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Hungarian in Slovenia: an Overview of a Language in Context

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Working Papers in European Language Diversity 2 Anna Kolláth, Judit Gasparics, Annamária Gróf, Livija Horvat Hungarian in Slovenia: An Overview of a Language in Context Mainz Helsinki Wien Tartu Mariehamn Oulu Maribor Working Papers in European Language Diversity is a peer-reviewed online publication series of the research project ELDIA, serving as an outlet for preliminary research findings, individual case studies, background and spin-off research. Editor-in-Chief Johanna Laakso (Wien) Editorial Board Kari Djerf (Helsinki), Riho Grünthal (Helsinki), Anna Kolláth (Maribor), Helle Metslang (Tartu), Karl Pajusalu (Tartu), Anneli Sarhimaa (Mainz), Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark (Mariehamn), Helena Sulkala (Oulu), Reetta Toivanen (Helsinki) Publisher Research consortium ELDIA c/o Prof. Dr. Anneli Sarhimaa Northern European and Baltic Languages and Cultures (SNEB) Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Jakob-Welder-Weg 18 (Philosophicum) D-55099 Mainz, Germany Contact: [email protected] © European Language Diversity for All (ELDIA) ELDIA is an international research project funded by the European Commission. The views expressed in the Working Papers in European Language Diversity are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. All contents of the Working Papers in European Language Diversity are subject to the Austrian copyright law. The contents may be used exclusively for private, non-commercial purposes. Regarding any further uses of the Working Papers in European Language Diversity, please contact the publisher. ISSN 2192-2403 Working Papers in European Language Diversity 2 During the initial stage of the research project ELDIA (European Language Diversity for All) in 2010, "structured context analyses" of each speaker community at issue were prepared. These context analyses will act as a starting point for further deepened research by linguists, sociologists and lawyers. Thus, they will form the basis of further case-specific reports and the comparative report which will be the main outcome of the whole project. However, as these will be available for interested readers only at the end of the project, we wanted to publish shorter versions summarising our work so far already at this stage, thus providing up-to-date information for both the academic community and stakeholder groups. This paper, based on the context analysis by Anna Kolláth, Judit Gasparics, Annamária Gróf and Livija Horvat, gives a brief and up- to-date overview of the status of and research about Hungarian in Slovenia. As all papers appearing in the series Working Papers in European Language Diversity, these context analyses have been subject to an anonymous peer- reviewing process. Whenever the present document is referred to, due reference to the author and the ELDIA project should be made. For more information about the ELDIA project see http://www.eldia-project.org/. Working Papers in European Language Diversity 2 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION: SPEAKERS OF HUNGARIAN IN SLOVENIA ......................... 1 2 SOCIO-POLITICAL CONTEXT ....................................................................... 3 2.1 LEGAL AND POLITICAL POSITION ......................................................... 3 2.2 ATTITUDES ..................................................................................... 5 3 CULTURAL CONTEXT .................................................................................. 6 4 LANGUAGE ................................................................................................ 7 4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LANGUAGE ........................................... 7 4.2 LANGUAGE CONTACT AND MULTILINGUALISM ....................................... 8 4.3 LANGUAGE USE AND MAINTENANCE .................................................... 9 5 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................. 13 Working Papers in European Language Diversity 2 Hungarian in Slovenia | 1 1 Introduction: Speakers of Hungarian in Slovenia The Hungarian community in Prekmurje (Hung. Muravidék), Slovenia, became a minority as a result of the Treaty of Trianon. Before 1919 and between 1941 and 1945 their area was part of Hungary. Prekmurje is the name of the eastern part of the region which is officially called Pomurje (Pomurska regija). The areas officially defined as having a mixed population (in colloquial language use “bilingual” Hungarian-Slovenian) are those where – when the borders were drawn after the Treaty of Versailles – the majority of inhabitants were Hungarians. Today, this bilingual area consists of 30 small villages (8 in the north in an area of 65 km², 22 in the south) and the town of Lendava (Hung. Lendva). The population is divided among five administrative units, the major settlements functioning as their centres. The town of Lendava counts as the main centre of the whole bilingual region, while the central villages of the remaining administrative units are Dobrovnik (Dobronak), Prosenjakovci (Pártosfalva), Hodoš (Hodos) and Šalovci (Salovci). The vast majority of Hungarians in Slovenia live here; they are the actual Hungarian community and make up around 50% of the total population in the Prekmurje region. Of Hungarians living in Slovenia, 16.5% live outside the bilingual area; their number amounts to 1,031 (census 2002). This migrant Hungarian community is composed not only of commuters leaving the Prekmurje area for economic reasons, but also of ethnic Hungarians from the Vojvodina region in Serbia who have come to Slovenia in search of better job opportunities or fleeing the Yugoslav wars. They live in the capital city of Ljubljana, in bigger towns or in economically more developed regions. They have cultural associations in Ljubljana and Murska Sobota (Kovács 2004). Hungarians constitute 0.32% of the total Slovene population (1,964,036 people), according to the census of 2002; 6,243 citizens all over Slovenia declared themselves to be of Hungarian ethnicity and 7,713 as having Hungarian as their mother tongue. Thus there were 5,212 people of Hungarian nationality and 6,237 citizens with Hungarian as their mother tongue counted in the habitat of the Hungarian national community, the Prekmurje region (Statistični letopis RS, 2003). Working Papers in European Language Diversity 2 Hungarian in Slovenia | 2 The ratio of Hungarians will also decrease in the future in the autochthonous area of Prekmurje. This is the conclusion of the data of the census from 2002, which shows that the ratio of Hungarians fell to under 50%. Hungarians lived in a compact block at the time the area was cut off from Hungary but dispersion started as early as the 1920s when Slovenes from different regions of the country were settled in the area (colonies). The current trend is moving towards diffusion, triggered partly by inward migration, partly by a shift in the content of identity and the formation of second language dominance. The Hungarian community living in Prekmurje is autochthonous, a territorial minority in the classic sense: the Hungarian language has official status; it is an official language only in the mixed nationality area. Its rights are protected on the basis of positive discrimination (besides collective rights, each citizen is entitled to the special minority rights granted in the constitution), independently of the size (in percentage) of the community. The minority policy in Slovenia also grants special rights to the migrant community living away from the bilingual area. They can, for instance, be included in the list of electors of the Hungarian community if they want to; Hungarian language education is organised and financed for them by the Ministry of Education if the need arises (the minimum number of students in a class or in a group is 5). Although the names of all the institutions contain the ‘Prekmurje’ element (e.g. Prekmurje Hungarian Municipal National Community, Hungarian Radio of Prekmurje), the majority of people generally identify themselves as Slovenian Hungarians/szlovéniai magyar, and not as Hungarians of Prekmurje/muravidéki magyar. They call their vernacular the language at home/geolect – hazaias beszéd/nyelvjárás. A specific language usage phenomenon displaying their group identity is, for example, that they use the Hungarian toponym Muravidék without the definite article as opposed to Standard Hungarian, a Muravidék. After Trianon, the next change in the position of the Hungarian national community came in the so- called ‘Hungarian times’, between 1941 and 1945, when the area was annexed to Hungary and the local Hungarians thus became majority-language speakers again. On the other hand, the minority- majority relations concerning Slovenians have also changed: following the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenians turned from a minority into the majority of the new independent state. This is mainly reflected in local minority-majority relationships, e.g. attitudes to each other and each other’s languages. Working Papers in European Language Diversity 2 Hungarian in Slovenia | 3 Slovenia − along with Hungary − joined the EU in 2004. Neither this change, nor the introduction of the Euro in 2007 (replacing the Slovene currency, the Tolar) has fundamentally affected the minority- majority relations. 2 Socio-political Context 2.1 Legal and Political Position In Slovenia three languages have official status, either fully or with limitations. Slovene is the official language of the whole country,
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