims to be the main leadership of the Sikh community, based on its majority in the SGPC and its ability to form coalition majorities in the state assembly in Punjab. The second pole is an array of other, often internally fractionalized, Sikh political and religious organizations, whose claim for community leadership is based on the espousal of aggressive Sikh ethnonationalism and purist religious identity. The “unity” of this second pole within Sikh politics is not organizational, but rather, is an ideological commitment to Sikh ethnonationalism and political opposition to the moderate Shiromani Akali Dal. The result of these two contrasting “poles” is an interesting ethno-political dilemma in which the Akali Dal has pragmatic electoral success in democratic elections -
UC Riverside UCR Honors Capstones 2018-2019
UC Riverside UCR Honors Capstones 2018-2019 Title Sikh Sovereignty: The Relentless Battle for Khalistan Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7947d6tp Author Mundi, Harkirat Publication Date 2019-04-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California By A capstone project submitted for Graduation with University Honors University Honors University of California, Riverside APPROVED _______________________________________________ Dr. Department of _______________________________________________ Dr. Richard Cardullo, Howard H Hays Jr. Chair, University Honors Abstract Table of Contents Khalsa Akhbar ........................................................................................................................... 2-5 Sikh Sovereignty: The Relentless Battle for Khalistan ..............................................................6 Origins of Sikh Sovereignty .........................................................................................................7 The Right to Khalistan ...............................................................................................................11 Anti-Colonial Nationalism .........................................................................................................14 Subaltern Studies ........................................................................................................................17 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................19 -
Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: a Charismatic Authority and His Ideology John P
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-22-2017 Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: A Charismatic Authority and His Ideology John P. Cibotti Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC001784 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics Commons, Asian Studies Commons, Child Psychology Commons, Community Psychology Commons, Human Ecology Commons, Human Geography Commons, Political Economy Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Regional Sociology Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, Social Psychology Commons, Sociology of Culture Commons, and the Sociology of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Cibotti, John P., "Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: A Charismatic Authority and His Ideology" (2017). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3190. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3190 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE: A CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY AND HIS IDEOLOGY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in RELIGIOUS STUDIES by John Paul Cibotti 2017 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs This thesis, written by John Paul Cibotti, and entitled Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: A Charismatic Authority and His Ideology, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. -
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— Extensions Of
E552 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks April 20, 2004 COMMEMORATING COMMUNITY The Council of Khalistan published a press pendence for the Sikh homeland, Khalistan, BANKS OF PENNSYLVANIA release on April 6 which details the betrayal of as declared on October 7, 1987. ‘‘We pray for the Sikhs by Mr. Tohra. It is excellent reading them in their time of loss and may Guru bless this departed soul,’’ he said. ‘‘However, HON. MELISSA A. HART and I recommend it to my colleagues. it is better to leave a legacy of service and OF PENNSYLVANIA In that press release, the Council of sacrifice rather than a legacy of betrayal as Khalistan took note of Mr. Tohra’s invitation to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tohra did,’’ he said. ‘‘What Tohra did in life the Indian government to launch its military at- will remain a part of the history of the Sikh Tuesday, April 20, 2004 tack on the Golden Temple, the most sacred Nation. He will not be remembered as a Ms. HART. Mr. Speaker, I would like to take of Sikh shrines, in June 1984, in order to friend of the Sikh Nation,’’ Dr. Aulakh said. this opportunity to commemorate the Commu- eliminate his political rival, Sant Jarnail Singh Tohra connived with the Indian govern- ment prior to its invasion of the Golden nity Banks of Pennsylvania and the more than Bhindranwale, who was a strong advocate of Temple, the center and seat of the Sikh reli- 40,000 full- and part-time employees who an independent Sikh state, Khalistan. Sikhs gion. -
A Chronology
A CHRONOLOGY OF MAJoR EVeNTS DeSCRIBed 1469–1708 Growth of Sikhdom, under its ten Gurus, and as a distinct tradi- tion, respecting but distinctly departing from South Asia’s pre- vailing religions of Hinduism and Islam. Through these centuries, Sikh resistance to tyrannical rulers became legendary (starting with the first Guru, Nanak, till the tenth Guru, Gobind Singh) 1757 Mughal empire on decline; British expand control 1801 Ranjit Singh becomes Maharaja of Punjab 1809 Anglo-Sikh Treaty of friendship signed: Ranjit Singh’s empire continues north of river Sutlej, British India south of Sutlej 1839 Maharaja Ranjit Singh dies; instability of the Sikh empire ensues; British meddling in Lahore (Punjab) court accelerates instability 1849 End of Second Anglo-Sikh War; British annex Punjab 1872 Singh Sabha Movement launched in Punjab 1913 Ghadr Party organized in California 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1920 Gurdwara Reform Movement begins (till 1925) 1921 Nanakana Sahib Massacre 1922 Guru-ka-Bagh protest, morcha 1922 Ajit Singh Bains born 1931 Inderjit Singh Jaijee born 1935 Baljit Kaur born 1946 Riots on communal lines in various cities, as rumors spread of Partition after British departure 1947 British prepone departure date; at least one million lives lost in the Partition of Punjab between India and Pakistan 1948 Patiala and East Punjab States Union, PEPSU, created from erstwhile princely states of Punjab © Mallika Kaur 2019 291 M. Kaur, Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24674-7 292 -
Sarbat Khalsa and Gurmatta in Sikh Panth
www.ijcrt.org © 2018 IJCRT | Volume 6, Issue 1 March 2018 | ISSN: 2320-2882 SARBAT KHALSA AND GURMATTA IN SIKH PANTH Karamjit Kaur Romana Research Scholar, University College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo (Punjab). ABSTRACT: The pioneer of Sikh history was Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Guru in the Sikh religion. It is a vast history of around 300 years which can be associated with the history of Punjab. After Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Sikh religion was led by other Gurus following the teachings of the later. With the passage of time, Sikh religion showed many twists and turns depending upon the views and thoughts of the leading Guru. The religious practices were formalized by Guru Gobind Singh Ji. He gave birth to great warriors in Sikh history by establishing Khalsa Panth. Two main organizations came into being during 18th century, those were Sarbat Khalsa and Gurmatta. Index Terms- Sarbat Khalsa, Gurmatta, Hukamnama, Khalsa Panth, Dal Khalsa. 18th century is exemplary for Sikh religion. It did not show only the brave and incomparable sacrifices of Sikhs but also two main organizations of Sikh religion came into being in that period only. Those two were Sarbat Khalsa and Gurmatta. It is the history of one century in Sikh religion from the time of the Khalsa in 1699 AD. Guru Nanak Dev was the founder of Sikh religion and nine other Gurus succeeded him. But after Guru Gobind Singh there was no prominent leader in Sikh community. At that time the Sikhs had to suffer badly to stay alive.