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10.6. Biphyllidae Leconte, 1861 Stromata Ofdaldinia (Wollaston 1865; Ganglbauer 1899; Crowson 1955; Vogt 1967; Hingley 1971), Andrew R

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10.6. Biphyllidae Leconte, 1861 Stromata Ofdaldinia (Wollaston 1865; Ganglbauer 1899; Crowson 1955; Vogt 1967; Hingley 1971), Andrew R 306 Andrew R. Cline and Floyd W. Shockley McHugh, J. V. (1993 a): A revision of Eurysphindus species are known from Europe (Reitter 1909; LeConte (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Sphindidae) and Winkler 1924). Within the Nearctic, two Dipla­ a review ofsphindid classification and phylogeny. coelus and one Anchorius Casey species are known -SystematicEntomology 18: 57-92. (Casey 1900; Goodrich & Springer 1992; Goodrich McHugh,]. V. (1993 b): First records ofparasiroids for 2002). Anchorius also includes undescribed spe­ slime mold beetles ofthefamily Sphindidae (Cole­ cies from Central and South America. In the Neo­ optera: Cucujoidea). - Entomological News 104(3): tropics, Anobocaelus Sharp contains four described 136-138. species (Schenkling 1934; Blackweldet 1945) and McHugh,J. V., Marshall, C. J. & Fawcett, F. L. (1997): an indigenous unnamed species on the Galapagos Astudy of adult morphology in Megalodacne heros Island ofSanta Cruz (Peck 2006), as well as 39 spe­ (Say) (Coleoptera: Erotylidae). - Transactions ofthe cies of Gonicoelus Sharp (Blackweldet 1945). From American Entomological Society 123: 167-223. 54 species known throughout the Neotropics, McHugh,J. V. & Lewis, C. N. (2000): Three new species no overlap of species occurs between Central and of carinisphindus McHugh (Coleoptera: Sphindi­ South Ametica (Blackwelder 1945). dae) from Bahamas, Florida, and Puerto Rico. - The caleopteristsBulletin 54: 143-153. Biology and Ecology. Adult and larval biphyl­ McHugh, J. V. & Kiselyova, T. G. (2003): First descrip­ tions for larval stages of Eurysphindus (Coleoptera: lids may be found in leaf litter, fruiting bodies Cucujoidea: 5phindidae). - The Coleopterists Bulletin of pyrenomycetous Ascomycota fungi, and under 57: 17-25. bark of dead trees or fallen branches. Anchorius Russell, L. K. (1979): Beetles associated with slime larvae were reported from under fermenting bark molds (Mycetozoa) in Oregon and California (Cole­ of mesquite (Prosopis sp.) (Lawrence 1991). Diplo­ optera: Leiodidae, Sphindidae, Lathridiidae). - The caelus bmnneus LeConte adults have been collected Pan-Pacific Entomologist 55: 1-9. from dead oaks infested with Hypoxylon fungi Sen Gupta, T. & Crowson, R. A. (1977): The cole­ (Donisthorpe 1935; Lawrence 1977; Crowson opteran family Sphindidae. - The Entomologist's 1981, 1984; Goodrich & Springer 1992; Downie Monthly Magazine 113: 177-19l. & Arnett 1996), and also have been sifted from SlipiIiski, S. A. (1998): Revision and phylogeny ofPro­ dead leaves of maple, beech and other hardwood tocucujidae (Coleoptera, Cucujoidea). - Annales trees. Diplocaelus rudis (LeConte) adults were found Zoologici 48: 275-298. under moist, loose batk of fallen oaks, hickory, Stephenson, S. L., Wheeler, Q D., McHugh, J. V. & and pines (Goodrich & Springer 1992). Some Fraissinet, P. R. (1994): New North American biphyllids, including Anchorius, some Diplocoelus associations of Coleoptera with Myxomycetes. and GonicoelllS in Costa Rica, have been collected -Journal ofNatural History 28: 921-936. 'en masse' at freshly cut stumps of hardwoods as well as on split stalks of palms (Iriartea sp.) spor­ ted with Ascomycota molds (Cline pers. obs.). GonicoelllS larvae also have been collected under bark of hardwoods (Lawrence 1991). Species of Biphyllus have been reported to feed on spores and 10.6. Biphyllidae LeConte, 1861 stromata ofDaldinia (Wollaston 1865; Ganglbauer 1899; Crowson 1955; Vogt 1967; Hingley 1971), Andrew R. Cline and Floyd W. Shockley whereas Diplocoelus have been taken in association with Tubercularia (Palm 1959) and Nammularia (Dajoz 1966). Hammond & Lawrence (1989) also Disttibution. Biphyllidae is cosmopolitan, indicated Biphyllus and Diplocoeills on Xylaria and occurring in all zoogeographic regions except Cryptostroma. Jones (2000) reported Biphylllls lllna­ New Zealand, with highest diversity in the trop­ tus (Fabricius) feeding on a Cryptostroma fungus ics. The family ineludes six genera and approxi­ specific to sycamore trees (Acer sp.) in England. mately 200 species (Lawrence 1982; Goodrich & Some Australian biphyllids have been found on Springer 1992). Schenkling (1934) provided the rotting flower stalks of Xallthorrhoea and rotting most recent world catalogue. In the Old World, cycad cones (Lawrence 1991). Biphyllus Dejean occurs with highest diversity in Africa and Japan (Wollaston 1873; Reittet 1889; Morphology, Adults (Fig. 10.6.1 A-E). Length Miwa 1931) but also occurs in Taiwan, Sumatra, 2.0-6.5 mm. Body oblong to elongate-oval, moder­ Australia (Schenkling 1934) and the Russian Far ately convex to flattened; color yellowish brown to East (Nikitsky 1992). Althaesia Pascoe contains reddish brown to black, typically uniform butocca­ three species from Australia (Blackburn 1894; Lea sionally bicolored; moderately to strongly pubes­ 1921), two from Papua-New Guinea (Pascoe 1860; cent, dorsal surface with erect and decumbent hairs Arrow 1929), and one from Indonesia (Grouvelle in more or less distinct striae, pubescence shorter 1913). DiplocOelllS Guerin-Meneville occurs sporad­ and subdepressed ventrally. ically in the Old World, with most species inhabit­ Head prognathous, visible from above, inserted ing Australia (Lea 1921 a, b, 1922); however, two in prothorax to base of eyes; surface punctate; Biphyllidae LeConte, 1861 307 ~.~~·.,J':r U, , 8 1 L~~ t ,,-"".. , I 1.- s, _.i- t'd.'R G\;f Fig.10.6.!. A,Biphyllusjrater Aube, adult, dorsal (modified from Delobel &Tran 1993; © Maurice Tran, ORSTOM); B, Gonicoellls unicornis Sharp, adult, dorsal (modified from Sharp 1902); C, Diplocaelusjagi Guerin-Meneville, adult dorsal (from Hansen 1950, © Danmarks Fauna and Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen); D, Diplocoe­ Ius punetatlls Lea, adult, dorsal; E, Diplocoelus pllnctatus Lea, adult, ventral, (from Lawrence et al. 1999 a; © CSIRO); F,DipZocoelusamp!icollis Reitter, pupa, dorsal (from Costa etal. 1988; © Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil); G, Diplocoelu5 amplicollis Reitter, larva, dorsal (from Costa etal. 1988; © Museu de Zoologia da Uni­ versidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil); H, Diplocoelusjasciatus, larva, lateral (from Lawrence and Britton 1994, © CSIRO); I,Anchorius lineatus Casey, larva, lateral (from Lawrence 1991; © J. Lawrence). Lines = 1mm. transverse occipital ridge present. Eyes large, terminal palpomere often securiform or subulate. globose, coarsely faceted, interfacetal setae pres­ Head ventrally with pair of distinct setose tubu­ ent but not elongate. Antennal insertions con­ lar invaginations opening laterally into base of cealed from above; subantennal grooves present snbantennal groove. Gular sutures either broadly between eyes and mandibular bases and extend­ separate or absent. Tentorial arms well-separated, ing behind eyes. Frontoclypeal sntnre absent. Lab­ corpotentorium narrow. rum transverse. Antennae 11-segmented, usually Pronotum transverse, with well-developed lat­ with 3-segmented clnb (2-segmented in Biphyl­ eral margins, sometimes finely crenulate or ser­ Ius). Mandibles moderately large, cnrved and api­ rulate, often with one or two pairs oflongitudinal cally bidentate, mola well-developed. Maxil1a with sublateral carinae (several pairs in Anchorius), and lacinia elongate, three times as long as wide, apex occasionally an additional pair of basal grooves or rounded; long setae present on medial and apical foveae present. Prosternal process parallel-sided. margins; galea wider than lacinia, twice as long Procoxae transversely oval, with concealed or as wide with long setae as in lacinia, apex of galea barely exposed trochantins. Procoxal cavities inter­ densely setose or spinose; maxillary palps 4-seg­ nally and externally closed, with very small lateral men ted, slender. Labium with mentum transverse, extension. Scutellar shield transverse, sides diverg­ trapezoidal; labial palps 3-segmented, slender, ingposteriorly.Elytra 1.2-2.2 times aslongas wide, 308 Andrew R. Cline and Floyd W. Shockley distinctly punctatewith10 rows ofpunctutedsttiae at base. Median endocarina absent. Six stemmata and usually aseutellarystriole. Epipleuragradually on each side. Fronroclypeal suture absent. Labrum narrowed and complete. Mesocoxal cavities ovate, partly fused to head capsule. Antennae shorr bur narrowly separated, open laterally (mesepimeron well-developed, 3-segmented; sensorium on seg­ reaching middle of coxal cavities), rfochantins ment 2 conical or palpiform, much shorter than exposed. Metavenrrite longer than abdominal terminal segment. Mandibles symmetrical, biden­ ventrite 1, slightlyconvex, discrimen present, sinu­ tate, with accessory ventral process and sometimes ate postcoxallines forming an axillaryspace on each with serrate incisor edge; mola well-developed and side (sometimes with an additional pair ofstraight sickle-shaped, transversely ridged, with asetose posrcoxal lines). Meracoxae transverse, slightly hyaline lobe at base; prostheca bearing a brush of grooved, well-separared. Metendosternite of typi­ complex comb-like. Ventral mourhparrs rerracred. cal cucujoid type with elongate lateral arms; ven­ Maxillary arriculating area well-developed. Max­ trolateral and anterior processes reduced or absent, illa with transverse cardo, elongate stipes, 3­ laminae well-developed. Hindwings well-devel­ segmented palps, and falciform mala bearing a oped; apical field with transverse linearsclerirejusr dorsal row of spines along inner edge. Labium distad ofradial cell, which is well-developed; cross­ free almost to base of mentum; ligula transverse; vein
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