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Revised Chapter 8, Winter Operations and Salt, Sand and Chemical Management, of the Final Report on NCHRP 25-25(04)

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Revised Chapter 8, Winter Operations and Salt, Sand and Chemical Management, of the Final Report on NCHRP 25-25(04) Requested by: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standing Committee on Highways TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRIVILEGED DOCUMENT This report, not released for publication, is furnished only for review to members of or participants in the work of the CRP. This report is to be regarded as fully privileged, and dissemination of the information included herein must be approved by the CRP. Prepared by Laura Fay, Michelle Akin, Xianming Shi, and David Veneziano Of the Western Transportation Institute Montana State University (Revised, April 2, 2013) The information contained in this report was prepared as part of NCHRP Project 20-07, Task 318, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. Acknowledgements This study was requested by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and conducted as part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 20-07. The NCHRP is supported by annual voluntary contributions from the state Departments of Transportation. Project 20-07 provides funding for quick response studies on behalf of the AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. The report was prepared by Laura Fay of the Western Transportation Institute at Montana State University. The work was guided by a task group which included Caleb Dobbins, New Hampshire DOT; William H. Hoffman, Nevada DOT; Steven M. Lund, Minnesota DOT; Debra A. Nelson, New York State DOT; Wilfrid Nixon, University of Iowa; Max S. Perchanok, Ontario Ministry of Transportation; Gabriel Guevara, FHWA; Leland D. Smithson, AASHTO; and Frank N. Lisle, TRB. The project manager was Amir N. Hanna, NCHRP Senior Program Officer. We would like to thank all the practitioners who participated in the survey and follow-up interviews. Disclaimer The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board or its sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the authors. This document is not a report of the Transportation Research Board or of the National Research Council. Table of Contents 8.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5 8.1 Selecting Snow and Ice Control Materials to Mitigate Environmental Impacts ..................................... 6 8.1.1 Impacts of Salt and Chloride-Based Deicer on the Environment ..................................................... 7 8.1.2 Impacts of Acetate Based Deicers on the Environment ................................................................ 10 8.1.3 Impacts of Sand/Abrasives on the Environment ........................................................................... 11 8.1.4 Responding to Public Concerns/Complaints Regarding Contamination........................................ 12 8.2 Reducing Sand Usage and Managing Traction Materials...................................................................... 13 8.3 Strategic Planning for Reduced Salt Usage ........................................................................................... 14 8.3.1 Salt Management Plans ................................................................................................................. 14 8.3.2 Winter Maintenance Effects on Safety and Mobility ..................................................................... 15 8.4 Stewardship Practices for Reducing Salt, Sand and Chemical Usage ................................................... 17 8.4.1 Shifting to Anti-icing ....................................................................................................................... 19 8.4.1.1 Benefits of Shifting to Anti-icing ............................................................................................. 21 8.4.1.2 Stewardship Practices to Minimize Anti-icing Materials Application ..................................... 21 8.4.2 Road Weather Information System (RWIS) ................................................................................... 22 8.4.3 Pavement Sensors and Thermal Mapping ..................................................................................... 28 8.4.4 Infrared Thermometers (IRTs) ....................................................................................................... 29 8.4.5 Road Surface Traction/Friction Measurements ............................................................................. 29 8.4.6 Residual Chemical Measurement .................................................................................................. 30 8.4.7 Nowcasting ..................................................................................................................................... 30 8.4.8 Road Weather Management Decision Support ............................................................................. 31 8.4.8.1 Clarus Initiative ....................................................................................................................... 31 8.4.8.2 MDSS ....................................................................................................................................... 31 8.4.9 Weather Forecasts and Information Services ................................................................................ 32 8.4.10 Traffic Information ....................................................................................................................... 34 8.4.11 Patrols .......................................................................................................................................... 34 8.4.12 Drift Control/Snow fences ........................................................................................................... 34 8.4.12.1 Living Snow Fences ............................................................................................................... 35 8.5 Precision Application to Manage and Reduce Chemical Applications .................................................. 35 8.5.1 Spreaders, Spread Patterns, and Spreader Controls ..................................................................... 36 8.5.1.1 Spread Patterns ....................................................................................................................... 37 8.5.2 Material distribution systems (MDS) ............................................................................................. 38 8.5.2.1 Tailgate Spreaders and Reverse Dumping of Dual Dump Spreaders ...................................... 38 8.5.2.2 Multipurpose Spreaders ......................................................................................................... 39 8.5.2.3 Rear-Discharge Spreaders ....................................................................................................... 39 8.5.2.4 Electronic Spreader Controls .................................................................................................. 39 8.5.2.5 Rearward Casting Spreaders (including Ground-Speed and Zero-Velocity Spreaders) .......... 40 8.5.3 Pre-Wetting Solid Materials to Minimize Bounce and Improve Performance .............................. 41 8.5.4 Fixed Automated Spray Technology (FAST) ................................................................................... 42 8.5.5 Calibration ...................................................................................................................................... 43 8.5.6 Operational Support Equipment .................................................................................................... 45 8.5.6.1 Material Usage Monitoring ..................................................................................................... 45 8.5.6.2 Material Loading and Handling ............................................................................................... 46 8.6 Monitoring and Recordkeeping ............................................................................................................ 48 8.6.1 Evaluating Treatment Effectiveness .............................................................................................. 49 8.6.1.1 Environmental Performance Measures for Winter Operations ............................................. 49 8.6.1.2 Non-Environmental Performance Measures for Winter Operations ..................................... 52 8.7 Winter Operations Facilities Management ........................................................................................... 53 8.7.1 Materials Storage ........................................................................................................................... 53 8.7.2 Management of Snow Disposal Sites ............................................................................................. 53 8.7.2.1 Site Security and Environmental Controls .............................................................................. 54 8.7.2.2 Site Management .................................................................................................................... 55 8.7.2.3 Pile and Meltwater Management ........................................................................................... 55 8.7.2.4 Monitoring .............................................................................................................................
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