DOCSLIB.ORG

Bonner Bridge Replacement Update

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bonner Bridge Replacement Update Outer Banks Bridges Update: Outer Banks Chamber of Commerce Economic Summit Jerry D. Jennings, PE - Division Engineer April 12, 2018 Mid-Currituck Bridge Currituck Sound (Wright Memorial Bridge) Alligator River (Lindsay C. Warren Bridge) Oregon Inlet (Herbert C. Bonner Bridge) Pea Island (Captain Richard Etheridge Bridge) Rodanthe Bridge 2 Alligator River Bridge 3 Alligator River Bridge • Preservation project • Mechanical/electrical rehab of swing span • Concrete and pile repairs • Contract awarded to Flatiron Constructors • Contract amount of $16,676,729 • Contract completion September 17, 2019 4 Wright Memorial Bridge 5 Wright Memorial Bridge • Preservation project of Eastbound Bridge • Deck overlay, concrete and pile repairs • Contract awarded to Flatiron Constructors • Contract amount is $21,072,992 • Bridge scheduled to reopen by May 14, 2018 • Contract completion November 1, 2019 6 Mid-Currituck Bridge 7 Mid-Currituck Bridge Ongoing Activities • Interagency coordination meeting held in March • Completing Reevaluation Report with FHWA • Continuing traffic and revenue studies • Traffic and revenue studies will be used to develop Plan of Finance • Plan of Finance will inform project delivery (construction contract) 8 Mid-Currituck Bridge Current Schedule • Draft EIS Completed • Final EIS Completed • Reevaluation April 2018 • Record of Decision Spring/Summer 2018 • Begin Construction To be determined • Open to Traffic To be determined *Schedule is preliminary and subject to change 9 Rodanthe Bridge • Historical “hot spot” • Breach formed during Hurricane Irene in August 2011 • Further damage from Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 • Beach nourishment completed September 2014 as an interim approach • Extensive over wash during recent nor’easters 10 Rodanthe Bridge 11 Rodanthe Bridge • Planning for long term solution has been underway for several years • Record of Decision approved in December 2015 • Includes 2.4 mile long “jug handle” design 12 Rodanthe Bridge 13 Rodanthe Bridge • Design-build contract awarded to Flatiron Constructors in January 2017 • RK&K is the lead design firm • Contract amount of $145 million • Design and permitting underway • Right of way acquisition underway • Onsite construction to begin Summer 2018 • Completion in 2020 14 Rodanthe Bridge 15 Pea Island Bridge • Historical area of “New Inlet” • Breach formed during Hurricane Irene in August 2011 • 660 ft. temporary steel bridge constructed • Planning underway for longer term solution 16 Pea Island Bridge 17 Pea Island Bridge • Contract awarded to T. A. Loving Co. in November 2015 • Contract amount of $14.3 million • Includes 1/2 mile long concrete structure • Onsite construction began in March 2016 18 Pea Island Bridge 19 Pea Island Bridge 20 Pea Island Bridge • Opened to Traffic Nov. 14, 2017 • Named “Captain Richard Etheridge Bridge” 21 Pea Island Bridge 22 Bonner Bridge Replacement 23 Bonner Bridge Replacement • Existing Bonner Bridge opened in 1963 • Planning began for replacement in 1990 • Settlement agreement reached to replace bridge in 2015 • Construction began in March 2016 24 Bonner Bridge Replacement • Prime contractor is PCL Civil Constructors, Inc. • HDR Engineering, Inc. is the lead design firm • Contract amount of about $250 million 25 Bonner Bridge Replacement Old New Bridge length (miles) 2.4 2.8 Number of bents 207 83 Number of navigation spans 1 9 Navigation opening width (feet) 130 300+/- Design lifespan (years) 30 100 26 Bonner Bridge Replacement • Many precast concrete elements used • Stainless reinforcing steel and high durability concrete used to protect against corrosion • 6,300 ft. work trestle used on north end • Bridge demolition material to be placed in offshore reef sites • Portion of existing bridge to be retained at south end 27 Bonner Bridge Replacement 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 ~80 ~70 ft. ft. ~300 ft. 44 45 46 47 48 Bonner Bridge Replacement • Status – Contract completion is about 79% (includes design, mobilization, materials fabrication) – Onsite construction is about 68% complete – Multiple operations ongoing concurrently – 24 hours/day for some activities • Scheduled bridge opening late 2018 • Contract completion Fall 2019 49 Questions? Jerry D. Jennings, PE Division Engineer (252) 482-1850 [email protected] 50.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Capt Marty's Outer Banks Fishing Guide
    2008 TIDE CHART & FISHING REGULATIONS OUTEROUTER BANKSBANKS FFISHINGISHING GUIDEGUIDE Presented by your friends: Cover Photo Credit © Jenny Lippincott Regardless of the mood you’re trying to create in your home, you’ll find the perfect colors at Ace. From clean crisp whites to rich robust deep tones, you’re certain to find just the right Colors for Your Life. Colors for Your Life ™ Your Personality.Your Style.Your Color. casual modern timeless STOP IN AND SEE US! Manteo • Elizabeth City • Avon Corolla • Nags Head • Kitty Hawk WELCOME TO OUR SECOND ANNUAL FISHING GUIDE Welcome to the Outer Banks first vacation guide totally devoted to fishing! The idea of this guide has been kicking around in my head for a few years now. Capt. Marty and I have talked about it off and on too and we both saw the need for this type of publication. Our great staff at Max Radio of the Carolinas got busy putting the word out about the possibility of this guide and the response was overwhelming. It seems many others saw the need for such a guide and all agreed that Capt. Marty was the perfect man for the job. This is one guide that is great for both vacationers and locals. So many people come to the Outer Banks to fish. But many others are drawn to fishing after they get here and see how much fun everyone is having. Whether you fish the surf, the sound, from the pier, in-shore, near-shore or off-shore, I hope you find the Capt. Marty’s Fishing guide useful and enjoyable.
    [Show full text]
  • Road Index Books
    1 2 DUCK 3 Dare County 4 SOUTHERN SHORES MARTINS 5 6 POINT 7 8 9 10 KITTY HAWK 11 KILL DEVIL HILLS 14 12 13 COLINGTON 15 16 45 MASHOES 17 NAGS HEAD 23 24 25 18 42 MANNS 26 28 19 20 HARBOR 43 27 46 MANTEO 21 EAST LAKE 29 30 22 WANCHESE STUMPY POINT 44 RODANTHE 31 WAVES 32 SALVO 33 34 AVON 35 FRISCO 38 37 36 BUXTON HATTERAS 39 ROAD INDEX $ 40 41 N BAUM TRL S BAUM TRL DUCK RD - NC 12 A B STATIONBAY DRIVE MARTIN LANE VIREO WAY QUAIL WAY GANNET WAXWING LANE LANE WAXWING GANNET COVE COURT HERON LN BLUE RUDDY DUCK LN PELICAN WAY TERNLN ROYAL LANE BUNTING SHEARWATER WAY BUNTING BUNTINGLN WAY C D SKIMMER WAY WAY SKIMMER OYSTER CATCHER LN SANDPIPERCOVE OCEAN PINES DRIVE FLIGHT DR OCEAN BAY BLVD CLAY ST ACORN OAK AVE SOUND SEA AVE MAPLE WILLOW DRIVE ELM DRIVE CYPRESS DRIVE DRIVE CEDAR DRIVE HILLSIDE COURT CARROL DR - SR 1408 ° Duck 1 CYPRESS CEDAR DRIVE WILLOW DRIVE DRIVE MAPLE DRIVE CARROL DR - SR 1408 CAFFEYS HILLSIDE COURT COURT SEA TERN DRIVE QUARTERDECK DRIVE TRINITIE DR MALLARD DRIVE COURT RENE DIANNE ST FRAZIER COURT A OLD SQUAW DRIVE SR 1474 BUFFELL HEAD RD - SR 1473 SPRIGTAIL DRIVE SR 1475 CANVAS BACK DRIVE SR 1476 WOOD DUCK DRIVE SR 1477 PINTAIL DRIVE SR 1478 WIDGEON DR - SR 1479 BALDPATE DRIVE WHISTLING B SWAN DR N SNOW GEESE DR S SNOW GEESE DR SPYGLASS ROAD SANDCASTLE SPINDRIFTLANE COURT COURT PUFFER NOR BANKS DR SAILFISH SNIPE CT COURT WINDSURFER COURT SUNFISH COURT DUCK ROAD - NC 12 C § DUCK VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT D SANDY RIDGE ROAD 2 TOPSAIL COURT SPINNAKER MAINSAILCOURT COURT FORESAIL COURT WATCHSHIPS DR BARRIER ISLAND STATION Duck
    [Show full text]
  • State Historic Preservation Office Peter B
    North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources State Historic Preservation Office Peter B. Sandbeck, Administrator Beverly Eaves Perdue, Governor Office of Archives and History Linda A. Carlisle, Secretary Division of Historical Resources Jeffrey J. Crow, Deputy Secretary David Brook, Director March 20, 2009 MEMORANDUM To: Mary Pope Furr Historic Architecture Group, HEU, PDEA NC Department of Transportation From: Peter Sandbeck Re: Mid-Cm-rituck Bridge Project, R-2576, Currituck and Dare Counties, CH 94-0809 We are in receipt of the March 11, 2009, letter from Courtney Foley, transmitting her Historic Architectural Resources Survey Report Addendum for the above referenced undertaking. Having reviewed the addendum, we offer the following comments. As noted in the report, the State Historic Preservation Office concurred on April 30, 2008 that the following properties are listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Girrituck Beach Light Station (CK1 — NR) Whalehead Club (CK5 — NR) Corolla Historic District (CK97 — DOE) Ellie and Blanton Saunders Decoy Workshop (CK99 — DOE) Dr. W. T. Griggs House (CK 103 — DOE) Currituck Sound Rural Historic District (DOE) Cle-01 09- Daniel Saunders House (DOE) (2,140 101 Samuel McHorney House (DOE) G4-00111 Coinjock Colored School (DOE) Oy_011,, On June 2, 2008, after further discussion with your staff, we also concurred that the Center Chapel A_ME Zion Church is eligible for the National Register. We also concur that the five properties in the subject addendum are eligible for listing in the National Register. They are: (Former) Grandy School (CK 40 — NR 1998) Jarvisburg Colored School (CK 55 — SL 1999) Dexter W.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon Inlet Opened in 1846 As Water Rushed from the Sound to the Ocean
    Oregon Inlet opened in 1846, when a big hurricane along the Outer Banks caused water to rush from the sound to the ocean. Since that time, the inlet has migrated steadily south at a rate of around 100 feet per year. A good measure of the inlet’s journey is the Bodie Island Lighthouse, which once stood at the margin of the inlet but is now 3 miles away. In 1962, the Bonner Bridge replaced the ferry that shuttled people and cars across Oregon Inlet. Construction of the bridge, with its high fixed-span, instantly stopped the long history if inlet migration. But sand continued to pour into the inlet from the north, the driving force behind the inlet’s southerly migration, creating ever-expanding navigation and dredging problems. After 40 years, the Bonner Bridge is rapidly deteriorating and two possible replacement alternatives are being evaluated: A bridge immediately parallel to the current bridge and a 17 mile-long bridge that would extend into Pamlico Sound, run along the backside of Pea Island and connect to Hatters Island at Rodanthe. The initial cost of constructing the Pamlico Sound Bridge is much higher than that of the Parallel Bridge. But the overall long-term costs of a Parallel Bridge greatly exceed those of the Pamlico Sound Bridge. This is because the Parallel Bridge requires the continued protection and maintenance of State Highway 12 on Pea Island. Over time, as the shoreline erodes back in response to a rising sea level, the cost of stabilizing Pea Island will become higher. Construction impacts to wetlands and sea grass beds are essentially the same for each bridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Wings-News from the Coastal North Carolina National Wildlife Refuge
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service News from the Coastal North Carolina National February 2020 Wildlife Refuges Complex Volume XXIII Alligator River, Pea Island, Pocosin Lakes, No. 1 Roanoke River, Mackay Island, Currituck, Mattamuskeet, Swanquarter and Cedar Island Saying Goodbye to Miss Cindy At her retirement party The refuge bought a tram in August 2019, friends during Cindy’s tenure. She and co-workers of Visitor developed a tram tour for Alligator Services Specialist Cindy River that has been offered Heffley, celebrated her 20 weekly during the summer and years of service with the monthly during U.S. Fish and Wildlife the rest of the year. The refuge Service, 11 of those years also built the Gateway Visitor on the refuges in North Center and Cindy developed Carolina. a preschool program that she conducted every Friday and other programs for visiting children. Both the tram tour and visitor center programs USFWS not only educated, but attracted new audiences to the refuges. Cindy was an excellent trainer, mentor, and supervisor to the interns that work on the refuge every summer. She Inside this Issue: organized the tours and programs that they led and monitored their progress as Pea Island Refuge Biology Notes ............2 they became proficient. Volunteer Neal Moore ................................2 She’s always been willing to assist all of the refuges in the area as they developed Bio Intern Elizabeth Piña .........................2 their own programs. Her dedication USFWS and enthusiasm towards her work has Education/Red Wolf Interns .....................3 Cindy arrived at a momentous time in inspired everyone with whom she worked.
    [Show full text]
  • BUILDING Bridges to a Better Economy Viewfinder Ll 2007 Fa Eastthe Magazine of East Carolina University
    2007 LL fa EastThe Magazine of easT Carolina UniversiTy BUILDING BrIDGes to a better economy vIewfINDer 2007 LL fa EastThe Magazine of easT Carolina UniversiTy 12 feaTUres BUilDing BriDges 12 Creating more jobs is the core of the university’s newBy Steve focus Tuttle on economic development. From planning a new bridge to the Outer Banks to striking new partnerships with relocating companies, ECU is helping the region traverse troubled waters. TUrning The PAGE 18 Shirley Carraway ’75 ’85 ’00 rose steadily in her careerBy Suzanne in education Wood from teacher to principal to superintendent. “I’ve probably changed my job every four or five years,” she says. 18 22 “I’m one of those people who like a challenge.” TeaChing sTUDenTs To SERVE 22 Professor Reginald Watson ’91 is determined toBy walkLeanne the E. walk,Smith not just talk the talk, about the importance of faculty and students connecting with the community. “We need to keep our feet in the world outside this campus,” he says. FAMILY feUD 26 As another football game with N.C. State ominouslyBy Bethany Bradsher approaches, Skip Holtz is downplaying the importance of the contest. And just as predictably, most East Carolina fans are ignoring him. DeParTMeNTs froM oUr reaDers 3 The eCU rePorT 4 26 FALL arTs CalenDar 10 BookworMs PiraTe naTion Dowdy student stores stocks books 34 for about 3,500 different courses and expects to move about one million textbooks into the hands of students during the hectic first CLASS noTes weeks of fall semester. Jennifer Coggins and Dwayne 37 Murphy are among several students who worked this summer unpacking and cataloging thousands of boxes of new books.
    [Show full text]
  • 136-89.182. North Carolina Turnpike Authority. (A) Creation. – There Is Created a Body Politic and Corporate to Be Known As the "North Carolina Turnpike Authority"
    Article 6H. Public Toll Roads and Bridges. Part 1. Turnpike Authority and Bridges. § 136-89.180. Legislative findings. The General Assembly finds that the existing State road system is becoming increasingly congested and overburdened with traffic in many areas of the State; that the sharp surge of vehicle miles traveled is overwhelming the State's ability to build and pay for adequate road improvements; and that an adequate answer to this challenge will require the State to be innovative and utilize several new approaches to transportation improvements in North Carolina. Toll funding of highway and bridge construction is feasible in North Carolina and can contribute to addressing the critical transportation needs of the State. A toll program can speed the implementation of needed transportation improvements by funding some projects with tolls. (2002-133, s. 1.) § 136-89.181. Definitions. The following definitions apply to this Article: (1) Department. – The North Carolina Department of Transportation. (2) Turnpike Authority. – The public agency created by this Article. (3) Authority Board. – The governing board of the Turnpike Authority. (4) Turnpike project. – Either of the following: a. A road, bridge, or tunnel project planned, or planned and constructed, in accordance with the provisions of this Article. b. A segment of the State highway system the Authority Board converts to a tolled highway pursuant to the authorization in G.S. 136-89.187. (5) Turnpike system. – All Turnpike projects. (2002-133, s. 1; 2008-225, s. 3.) § 136-89.182. North Carolina Turnpike Authority. (a) Creation. – There is created a body politic and corporate to be known as the "North Carolina Turnpike Authority".
    [Show full text]
  • Cape Fear Sail & Power Squadron
    Cape Fear Sail & Power Squadron We are America’s Boating Club® NORTH CAROLINA OCEAN INLETS Listed in order of location north to south Oregon Inlet Outer Banks. Northern-most ocean inlet in NC. Located at the north end of New Topsail Inlet Near ICW Mile 270. As of July Hatteras Island. Provides access to Pamlico Sound. 7, ’20, the inlet was routinely passable by medium Federally maintained.* See Corps of Engineers and small vessels at higher states of the tide. survey1 However, buoys were removed in 2017 due to shoaling, so the channel is currently unmarked. See Hatteras Inlet Outer Banks. Located between Corps of Engineers survey Hatteras and Ocracoke Islands. Provides access to Pamlico Sound. Once inside the inlet itself, the Little Topsail Inlet Located ½ N.M. SW of New passage of a lengthy inshore channel is required to Topsail Inlet. Not normally passable and does not access the harbor or navigable portions of Pamlico currently connect to navigable channels inshore. Sound. Rich Inlet Located between Topsail and Figure 8 Ocracoke Inlet Outer Banks. Located at S end Islands near ICW Mile 275. of Ocracoke Is. Provides access to Pamlico Sound. Once inside the inlet itself, the passage of a shifting Mason Inlet Located between Figure 8 Island and inshore channel named Teaches Hole is required to Wrightsville Beach island near ICW Mile 280. access the harbor or navigable portions of Pamlico Dredged in 2019 but not buoyed as of July 31, ’20. Sound. Buoyed & lighted as of June 29, ’19. See Corps of Engineers surveys1 (for the inlet) and (for Masonboro Inlet Located between Wrightsville Teaches Hole).
    [Show full text]
  • Historic and Architectural Resources of Currituck County 1790-1958
    NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Historic and Architectural Resources of Currituck County, 1790-1958 Section __E___ Page __1 =================================================================================== Introduction “When Nature came to design the topography of eastern North Carolina,” wrote North Carolina historian Charles Christopher Crittenden in 1936, “she almost persuaded herself to create a great maritime center.”1 The interplay between water and land in Currituck is key to understanding the history and evolution of the county. Although one of the oldest in the state of North Carolina, the county has also been one of the most overlooked. Piecing together the history of the county is difficult. Many of the records pertaining to the early history of Currituck have been lost or destroyed. A courthouse fire in 1842, for example, destroyed a substantial body of records, including marriage records. As a consequence, much of the county’s past lives on as oral history; written accounts tend to be either personal reminiscences or a recounting of events that have been passed orally through the different generations of a family. The history of the county remains to be written. A Geographical Overview of the County The most northeasterly of the one hundred North Carolina counties, Currituck is a peninsula: the land is long and narrow, low and even. The county consists of a mainland 1 Charles Christoper Crittenden, The Commerce of North Carolina 1763-1789. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1936, p. 8. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing the Outer Banks: Land Use, Management, and Meaning in the Creation of an American Place
    ABSTRACT LEE, GABRIEL FRANCIS. Constructing the Outer Banks: Land Use, Management, and Meaning in the Creation of an American Place. (Under the direction of Matthew Morse Booker.) This thesis is an environmental history of the North Carolina Outer Banks that combines cultural history, political economy, and conservation science and policy to explain the entanglement of constructions, uses, and claims over the land that created by the late 20th century a complex, contested, and national place. It is in many ways a synthesis of the multiple disparate stories that have been told about the Outer Banks—narratives of triumph or of decline, vast potential or strict limitations—and how those stories led to certain relationships with the landscape. At the center of this history is a declension narrative that conservation managers developed in the early 20th century. Arguing that the landscape that they saw, one of vast sand-swept and barren stretches of island with occasional forests, had formerly been largely covered in trees, conservationists proposed a large-scale reclamation project to reforest the barrier coast and to establish a regulated and sustainable timber industry. That historical argument aligned with an assumption among scientists that barrier islands were fundamentally stable landscapes, that building dunes along the shore to generate new forests would also prevent beach erosion. When that restoration project, first proposed in 1907, was realized under the New Deal in the 1930s, it was followed by the establishment of the first National Seashore Park at Cape Hatteras in 1953, consisting of the outermost islands in the barrier chain. The idea of stability and dune maintenance continued to frame all landscape management and development policies throughout the first two decades after the Park’s creation.
    [Show full text]
  • Photos of the Week
    March 29, 2019 | Issue 21 Facebook | Instagram | Twitter ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Photos of the Week History Bodie Island Lighthouse history Thanks to early notification from visitors and support from the Buxton and Frisco Volunteer Fire Departments, a 5.18 acre wildfire was safely extinguished along Inside Road in Frisco. An investigation into the wildfire continues. [Press Release] ​ ​ ​ Cape Hatteras Lighthouse history Ocracoke Lighthouse History Jake's Surf Fishing Taxi on Ocracoke Island, 1952. Seashore Updates Quick Links ● Visitors can sign up for ocean safety text messages by texting “Join Recreational Activities OBXBeachConditions” to 30890. Once daily rip current forecasts are available ● Beach Driving again, they will be posted to the park’s Facebook page and beach access page. ​ ​ ​ ​ ● Camping ● Superintendent Hallac will provide brief remarks at next Tuesday’s Marc ● Fishing Basnight Bridge ribbon cutting ceremony. The ribbon cutting event will start at ● Hiking 2:00 pm at the south end of the Oregon Inlet Fishing Center (8770 Oregon Inlet ● Lighthouse ​ ​ Rd, Nags Head). Climbing ● Nature Viewing ● On the morning of Sunday, March 24, Seashore staff discovered damage to ● Swimming multiple signs along NC-12 near the Sandy Bay Day Use Area (between Frisco ● Waterfowl and Hatteras). Damaged signs included a North Carolina Department of Hunting Transportation speed limit sign, a National Park Service (NPS) Sandy Bay ● Watersports parking area sign, and multiple NPS resource protection signs. [More info and ​ photos] Safety ​ Maps Upcoming Events NC Ferry Schedule ● Opening Day of Camping Season ○ Date: Apr 12 Commercial Services ○ Location: Oregon Inlet, Cape Point, Frisco, and Ocracoke Campgrounds ○ Description: The park’s four campgrounds open for the 2019 camping Volunteer season.
    [Show full text]
  • Dare County Survey Charts and Graphs
    Dare County Comprehensive TTTransportationTransportation Plan Survey Results March 2012 Question 1 What is your primary mode of transportation? (Select ononlyly one.) Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Drive yourself in a motor vehicle 84.5% 1662 Ride with others in a private motor vehicle 9.7% 190 Scooter 0.4% 8 Walk 1.8% 36 Bicycle 3.6% 70 Take a cab or taxi service 0.2% 3 Dare County Transportation Service 2.2% 43 Other. (Please specify): 0.2% 4 answered question 1967 skipped question 252525 What is your primary mode of transportation? (Select only one.) Other. (Please specify): 0.2% Dare County Transportation Service 2.2% Take a cab or taxi service 0.2% Bicycle 3.6% Walk 1.8% Scooter 0.4% Ride with others in a private motor… 9.7% Drive yourself in a motor vehicle 84.5% 0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 75.0% 100.0% 2 Question 2 How important are the following transportation goals to you? Very Not Response Answer Options Important Rating Average Important Important Count Service to the elderly and 962 776 184 1.60 1922 disabled Alternative public transportation 627 811 449 1.91 1887 services Increased bicycle routes 822 666 403 1.78 1891 Evacuation routes 1095 648 150 1.50 1893 Economic growth 858 758 234 1.66 1850 Community preservation 1094 706 110 1.48 1910 Increased pedestrian routes 901 722 259 1.66 1882 Reduced traffic congestion 1054 690 168 1.54 1912 Reduced travel time 745 731 385 1.81 1861 Maintain ferry service 944 712 239 1.63 1895 answered 1979 question skipped question 131313 How important are the following transportation
    [Show full text]