Nebuchadnezzar, Cyrus, Alexander & Herod
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Numerical Notation: a Comparative History
This page intentionally left blank Numerical Notation Th is book is a cross-cultural reference volume of all attested numerical notation systems (graphic, nonphonetic systems for representing numbers), encompassing more than 100 such systems used over the past 5,500 years. Using a typology that defi es progressive, unilinear evolutionary models of change, Stephen Chrisomalis identifi es fi ve basic types of numerical notation systems, using a cultural phylo- genetic framework to show relationships between systems and to create a general theory of change in numerical systems. Numerical notation systems are prima- rily representational systems, not computational technologies. Cognitive factors that help explain how numerical systems change relate to general principles, such as conciseness and avoidance of ambiguity, which also apply to writing systems. Th e transformation and replacement of numerical notation systems relate to spe- cifi c social, economic, and technological changes, such as the development of the printing press and the expansion of the global world-system. Stephen Chrisomalis is an assistant professor of anthropology at Wayne State Uni- versity in Detroit, Michigan. He completed his Ph.D. at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, where he studied under the late Bruce Trigger. Chrisomalis’s work has appeared in journals including Antiquity, Cambridge Archaeological Jour- nal, and Cross-Cultural Research. He is the editor of the Stop: Toutes Directions project and the author of the academic weblog Glossographia. Numerical Notation A Comparative History Stephen Chrisomalis Wayne State University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521878180 © Stephen Chrisomalis 2010 This publication is in copyright. -
316 Chronology: Timeline of Biblical World History Biblestudying.Net
Chronology 316: Timeline of Biblical World History biblestudying.net Brian K. McPherson and Scott McPherson Copyright 2012 Period Five: The Destruction of the Temple to the Decree of Daniel 9 (Part 2) Biblical Considerations which May Indicate that the Secular Chronologies Aren’t Fully Accurate Using the standard chronology of this period and identifying Artaxerxes’ decree to Ezra would have Daniel 9:25’s 69 weeks of years begin in the year 458-457 BC. The same historical chronology would place the destruction of the Temple by the Babylonians in the year 586 BC. This means that, according to conventional chronologies, there was a total of 128 years between the desolation of Jerusalem and the Temple (in 586 BC) and the decree given to Ezra to restore and rebuild Jerusalem and its walls (in 458-457 BC.) However, earlier in our study we also learned that there may be some reason to conclude that prophet Ezekiel was noting the occurrence of a Jubilee year 14 years after destruction of the Temple (Ezekiel 40:1 and Leviticus 25.) Likewise, we learned that Daniel 9:25 indicates that the 69 weeks of years before the coming of the Messiah began with a grouping of 7 weeks of years. As Tim Warner has noted, Daniel 9:25’s grouping of 7 weeks of years may, in fact, refer to the jubilee cycle described in Leviticus 25. Yet, there is also a deliberate distinction between the first 7 Sabbatical cycles (49 years) and the remaining 62 Sabbatical cycles (434 years). Why? Scholars have struggled to explain this division. -
World History--Part 1. Teacher's Guide [And Student Guide]
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 462 784 EC 308 847 AUTHOR Schaap, Eileen, Ed.; Fresen, Sue, Ed. TITLE World History--Part 1. Teacher's Guide [and Student Guide]. Parallel Alternative Strategies for Students (PASS). INSTITUTION Leon County Schools, Tallahassee, FL. Exceptibnal Student Education. SPONS AGENCY Florida State Dept. of Education, Tallahassee. Bureau of Instructional Support and Community Services. PUB DATE 2000-00-00 NOTE 841p.; Course No. 2109310. Part of the Curriculum Improvement Project funded under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B. AVAILABLE FROM Florida State Dept. of Education, Div. of Public Schools and Community Education, Bureau of Instructional Support and Community Services, Turlington Bldg., Room 628, 325 West Gaines St., Tallahassee, FL 32399-0400. Tel: 850-488-1879; Fax: 850-487-2679; e-mail: cicbisca.mail.doe.state.fl.us; Web site: http://www.leon.k12.fl.us/public/pass. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom - Learner (051) Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF05/PC34 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Academic Accommodations (Disabilities); *Academic Standards; Curriculum; *Disabilities; Educational Strategies; Enrichment Activities; European History; Greek Civilization; Inclusive Schools; Instructional Materials; Latin American History; Non Western Civilization; Secondary Education; Social Studies; Teaching Guides; *Teaching Methods; Textbooks; Units of Study; World Affairs; *World History IDENTIFIERS *Florida ABSTRACT This teacher's guide and student guide unit contains supplemental readings, activities, -
Date of Creation”, You Will Receive 13 Million Hits from Every Nation Under Heaven
CODE 166 CODE 196 CODE 228 CODE 243 CODE 251 CODE 294 CODE 427 CODE 490 CODE 590 CODE 666 CODE 01010 CODE 1260 CODE1447 CODE 1900 CODE 1975 CODE 2300 CODE 6000 CODE 144000 THE LAST YEAR OF CHAOS BEFORE ADAM – 3957 BC (Beginning 177 days – 6 Months before Adam) by Floyd R. Cox Revised 1-13-2016 If you Google for “date of creation”, you will receive 13 million hits from every nation under heaven. Far too many to read, and every person seems to have their own personal view on the subject. One says, “I think that, during the seven days of creation, God buried dinosaur bones just to test our faith in the King James Bible.” Another says, “I think the 7 days were 1000 years each or 7000 years each.” This would mean the plants created and blossomed in the third day did not have bees to pollinate them until the fifth day, 2,000 years or 14,000 years later. None of them seem able to take the seven days literally. Why is that? f-r-c [email protected] The text says that “in the beginning” the heavens and earth were created and somehow http://code251.com/ became in need of light, and there was light on the first day. Then it speaks of creating a calendar on the fourth day. A calendar depends upon having the sun, moon and stars in certain positions, PARADIGM SHIFTS and it is likely that the moon, on the fourth day, was in conjunction (between the sun and earth) on the fourth day because Adam was created on the sixth day, when he could see the first slither Myths About of the moon on the first day of the seventh month, on Tishri 1). -
The Medo-Persian Kings Cyrus and Darius
BIBLICAL AND BIOGRAPBIOGRAPHICALHICAL SKETCHES OF THTHEE MEDOMEDO----PERSIANPERSIAN KINGS --- DARIUS AND CYRUS JASON HILBURN INTRODUCTION 1 As one studies the history of God’s people recorded in the Bible, he must remember that the world of Bible times was filled with many other peoples and nations besides Israel. Changes were constantly occurring in the world in which God’s people lived—nations were forming and nations were falling as God was working out His will. Secular scholars have marveled at the achievements of men like Cyrus the Great, wondering how such a person could conquer so quickly and dominantly: The violent collapse of the mighty Assyrian Empire after the fall of Nineveh in 612 to a coalition of the Medes and Babylonians has sometimes been called a “scandal of history." The sudden appearance of the Persians in Near Eastern history and the lightning campaigns of Cyrus ll, the Great, pose questions for the historian that are urgent both in their breadth and in their complexity. In two decades (550-530), the Persian armies led by Cyrus ll conquered the Median, Lydian, and Neo-Babylonian kingdoms in succession and prepared the ground for Persian domination of the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia. How can we explain this sudden outburst into history by a people and a state hitherto practically unknown? How can we explain not only that this people could forge military forces sufficient to achieve conquests as impressive as they were rapid but also that, as early as the reign of Cyrus, it had available the technological and intellectual equipment that made the planning and building of Pasargadae possible? (Briant 13). -
Darius the Mede
1/27/2021 Daniel Defended : 4.3 - Darius the Mede Subscribe Get a Copy Section number, topic, or verse? Go 4.3 - Darius the Mede CONTENTS 4.3.1 - Who is Darius the Mede? 4.3.6 - Gobryas, Gubaru, Ugbaru 4.3.11 - Darius is Cyaxares II? 4.3.2 - Darius: A Title 4.3.7 - Family Relations of Darius as Median King 4.3.12 - Darius is Darius 4.3.3 - Darius Within the Bible 4.3.8 - Darius is Astyages II? 4.3.4 - Darius Outside the Bible 4.3.9 - Darius is Cambyses II? 4.3.5 - Who is Darius? 4.3.10 - Darius is Cyrus? 4.3.1 - Who is Darius the Mede? In one sense, we know everything we need to know about Darius the Mede: the man who received the kingdom at the downfall of Babylonian was named Darius and was a Mede of about 62 years of age (Dan. 5:31‣). This is sufficient for the believer who rests upon what God has revealed—no more information is needed to make sense of what the Bible records and the place Darius occupies in the sequence of Gentile Kingdoms. 1 But, for those who are interested in the relationship between God’s revelation and what is known from extra- biblical sources concerning history, the question arises whether Darius the Mede is known to archaeology or by historical records outside the Bible? 4.3.2 - Darius: A Title Correlating Darius the Mede with rulers known to extra-biblical history has proven to be a complex task, made all-the-more challenging because the name “Darius” is applied within historic inscriptions to at least five Persian rulers. -
Insight's Reliance on Secular Sources
Insight’s Reliance on Secular Sources Doug Mason Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, who cares for Esagila and Ezida, eldest son of Nabopolassar, king of Babylon. [email protected] Derivation of 539 BCE (Insight) The following reasoning is provided by Insight on the Scriptures [Insight] Volume 1 to substantiate that Babylon fell in 539 BCE. (Insight, Vol 1, page 454) The date of 539 B.C.E. for the fall of Babylon can be arrived at not only by Ptolemy's canon but by other sources as well. The historian Diodorus, as well as Africanus and Eusebius, shows that Cyrus’ first year as king of Persia corresponded to Olympiad 55, year 1 (560/559 B.C.E.), while Cyrus’ last year is placed at Olympiad 62, year 2 (531/530 B.C.E.). Cuneiform tablets give Cyrus a rule of nine years over Babylon, which would therefore substantiate the year 539 as the date of his conquest of Babylon. Handbook of Biblical Chronology, by Jack Finegan, 1964, pp. 112, 168-170; Babylonian Chronology. 626 B.C. - A.D. 75, [Parker and Dubberstein], p. 14. Since Insight relies on secular sources to arrive at 539 BCE for the Fall of Babylon, the following Study addresses: • 539 BCE is derived • Ptolemy’s Canon • Classical Historians • Olympiadic Dating System • Cuneiform Tablets • Astronomical Tablets • Babylonian Chronology • Cyrus’ Decree Note that insertions introduced into the text from Insight are indicated with the use of square brackets [ ]. 2 These insertions are provided as clarification, not as comment nor as criticism. Comments on the dating of Babylon’s Fall Ever since 1942, when Parker and Dubberstein published their study, there has been no doubt that Babylon fell in 539 BCE. -
Book of Mormon Event Structure: the Ancient Near East
Journal of Book of Mormon Studies Volume 5 Number 2 Article 5 7-31-1996 Book of Mormon Event Structure: The Ancient Near East Robert F. Smith Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Smith, Robert F. (1996) "Book of Mormon Event Structure: The Ancient Near East," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies: Vol. 5 : No. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol5/iss2/5 This Feature Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Book of Mormon Studies by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Title Book of Mormon Event Structure: The Ancient Near East Author(s) Robert F. Smith Reference Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 5/2 (1996): 98–147. ISSN 1065-9366 (print), 2168-3158 (online) Abstract The Book of Mormon annals open in an ancient Near Eastern context. The archaeological-historical context is carefully outlined here within a systematic chronology that is tied to fixed, absolute dates of recorded astro- nomical events—particularly those from cuneiform eponym calendars. The resultant matrix allows those early Book of Mormon events to be understood in a rational, familiar, and meaningful way—that is, in a biblical context. In addition, an excursus is devoted to understanding the Arabia of the Book of Mormon as the Lehite exiles must have known it. Throughout it is clear that the world depicted by the Book of Mormon dove- tails remarkably well with what we know of the ancient Near East. -
Re-Dating the Fall of Sardis *
Re-dating the Fall of Sardis * Nikos Kokkinos The shaky nature of the historical (and by association archaeological) dates in the Greek Archaic period (usually taken as ending with the Persian sack of Athens in 480 BC), is a well-known problem. Of course, some dates are less shaky than others. Perhaps every scholar will agree that the earliest, indisputable , absolute date in Greek history (that is to say textually based), is that of the death of Hipparchus son of Pisistratus I in 514/3 BC. He was assassinated at the Great Panathenaea, ‘four years’ before the expulsion of his brother Hippias in 511/0 BC (on inclusive reckoning), which was ‘twenty years’ (a round number) before the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC (Hdt. 5.56; Thuc. 1.20; 6.56, 59; Arist. Ath. Pol . 18.3; 19.2). A further deduction can be made: the death of Pisistratus I and the accession of Hippias occurred in 528/7 BC — as the latter ruled for ‘eighteen years’ (Arist. Pol . 5.1315b 29-34 — even if Ath. Pol . 19.6 says ‘about seventeen years’). But there will be (and legitimately should be) disagreement between scholars in respect to any date earlier than Pisistratus’ death. An earlier point thought to be ‘fixed’, providing a link to the Athenian chronology, is the Fall of Sardis, the Lydian capital of the famous king Croesus. In the past, the date of this major international event used to be given very inconsistently (from as early as 557 BC to as late as 540 BC), 1 but in recent decades confidence has grown regarding the year * I must thank Professor Fergus Millar for reading this paper and making some adjustments to the language in order to ease a subject complex by nature. -
Daniel.1 D a N I E L —Prophet in Babylon, Sixth Century Introduction
D A N I E L —prophet in Babylon, sixth century Introduction to Daniel 1. Date of Daniel 1:1 3rd year of Jehoiakim 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar takes captives from Jerusalem to Babylon There seems to be a contradiction with Jeremiah 46:2, which specifies the fourth year. A good solution is that Jeremiah used the non-accession year system, while Daniel used the accession year system. Or possibly Jeremiah was following the Religious calendar, while Daniel was on the civil calendar, leaving a gap in the date of reckoning. 1:21 1st year of Cyrus, 539 BC 2:1 2nd year of Nebuchadnezzar, 604-03 BC 5:1, 30 last year of Belshazzar Medes capture Babylon, 539 BC 7:1 1st year of Belshazzar, 553 BC 8:1 3rd year of Belshazzar, 551 BC 9:1 1st year of Darius the Mede, 539-38 BC (see below) 10:1* 3rd year of Cyrus, ca. 536 BC 11:1 1st year of Darius the Mede, 539-38 BC conclusion: Daniel’s prophecies, 605-536 BC * = the exact duration of Judah’s 70-year captivity 2. The prophet Daniel taken captive in 605 BC, remained in Babylon 70 years royal birth, intelligent, along with his three friends (1:3-4, 6) probably a eunuch; no family mentioned (cf. Isa. 39:7; Mt. 19:12) high morality (1:8) Daniel.1 could interpret dreams (1:17) cf. Joseph in Egypt like Joseph, loyal to Yahweh, in spite of danger and opposition (cf. 3:16-18) able to survive all court intrigue; but note that there are no dated prophecies between Nebuchadnezzar’s second year and Belshazzar (ca. -
Cyrus of Anshan
Paper presented in the First International Conference "Iran and the Silk Road" (National Museum of Iran, Tehran, 11-14 February 2011). The final version is to appear in D. Akbarzadeh (ed.), Proceedings of the First International Conference "Iran and the Silk Road", Tehran. EARLY CROSS-CULTURAL POLITICAL ENCOUNTERS ALONG THE PATHS OF THE SILK ROAD: CYRUS THE GREAT AS A “KING OF THE CITY OF ANSHAN”* by Antigoni Zournatzi Institute for Greek and Roman Antiquity, National Hellenic Research Foundation (Athens, Greece) ABSTRACT In the famous inscription of the Cylinder of Cyrus the Great composed after the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, the founder of the Persian empire is referred to as “king of the city of Anshan” and is made to indicate that this title was equally borne by his ancestors, Cambyses, Cyrus and Teispes. Reference to the venerable —but nonetheless Elamite and in all appearances no longer politically important at the time— city of Anshan in Cyrus’ royal family titulary has triggered much scholarly discussion. It is currently thought that the references to Cyrus’ dynastic association with Anshan might acknowledge some sense of an Elamite affinity on the part of Cyrus’ royal line. The present study argues that the title “king of the city of Anshan” of Cyrus and his forebears was meant to accommodate traditional perceptions of “legitimate kingship” within a native Mesopotamian/Elamite environment and cannot be used as evidence for an Elamite affiliation of Cyrus’ dynastic line. The Anshanite dynastic title of Cyrus the Great and current interpretations Since its discovery among the ruins of Babylon in 1879, the inscribed Cylinder of Cyrus the Great1 has had a powerful impact on modern perceptions of the founder of the Persian empire. -
Min's Historical Calendar of Jesus
MIN’S HISTORICAL CALENDAR OF JESUS ©2004 Daniel Joseph Min All rights are free Min‘s Free P ress Continental Divide, CO Min’s Google-archived digital edition September 16, 2003. First printed edition published by MFP on July 1, 2004. Contents Preface ................................ ii Introduction ........................ iii Ch 1 – The Hand Of God...... 1 Ch 2 – Course Of Abijah..... 15 Ch 3 – Morning Star .......... 21 Ch 4 – Evening Star ........... 33 Ch 5 – Voice Of One .......... 49 Ch 6 – Coming Of Age........ 56 Ch 7 – At One With God .... 57 Ch 8 – Palm Saturday ........ 61 Ch 9 – Good Wednesday..... 81 Ch 10 – Night And Day...... 84 Ch 11 – The Chronology.. 91 Preface Several years ago I published my first two books. The first was entitled “Book Of Daniel: Fact or Fiction?”, My second book is named “Historical Calendar Of Jesus” since the former work establishes the genuine historicity of the prophet Daniel, and his autograph manuscript as pre- sented in the “Biblia Hebraica”, Leningrad MS.B19A Kittel/stuttgartensia consonantal texts, which are available as freeware in the normal (BHS) and morphological (BHM) format from the “online-bible” website, which text comprises the predominantly Hebrew part of the Old Testament and its few Aramaic portions (Gen.31:47a; Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:12- 26; Jer.10:11; and Daniel 2:4-7:28). Subsequent to my research of this codex to the sacred scriptures, I’ve since discovered that the editio Vulgata is the principal translation of the Judeo-Xian Bible, because Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus, bka St. Jerome, was sufficiently adept in the classic astro- logical and mythological basis of the scriptures as to bring both old and new testaments to life — to the degree that western thought can more easily relate herein the 21st century of the Roman calendar.