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Identity Matters Daniela Gronold Identity Matters Different Conceptualisations of Belonging from the Perspective of Young Slovenes WAXMANN Internationale Hochschulschriften Internationale Daniela Gronold Identity Matters Different Conceptualisations of Belonging from the Perspective of Young Slovenes Waxmann 2010 Münster / New York / München / Berlin Bibliographic information published by die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Published with the support of the Forschungsrat of Universitaet Klagenfurt, Dr. Manfred-Gehring-Privatstiftung, ZSO, Zveza Slovenskih Organizacij – Zentralverband Slowenischer Organisationen Internationale Hochschulschriften, Bd. 547 Die Reihe für Habilitationen und sehr gute und ausgezeichnete Dissertationen ISBN 978-3-8309-2379-4 Waxmann Verlag GmbH, Münster 2010 www.waxmann.com [email protected] Cover Design: Christian Averbeck, Münster Cover Illustration: (clockwise) Yugoslawien-Karte 1928, Slanar Altas [Map of Yugoslavia, Slanar Atlas 1928]; Österreich-ungarische Monarchie und die Schweiz 1899, H. Lange, Volkschulatlas [Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy and Switzerland 1899, H. Lange, Atlas for Elementary Schools]; Generalkarte des österreichischen Kaiserstaates von J. Scheda 1856, UBK [General map of the Austrian Empire by J. Scheda, UBK]; Königreich Illyrien, Weiland 1843, KLA [Kingdom of Illyria, Weiland 1843, KLA] This work is available under the license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0: Attribution – Non Commercial – Share Alike 4.0 international Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 9 Uses of the Term “Identity”.................................................................................................. 16 1. Historical Background ...................................................................................................... 16 2. Discursive Understanding of Identity ............................................................................... 20 2.1 Representational Order: Identification and Exclusion ...................................................... 25 2.2 Bodies that (do not) matter................................................................................................ 29 Consequences........................................................................................................................... 31 Theoretical Framework – An Inquiry into Movements and Models............................... 34 1. Feminist Movements and the Re-Articulation of Group-Consciousness.......................... 34 2. Subjugated Knowledge and the Critique on “Western” Superiority................................. 38 3. Hybrid Identities and Diaspora ......................................................................................... 47 Consequences........................................................................................................................... 55 In Search for Identity – European Nation States ............................................................... 57 1. “Origin” of the Nation State in the “West”....................................................................... 61 1.1 Imagination as a Side of Collective Amnesia and the Role of the Mass Media ............... 64 1.2 Nation-building in the South-East of Europe: Slovene Independence and the Role of National Media ........................................................................................ 69 2. In Search of the “Nature” of People in a “Normal” Nation .............................................. 77 2.1 Deconstructing a Naturalised National Order ................................................................... 81 2.2 The Sexualised “Other” within the Nation State............................................................... 90 Consequences........................................................................................................................... 92 The Project of the European Union ..................................................................................... 95 1. (No) European solidarity – Who are the Europeans?........................................................ 96 1.1 Slovenia’s Relation to Discourses of Europe.................................................................... 101 1.2 The Borders of Europe .................................................................................................... 104 1.3 Unified in Difference and Diversity................................................................................ 110 1.4 Legal Foundation of the European Union........................................................................ 112 2. Fortress Europe Syndrome.............................................................................................. 113 3. Balkanisation of Europe? ................................................................................................ 119 5 4. The Political Project: A Real Chance for the Multicultural Condition? ......................... 124 Consequences......................................................................................................................... 128 Interwoven in Europe. Positioning Slovenia.................................................................... 130 1. Economy ......................................................................................................................... 133 2. Christianity...................................................................................................................... 137 3. Journalism ....................................................................................................................... 140 4. Escaping the “Balkans”................................................................................................... 144 5. Returning to the “Balkans” ............................................................................................. 149 Consequences......................................................................................................................... 152 Global Fragmentation or Another Universalism?............................................................ 155 1. Different Meanings of Globalisation .............................................................................. 155 1.1 World-Wide Distribution of Content: Another “Western” Domination? ....................... 158 2. The Confluence of Globalisation and Local Mobilisation.............................................. 165 3. The Confluence of Globalisation and Neo-Liberalism ................................................... 166 4. Losing the Sense of Security and Safety: A “Western” Phenomenon ............................ 170 5. Different Worlds in the World Society ........................................................................... 173 Consequences......................................................................................................................... 176 Empirical and Analytical Standpoints............................................................................... 178 1. Methodology ................................................................................................................... 179 2. Discourse Analysis.......................................................................................................... 185 “EU-European Slovenes” ................................................................................................... 190 1. The Attempt of Defining Sloveneness ............................................................................ 191 1.1 Landscape........................................................................................................................ 192 1.2 Detecting National Normality......................................................................................... 193 1.3 Language and Ethnicity................................................................................................... 196 1.4 Cultural Heritage as Tradition......................................................................................... 197 2. In the Middle................................................................................................................... 199 2.1 Shifting Borders: Flexible “We”- and “Them”-Communities ........................................ 200 2.2 The Closure of Borders: Exclusively Slovene ................................................................ 205 2.3 EU-Europeanness and “Western” Situatedness .............................................................. 207 6 3. Old and New Global Influences: Slovenia in the Process of Change ............................. 212 3.1 No Fun-Community ........................................................................................................ 214 3.2 Domestificating Foreign Influences................................................................................ 215 4. Considerations of Belonging........................................................................................... 217 The “Metropolitans”............................................................................................................ 220 1. A Picture of Slovenia ...................................................................................................... 220 1.1 Slovene Reputation ........................................................................................................
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