Southwest Peoples Yucca Clothes Baby on Board Don’t Slam the Ladder Paintings Made of Sand Coronado Goes for Gold IN PARTNERSHIP WITH A Smashing Burial 3/8/17 10:14 AM SW_Peoples_FC.indd 1 2 u AT ONE TIME, water. Groups near people live in Native Americans permanent rivers reservations estab- The People and the Land ranged all over became farmers. lished by the U.S. With flat-topped mesas, steep canyons, and the Southwest. Those dependent government. The The lifestyles of on seasonal rainfall reservations are towering buttes (b-yoots), the American early Southwest did more hunting self-governing Southwest is spectacular to look at. But peoples depended and gathering. Now, nations. with its dry, scorching deserts, the land also on their access to many Southwest poses enormous challenges to people who live on it. For many years, though, Native Americans of the Southwest have lived in harmony with the land. They cherish it and use its resources wisely. Over thousands of years, these people evolved from nomadic hunters and gath- erers to farmers living in settled villages. When Spanish explorers arrived in 1540, thousands of Native Americans lived in isolated communities scattered through- out present-day Arizona and New Mexico. Different groups spoke different languages and had different customs and beliefs. But all treasured the land they lived on. Come meet the people of the Southwest, from prehistory to today. This list names some of the Native American groups of the Southwest. Pueblo: Pai (or Upland Apache: Hopi, Zuni, Acoma, Laguna, Yuman): Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Mescalero, Rio Grande Havasupai, Hualapai, Yavapai Western Apache O’odham: River Yuman: Navajo Ak-Chin, Pima, Sand Papago, Mojave, Chemehuevi, Quechan, Tohono O’odham Cocopa, Maricopa SW_Peoples_2-3.indd 2 3/8/17 11:15 AM 3 STONE BUTTES AND people lived in mesas rise in the the Southwest, background of from about 100 this Southwest CE to 1600 CE. landscape. The The Anasazi Navajo herder are also called shown here lives the Ancestral off the land, Puebloans, as her people because they have done for were the early generations. family members, Long before or ancestors, of the Navajo, today’s Pueblo the Anasazi people. u IN ABOUT 750 CE, the Anasazi began to build pueblos, villages of connect- ed buildings made of hand-cut stone blocks. They added water to the soil and made a sunbaked clay, called adobe (ah-DOE-bee), which held the blocks together. The early pueblos were on mesa tops or canyon floors. But around 1100, the Anasazi began building large apartment buildings in cliff walls. This one, called the White House, is in Canyon de Chelly, Arizona. The cliff gave the Anasazi protection from neighboring peoples. SW_Peoples_2-3.indd 3 3/8/17 10:21 AM 4 The Ancient Peoples Scientists call the first thousand years, the people people who lived in the who lived in the Southwest Americas the Paleo-Indians gradually adapted to the (ancient Indians). Because hotter, drier climate. They they lived so long ago, gathered wild plants for there is little evidence food and hunted bison, of their way of life. They deer, and jackrabbits. probably wandered from Around 4,000 years ago, place to place in search of the hunters and gather- u AMONG THE FEW game and edible plants. ers began to plant beans, objects Paleo- Indians left behind During the Ice Age, they corn, and squash. They are flint spear hunted animals like giant settled down in farming tips. They were mastodons, mammoths, communities. They raised first discovered a few miles south and long-horned bison. turkeys to eat and for of Clovis, New When the Ice Age ended, their eggs and feathers. Mexico, and so about 10,000 years ago, Three distinct civiliza- these spears became known the climate became warm- tions arose: the Anasazi, as Clovis points. er. The large mammals died the Hohokam, and the They are probably around 12,500 to off. For the next several Mogollon. 13,000 years old. They have been found all across North America. SW_Peoples_4-5.indd 4 3/8/17 10:23 AM 5 l PEOPLE WHO r THE HOHOKAM to carry water to feet deep. One was lived in the lived in the irrigate their fields. 20 miles long. Early Southwest about Southwest from Their canals were Hohokam lived in 2,000 to 9,000 about 200 CE to so well made that pit houses with years ago left 1450 CE, mainly some modern floors below ground petroglyphs, pic- along rivers. They canals follow the level. After 1150, tures carved in built miles of same paths. Some they began to copy rocks. They also canals (like the canals were 30 the Anasazi’s pueblo drew on rocks. one sketched here) feet wide and 10 architecture. u APPEARING IN about 200 CE, the Mogollon people lived in the mountains of southeastern Arizona, southwest- ern New Mexico, u BETWEEN 1200 and Mexico. The and 1400 CE, a Mimbres branch group of Atha- of the Mogollon bascan people produced black- from what is now on-white pottery Alaska and north- (above). It was dec- ern Canada moved orated inside and south. Eventually out. The Mimbres they reached the buried the dead Southwest, where with smashed pots. they became two u THE HEART OF 600 rooms and r BETWEEN 1150 A bowl was placed groups: the Apache Anasazi territory 40 kivas – round and 1450 CE, large over the head of and the Navajo. was what we call chambers used groups of Hohokam, the dead person, Above is a house the Four Corners for meetings. Mogollon, and who could then in a re-created area, where the Two great kivas Anasazi abandoned look at the image Athabascan village borders of Utah, were used for their homes and inside the bowl in Alaska. Colorado, Arizona, ceremonies and migrated to other forever. and New Mexico rituals. Anasazi places. No one is l meet. The Anasazi great houses and sure why, though THE HOHOKAM, built “great hous- other settlements a long drought Mogollon, and es” beginning in had water-control may have been Anasazi lived in the 800s CE, such systems. They one reason. The different areas of as those at Chaco captured the flow modern-day Pueblo the Southwest. Canyon, New from rainfall and peoples (including They traded Mexico. Pueblo streams for use the Hopi, Zuni, and pottery, baskets, Bonito (above) around the home Acoma) are the jewelry, feathers, was the largest. It and in fields. Anasazi’s descen- seeds, cutting contained about dants. The Pima and tools, salt, and Tohono O’odham other items, with are descendants of one another and the Hohokam. The with other nearby Mogollon probably peoples. merged with other groups. SW_Peoples_4-5.indd 5 3/8/17 10:23 AM 6 POPÉ Clash of Cultures A Spanish friar (a member of a religious brotherhood) visited the Zuni pueblo in 1539. He was probably the first European to meet the Southwest peoples. A year later, Spanish explor- er Francisco Vásquez de Coronado and his men encountered the Hopi, Zuni, and Rio Grande peo- THE ANCIENT ACOMA ple. Coronado was search- Pueblo was perched on top of ing for the legendary Seven a mesa 367 feet Cities of Cíbola, said to above the desert have gold and other trea- floor. It had always seemed safe from sure. When he didn’t find invaders – until the gold, Coronado returned to Spanish arrived Mexico. But soon, Spanish and destroyed it. In 1680, a settlers and soldiers arrived. Pueblo religious They enslaved some Pueblo leader named people. They forced others Popé organized a revolt against the to pay tribute – to give them Spanish. About crops and other goods. They one quarter of the insisted that the Pueblo peo- Spanish population was killed in the ple become Christians. It Pueblo revolt. In was truly a clash of cultures. 1692, however, the Spanish army con- It was just the beginning of quered the Pueblo almost 500 years of mis- region again. treatment of the Southwest people by outsiders. r IN 1853, THE U.S. bought land from Mexico r WHEN SPAIN self-governing. as part of the granted indepen- But settlers who Gadsden Pur- dence to Mexico arrived from the chase. That land in 1821, the East often pushed was home to Southwest became the Pueblo peo- 5,000 members a Mexican prov- ple off land they of the Tohono ince. In 1848, had used for O’odham people, Mexico lost the centuries. Cattle who then came territory to the U.S. ranchers, trap- under U.S. control. in a war. The U.S. pers, and gold recognized each hunters all tres- Pueblo village as passed on Pueblo independent and land. WALKING ADVERTISEMENT FOR GOLD HUNTING SW_Peoples_6-7.indd 6 3/8/17 10:56 AM KIT CARSON 7 r BETWEEN 1863 and 1866, U.S. colonel Kit Carson was ordered to move the Navajo out of their home in Canyon de Chelly, Arizona. By destroying crops and livestock, Carson starved the Navajo into giving up. Eight and created a thousand Navajo 3.3-million-acre were forced on reservation for the Long Walk, a them. Manuelito march of 300 miles was one of the to Fort Sumner, leaders of the New Mexico. In Navajo resistance. 1868, the U.S. He became chief of allowed these his people in 1870. Navajo to return to their homeland MANUELITO u THE AMERICAN Indian Movement was a civil rights group founded in the 1960s. It forced the U.S. government to face injustices done to Native Americans. In 1970, the U.S.