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Representations of Masculinities in Iran-Iraq War Fiction Present a Deep, and at Times, Confounding Paradox

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Representations of Masculinities in Iran-Iraq War Fiction Present a Deep, and at Times, Confounding Paradox NO MAN ’S LAND : REPRESENTATIONS OF MASCULINITIES IN IRAN -IRAQ WAR FICTION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES 2012 JENNIFER CHANDLER SCHOOL OF ARTS , LANGUAGES AND CULTURES TTTABLE OF CCCONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. 2 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ 4 DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................... 6 COPYRIGHT ............................................................................................................................. 7 TRANSLITERATION .................................................................................................................. 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 11 1.1: OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 11 1.2: RESEARCH CONTEXT .............................................................................................. 12 1.3: PRIMARY TEXTS AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 19 1.4: INTRODUCTION TO IRAN -IRAQ WAR FICTION : KEY ISSUES ................................. 22 1.5: SOCIETY AND FICTION ........................................................................................... 23 1.6: THE EXPERIENCE OF CENSORSHIP ......................................................................... 25 1.7: THESIS STRUCTURE ................................................................................................ 37 CHAPTER 2: IRAN -IRAQ WAR FICTION : THEORETICAL APPROACHES AND SOCIAL CONTEXTS .............................................................................................................................. 39 2.1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 39 2.2: MASCULINITIES , WAR AND NATION ...................................................................... 43 2.3: SOCIO -POLITICAL NARRATIVES OF GENDER IN BA’ATHIST IRAQ ......................... 50 2.4: SOCIO -POLITICAL NARRATIVES OF GENDER IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN 65 2.5: GENDER AND IRAN -IRAQ WAR FICTION ................................................................ 77 CHAPTER 3: MALE CRISIS AND NATIONAL DECLINE IN IRAN -IRAQ WAR FICTION (1980- 1999) ...................................................................................................................................... 80 3.1: OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 80 3.2: ESMA ’IL FASSIH : ZAMASTAN -I ‘62 (T HE WINTER OF ’83) ...................................... 83 3.2: AHMAD MAHMUD : ZAMIN -I SUKHTAH (S CORCHED EARTH ) .............................. 101 3.3: ‘A BD AL -SATTAR NASSER : MATAR TAHT AL -SHAMS (R AIN UNDER THE SUN ) .... 116 3.4: BETOOL KHEDAIRI : KAM BADAT AL -SAMA ’ QARIBA !! (A SKY SO CLOSE ) ........ 129 CHAPTER 4: CONTESTING THE PATRIARCHAL STATE IN POST -WAR FICTION (1996-2003) ............................................................................................................................................. 143 4.1: OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 143 4.2: SINAN ANTOON : I’ JAAM ........................................................................................ 147 4.3: MUHSIN AL -RAMLI : AL -FATIT AL -MUBA ‘THAR (S CATTERED CRUMBS ) .............. 152 4.4: AHMAD DEHQAN : SAFAR BAH GARAY 270 DARAJAH (J OURNEY HEADING 270 DEGREES ) ..................................................................................................................... 170 4.5 : DAVUD GHAFFARZADEGAN : FAL -I KHUN (A FORTUNE TOLD IN BLOOD ) ........ 184 2 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 197 5.1: THEMATIC OVERVIEW ......................................................................................... 197 5.2: IRAN -IRAQ WAR FICTION ..................................................................................... 198 5.3: THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS .............................................................................. 201 5.4: FUTURE SCOPE ...................................................................................................... 205 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 209 Word Count : 79, 093 3 AAABSTRACT This study offers an exploration of masculinity in both Iraqi and Iranian fiction which holds the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) as its major theme. Representations of masculinities in Iran-Iraq War fiction present a deep, and at times, confounding paradox. Whilst this corpus of war fiction at times deeply challenges hegemony and completely reformulates its own definitions of normative codes of manliness, at other times it strictly conforms to chauvinistic and often profoundly oppressive patterns of male behaviour. By relating these works of fiction to their wider social and political context, the aim of this study is to recognise and nuance the relationship between representations of masculinities, and literary depictions of the nation at war. Theoretically grounded in reformulations of the concept of hegemonic masculinity, the study also reflects the work of Joseph Massad, as it attempts to contextualise a body of fiction which employs representations of masculinities as part of wider socio- political allegories. As such this study treats masculinity as a complex phenomenon fraught with ambivalence, operating within particular historical and political contexts, whose subjects are often empowered and oppressed in equal measure. By relating these representations to wider social and political contexts, this study seeks to recognise and nuance the relationship between representations of masculinities and the role which the nation plays in literature, in particularly, when war is the over- arching theme. It is within the context of war, when masculinity is often proposed to be at its most simple, that it is proven to be at its most complex as age, class and political affiliations become defining factors in the pursuit of hegemony and therefore what constitutes hegemonic masculinity. By comparing two national literatures participating in the same conflict, this study reveals the close socio-political dynamic which exists between gender, literature and the so-called constructed “reality” of nation which they purport to represent. Accordingly this study showcases a corpus of work which speaks to a larger literary canon systematically ignored in studies of Persian and Arabic literature. Through in- depth readings of eight works of fiction, published between 1982 and 2003, this study investigates representations of masculinity in both an Iranian and Iraqi context. This thesis is a riposte to common assumptions that literary canon which constitutes Iran- Iraq War is purely associated with state-sponsored narratives, and instead sheds light 4 on a subtle body of fiction which offers a complex account of war and its effect on society. 5 DDDECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning 6 CCCOPYRIGHT i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trademarks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. iv. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/DocuInfo.aspx?DocID=487), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Library’s regulations (see http://www.manchester.ac.uk/library/aboutus/regulations)
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