Metalle Der Macht – Frühes Gold Und Silber Metals of Power – Early Gold and Silver

VORGESCHICHTE HALLE VORGESCHICHTE FÜRLANDESMUSEUMS TAGUNGEN DES Metalle der Macht – Frühes Gold und Silber

Metalle der Macht – Frühes Gold und Silber Metals of power – Early gold and silver

6. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 17. bis 19. Oktober 2o13 in Halle (Saale)

Herausgeber Harald Meller, Roberto Risch und Ernst Pernicka

ISBN 978-3-944507-13-2 11/II 11/II 2014 TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE ISSN 1867-4402 Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle Band 11/II | 2014

Metalle der Macht – Frühes Gold und Silber Metals of power – Early gold and silver

6. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 17. bis 19. Oktober 2o13 in Halle (Saale) 6th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 17–19, 2o13 in Halle (Saale) Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle Band 11/II | 2014

Metalle der Macht – Frühes Gold und Silber Metals of power – Early gold and silver 6. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 17. bis 19. Oktober 2o13 in Halle (Saale) 6th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 17–19, 2o13 in Halle (Saale)

Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt landesmuseum für vorgeschichte

herausgegeben von Harald Meller, Roberto Risch und Ernst Pernicka

Halle (Saale) 2o14 Dieser Tagungsband entstand mit freundlicher Unterstützung von: The conference proceedings were supported by:

Die Beiträge dieses Bandes wurden einem Peer-Review-Verfahren unterzogen. Die Gutachtertätigkeit übernahmen folgende Fachkollegen: PD Dr. Barbara Regine Arm- bruster, Prof. Dr. François Bertemes, Prof. Dr. Christoph Brumann, Prof. Dr. Robert Chap- man, Dr. Andrea Dolfini, Prof. Dr. Gerhard Eggert, Dr. José Lull Gracía, Dr. Maria Filomena Guerra, Prof. Dr. Detlef Günther, Prof. Dr. Andreas Hauptmann, PD Dr. Reinhard Jung, Dr. Laurence Manolakakis, Prof. Dr. Gregor Markl, Dr. Regine Maraszek, Prof. Dr. Carola Metzner-Nebelsick, Prof. Dr. Pierre de Miroschedji, Prof. Dr. Louis Daniel Nebelsick, Prof. Dr. Ernst Pernicka, Prof. Dr. Margarita Primas, PD Dr. Sabine Reinhold, Dr. Ralf Schwarz, Dr. Zofia Anna Stos-Gale, Dr. Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich.

Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://portal.dnb.de abrufbar. isbn 978-3-9445o7-13-2 issn 1867-44o2

Redaktion Jennifer Bröcher, Dirk Höhne, Kathrin Legler, Janine Näthe, Sven Roos, Monika Schlenker, Manuela Schwarz, Anna Swieder, Andrea Welk Redaktion und Übersetzung Tanja Romankiewicz, Nicholas Uglow • beide Edinburgh, Bettina Stoll-Tucker der englischen Texte Organisation und Korrespondenz Konstanze Geppert Technische Bearbeitung Thomas Blankenburg, Nora Seeländer, Mario Wiegmann Vor-/Nachsatz, Sektionstrenner, S. 19, 49, 367 Fotos Juraj Liptàk • München, Gestaltung Brigitte Parsche Umschlag Rubriktrenner S. 51 © G. Borg, Halle (Saale); S. 151 © CEZA, Mannheim; S. 321 © C.-H. Wunderlich, LDA; S. 369 Piotrovski 2o13; S. 313 Abb. 2o,15–16; S. 449 J. A. Soldevilla, © ASOME-UAB; S. 6o9 Piotrovski 2o13, S. 466 Abb. 157,3 u. Staatl. Museum f. Bildende Künste A. S. Puschkin; S. 883 J. Lipták, München

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Papier alterungsbeständig nach din/iso 97o6 Satzschrift FF Celeste, News Gothic Konzept und Gestaltung Carolyn Steinbeck • Berlin Layout, Satz und Produktion Nora Seeländer Druck und Bindung Salzland Druck GmbH & Co. KG Inhalt / Contents

Band I

11 Vorwort der Herausgeber / Preface of the editors

Sektion Allgemeines / Section General Perspectives

21 Hans Peter Hahn Die Sprache des Glanzes: Wert und Werte als Kontext von Gold

33 Hans-Gert Bachmann Gold: pursued, desired, cursed – Reverence for a precious metal

Sektion Herkunft und Verarbeitung / Section Procurement and craft Bergbau / Mining

53 Gregor Borg »Gold is where you find it« – Zeitgenössischer artisanaler Goldbergbau in Afrika als Analogie (prä-)historischer Goldgewinnung

71 Thomas Stöllner Gold in the Caucasus: New research on gold extraction in the Kura-Araxes Culture of the 4th millenium BC and early 3rd millenium BC

111 Danilo Wolf und René Kunze Gegharkunik – Neue Quellen für altes Gold aus Südkaukasien?

141 Rosemarie Klemm und Dietrich Klemm Früher Goldbergbau in Ägypten und Nubien

Archäometrie / Archaeometry

153 Ernst Pernicka Possibilities and limitations of provenance studies of ancient silver and gold

165 Verena Leusch, Ernst Pernicka, and Barbara Armbruster Chalcolithic gold from Varna – Provenance, circulation, processing, and function

183 Zofia Anna Stos-Gale Silver vessels in the Mycenaen Shaft Graves and their origin in the context of the metal supply in the Bronze Age Aegean

209 Christopher D. Standish, Bruno Dhuime, Chris J. Hawkesworth, and Alistair W. G. Pike New insights into the source of Irish Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age gold through lead isotope analysis 223 Nicole Lockhoff and Ernst Pernicka Archaeometallurgical investigations of Early Bronze Age gold artefacts from central Germany including gold from the Nebra hoard

237 Robert Lehmann, Daniel Fellenger, and Carla Vogt Modern metal analysis of Bronze Age gold in Lower Saxony by using laser ablation mass spectrometry (ns-LA-ICP-QMS and fs-LA-ICP-MCMS) and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF)

247 Ernst Pernicka Zur Frage der Echtheit der Bernstorfer Goldfunde

257 Mercedes Murillo-Barroso, Ignacio Montero Ruiz, and Martin Bartelheim Native silver ressources in Iberia

269 Francisco Contreras-Cortés, Auxilio Moreno-Onorato, and Martin Bartelheim New data on the origin of silver in the Argaric Culture: The site of Peñalosa

285 Beatriz Comendador Rey, Jorge Millos, and Paula Álvarez-Iglesias Provenance of the prehistoric silver set of Antas de Ulla, north-western Iberia, using lead stable isotope ratios

309 Katja Martin Was bleibt ... Der Metallurg und sein Handwerk im archäologischen Befund

Experimentelle Archäologie / Experimental archaeology

323 Barbara Armbruster Ethnoarchäologie und experimentelle Archäologie in der Forschung prähistorischen Goldes

335 Eleni Konstantinidi-Syvridi, Nikolas Papadimitriou, Anna Philippa-Touchais, and Akis Goumas Goldworking techniques in Mycenaean Greece (17th/16th–12th century BC): some new observations

349 Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich Wie golden war die Himmelsscheibe von Nebra? Gedanken zur ursprünglichen Farbe der Goldauflagen

353 Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich, Nicole Lockhoff und Ernst Pernicka De Cementatione oder: Von der Kunst, das Gold nach Art der Alten zu reinigen Band II Sektion Kontext und Interpretation / Section Context und interpretation Osten / East

371 Raiko Krauß, Steve Zäuner, and Ernst Pernicka Statistical and anthropological analysis of the Varna necropolis

389 Svend Hansen Gold and silver in the Maikop Culture

411 Barbara Helwing Silver in the early societies of Greater Mesopotamia

423 Romain Prévalet Bronze Age Syrian gold jewellery – Technological innovation

435 Andreas Reinecke Der Anfang des Goldhandwerks in Südostasien. Zur Verknüpfung archäologischer Befunde und metallanalytischer Ergebnisse

Mittelmeer / Mediterranean sea

451 Stelios Andreou and Michael Vavelidis So rich and yet so poor: Investigating the scarcity of gold artefacts in Bronze Age northern Greece

467 Borja Legarra Herrero The role of gold in south Aegean exchange networks (31oo–18oo BC)

483 Maria Grazia Melis Silver in Neolithic and Eneolithic Sardinia

495 Maria Bernabò Brea, Filippo Maria Gambari, and Alessandra Giumlia-Mair Preliminary remarks on the gold cup from Montecchio Emilia, northern Italy

505 Teodoro Scarano and Giovanna Maggiulli The golden sun discs from Roca Vecchia, Lecce, Italy: archaeological and cultural context

527 Alicia Perea Goldworking processes and ontologies at the inception of metallurgy in the western Mediterranean

541 Maria Carme Rovira Hortalà, Ferran Borrell, Mònica Oliva, Maria Saña, Oriol Vicente, and Gabriel Alcalde Early gold remains in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula

547 Maria Carme Rovira Hortalà, Ignacio Montero Ruiz, and Alicia Perea The funerary »treasure« of Montilla, Cordova, Spain

557 Vicente Lull, Rafael Micó, Christina Rihuete Herrada, and Roberto Risch, The social value of silver in El Argar

577 Selina Delgado-Raack, Vicente Lull, Katja Martin, Rafael Micó, Cristina Rihuete Herrada und Roberto Risch Die Silberschmiede von Tira del Lienzo, Totana, Prov. Murcia, im Kontext der El Argar Metallurgie 593 Mauro S. Hernández Pérez, Gabriel García Atiénzar, and Virginia Barciela González The treasures of Villena and Cabezo Redondo, Alicante, Spain

Mitteleuropa / Central Europe

611 Harald Meller Die neolithischen und bronzezeitlichen Goldfunde Mitteldeutschlands – Eine Übersicht

717 Ralf Schwarz Goldene Schleifen- und Lockenringe – Herrschaftsinsignien in bronzezeitlichen Ranggesellschaften Mitteldeutschlands. Überlegungen zur Gesellschaft der Aunjetitzer Kultur

743 Juliane Filipp und Martin Freudenreich Dieskau Revisited I: Nachforschungen zur »Lebensgeschichte« des Goldhortes von Dieskau und zu einem weiteren Grabhügel mit Goldbeigabe bei Osmünde im heutigen Saalekreis, Sachsen-Anhalt

753 Martin Freudenreich und Juliane Filipp Dieskau Revisited II. Eine mikroregionale Betrachtung

761 Rupert Gebhard, Rüdiger Krause, Astrid Röpke und Vanessa Bähr Das Gold von Bernstorf – Authentizität und Kontext in der mittleren Bronzezeit Europas

777 Henning Haßmann, Andreas Niemuth, Mario Pahlow, Bernd Rasink, Stefan Winghart und Friedrich-Wilhelm Wulf Der Goldhort von Gessel

789 Franziska Knoll, Harald Meller und Juliane Filipp »Nordisch by nature«. Die jundbronzezeitlichen, goldenen Eidringe Sachsen-Anhalts an der südlichen Peripherie des Nordischen Kreises in ihrem Kontext

873 Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der goldenen Eidringe von Schneidlingen, Könnern, Hundisburg und Klein Oschersleben hinsichtlich ihrer Herstellungs- und Abnutzungsspuren

Westen und Norden / West and North

885 Flemming Kaul Bronze Age gold from Denmark

903 Stuart Needham and Alison Sheridan Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age goldwork from Britain: new finds and new perspectives The Treasures of Villena and Cabezo Redondo (Alicante, Spain)

Mauro S. Hernández Pérez, Gabriel García Atiénzar and Virginia Barciela González

Zusammenfassung Summary

Die Goldschätze von Villena und Cabezo Redondo In 1963, two extraordinary prehistoric sets of gold objects (Alicante, Spanien) were discovered in Villena, in the province of Alicante, Spain. The Villena's treasure was found in the sands of a dry river- Im Jahre 1963 wurden in Villena in der Provinz Alicante in bed. The other one, the Tesorillo (literally »little treasure«) of Spanien zwei außergewöhnliche Ensembles aus verschiede- Cabezo Redondo, was also discovered out of its archaeologi- nen Goldobjekten gefunden. Der sogenannte Villena-Schatz cal context, on the slopes of a Bronze Age site. The first one wurde in einem ausgetrockneten Flussbett geborgen. Der consists of gold bracelets, vessels and ribbons, plus three sil- andere Fund, bekannt als Tesorillo (wörtlich übersetzt »klei- ver vessels and two iron objects. The Tesorillo is composed of ner Schatz«), stammt aus Cabezo Redondo und ist ebenfalls 35 pieces of gold, including ornaments and disused objects. ohne archäologischen Kontext. Dieser Schatz wurde am Hang Since its discovery, both sets were seen as connected. Their eines bronzezeitlichen Fundortes geborgen. Der Villena- chronology has been discussed by Spanish and international Schatz enthält goldene Armringe, Gefäße und Bänder, drei researchers who proposed various dates ranging from the silberne Gefäße und zwei Eisenobjekte. Der Tesorillo besteht Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. Recent archaeological aus 35 Goldobjekten, sowohl Schmuckstücke als auch ausge- excavations at Cabezo Redondo recovered hundreds of gold diente Objekte. Seit ihrer Entdeckung werden beide Fund and silver ornaments from domestic contexts and from tombs ensembles als miteinander in Beziehung stehend angenom- of adults and children. men. Ihre zeitliche Einordnung ist seither von spanischen und internationalen Wissenschaftlern diskutiert worden, die ver- schiedene Datierungen von der späten Bronzezeit bis in die frühe Eisenzeit vorschlagen. Neue archäologische Ausgra- bungen in Cabezo Redondo erbrachten hunderte von Gold- und Silberobjekten aus Siedlungs- und Grabkontexten sowohl aus Kindergräbern als auch aus adulten Bestattungen.

Introduction with the Mediterranean region, a unique environment with plenty of water, fertile lands, mineral salt deposits and many In 1963, two outstanding sets of gold and silver items were plant and hunting resources. It is a proto-urban settlement discovered within just a few months in Villena, 45 km on a hillside, whose blocks of houses are distributed on arti inland from the Mediterranean coast (Fig. 1). One of them ficial terraces accessible via streets, stairways and ramps. – Villena's treasure – was found in the sands of a dry river The domestic units are large, some of them up to 1oo m2, bed. The other one, the Tesorillo (literally »little treasure«) of with mostly plastered stone walls. Inside, there are floors of Cabezo Redondo, was discovered on the slopes of a Bronze great quality and an outstanding earthen architecture used Age site, in an archaeological context which cannot be dated in the construction of interior furniture. either. The first one consists of golden bracelets, vessels and There were human burials inside the village. Some of ribbons, plus three silver vessels and two iron objects. The them were found in stone cists and ceramic urns, and Tesorillo is composed of 35 pieces of gold weighing 147 g. others in caves and crevices on the same hillock. Grave These objects were immediately considered to be prehis goods are always scarce, or even nonexistent: simply a few toric and were related to the Cabezo Redondo site. vessels and personal ornaments, sometimes made of gold José María Soler García began the excavations on this site and silver. The few burials and grave goods demonstrate in 195o (Hernández Pérez 2oo5), though it had been known that not everybody would have received a funeral and that since the 19th century. After a 3o-years hiatus, a team from there was a hereditary social status, since some of these the University of Alicante under our supervision continued graves with gold ornaments belong to children. the excavations which are still ongoing. The many radiocarbon dates precisely establish the The site is located at a vantage point near a crossroad that village's sequence in the middle centuries of the 2nd millen connects the central plateau and the upper part of Andalusia nium cal BC, what is known as the Late Bronze Age.

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 2 Mauro S. Hernández Pérez, Gabriel García Atiénzar and Virginia Barciela González

Tesorillo of Cabezo Redondo high with a base diameter of 19.5 mm) and have only one hole; all ten contain a series of raised dots near the edge In April 1963, José María Soler García gathered a total of of their base; 35 golden items, with a total weight of 147.o8 g, from the • a spherical necklace bead with a cylindrical perforation; sediments that had fallen off the edge of a quarry cut into • a bracelet fragment or a bent sheet with a moulding par the southeastern hillside of Cabezo Redondo (Fig. 2). The allel to the edge, a row of 15 spikes 2.5 mm high, and an peculiar circumstances of the discovery (Soler 1965) could ingot in the shape of a bent cylindrical bar with 12 mm suggest that the original amount of items was much larger. diameter and 8 mm long, that shows traces of use. It seems that they had been hidden directly in the ground, in an area with little archaeological remains, or maybe in a small crevice. Treasure of Villena The set has been called Tesorillo of Cabezo Redondo (Fig. 3). It consists of In the late evening of December 1st, 1963, months after the discovery of the Tesorillo, another outstanding discovery of • a ribbon-like golden headband 55 cm long and 1.2 cm prehistoric gold and silver items was made, known as the wide, with holes in the rounded ends; treasure of Villena. As stated in the comments made by • two fragments of gold ribbons, one of them broken in two J. M. Soler and according to the photographs (Soler 1965), the pieces; set pieces had been tidily placed into a vessel that, according • three open bracelets made with a thin ribbon whose bor to its shape and the treatment of its surface, undoubtedly ders are bent inwards, one of them with a series of 12 and belongs to the Bronze Age and is similar to others found in 13 perpendicular incisions; Cabezo Redondo. The vessel was buried in the Rambla del • a spiral with two and a half turns; Panadero (Fig. 4), a small dry riverbed, 12 km from Villena • two spirals with just one turn; and 6.5 km from Cabezo Redondo. Some items may have • two plain rings; been lost, since some of them were recovered from the loose • a ring made with a ribbon with a central moulding; gravel of the riverbed, and others were found several meters • four rings with simple mouldings, two of them with away from the vessel, which had also lost part of its rim. three mouldings of which the central one is larger, and The set is mainly composed of gold items (11 bowls, 28 the other two with four and five of this decorative type; bracelets, three bottles and several objects that are part of • six rings with several mouldings, some of them decorated the decoration of a circular item) with a total weight of with oblique or vertical incisions, and one with a trun 9.754 kg (Fig. 5). The three silver bottles weighing 62o g; two cated pyramidal decoration; items seem to be made of iron, one in the shape of a bracelet • ten cone-shaped pendants (tutuli), five of them (17 mm and the other, hemispherical, decorated with golden ribbons high with a base diameter of 21 mm) have two holes at and some sort of resin considered to be amber, but no analy the top end, while the other five ones are smaller (13 mm sis has been made to confirm this.

Fig. 1 Map with location of the sites mentioned in the text. Red marked area see Fig. 2.

N Abb. 1 Karte mit den im Text erwähnten Orten. Rot markierter Ausschnitt siehe Abb. 2.

Abía de la Obispalía

Estremoz Villena

Cuesta del Negro

Cero de la Encina Gatas Portimao

200 km

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 The Treasures of Villena and Cabezo Redondo (Alicante, Spain) 3

Rambla del Panadero

Cabezo Redondo

ó river Vinalop

5 km

Fig. 2 Map of Alto Vinalopó. Location of Cabezo Redondo and Rambla del Panadero.

Abb. 2 Karte von Alto Vinalopó. Lage von Cabezo Redondo und Rambla del Panadero.

The eleven golden bowls, one egg-shaped and the other There are a total of 28 bracelets with different sizes, weights ones hemispherical, were made out of a thin sheet of gold and decorations. Their diameters range from 47 mm to leaf with no signs of welding. Their total weight is 3.5o8 kg. 73 mm, an average of 58 mm. Three of them weigh less than They were decorated from the inside using chisels with 1oo g, 22 weigh between 1oo g and 3oo g, and three of them rounded tips, creating different motifs, some of the most weigh more than 35o g, one of these reaching 459.96 g common ones being rectilinear compositions found in sev (Fig. 7). eral positions, and semicircular garlands that hang from Four of the bracelets have a flat or slightly concave inner lines parallel to the rim. The rim itself is slightly everted, side, while the outside is always convex and has a well-pol which suggests they would have been used to drink from. ished finish. All the other bracelets have different mould According to the height/diameter ratio and the volumes, ings, some with openwork and some not, some with spikes they seem to fit the following patterns (Fig. 6): and some not, and some have a combination of both. The studies of B. R. Ambruster and A. Perea (1994) point out that • Group I. Two items. H: 55–6o mm; Ø: 1o5–119 mm; Capa these bracelets were made in the lost-wax casting method city: o.38–o.45 litres and were then finished on a lathe. • Group II. Three items. H: 66–83 mm; Ø: 166–171 mm; Both golden bottles (381.o6 g) and the three silver ones Capacity: 1.19–1.28 litres (981.83 g1) have a decoration of two horizontal and two verti • Group III. Two items. H: 87–116 mm; Ø: 2o1–219 mm; cal ribs, made from the inside, that divide the bottle in dif Capacity: 2.4o–2.71 litres ferent sectors. Their body is spherical, the neck concave, and • Group IV. Four items: H: 1o5–121 mm; Ø: 21o–253 mm; the base is slightly flat. Their sizes range from o1 .3 cm and Capacity: 3.89–4.18 litres. 22.5 cm in height, four of them (two silver and two gold ones) have very similar dimensions (Fig. 8).

1 This weight does not correspond to the origi nal one, since their inner sides were rein forced due to their poor condition.

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 4 Mauro S. Hernández Pérez, Gabriel García Atiénzar and Virginia Barciela González

Fig. 3 Tesorillo of Cabezo Redondo.

Abb. 3 Der Tesorillo von Cabezo Redondo.

The rest of the treasure consists of small pieces and thin fixed to each other and to the inner edge of the structure gold sheets, like the reels, that would probably have been with the small nails and bolts, also made of gold. part of the decoration of a circular object that was disassem There is also what seems to be an open bracelet (31.85 g bled so that the ornaments could fit inside the vessel. These and 85 mm in diameter) seemingly made of iron, though it ornaments have been related to those of a scepter (Tarradell still needs to be analysed in order to establish its exact com 1964), a panoply (Perea 1991) or the hilt of a dagger or a position and origin. sword (Fig. 9). The individual objects would have been

Fig. 4 Current photograph of Rambla del Pana dero. The monolith indicates the site of the dis covery of the treasure of Villena.

Abb. 4 Aktuelles Foto von Rambla del Panadero. Die Steinsäule markiert den Fundort des Schat- zes von Villena.

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 The Treasures of Villena and Cabezo Redondo (Alicante, Spain) 5

Fig. 5 Treasure of Villena.

Abb. 5 Schatz von Villena.

Gold and silver in Cabezo Redondo some of the elongated items, the fastening system and bolts in the reels, and the semicircular raised mouldings in the During the excavations at Cabezo Redondo (Fig. 1o), J. M. Soler back of these reels). discovered several gold and silver items. Their formal fea In addition to these gold and silver items, other personal tures were key for relating the Tesorillo and treasure discov and prestigious ornaments, such as ivory combs or vitreous eries to the inhabitants of the village. Indeed, at least three paste beads, suggest that Cabezo Redondo formed part of of the inhabitants had been buried with precious objects an important exchange network. similar to the tutuli found in the Tesorillo: one of them with an earring made with a thin gold wire with three turns, another one with a silver earring, and a third one with a gold Characterisation and origin of the raw materials cone. These graves are located both in small caves on the same hill and within tombs excavated under the floor of The metallographic composition of the gold in the treasure some houses. of Villena (Hartman 1982; Soler 1969; Simón 1998) is rela The record of gold and silver items from Cabezo Redondo tively homogeneous. The copper percentage ranges between has increased during the last excavation season with the o.11 % and o.32 % for the bowls, with a maximum of o.7o %, discovery of fragments of silver earrings (Fig. 11,1); a silver and between o.1o % and o.37 % for the bracelets, with two spherical bead (Fig. 11,3) and an outstanding set of gold maximums of o.62 % and o.64 %. The copper content of items, among them four small tutuli (Fig. 11,4–7), three both gold bottles ranges between o.32 % and o.16 %; the dis rivets with a hemispherical head and a square moulding parity can also be seen in the minor items with a percentage directly in the middle of the ventral surface (Fig. 11,8–1o), a of o.o2 % in one of the items with openwork, and 1.2o % in gold ring (Fig. 11,2) made from a thin sheet; a ribbon-like one of the ferrules with incisions. Similar differences can be bracelet 1.2 cm wide with holes in the opposite ends (Fig. 12), seen in the Tesorillo, even among the morphologically iden and two gold bolts and 83 gold nails (Fig. 13) found in House tical items. XXVIII, in a destruction context that has been dated by a The items in the Tesorillo and the Villena-treasure have a barley seed to around 1443–13o7 cal BC (311o ± 3o BP; Beta- fairly high and differing percentage of silver2. In this regard, 332581). The features and techniques of all these items are one of the rings of the Tesorillo has 27 % of silver, while an- extraordinarily similar to those in the Tesorillo (such as the other ring has just 3 %, and the silver content of the rest of ribbons), and the Villena-treasure (such as the mouldings in the items ranges between 5 % and 1o %.

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 6 Mauro S. Hernández Pérez, Gabriel García Atiénzar and Virginia Barciela González

Fig. 6 The bowls of the treasure of Villena. 300 a Dimensions; b Capacity. a Abb. 6 Die Schalen des Schatzes von Villena. IV a Abmessungen; b Fassungsvermögen. 250

III 200

II 150

I 100

50 mm 50 70 90 110 130

b litres 4.5 IV

4.0

3.5 III 3.0

2.5

2.0 II 1.5

1.0 I

0.5

Recent analysis of some of the gold finds from Cabezo rivers such as Vinalopó, Segura and Serpis carry gold. Redondo – a bracelet and a clinch from the House XXVIII – Therefore, the metals must have a foreign origin. All the shows interesting differences between the two items, but silver could have come from the southeast of the Iberian still inside the ranges mentioned above. The bracelet pre Peninsula, while the gold could have come from the north sents a percentage of gold of 84.98 %, compared with the western and Atlantic areas, should it have a peninsular 8o.9o % of the clinch (Fig. 14). The presence of silver is origin. practically identical, with 12.86 % and 12.98 %. Similar results have been observed for the copper content, with o.47 % and o.57 % respectively, and called for also analysing The link between the sets and their chronology differences in the tin content: while the bracelet contains 1.69 % tin, the clinch has 5.55 %. These results coincide with Since its discovery, the chronology of the treasure of Villena the ranges obtained in the analytical study by J. L. Simón has been discussed according to different technological (1998, 2o4) for other pieces found in the settlement (ring, spi aspects used for creating the bracelets and bowls, the pres ral and tutuli). ence of the two iron objects and, mostly, because of inaccu J. M. Soler (1969, 17) pointed out, based on Hartmann's rate information or sometimes ignorance about the settle suggestions (197o), that the amount of silver in all items was ment in the surroundings of the findspot. Once the initial in line with a natural origin, while the amount of copper link to the Iron Age had been ruled out (Almagro Basch matches the percentage in gold found in fluvial sands. 1969, 287), the two current approaches3 suggest a link to the It is not possible to establish the origin of the silver and Final Bronze Age (Almagro Gorbea 1974; Perea 1991; Simón gold found in the treasures because none of the nearby 1998), or to the Late Bronze Age4.

2 The silver proportion according to the total 3 See the complete bibliography on this argu 4 Schüle 1976; Ruiz-Gálvez 1992; Hernández weight of the item. The proportions of all ment by Mederos 1999 or Hernández Pérez Pérez 1997; Delibes/Abarquero 1997; Pingel other metals are related to the amount of 2oo5. 1992; Lucas 1998 etc. gold in the item.

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 The Treasures of Villena and Cabezo Redondo (Alicante, Spain) 7

500 diameter width weight

450

400

350

300

250 mm/gr

200

150

100

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Fig. 7 The bracelets of the treasure of Villena. Relationship between size and weight (the number corresponds to the J. M. Soler inventory number).

Abb. 7 Die Armringe des Schatzes von Villena. Verhältnis von Größe und Gewicht (die Zahlen entsprechen der Inventarnummer von J. M. Soler).

From our point of view, the connection between these Redondo is unquestionable because the discovery was three precious metals sets is clear and the chronology links made on one of its slopes, and there are a lot of similarities them to the Late Bronze Age. The Tesorillo and the Villena- between the items and some of the discoveries made in treasure are related based on the similarities between the more recent excavations. This link between Cabezo decoration of spikes on the bracelets discovered in the Redondo and the Villena-treasure makes it possible to es- Rambla del Panadero, and the fragment of the bracelet that tablish a calendar date for the latter and overcome the limi is part of the Tesorillo (Fig. 15). On the other hand, the con tations found in chronological phases based on material nection between the Tesorillo and the finds from Cabezo parallels.

Fig. 8 The golden and silver bottles of the treas ure of Villena. Relationship between mouth diameter, maximum diameter and height (h). 250 h body diam mouth diam Abb. 8 Die Gold- und Silberflaschen des Schatzes von Villena. Verhältnis von Mündungsdurch messer (mouth diam), maximalem Durchmesser (body diam) und Höhe (h). 200

150

100

0 mm 1 2 3 4 5

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 8 Mauro S. Hernández Pérez, Gabriel García Atiénzar and Virginia Barciela González

Fig. 9 Reconstruction proposals for the smaller pieces of the treasure of Villena. a scepter (Tar radell Mateu 1964); b hilt sword (Lucas Pellicer 1998).

Abb. 9 Rekonstruktionsvorschlag für die Klein- funde aus dem Schatz von Villena. a Zepter (Tar- radell Mateu 1964); b Schwertgriff (Lucas Pelli- cer 1998).

a b

We are aware that some of the arguments used to estab has been dated to around 1616–1281 cal BC (318o ± 7o BP; lish this connection may be considered weak, but other Beta-1814o5) based on carbonized cereal found next to it. arguments are even more difficult to sustain. Among the The decoration of hanging garlands seen in a vessel found first ones are the connections between the decorative syn in House XXV, dated to around 1631–1449 cal BC (327o ± tax of some well-dated ceramic vessels and the gold bowls 4o BP; Beta-195924) based on a cereal sample found in the (Fig. 16). The raised dots technique in the gold bowls does same level, has an even greater similarity to that seen in indeed remind of some of the ceramic vessels discovered many of the gold bowls. There is also a very similar decora in the village, both their morphology and the distribution tion in the ceramics found in Cogotas I, a culture that shares all over the surface. This is the case of the vessel with other decorative motifs with Cabezo Redondo (Abarquero pointy appliques (mamelones) found in House XX, which 2oo5).

a b

Dpto. XXX N

Dpto. XXVIII Dpto. XXIX

Dpto. XXVII Dpto. XXVI Dpto. XXV

Dpto. XIX

Dpto. XXI Dpto. XX Dpto. XVIII

open space

5 m

Fig. 1o Cabezo Redondo. a western slope; b eastern hillside; c plan of the archaeological site.

Abb. 1o Cabezo Redondo. a Westhang; b Osthang; c Plan der archäologischen Fundstelle.

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 The Treasures of Villena and Cabezo Redondo (Alicante, Spain) 9

1 2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10

1 cm

Fig. 11 Gold and silver items record in Cabezo Redondo.

Abb. 11 Gold- und Silberobjekte aus Cabezo Redondo.

Ceramic bottles have also been discovered in Cabezo and the nearby village located in the Sax castle hillside, also from the Late Bronze Age, even though the ceramic vessels have no ribs. Additionally, there are formal similarities between the ceramic bottles found in the phase 2b of the Cerro de la Encina site (Monachil, Granada) and the ones in the Villena-treasure (Molina 1978). A similar bottle is also known from a Late Bronze Age layer of Gatas (Turre, Almería) phase V (Castro et al. 1995, Fig. 4,1), which has been dated to around 155o–135o cal BC (Castro et al. 1995). The bottles of the Villena-treasure were also related with ceramic pieces of identical morphology which appeared in archaeological contexts linked to the second phase of the 2 cm southwest peninsular Bronze Age, especially with the bottle of Poio (Portimao, Algarve, Portugal; Schüle 1965). Fig. 12 Ribbon-like bracelet found in House XXVIII of Cabezo Redondo. It is not possible to say whether these ceramic items are Abb. 12 Bandförmiger Armring aus Haus XXVIII von Cabezo Redondo. local copies or reinterpretations of the vessels in the treas

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 10 Mauro S. Hernández Pérez, Gabriel García Atiénzar and Virginia Barciela González

1 cm

Fig. 13 Gold nails found in House XXVIII of Cabezo Redondo.

Abb. 13 Goldnägel aus Haus XXVIII von Cabezo Redondo.

Fig. 14 Analytic results of the bracelet found in the House XXVIII of Cabezo Redondo. 100 Abb. 14 Analyseergebnisse des Armringes aus analisis Au Haus XXVIII von Cabezo Redondo.

cps/eV 200 µm 40

Ag Au Ag Cu Sn Sn Cu 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 keV

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 The Treasures of Villena and Cabezo Redondo (Alicante, Spain) 11

ures or, on the contrary, as it has been suggested, the latter a b reproduce in gold some of these ceramic shapes. In our view, not being able to analyse the components of the ceramic, they meet the same criteria of exchange as the gold items. In fact, the well-known tutuli of the Tesorillo remind of those found in Cabezo, in the Late Bronze Age levels, and also to the one found in the 5th strata of Cuesta del Negro (Purullena, Granada), dating from the same period. Particu larly interesting in this context are the items discovered in Cabezo Redondo, which are considered to predate the ones in the Tesorillo due to their smaller size, though both have a hole at the smaller end. On the contrary, they have a differ ent shape and size than the cones found in the El Argar site Fig. 15 Detail of a bracelet of the Villena-treasure (a) and a bracelet frag of San Antón (Orihuela, Alicante), despite being usually ment of Tesorillo (b). associated with these. Differences in shape and size appear Abb. 15 Detail eines Armringes aus dem Schatz von Villena (a) und eines also with the silver and gold earrings found in Cabezo de Armringfragmentes des Tesorillo (b). la Escoba (Villena, Alicante), whose gold roll could be the precedent for the cones or tutuli from Cabezo (Hernández Pérez 1997). the Sagrajas-Berzocana type, while the bracelets are identi Based on the three hilts discovered and their extensive fied as part of the Villena-Estremoz type (Fig. 17). The trea connections with similar items in wider European contexts sure would be the result of many items gathered for years (especially Nordic and Central European), M. R. Lucas Pellicer which had lost their original social and symbolic value at a (1998, 189) suggests a time frame between the years specific point in time5, with the intention of turning these 125o–115o BC (not cal) for the Villena-treasure. In this regard, objects into raw material for the trading routes of the Final we would like to point out the link between the hilts found Bronze Age. in Villena, as well as other items in the Tesorillo and Cabezo The two iron objects6 in the Villena-treasure extended Redondo site, and the ones found in Abía de la Obispalía the chronology to the Iron Age (Almagro Gorbea 1986) and (Cuenca). The bracelets in Abía de la Obispalía have an evi connected it with the first Phoenician sea journeys. How dent resemblance with those in the treasure, as noted by ever, the presence of items made of iron would be typical Almagro Gorbea (1974, 49), as has the grooved collar with for both European and Mediterranean contexts from the some parts of the hilts identified by Lucas Pellicer in the 13th/12th centuries BC onwards (Lucas Pellicer 1998; Ruiz- treasure of Villena. Besides these similarities, we do also Gálvez 1992). want to highlight other connections that relate the site of We believe that the archaeological record of Cabezo Cuenca and Cabezo Redondo. First of all, the morphology of Redondo places the Villena-treasure in the Late Bronze Age, the closed and smooth ring found inside the cave of Abía de though it is possible that the whole group of items was la Obispalía matches that of the rings in the Tesorillo, and gathered for several generations starting at around 15oo the one found among the stones in one of the walls of House cal BC, which is the date when some of the first gold items XXI in Cabezo Redondo, which is assumed to have been de- from the site were made. They could have been hidden stroyed and abandoned between 153o–1258 cal BC (314o ± when the village was abandoned, around the first decades 6o BP; Beta-195927). On the other hand, the similarities of of the 13rd century cal BC according to radiocarbon dating the tacks discovered in different domestic contexts in (Fig. 18). The abandonment date is confirmed by the fact Cabezo Redondo and the ones in the treasure of Abía de la that there are no materials typical of the Final Bronze Age. Obispalía are extremely interesting. Both have small hemis pherical caps with a diameter of about 15 mm and a tiny square nail. Meaning According to B. Ambruster and A. Perea (1994), the tech nology used for manufacturing the bracelets (of the Villena- From the very day of the discovery, there has been an in- Estremoz type) and the technical and chronological devel depth debate regarding the origin and meaning of the treas opment of precious metalwork in the Iberian Peninsula ure of Villena. Some people consider it as a religious offer (Ambruster/Perea 1994, Fig. 8), would suggest that the Vil ing or a symbolic way of marking territory, while other lena-treasure was hidden or deposited within the first cen scholars believe it was provisionally hidden at a time of turies of the first millennium BC. These researchers believe danger. that the treasure is not a homogeneous set, because it com In any case, the outstanding amount of gold discovered bines two different types of precious metalwork typical of in the surroundings of Villena – almost 1o kg of gold com the Bronze Age in the Peninsula. The bowls are associated to pared with the little more than 4oo g found in the southeast

5 For these researchers, the fact that the brace this would extend this hypothesis to all other 6 It is important to note that we cannot strictly lets from Villena have a deliberate cut sug items in the set. However, other writers sug refer to an iron industry, but to ironworking. gests a form of symbolic destruction, and gest that the cuts could be connected with the Its origin and the technology used is yet to would require them to be interpreted as need to gradually open them up so that they be established. objects that have already lost their value; could fit for all life stages (Mederos 1999, 118).

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 12 Mauro S. Hernández Pérez, Gabriel García Atiénzar and Virginia Barciela González

Fig. 16 Comparative syntax of decorative bowls of the Villena-treasure and some ceramic vessels found in the Cabezo Redondo.

Abb. 16 Vergleich der verzierten Schalen des Schatzes von Villena mit Keramikgefäßen aus Cabezo Redondo.

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 The Treasures of Villena and Cabezo Redondo (Alicante, Spain) 13

ern Peninsula belonging to the El Argar culture, 22oo– 155o cal BC – has to be placed in the historical context of the time in order to be understood. In the Late Bronze Age, when the El Argar culture collapsed, important social changes took place in the Vinalopó and, especially, Villena regions. Especially notable is the synoecism process around Cabezo Redondo, which happened at the same time when more than 2o small settlements were abandoned (Jover et al. 1995). From that moment onwards, Cabezo Redondo turned into a proto-urban settlement comprising large domestic compounds, and areas for specialised activities such as metal working inside some buildings. Within House XXI in particular metalworking tools such as moulds, anvil stones or hammers were discovered, together with ivory or textile fibers. A special feature that breaks with previous tradi tions is the presence of graves inside the village, both under the floor of the houses and in small natural caves in the same hillock, some of them with gold and silver ornaments that remind of those in the Tesorillo. These ornaments not only appear in funerary contexts, but have also been docu Fig. 17 Bracelet of Estremoz (Portugal). mented in inhabitated areas, where they must be inter Abb. 17 Armring aus Estremoz (Portugal). preted as disused or abandoned objects after the destruc tion of those spaces. The successful development of Cabezo can be explained by the rich wildlife (von den Driesch/Boesneck 1969) and houses, a fact that makes it hard to establish the exact mo- natural salt resources (García Martínez 1969), its proximity ment in time since there are no valid organic samples for to lakes, and the strategic location on a very popular prehis radiocarbon dating. Up to now, the most recent dating for the toric crossroad. Some researchers want to see the treasure as village corresponds to the penultimate occupation period the reflection of a political leader with a gold scepter (Tarra of House XXIX, which dates to around 141o–1257 cal BC dell Mateu 1964), though we think the smaller pieces could (3o6o ± 3o BP; Beta-361367). After this date, this house and belong to the guard of a certain weapon. These would, how probably many more on the site should have still been used ever, be pieces that state a clear social status, as do the until the final abandonment. However, no items from the 28 bracelets. In this sense, the close connection between Final Bronze Age have been discovered, which suggests that some of the bracelets in the Villena-treasure and other ones nobody lived in the settlement at around 12oo cal BC. found in Portugal (Estremoz-Villena type) have lead to inter The reasons that led to the abandonment are still a mys pret these materials as dowries, keys to maintain the tery, though it is likely that there was a change in the com exchange and alliance network with other groups in the Ibe mercial routes after the 13th century cal BC. Also, new vil rian Peninsula (Ruiz-Galvez 1992). lages appeared by the Vinalopó and Segura river mouths, On the other hand, the gold and silver tableware should which became established after the 11th and 1oth centuries be linked to social feasting rituals. Classical sources, espe cal BC and turned into the new social power centres, a power cially Homer's epic poem, describe the use of containers by now based on the links between the Mediterranean and the people with a high reputation in social events. Ritual drink Atlantic (Ruiz-Gálvez 2oo1). In this regard, the fact that the ing has been stated in the Peninsula since the Bell Beaker Villena-treasure was hidden, as pointed out by M. R. Lucas (Rojo et al. 2oo6) and El Argar (Aranda/Esquivel 2oo6) cul Pellicer (1988, 191), has much to do with the need to hide the tures. Perhaps the control of the roads and exchange routes, material and technical value of the items and, with them, which had necessarily to cross the area, together with the also the social status of the owners who, perhaps, thought economic opportunities of stockbreeding, resulted in a status- they would be able to restore their status in the future, which based society led by some sort of hereditary leadership that never happened. gathered a great amount of gold through generations. This gold came in the form of items that displayed the high social status, like the bracelets and decorated weapons, and the Acknowledgment tableware for the ritual reinforcement of social relationships. All these objects did eventually lose their value when the This work is part of the project »III–II millennium cal BC: social power collapsed. Cabezo Redondo, and almost the settlement, ritual and social change among the basins of the entire region, was gradually abandoned between the years rivers Júcar and Segura (HAR2o12–3771o)« financed by the 13oo and 12oo cal BC. In the final final occupation phase plan I+D+i of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness there is no evidence of a fire or any sort of destruction in the of the Government of Spain.

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 14 Mauro S. Hernández Pérez, Gabriel García Atiénzar and Virginia Barciela González

OxCal v4.2.3 Bronk Ramsey (2013); r:5 IntCal13 atmospheric curve (Reimer et al 2013)

H-22771

Beta-1814061

Beta-1959283

Beta-1959291

Beta-1814031

Beta-1890031

Beta-2920332

Beta-2770692

Beta-3613682

GrN-51091

Beta-3747942

Beta-3276574

Beta-1890043

Beta-1959242

Beta-2770672

Beta-3276592

Beta-1959251

Beta-2770682

Beta-3747932

Beta-3276562

Beta-1814052

Beta-3325822

Beta-3276582

Beta-1959271

Beta-3325812

Beta-1814012

Beta-1814022

Beta-1959261

Beta-1814041

Beta-3613672

2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000

Calibrated date (calBC)

Fig. 18 Radiocarbon dates obtained from the Cabezo Redondo. Abb. 18 14C-Datierungen aus Cabezo Redondo. 1 Holzkohle; 2 Samen; 1 Charcoal; 2 Seeds; 3 Human bone; 4 Faunal bone. 3 menschlicher Knochen; 4 Tierknochen.

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014 The Treasures of Villena and Cabezo Redondo (Alicante, Spain) 15

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Source of figures

1–2 authors 9 a based on Tarradell 1964, 7 with 15 courtesy of the Archaeological 3 courtesy of the Archaeological additions; b based on Lucas Pelli Museum of Villena and authors Museum of Villena cer 1998, 174 Fig. 6 with additions 16 authors 4 authors 1o–13 authors 17 courtesy of the National Archaeo 5 courtesy of the Archaeological 14 authors and Instituto Valenciano logical Museum of Spain Museum of Villena de Conservación y Restauración 18 authors 6–8 authors de Bienes Culturales

Addresses

Prof. Dr. Mauro S. Hernández Pérez Dr. Gabriel García Atiénzar Virginia Barciela González Universidad de Alicante Universidad de Alicante Universidad de Alicante Ap. de Correos, 99 Ap. de Correos, 99 Ap. de Correos, 99 E-o3o8o, Alicante E-o3o8o, Alicante E-o3o8o, Alicante [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle • Band 12 • 2014