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Coleópteros Saproxílicos De Los Bosques De Montaña En El Norte De La Comunidad De Madrid

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Coleópteros Saproxílicos De Los Bosques De Montaña En El Norte De La Comunidad De Madrid Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos Coleópteros Saproxílicos de los Bosques de Montaña en el Norte de la Comunidad de Madrid T e s i s D o c t o r a l Juan Jesús de la Rosa Maldonado Licenciado en Ciencias Ambientales 2014 Departamento de Producción Vegetal: Botánica y Protección Vegetal Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos Coleópteros Saproxílicos de los Bosques de Montaña en el Norte de la Comunidad de Madrid Juan Jesús de la Rosa Maldonado Licenciado en Ciencias Ambientales Directores: D. Pedro del Estal Padillo, Doctor Ingeniero Agrónomo D. Marcos Méndez Iglesias, Doctor en Biología 2014 Tribunal nombrado por el Magfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid el día de de 2014. Presidente D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Secretario D. Suplente D. Suplente D. Realizada la lectura y defensa de la Tesis el día de de 2014 en Madrid, en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos. Calificación: El Presidente Los Vocales El Secretario AGRADECIMIENTOS A Ángel Quirós, Diego Marín Armijos, Isabel López, Marga López, José Luis Gómez Grande, María José Morales, Alba López, Jorge Martínez Huelves, Miguel Corra, Adriana García, Natalia Rojas, Rafa Castro, Ana Busto, Enrique Gorroño y resto de amigos que puntualmente colaboraron en los trabajos de campo o de gabinete. A la Guardería Forestal de la comarca de Buitrago de Lozoya, por su permanente apoyo logístico. A los especialistas en taxonomía que participaron en la identificación del material recolectado, pues sin su asistencia hubiera sido mucho más difícil finalizar este trabajo. A mis directores, Pedro del Estal y Marcos Méndez, cuyo apoyo ha sido, sencillamente, inolvidable. A la Administración Ambiental de la Comunidad de Madrid, por facilitar las autorizaciones que permitieron la realización de los muestreos. Y de forma muy especial, a mi familia. ÍNDICE………………………………………………………………………………....... I RESUMEN……………………………………………………………………………….. VII ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………… IX CAPÍTULO 1: INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS…………………………………... 1 1.1 LOS ORGANISMOS SAPROXÍLICOS…………………………………………… 3 1.2 TIPOS DE SAPROXÍLICOS…………………………………………………......... 5 1.2.1 Detritívoros…………………………………………………………………... 5 1.2.2 Micófagos……………………………………………………………………. 5 1.2.3 Necrófagos…………………………………………………………………… 6 1.2.4 Predadores…………………………………………………………………… 6 1.2.5 Detritívoros…………………………………………………………………... 7 1.2.6 Parásitos……………………………………………………………………… 7 1.3 IMPORTANCIA DE LOS ORGANISMOS SAPROXÍLICOS……………………. 8 1.3.1 Importancia como recicladores………………………………………………. 8 1.3.2 Componente fundamental de la biodiversidad……………………………… 8 1.3.3 Bioindicadores………………………………………………………………. 8 1.3.4 Importancia económica como atractivo turístico…………………………… 9 1.3.5 Grupo con alto porcentaje de especies amenazadas………………………… 9 1.4 AMENAZAS A LA FAUNA SAPROXÍLICA……………………………………... 10 1.5 EL ESTUDIO DE LA FAUNA SAPROXÍLICA…………………………………… 11 1.6 GRUPO TAXONÓMICO OBJETO DE ESTUDIO Y GRADO DE CONOCIMIENTO EN EL ÁMBITO IBÉRICO…………………………………............. 13 1.7 OBJETIVOS DE ESTA TESIS……………………………………………………... 15 CAPÍTULO 2: DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA ZONA EN QUE SE HAN REALIZADO LOS MUESTREOS…………………………………………………….. 17 2.1 ASPECTOS GENERALES…………………………………………………………. 19 2.2 DEHESA BONITA DE SOMOSIERRA…………………………………………… 25 2.3 HAYEDO DE MONTEJO………………………………………………………….. 30 2.4 DEHESA DE MADARCOS………………………………………………………… 33 2.5 PINAR DE LA MALEZA…………………………………………………………... 38 I CAPÍTULO 3: MUESTREOS………………………………………………………….. 41 3.1 DISPOSITIVOS DE CAPTURA UTILIZADOS…………………………………… 43 3.1.1 Trampa de embudos o tipo Lindgren………………………………………… 43 3.1.2 Trampa de ventana o de intercepción de vuelo……………………………… 44 3.1.3 Trampa aérea olorosa………………………………………………………… 45 3.2 CONFIGURACIÓN DE LAS ESTACIONES DE MUESTREO…………………... 46 3.3 IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL MATERIAL COLECTADO…………………………….. 47 CAPÍTULO 4: ANÁLISIS GENERAL DE LAS COMUNIDADES DE COLEÓPTEROS SAPROXÍLICOS DE LOS BOSQUES DEL NORTE DE LA COMUNIDAD DE MADRID………………………………………………………. 49 4.1 INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………………. 51 4.2 MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS………………………………………………………….. 52 4.2.1 Dominancia…………………………………………………………………... 52 4.2.2 Similitud entre tipos de bosque……………………………………………… 52 4.2.3 Dendrograma de similitud……………………………………………………. 53 4.2.4 Complementariedad entre tipos de bosque………………………………….. 53 4.3 RESULTADOS………………………………………………………………………. 55 4.3.1 Datos generales………………………………………………………………. 55 4.3.2 Especies destacables…………………………………………………………. 56 4.3.3 Especies poco frecuentes…………………………………………………….. 57 4.3.4 Estructura general y dominancia……………………………………………. 58 4.3.5 Corología……………………………………………………………………. 61 4.3.6 Hábitos tróficos………………………………………………………………. 63 4.3.7 Similitud de las faunas de coleópteros saproxílicos entre tipos de bosque... 64 4.3.8 Complementariedad entre tipos de bosque………………………………….. 65 4.4 DISCUSIÓN………………………………………………………………………… 66 4.4.1 Riqueza en especies…………………………………………………………... 66 4.4.2 Singularidades de la comunidad de coleópteros de la Dehesa de Somosierra.. 67 4.4.3 Singularidades de la comunidad de coleópteros saproxílicos del Hayedo de Montejo…………………………………………………………………… 68 4.4.4 Singularidades de la comunidad de coleópteros saproxílicos de la Dehesa oooooooo de Madarcos………………………………………………………………….. 71 4.4.5 Singularidades de la comunidad de coleópteros saproxílicos del Pinar de La Maleza…………………………………………………………............. 72 4.4.6 Corología…………………………………………………………………….. 73 4.4.7 Hábitos tróficos………………………………………………………………. 75 II CAPÍTULO 5: ESTIMACIÓN DE LA RIQUEZA DE ESPECIES DE CADA MONTE Y COMPARACIONES……………………………………………… 77 5.1 INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………….. 79 5.2 MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS………………………………………………………… 81 5.2.1 Estimadores de la riqueza de fauna………………………………………….. 81 5.2.2 Elaboración de curvas de acumulación de especies…………………………. 82 5.2.3 Extrapolación estadística…………………………………………………….. 84 5.2.4 Comparación de faunas………………………………………………………. 84 5.3 RESULTADOS……………………………………………………………………… 85 5.3.1 Estimadores de riqueza de fauna obtenidos para cada uno de los bosques estudiados y para el conjunto……………………………………... 85 5.3.2 Riqueza estimada de especies de la Dehesa de Somosierra………………… 85 5.3.3 Riqueza estimada de especies del Hayedo de Montejo………………….. 86 5.3.4 Riqueza estimada de especies de la Dehesa de Madarcos…………………… 92 5.3.5 Riqueza estimada de especies del Pinar de La Maleza………………….…… 93 5.3.6 Riqueza agregada para las cuatro localidades……………………………….. 94 5.3.7 Extrapolación de curvas de acumulación de especies……………………….. 96 5.3.8 Resultados de la ordenación NMDS…………………………………………. 96 5.3.9 Distancia estadística entre localidades……………………………………….. 97 5.3.10 Especies influyentes en las diferencias entre localidades…………………… 98 5.4 DISCUSIÓN………………………………………………………………………… 99 5.4.1 Comparación de las cuatro faunas……………………………………………. 99 5.4.2 Comparación de las curvas de acumulación de las cuatro localidades………. 102 5.4.3 Extrapolación de las curvas de acumulación………………………………… 102 5.4.4 Riqueza en cada localidad y de toda el área…………………………………. 102 CAPÍTULO 6: EFECTO DE LA HETEROGENEIDAD AMBIENTAL A PEQUEÑA ESCALA SOBRE LA DIVERSIDAD DE FAUNA SAPROXÍLICA…... 105 6.1 INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………….. 107 6.2 MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS…………………………………………………………. 110 6.2.1 Similitud y distancias entre las faunas de los distintos biomas……………… 110 6.2.2 Estimación de la cantidad de madera muerta en cada estación………………. 110 6.2.3 Estudio de la relación entre madera muerta y diversidad de fauna………….. 111 6.3 RESULTADOS…………………………………………………………………….... 111 6.3.1 Similitud entre faunas……………………………………………………....... 112 6.3.2 Madera muerta estimada y fauna observada en cada estación de muestreo… 113 6.3.3 Curvas de tendencia………………………………………………………….. 113 6.4 DISCUSIÓN………………………………………………………………………… 117 III CAPÍTULO 7: COMPARACIÓN DE LA EFECTIVIDAD DE LOS TRES SISTEMAS DE MUESTREO EMPLEADOS…………………...…………….. 121 7.1 INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………….. 123 7.2 MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS……………………………………………………........ 125 7.2.1 Estimación de la riqueza de fauna capturable por cada tipo de dispositivo de muestreo…………………………………………………………………... 125 7.2.2 Eficacia de cada dispositivo de muestreo……………………………………. 125 7.2.3 Similitud entre faunas recolectadas por cada dispositivo de captura………… 125 7.2.4 Comparación de la eficacia de cada tipo de trampa en la captura de especies según hábitos tróficos……………………………………………… 126 7.2.5 Complementariedad entre dispositivos de captura…………………………. 126 7.3 RESULTADOS……………………………………………………………………… 127 7.3.1 Capturas de ejemplares/especies/familias en cada método de muestreo…….. 127 7.3.2 Curvas de acumulación de especies para cada estación de muestreo………. 128 7.3.3 Curvas de acumulación de especies para cada tipo de trampa……………… 130 7.3.4 Efectividad potencial de cada método de muestreo………………………… 132 7.3.5 Similitud entre las faunas colectadas por cada tipo de trampa……………… 133 7.3.6 Resultados de las ordenaciones NMDS……………………………………… 135 7.3.7 Complementariedad entre métodos de muestreo…………………………….. 140 7.3.8 Diagramas de Venn…………………………………………………………... 141 7.3.9 Abundancia de especies por familia para cada tipo de trampa………………. 143 7.3.10 Relación entre dispositivos de captura y hábitos tróficos…………………… 144 7.4 DISCUSIÓN………………………………………………………………………… 147 7.4.1 Efectividad general de los tres métodos de muestreo………………………... 147 7.4.2 Similitud y complementariedad……………………………………………… 149 7.4.3 Efectividad de los distintos dispositivos de muestreo sobre especies con ooooo diferente régimen trófico……………………………………………………... 150 CAPÍTULO 8: RECOMENDACIONES DE MANEJO………………………………
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