Southwest Peoples

Yucca Clothes

Baby on Board

Don’t Slam the Ladder

Paintings Made of Sand

Coronado Goes for Gold

A Smashing Burial

IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

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u ATONETIME, water. Groups near people live in Native Americans permanent rivers reservations estab- The People and the Land ranged all over became farmers. lished by the U.S. With flat-topped mesas, steep canyons, and the Southwest. Those dependent government. The The lifestyles of on seasonal rainfall reservations are towering buttes (b-yoots), the American early Southwest did more hunting self-governing Southwest is spectacular to look at. But peoples depended and gathering. Now, nations. with its dry, scorching deserts, the land also on their access to many Southwest poses enormous challenges to people who live on it. For many years, though, Native Americans of the Southwest have lived in harmony with the land. They cherish it and use its resources wisely. Over thousands of years, these people evolved from nomadic hunters and gath- erers to farmers living in settled villages. When Spanish explorers arrived in 1540, thousands of Native Americans lived in isolated communities scattered through- out present-day Arizona and New Mexico. Different groups spoke different languages and had different customs and beliefs. But all treasured the land they lived on. Come meet the people of the Southwest, from prehistory to today.

This list names some of the Native American groups of the Southwest.

Pueblo: Pai (or Upland : , Zuni, Acoma, Laguna, Yuman): Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Mescalero, Rio Grande Havasupai, Hualapai, Yavapai Western Apache O’odham: River Yuman: Ak-Chin, Pima, Sand Papago, Mojave, Chemehuevi, Quechan, Tohono O’odham Cocopa, Maricopa

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STONEBUTTESAND people lived in mesas rise in the the Southwest, background of from about 100 this Southwest CE to 1600 CE. landscape. The The Anasazi Navajo herder are also called shown here lives the Ancestral off the land, Puebloans, as her people because they have done for were the early generations. family members, Long before or ancestors, of the Navajo, today’s Pueblo the Anasazi people.

u INABOUT 750 CE, the Anasazi began to build pueblos, villages of connect- ed buildings made of hand-cut stone blocks. They added water to the soil and made a sunbaked clay, called adobe (ah-DOE-bee), which held the blocks together. The early pueblos were on mesa tops or canyon floors. But around 1100, the Anasazi began building large apartment buildings in cliff walls. This one, called the White House, is in Canyon de Chelly, Arizona. The cliff gave the Anasazi protection from neighboring peoples.

SW_Peoples_2-3.indd 3 3/8/17 10:21 AM 4 The Ancient Peoples Scientists call the first thousand years, the people people who lived in the who lived in the Southwest Americas the Paleo-Indians gradually adapted to the (ancient Indians). Because hotter, drier climate. They they lived so long ago, gathered wild plants for there is little evidence food and hunted bison, of their way of life. They deer, and jackrabbits. probably wandered from Around 4,000 years ago,

place to place in search of the hunters and gather- u AMONGTHEFEW game and edible plants. ers began to plant beans, objects Paleo- Indians left behind During the Ice Age, they corn, and squash. They are flint spear hunted animals like giant settled down in farming tips. They were mastodons, mammoths, communities. They raised first discovered a few miles south and long-horned bison. turkeys to eat and for of Clovis, New When the Ice Age ended, their eggs and feathers. Mexico, and so about 10,000 years ago, Three distinct civiliza- these spears became known the climate became warm- tions arose: the Anasazi, as Clovis points. er. The large mammals died the , and the They are probably around 12,500 to off. For the next several Mogollon. 13,000 years old. They have been found all across .

SW_Peoples_4-5.indd 4 3/8/17 10:23 AM 5 l PEOPLEWHO r THE HOHOKAM to carry water to feet deep. One was lived in the lived in the irrigate their fields. 20 miles long. Early Southwest about Southwest from Their canals were Hohokam lived in 2,000 to 9,000 about 200 CE to so well made that pit houses with years ago left 1450 CE, mainly some modern floors below ground petroglyphs, pic- along rivers. They canals follow the level. After 1150, tures carved in built miles of same paths. Some they began to copy rocks. They also canals (like the canals were 30 the Anasazi’s pueblo drew on rocks. one sketched here) feet wide and 10 architecture.

u APPEARINGIN about 200 CE, the Mogollon people lived in the mountains of southeastern Arizona, southwest- ern New Mexico, u BETWEEN 1200 and Mexico. The and 1400 CE, a Mimbres branch group of Atha- of the Mogollon bascan people produced black- from what is now on-white pottery Alaska and north- (above). It was dec- ern Canada moved orated inside and south. Eventually out. The Mimbres they reached the buried the dead Southwest, where with smashed pots. they became two u THE HEART OF 600 rooms and r BETWEEN 1150 A bowl was placed groups: the Apache Anasazi territory 40 kivas – round and 1450 CE, large over the head of and the Navajo. was what we call chambers used groups of Hohokam, the dead person, Above is a house the Four Corners for meetings. Mogollon, and who could then in a re-created area, where the Two great kivas Anasazi abandoned look at the image Athabascan village borders of Utah, were used for their homes and inside the bowl in Alaska. Colorado, Arizona, ceremonies and migrated to other forever. and New Mexico rituals. Anasazi places. No one is l meet. The Anasazi great houses and sure why, though THE HOHOKAM, built “great hous- other settlements a long drought Mogollon, and es” beginning in had water-control may have been Anasazi lived in the 800s CE, such systems. They one reason. The different areas of as those at Chaco captured the flow modern-day Pueblo the Southwest. Canyon, New from rainfall and peoples (including They traded Mexico. Pueblo streams for use the Hopi, Zuni, and pottery, baskets, Bonito (above) around the home Acoma) are the jewelry, feathers, was the largest. It and in fields. Anasazi’s descen- seeds, cutting contained about dants. The Pima and tools, salt, and Tohono O’odham other items, with are descendants of one another and the Hohokam. The with other nearby Mogollon probably peoples. merged with other groups.

SW_Peoples_4-5.indd 5 3/8/17 10:23 AM 6 POPÉ Clash of Cultures A Spanish friar (a member of a religious brotherhood) visited the Zuni pueblo in 1539. He was probably the first European to meet the Southwest peoples. A year later, Spanish explor- er Francisco Vásquez de Coronado and his men encountered the Hopi,

Zuni, and Rio Grande peo- THEANCIENT ACOMA ple. Coronado was search- Pueblo was perched on top of ing for the legendary Seven a mesa 367 feet Cities of Cíbola, said to above the desert have gold and other trea- floor. It had always seemed safe from sure. When he didn’t find invaders – until the gold, Coronado returned to Spanish arrived Mexico. But soon, Spanish and destroyed it. In 1680, a settlers and soldiers arrived. Pueblo religious They enslaved some Pueblo leader named people. They forced others Popé organized a revolt against the to pay tribute – to give them Spanish. About crops and other goods. They one quarter of the insisted that the Pueblo peo- Spanish population was killed in the ple become Christians. It Pueblo revolt. In was truly a clash of cultures. 1692, however, the Spanish army con- It was just the beginning of quered the Pueblo almost 500 years of mis- region again. treatment of the Southwest

people by outsiders. r IN 1853, THE U.S. bought land from Mexico r WHEN SPAIN self-governing. as part of the granted indepen- But settlers who Gadsden Pur- dence to Mexico arrived from the chase. That land in 1821, the East often pushed was home to Southwest became the Pueblo peo- 5,000 members a Mexican prov- ple off land they of the Tohono ince. In 1848, had used for O’odham people, Mexico lost the centuries. Cattle who then came territory to the U.S. ranchers, trap- under U.S. control. in a war. The U.S. pers, and gold recognized each hunters all tres- Pueblo village as passed on Pueblo independent and land.

WALKING ADVERTISEMENT FOR GOLD HUNTING

SW_Peoples_6-7.indd 6 3/8/17 10:56 AM KIT CARSON 7 r BETWEEN 1863 and 1866, U.S. colonel Kit Carson was ordered to move the Navajo out of their home in Canyon de Chelly, Arizona. By destroying crops and livestock, Carson starved the Navajo into giving up. Eight and created a thousand Navajo 3.3-million-acre were forced on reservation for the Long Walk, a them. Manuelito march of 300 miles was one of the to Fort Sumner, leaders of the New Mexico. In Navajo resistance. 1868, the U.S. He became chief of allowed these his people in 1870. Navajo to return to their homeland MANUELITO

u THE AMERICAN Indian Movement was a civil rights group founded in the 1960s. It forced the U.S. government to face injustices done to Native Americans. In 1970, the U.S. gave the Jicarilla Apache more than $9 million for land u BETWEEN 1870 Geronimo and his After two years that had been taken. and 1886, the band surrendered. of hard labor, the So far they haven’t U.S. government They were taken remaining Apache been able to win tried to send the as prisoners of war. prisoners were back any of the Apache people to They were sent to transferred to Fort land. The Havasupai reservations. The Florida, where they Sill, Oklahoma. went to court to get Apache fought suffered greatly They were never back their ancestral u FORMANYYEARS, against their hard against this. from the humidity allowed to return to lands in and near the United States will and sent to Geronimo (above), and the mosqui- their homeland in the Grand Canyon. had a policy of boarding schools. a Chiricahua toes that infested the Southwest. In 1975, the gov- forcing Native There, they were Apache, was one the swamps. Many ernment set aside Americans to give forbidden to of the group’s lead- became ill with 185,000 acres of up their culture. speak their lan- ers. But in 1886, malaria and died. original Havasupai Many children guage or practice land for the group’s were removed their religion and permanent use. from their homes culture.

SW_Peoples_6-7.indd 7 3/8/17 10:56 AM 8 l THIS YOUNG HOPI woman wears Living Traditions the traditional “squash blossom” Some of the people of the hairstyle of the Southwest live in their tradition- ancient Pueblo culture. Her hair al homelands. They live much was coiled around as their ancestors did. Others a wooden bow to shape it. A woman have moved to cities to live and was allowed to work. Some return home only for wear her hair this visits. Most, however, have one way when she had shown that she foot firmly planted in their tra- was ready for mar- ditions and the other in today’s riage. She did this American culture. Here is a brief by proving her skill sampling of some Southwest at grinding corn. traditions. Many of these are still honored in modern lives.

u THE PUEBLOPEOPLE trade with the Ute d CORN, BEANS, ers, using methods u SPANISH SETTLERS have long been a people of Colorado. and squash are passed down for introduced the sedentary society, In the 1600s, the the most important generations. With adobe beehive settled in villages. Navajo adopted crops of Southwest a planting stick, oven. It is still Traditionally, Pueblo the Pueblo custom peoples. Farmers they dig a deep- used today in the homes had no of wearing cot- may be women er-than-average backyards of many doors on the ground ton clothing and (Apache) or men hole, placing the Pueblo homes. floor. A wooden lad- woolen blankets. (Pueblo peoples). seeds closer to Loaves of bread der led to the roof. In the late 1800s, Hopi men are the moisture held are inserted and It could be pulled Navajo women known as the best beneath the soil’s removed on a up in case of attack. began to wear dry-country farm- surface. wooden paddle. People entered u THEEARLIEST long skirts and the home by going clothing worn by velveteen blous- down another lad- Navajo people was es, a European der through a hole woven from grass influence. This girl in the roof. This and the fibers of wears a style of opening also served yucca, or agave traditional clothing as a smoke hole. plants. Later, shirts, and jewelry. At Taos Pueblo, in dresses, and New Mexico, many leggings were homes still use this made from buck- method of entry. skin acquired in

SW_Peoples_8-9.indd 8 3/8/17 10:57 AM 9 l d TRADITIONALLY, until they could walk, babies rested securely in cradleboards. A mother could carry a child on her back in a cradle- board and set the cradleboard down while she worked. The hood protected the child’s head and shaded its eyes from the sun.

d DURINGTHEHOT summer months in the Sonoran Desert in southwestern Arizona, Pima and Tohono O’odham women still harvest the sweet red fruit of the saguaro cac- tus. They use long poles to knock the fruit to the ground. The fruit is eaten raw or boiled to make a syrup.

l LONGAGO, THE O’odham played toka with sticks and a ball. The game is similar to field hockey. Students in Arizona have revived the game and play it today.

SW_Peoples_8-9.indd 9 3/8/17 10:58 AM SW_Peoples_10-11.indd 10 3/8/17 10:58 AM Celebrate! A Pueblo boy is dressed to perform a dance on a feast day in Ohkay Owingeh (formerly known as San Juan Pueblo).

SW_Peoples_10-11.indd 11 3/8/17 10:59 AM 12 Guided by Spirits One common thread runs through all the beliefs and religious practic- es of the peoples of the Southwest. This is the idea that all human beings are linked to one another, to nature, and to the spirit . Rituals and u A GREAT KIVA IS ing, harvesting, l MEDICINEMEN an underground hunting, and other and women may ceremonies are an ceremonial room areas of village devote their lives important part of reached by a lad- life. Each society to fasting and life. They help each der. Each Pueblo meets in its own praying. Their role village has several kiva to pray, sing, is to interpret the person feel in har- secret societies of and dance. Pueblo will of the gods mony and balance men responsible women usually are for the people, to with the universe. for ceremonies not allowed in the bring relief for spir- related to plant- kivas. itual and physical suffering, and to lead ceremonies. Their knowledge often comes from dreams and visions.

l NAVAJO PEOPLE use sand paint- ings in some ceremonies. A type of medicine person called a singer creates a picture with pollen, cornmeal, ground charcoal, and pow- dered minerals of many colors. In a healing ceremony, the patient sits in the middle of the painting so the spirits can reach him or her. Paintings are destroyed after the ceremony.

SW_Peoples_12-13.indd 12 3/8/17 11:00 AM 13 In the Beginning… Every Southwest group has its own story about how its people came to be. This is the creation story passed down by the Tohono O’odham people: Earthmaker and Itoi, who provided the dirt that made the world, became unhappy with the first people. They decided to destroy the people in a flood. But first, the two went into hiding. Whichever of them came out first after the flood would be Elder Brother. That honor fell to Itoi. He made new people out of clay. For a long time, he took care of them, but eventu- ally he quarreled u KACHINASARE l MOSTGROUPS spirits with powers have coming-of- with them, and that humans do not age ceremonies for they plotted to have. In the Hopi boys and girls. In kill him. Itoi went villages, kachina the Apache Sunrise underground season lasts about Ceremony, a girl to find allies to six months of every is welcomed to fight with him year, from the womanhood. The against the clay winter solstice until four days of rituals people. There he mid-July. During include singing, found the Tohono this time, masked dancing, and O’odham people. men dressed as feasting. This girl They helped him drive away the kachinas perform is covered with a u BECAUSE RAIN IS ceremonies. Each sacred mixture rare, some groups, clay people. As a ceremony may last of cornmeal and including the Pima, reward, Itoi gave several days inside clay. The sprinkling the Hopi, and the them the land to a kiva and then of sacred corn pol- Acoma (above), live on and taught move to the village len is an important perform special rain them ceremonies plaza for the last part of the rituals. dances, which are a to bring rain. few days. form of prayer.

r ALL OF NATURE Navajo homeland right) in the west, is sacred to the is marked by four Tso dzilh (Mount people of the sacred mountains: Taylor) in the south, Southwest, but Sis Naajini (Blanca and Di-be Nitsaa’ some places Peak) in the east, (Hesperus Peak) in have special Doo Ko’oosliid (San the north. significance. The Francisco Peaks,

SW_Peoples_12-13.indd 13 3/8/17 11:00 AM 14 Arts and Crafts People of the Southwest have traditionally made beautiful objects for both ceremonies and everyday use. These include woven goods, baskets, pottery, and jewelry. Today’s peo- ple make these crafts for their own use and for the tourist trade, which is an important part of their economy.

Try This! Peoples of the Southwest are known for the patterns and designs of their weaving, pottery, and jewelry. Look at

ur FORCENTURIES, ing is a woman’s some of the crafts on this many Southwest job. Designs are page. Now, draw a design for people grew passed down a woven blanket, a pottery cotton and wove from mother to bowl, or a turquoise and the fibers into daughter. The silver bracelet. What patterns cloth. When the earliest rugs were would you use to make your Spanish arrived made in only creation bold and beautiful, and brought three colors: rusty like the ones you see here? sheep and other black, white, and livestock, many brownish gray. Navajo became Today, there are r BASKETMAKING may be geometric, r THE NAVAJO sheepherders and over 250 recipes is one of the oldest animal, or human. first learned how weavers of wool. for vegetable crafts. The Anasazi Baskets meant to to work with silver Among the Pueblo dyes. A pink color made fine woven hold liquids were from Mexican people, men are is made from baskets as early as made watertight craftspeople in the the weavers. For potato peels. 100–500 CE. The with tar from 1850s. By 1880, the Navajo, weav- intricate designs the piñon pine. they were combin- ing their silverwork with turquoise. l PEOPLEOFTHE plays his composi- they must be able Now they are Southwest make tions on a type of to sing their peo- famous for their beautiful music flute that has been ple’s melodies and bright blue and as well as crafts. used for centuries. understand their silver jewelry. Modern musician He tells students culture. R. Carlos Nakai that to play it well,

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u POTTERY IS BOTH top of another to an ancient and a form the desired modern art. The shape. The sides Mogollon made are smoothed with the first Southwest a piece of gourd pottery 1,500– (dried squash) and 2,000 years ago. polished with a Pots are made stone. The pot is without a wheel, covered with slip, usually by the coil a thin mixture of method. Pieces clay and water, of clay are rolled and painted with a into ropes, which design. Finally, it is are coiled one on fired, or baked in an oven.

r FORHUNDREDS of years, Hopi artisans have carved kachina dolls out of dried cottonwood tree roots. They dress them to look like the dancers who represent the created to teach kachina spirits. Hopi youngsters The dolls are not about the appear- used in ceremo- ance and meaning nies nor are they of different kachina toys. They are spirits.

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u SOME NATIONS r POWWOW ISAN have been more Algonquian- Today’s People successful than language word that others at holding means “spiritual Native Americans cherish on to their tradi- healer.” In English, their heritage. They held tions. The Hopi powwow came to villages are located mean a meeting of onto it when invaders high on three dry important people. and governments took mesas. Because In the late 19th their land. They kept it their land is so century, Native remote and chal- Americans began alive when the U.S. tried lenging to live on, to use the word to force them to become settlers never tried for some of their to take it over. The celebrations. absorbed in the larger cul- Hopi claim to be Today, some ture. Today’s people both the most culturally Southwest peo- honor their traditions and intact group of ple participate in Native Americans. powwows. They adapt to change. celebrate through native dances and native foods. They make new friends and revisit old friendships.

u SOME NATIVE bring income to Americans have many reserva- moved to cities to tions. Tourism also find work. Many creates jobs. On tribal councils Apache reserva- would like to tions, some find create jobs on jobs herding cattle, reservations, so cutting timber, the people will or working in ski stay there and lodges. Others practice their make and sell traditional culture. traditional crafts to Livestock, lumber, tourists. and mining leases ZUNI DANCER

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u THEPEOPLESOF government grant- the Southwest ed cattle-grazing have fought many rights to non-native legal battles to people. Tourists protect or regain descended on Blue their sacred Lake. For over 60 places. To the years, the Taos people of Taos never gave up their Pueblo (above), fight to take back Blue Lake in New their sacred land. Mexico is the They were offered most sacred place money to end their in the world. In claim, but refused d INMANYRESER- u THIS NAVAJO 1906, President to take it. Finally, vation schools, trading post dis- Theodore 48,000 acres of students are taught plays rugs made in Roosevelt made land surrounding their own language both modern and 130,000 acres of Blue Lake were and an appreciation traditional designs sacred Taos land returned to the of their heritage. – a mix found a public forest Taos Pueblo people At Peach Springs throughout the preserve. The in 1970. School on the Southwest today. Hualapai reservation in Arizona, elders pass down their knowledge. This student is dressed for traditional dance practice.

u SINCE CONGRESS Affairs (BIA) must passed the Indian approve many Reorganization types of tribal Act in 1934, council actions, Native American including decisions nations have been to lease tribal land self-governing. or to borrow mon- There are, howev- ey. Above, a Navajo APACHE DANCER er, limits to their tribal council sits in power. The federal session. Bureau of Indian

SW_Peoples_16-17.indd 17 3/8/17 11:04 AM 18 Activities WRITE A PERSUASIVE PARAGRAPH Think about the pre-Columbian peoples of the desert Southwest that you have learned about in this maga- zine. (Pre-Columbian means before Columbus arrived in 1492.) What did they do to adapt to their geography and to the climate in the region? Imagine you’ve been asked to write a paragraph about these people for a museum exhibit. Your job is to persuade readers that the pre-Columbian peoples of the desert Southwest adapted to the geog- raphy and climate. Use details from the magazine. Be sure to state your posi- tion at the beginning of the paragraph. Include evidence to support your view.

WRITE A RESEARCH REPORT Work with two classmates to write reports on the three pre-Columbian groups dis- cussed in the magazine: Anasazi, Hohokam, and Mogollon. Together, decide which person will research each group. Then do research to learn about where and how your group lived. Find out about the group’s customs and culture. Use the information to write a report. When your group’s reports are complete, form a panel to discuss simi- larities and differences among the groups.

SW_Peoples_18-19.indd 18 3/8/17 11:13 AM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

Plains Indians Northwest Coast Peoples America 1492 The Great Plains is a vast stretch of The northern Pacific coast is a beau- The year 1492 was undoubtedly the land in the heart of the United States. tiful stretch of land running from what most pivotal one in the history of Native For the 30 or so nomadic and sed- is now northern California up through Americans. Up until this time, the many entary Native American nations that Oregon, Washington, and Canada. Native American nations that spanned called the plains their home, this land Many Native American groups settled the different regions of North America was holy. Discover the practices, in this region. Their sophisticated cul- carried on their traditional ways of life. beliefs, and traits unique to the Plains ture was marked by their spirituality Discover the unique and shared rituals Indians. and incredible craftsmanship. Learn across these groups, in a time before about the daily lives and practices of Europeans settlers arrived. the Northwest Coast peoples.

LEARN MORE ONLINE! CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

• The ancient peoples of • The Navajo people call 5.1 Students describe the major pre-Columbian settlements, includ- the Southwest lived in themselves Diné (or ing the cliff dwellers and pueblo family-based groups. In Dineh), which means people of the desert Southwest, some groups, several “the people.” Navajo is the American Indians of the Pacific families formed bands, a Spanish word derived Northwest, the nomadic nations of the Great Plains, and the woodland and family heads met from a Tewa word mean- peoples east of the Mississippi in band councils. Few ing “large planted fields.” River. Southwest peoples had 5.1.1 Describe how geography and cli- tribal governments. mate influenced the way various nations lived and adjusted to the natural envi- • Farming people made ronment, including locations of villages, corn-grinding tools from the distinct structures that they built, and how they obtained food, clothing, stones. The yucca plant tools, and utensils. 5.1.2 Describe their had strong fibers that varied customs and folklore traditions. could be woven to make 5.1.3 Explain their varied economies rope, nets, and even san- and systems of government. dals. The yucca’s roots were used to make soap. Historical and Social Sciences Its fruits were tasty too. Analysis Skills: Chronological and Spatial Thinking 4. Students use map and globe skills to determine the absolute locations of places and interpret information avail- able through a map’s or globe’s legend, scale, and symbolic representations.

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EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon PROOFREADER: Paula Glatzer ART DIRECTION: Hopkins/Baumann, FACT-CHECKER: Patricia Fogarty Brobel Design DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, AUTHOR: Lois Markham, Amy K. David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech Hughes PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Amy K. Hughes Elisabeth Morgan, Sheila Sarmiento ACTIVITIES WRITER: Marjorie Frank PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine

GRADE 5 TITLES Record Productions: p.14 bottom left (R. Carlos Nakai). Getty Images: Bettmann: p.6 bottom right (Tohono O’odham), p.7 top center (Kit Carson), p.7 center middle (Chief Regions of North America George Washington Manuelito); Breckeni: p.4 top right (Clovis point); Buyenlarge: p.8 top center (Hopi woman), p.9 top left (Apache woman and papoose); Camerique: p.8 bottom left (Navajo Eastern Woodland Indians Thomas Jefferson girl); Corey Ford: p.4 bottom (woolly mammoth); Danita Delimont: p.16 bottom right Benjamin Franklin (Zuni dancer); David McNew: p.17 bottom right (Hualapai dancer); DeAgostini: p.3 top right (White House, Pueblo era); digitalfarmer: p.15 top right (pueblo pottery); Dorling Southwest Peoples The Constitution Kindersley: p.5 top right (Hohokam canal); Gelyngfjell: p.4 top right (petroglyphs); Northwest Coast Peoples The New Nation George Rinhart: p.13 top (kachina dance); Hulton Archive: p.8 bottom right (Hopi farmer); John N. Choate: p.7 bottom left (Carlisle Indian school); Mark Peterson: p.7 America 1492 Lewis and Clark middle right (Havasupai Indian reservation); Michael Mauney: p.15 bottom left (Navajo Exploring the Americas Westward Expansion bracelet); Milehightraveler: p.17 top center (Taos Pueblo); myLoupe: p.5 middle right (Athabascan pelts); ShaniMiller: p.8 center middle (adobe ovens); sommail: p.19 Early Settlements Pioneers bottom (yucca root); Steve Larson: p.17 center middle (Navajo Tribal Council); Time 13 Colonies Immigration Life Pictures: p.7 center middle (Geronimo); Universal History Archive: p.9 bottom right (Tohono O’odham women), p.16 top (Hopi mesa); Universal Images Group: p.13 Declaration of Independence Industrial Revolution in America middle right (Acoma rain dance), p.14 bottom right (Navajo basket), pp.14–15 top American Revolution Civil Rights (Navajo women weaving); VW Pics/Ron Reznick: p.8 middle left (Taos Pueblo); Werner Forman: p.5 center middle (Mogollon pottery). Granger Collection, NYC: p.9 middle Revolutionary Women right (Apache woman), p.12 middle right (shaman). Lawrence Migdale: p.16 middle left (Apache logger). Science Source: Day Williams: p.15 bottom right (Hopi kachina); Emil Muench: p.12 bottom left (sand painting); Paolo Koch: pp.2–3 center (Monument Valley, ON THE COVER: An Apache girl covered with sacred cattail pollen at her Sunrise Ceremony Arizona). Shutterstock: ArianaKate: p.18 bottom (report notebook icon); Brickclay: on the San Carlos Indian Reservation, Arizona. Alamy: Anders Ryman p.18 top (article icon); Digital Media Pro: pp.16–17 center (Apache dancer); Tim Roberts Photography: p.13 bottom right (Humphreys Peak). www.aoc.gov: p.6 top center (Popé). PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: Anders Ryman: p.13 bottom center (Apache Sunrise Ceremony); George H.H. Huey: p.17 top right (Navajo trading post); Native American - Indian ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: culture: pp.10–11 (Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo boy, New Mexico); Niday Picture Library: Michael Kline Illustration: Cartoons, Cover, p.5; Maps and Peoples Chart, p.2; Word p.19 top right (map of linguistic stocks). Art Resource, NY: Smithsonian American Balloons, p.3; Map.5; Toka Sticks, p.9. Art Museum, Washington, D.C.: p.6 bottom center (“Forty-niner” street advertiser). Arthur Shilstone: p.7 top right (Long Walk of 300 miles). Bridgeman Images: Wood Ronsaville Harlin, Inc.: Pueblo Bonito, pp.4–5; Acoma Pueblo, pp.6–7; Grand Lowe Art Museum, University of Miami: p.14 middle left (Navajo blanket). Canyon Kiva, p.12.

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