Publication 840 Crop Protection Guide For Nursery and Landscape Plants 2021
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Discard old editions of this publication. Each year a Examples of when you must use a supplemental/amended technical committee comprised of representatives from label include: provincial government, industry, academia and grower • Emergency Use Registration organizations reviews the pesticides listed in the publication. • Minor Use Label Expansion To the best knowledge of the committee, at the time of publishing, the pesticide products listed in this publication You can obtain a copy of a supplemental amended label from were federally registered. the pesticide manufacturer or pesticide vendor, the grower association that sponsored the emergency registration or The information in this publication is general information minor use, from OMAFRA crop specialists or PMRA’s Pest only. The Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Management Information Service. Affairs (OMAFRA) does not offer any warranty or guarantee, nor does it assume any liability for any crop loss, animal loss, For more information on the federal registration status, check health, safety or environmental hazard caused by the use of a the PMRA website at www.healthcanada.gc.ca/pmra or call pesticide mentioned in this publication. 1-800-267-6315. This publication lists a number of brand names of pesticides. It is neither an endorsement of the product nor a suggestion that REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN ONTARIO similar products are ineffective. The Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP) is responsible for regulating pesticide sale, use, THE PESTICIDE LABEL transportation, storage and disposal in Ontario. Consult each product label before you use a pesticide. Ontario regulates pesticides by placing appropriate education, The label provides specific information on how to use the licensing and/or permit requirements on their use, under the product safely, hazards, restrictions on use, compatibility with Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09. other products, the effect of environmental conditions, etc. All pesticides must be used in accordance with requirements under the Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09, which are The pesticide product label is a legal available on the e-laws website at ontario.ca/laws or by calling document. Follow all label instructions. the ServiceOntario Publications Toll-Free number: 1-800-668-9938 or 416-326-5300.
CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDE PRODUCTS As of May 1, 2020, Ontario’s pesticides classes have been The Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Health aligned with the federal government’s pesticide categories Canada registers pesticide products for use in Canada to remove duplication and reduce complexity for the sale following an evaluation of scientific data to ensure that the and use of pesticides in Ontario, while ensuring continued product has value, and the human health and environmental protection of human health and the environment. MECP risks associated with its proposed use are acceptable. automatically classifies pesticides in Ontario as Class A, B, C, 1. Full Registration D or E. The Ontario pesticide classification system provides Pesticide registrations are normally granted for a period of the basis for regulating the distribution, availability and use 5 years, subject to renewal. of pesticide products in Ontario. For more information on the classification of pesticides, visit the MECP website at 2. Emergency Registration ontario.ca/pesticides. An emergency registration is a temporary, time-limited registration of no more than 1 year, approved to deal with serious pest outbreaks. An emergency is generally CERTIFICATION AND LICENSING deemed to exist when both of the following criteria are met: Growers and Their Assistants A. An unexpected and unmanageable pest outbreak or For information about farmer training and certification pest situation occurs that can cause significant health, requirements, visit the MECP website at ontario.ca/pesticides environmental or economic problems; and and for information on courses check the Ontario Pesticide B. Registered pesticides and cultural control methods or Education Program website at www.opep.ca or call practices are insufficient to address the pest outbreak. 1-800-652-8573. Pesticide Commercial Applicators (Exterminators) and MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS Their Assisting Technicians For more information about exterminator licensing and The PMRA has established maximum residue limits technician training, visit: (MRLs) for pesticides. An MRL is the maximum amount of • the Ontario Pesticide Training and Certification website at pesticide residue that may remain on food after a pesticide www.ontariopesticide.com or call 1-888-620-9999 or is applied as per label directions and which can safely 519-674-1575 be consumed. Processors or retailers may demand more restrictive limits. Growers should seek advice of their intended • the Pesticide Industry Council’s Pesticide Technician market to determine if more restrictive limitations apply. Keep Program website at www.horttrades.com/pesticide-technician accurate and up-to-date records on pesticide use in each crop. or call 1-800-265-5656 or email [email protected] • the Pesticide Industry Regulatory Council (PIRC) at SUPPLEMENTAL/AMENDED LABELS www.oipma.ca. Supplemental/amended labels provide label directions for new approved uses for a registered pesticide that do not appear Cette publication est aussi disponible en français. on the current label. These label directions MUST be followed when using the pesticide for these purposes. Publication 840 Crop Protection Guide For Nursery and Landscape Plants 2021
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Acknowledgements The information contained in this publication is supplied by Crop Specialists of OMAFRA’s Agriculture Development Branch.
OMAFRA Publication 840, Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2021 and Publication 841, Guide to Nursery and Landscape Plant Production and IPM, together replace OMAFRA Publication 383, Nursery and Landscape Plant Production and IPM.
OMAFRA Publication 840 contains information about pesticide products that have been registered as of December 31, 2020, on outdoor ornamentals.
OMAFRA Publication 840 is a companion to OMAFRA Publication 841, Guide to Nursery and Landscape Plant Production and IPM. Publication 841 contains more comprehensive information on pest management, nutrition and water quality and includes colour photos for many common pests.
Need technical or business information? Contact the Agricultural Information Contact Centre at 1-877-424-1300 or [email protected]
If you are looking for nursery and landscape plant information on the Internet, check ontario.ca/crops.
It’s one-stop shopping for factsheets, articles and photos about the production and maintenance of woody plants.
If you are looking for timely information on the production and maintenance of outdoor ornamentals, check out the Nursery and Landscape Blog at www.onnurserycrops.com.
Subscribe by entering your email address and selecting “Follow” to receive email notifications of new posts.
Special thanks to Kate Hubbs, Summer Field Technician, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs for the creation of the illustrations for the schematics and hand drawn icons in Chapter 2.
Cover Images
FRONT COVER: Honeylocust trees in summer. Photo courtesy of Winkelmolen Nursery Ltd. BACK COVER: Maple trees in fall. Photo courtesy of Kobes Nurseries Inc. COMING SOON!
For the 2022 growing season, you will be able to access the information currently listed in this publication through a new, digital application.
The application will replace OMAFRA’s crop protection publications and provide you with information in one single location.
This one-stop tool for crop protection information will allow you to:
✔ customize and navigate through information based on your specific needs; ✔ access information when you need it to make important business decisions; and ✔ access information digitally, either through desktop, tablet or mobile.
Updates can be found at: ontario.ca/crops
Contents
1. Using Pesticides in Ontario Table 2–13 . A Compendium of Pests and Diseases Federal Registration of Pesticides ...... 1 with Recommended Management Practices — Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) ...... 1 as of January 1, 2021 ...... 29 Regulation of Pesticides in Ontario ...... 2 ABIES — fir ...... 29 Classification of Pesticides ...... 2 ACER — maple ...... 32 Certification and Licensing ...... 3 AESCULUS — horsechestnut ...... 36 Certified Farmers and Their Assistants ...... 3 AMELANCHIER — serviceberry ...... 36 Pesticide Commercial Applicators BETULA — birch ...... 37 (Exterminators) and Their Assisting Technicians . . 3 BUXUS — boxwood ...... 39 Ontario’s Cosmetic Pesticide Ban and CARAGANA — pea shrub ...... 40 Excepted Uses ...... 4 CARYA — hickory ...... 41 Pesticide Application Information ...... 4 CHAENOMELES — quince ...... 42 Restricted Entry Intervals ...... 5 CLEMATIS — clematis ...... 42 Days to Harvest Intervals for Food Crops CORNUS — dogwood ...... 43 (Pre-harvest, Pre-grazing and Feeding Intervals) . . 5 CORYLUS — corkscrew hazel, filbert ...... 44 Spray Buffer Zones ...... 6 COTONEASTER — cotoneaster ...... 44 Vegetative Filter Strips ...... 6 CRATAEGUS — hawthorn ...... 45 Protect the Environment ...... 6 EUONYMUS — euonymus ...... 47 Protect Water Sources ...... 6 FAGUS — beech ...... 49 Bee Poisoning ...... 7 FORSYTHIA — forsythia ...... 50 Manage Drift ...... 8 FRAXINUS — ash ...... 51 Waste Management ...... 9 GLEDITSIA — honeylocust ...... 54 Empty Pesticide and Fertilizer Containers up to 23 L . .9 HEDERA — ivy ...... 55 Empty Pesticide Containers Greater than 23 L HEMEROCALLIS — daylily ...... 56 (Totes and Drums) ...... 9 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS — various . . . . . 57 Empty Seed and Pesticide Bags ...... 9 HYDRANGEA — hydrangea ...... 61 Surplus Spray Mix ...... 9 JUGLANS — butternut, walnut ...... 61 Surplus Pesticide Disposal ...... 10 JUNIPERUS — juniper ...... 62 Storing Pesticides ...... 10 LARIX — larch ...... 64 Pesticide Spills ...... 11 LIGUSTRUM — privet ...... 65 2. Crop Protection: Insects, Mites and Diseases LIRIODENDRON — tuliptree ...... 65 Using Pesticides ...... 13 LONICERA — honeysuckle ...... 66 Cosmetic Pesticide Ban in Ontario ...... 13 MAGNOLIA — magnolia ...... 67 Toxicity Information ...... 14 MALUS — apple ...... 67 Prevent Bee Poisoning ...... 14 ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS — various . . 74 Chemical Families ...... 15 PACHYSANDRA — pachysandra ...... 74
v Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2021
PHLOX — phlox ...... 74 A Compendium of Herbicides with Their PICEA — spruce ...... 75 Recommended Uses in Ontario — As of December 31, 2020 ...... 137 PINUS — pine ...... 80 Notes on Herbicides ...... 137 PLATANUS — London plane, sycamore . . . . . 87 Preplanting Treatments ...... 138 POPULUS — poplar ...... 87 dazomet POTENTILLA — potentilla ...... 89 BASAMID ...... 139 PRUNUS — black cherry, chokecherry, flowering metam sodium cherry, pin cherry, peach, plum ...... 90 VAPAM ...... 139 PSEUDOTSUGA — Douglas fir ...... 95 chlorthal dimethyl PYRACANTHA — firethorn ...... 96 DACTHAL W-75 ...... 140 PYRUS — pear ...... 97 dichlobenil QUERCUS — oak ...... 100 CASORON G-4 ...... 140 RHODODENDRON — rhododendron, azalea . . . 104 dimethenamid-p RIBES — currant ...... 105 FRONTIER MAX ...... 141 ROBINIA — locust ...... 106 flazasulfuron KATANA 25 WG ...... 142 ROSA — rose ...... 106 flumioxazin SALIX — willow ...... 111 BROADSTAR G, SUREGUARD WDG ...... 143 SORBUS — mountain ash ...... 113 indaziflam SYRINGA — lilac ...... 114 SPECTICLE G ...... 145 TAXUS — yew ...... 116 isoxaben THUJA — eastern white cedar, arborvitae . . . . 117 GALLERY 75 DF ...... 146 TILIA — linden, basswood ...... 120 napropamide TSUGA — hemlock ...... 123 DEVRINOL 2-XT ...... 147 ULMUS — elm ...... 124 oxadiazon VIBURNUM — viburnum ...... 127 RONSTAR 2 G ...... 148 pendimethalin 3. Crop Protection: Weeds PROWL H2O ...... 149 Chemical Weed Control ...... 129 propyzamide Herbicide Licensing Requirements ...... 129 KERB 50 WSP ...... 150 Applying Chemical Herbicides ...... 129 s-metolachlor DUAL II MAGNUM ...... 151 Herbicide Drift ...... 129 simazine When to Use Herbicides ...... 130 PRINCEP NINE-T, SIMADEX ...... 152 Application Technology ...... 130 trifluralin Care and Use of Equipment ...... 131 BONANZA 480 EC, RIVAL EC, TREFLAN EC . . . 152 Sprayer sanitization ...... 134 Post-emergence Treatments ...... 153 Sprayer Calibration ...... 135 amitrole Determining Amount of Herbicide Needed . . . 136 AMITROL 240 ...... 153 carfentrazone-ethyl AIM EC ...... 154 clopyralid LONTREL XC ...... 155
vi fluazifop-p-butyl VENTURE L ...... 155 Tables glyphosate 1. Using Pesticides in Ontario various products ...... 156 Table 1–1 . Federal and Provincial Classification . . 2 oxyfluorfen Table 1–2 . Requirements for GOAL 2XL, Basket 2XL ...... 157 Pesticide Storage Facilities . . . . . 10 triclopyr GARLON ...... 158 2. Crop Protection: Crop Tolerance and Efficacy of Herbicides Insects, Mites and Diseases Registered on Nursery Crops ...... 159 Table 2–1 . Classification System for Pest Control Products 4. Appendices (as of May 1st, 2020) ...... 13 Appendix A: Advisor y Staff for Nursery and Landscape Table 2–2 . Relative Toxicity of Pesticides and Agricultural Information Contact to Honeybees ...... 14 Centre, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Table 2–3 . Insecticides Used to Protect Food and Rural Affairs ...... 167 Ornamentals by Product Name Appendix B: Additional Resources ...... 168 (as of January 1st, 2021) ...... 16 Appendix C: Supplier s of Pest Monitoring Equipment Table 2–4 . Insecticides Used to Protect and Biological Control Agents ...... 169 Ornamentals by Active Ingredient Appendix D: Safety Supply Companies . . . . . 171 (as of January 1st, 2021) ...... 18 Appendix E: Diagnostic Services ...... 172 Table 2–5 . Fungicides Used to Protect Ornamentals by Product Name Appendix F: Ontario Ministry of the Environment, (as of January 1st, 2021) ...... 21 Conservation and Parks – Regional Contact Information ...... 174 Table 2–6 . Fungicides Used to Protect Ornamentals by Active Ingredient Appendix G: Other Contacts ...... 175 (as of January 1st, 2021) ...... 23 Appendix H: The Metric System and Table 2–7 . Acaricides (miticides) Used to Protect Abbreviations ...... 176 Ornamentals by Product Name Appendix I: Pest Monitoring Record Sheet . . . 179 (as of January 1st, 2021) ...... 26 Table 2–8 . Acaricides (miticides) Used to Protect Ornamentals by Active Ingredient (as of January 1st, 2021) ...... 26 Table 2–9 . Molluscicides Used to Protect Ornamentals by Product Name (as of January 1st, 2021) ...... 27 Table 2–10 . Molluscicides Used to Protect Ornamentals by Active Ingredient (as of January 1st, 2021) ...... 27 Table 2–11 . Rodenticides Used to Protect Ornamentals by Product Name (as of January 1st, 2021) ...... 28 Table 2–12 . Rodenticides Used to Protect Ornamentals by Active Ingredient (as of January 1st, 2021) ...... 28 Table 2–13 . A Compendium of Pests and Diseases with Recommended Management Practices (as of January 1st, 2021) . . 29
vii Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2021
3. Crop Protection: Weeds Table 3–1 . Herbicides Registered for Nursery Crops in Ontario (by Trade Name) ...... 137 Table 3–2 . Herbicides Registered for Nursery Crops in Ontario (by Active Ingredient) ...... 138 Table 3–3 . Herbicides Registered for Use on Woody Plants ...... 159 Table 3–4 . Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Broadleaf Annuals ...... 164 Table 3–5 . Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Broadleaf Perennials ...... 165 Table 3–6 . Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Annual Grass . . . . 166 Figures 1. Using Pesticides in Ontario Figure 1–1 . Example of a 24-hr REI on a pesticide label ...... 5
2. Crop Protection: Insects, Mites and Diseases Figure 2–1 . Insecticides Mode of Action Schematic ...... 20 Figure 2–2 . Fungicides Mode of Action Schematic ...... 25 Figure 2–3 . Acaricides Mode of Action Schematic ...... 26 Figure 2–4 . Molluscicides Mode of Action Schematic ...... 27 Figure 2–5 . Rodenticides Mode of Action Schematic ...... 28
3. Crop Protection: Weeds Figure 3–1 . Classifying herbicides by crop and weed emergence ...... 130
viii 1. Using Pesticides in Ontario
Visit ontario.ca/usingpesticides for up-to-date A special review of a registered pesticide can be information on provincial pesticide use requirements. initiated at any time by the PMRA if the PMRA has Some of the information provided in this generic reason to believe its use may pose unacceptable chapter may not apply to all crops. risk to human health or the environment or the pesticide no longer has value. Special reviews focus on a specific concern (e.g., neonicotinoid pesticides Read the label before use. and impacts to pollinator health). Product labels may change. Review the Grower Pesticide Safety Course Manual at The pesticide label is a legal document. Follow all https://www.opep.ca/courses/pick-up-a-gpsc-manual label directions. Labels for all registered pesticides Keep detailed spray records. are under “Search Pesticide Labels” on the PMRA website at www.healthcanada.gc.ca/pmra. Ensure you have the most current label and are FEDERAL REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES aware of any re-evaluation decisions. Emergency Before a pesticide (pest control product) can be registrations are temporary registrations (1 year or sold or used in Ontario, it must be registered under less) for pesticides needed by growers to manage the federal Pest Control Products Act (PCP Act). The a new invasive pest or pest outbreak. Know the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of expiration date for pesticides you are using under an Health Canada registers pesticides for use in Canada emergency registration. following an evaluation of scientific data to ensure that any human health and environmental risks Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) associated with its proposed uses are acceptable, When you apply a pesticide to a crop, some and that the products have value. residue may remain on the crop at harvest time. A Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) is the maximum The PMRA re-evaluates registered pesticides amount of pesticide residue that may remain to determine whether today’s health and on food after a pesticide is applied as per label environmental protection standards are still met directions and which can safely be consumed. The when the pesticide is used according to the label. PMRA sets the MRL well below a level that may The PMRA also assesses whether the pesticide still cause harm to human health. The MRL is specific for has value. Re-evaluations are initiated every every pesticide-crop combination. 15 years. Outcomes of a re-evaluation can be: The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is • no change to the registration responsible for enforcing the MRLs established • amendments to the label (e.g., changes to by the PMRA. OMAFRA’s Food Inspection Branch personal protective equipment requirements, conducts an annual Produce Food Safety Monitoring restricted entry intervals, buffer zones) Program which involves collecting Ontario grown • modific ations to existing Maximum Residue fresh fruits and vegetables and testing them for Limits (MRLs) pesticide residues and pathogenic organisms (e.g., • elimination or phasing-out of certain uses Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7). or formulations • discontinuation of the registration If you apply a pesticide at a higher rate, make too many applications or harvest a crop before the Pre- Harvest Interval has ended, there may be pesticide residues in excess of the MRLs set by PMRA.
When exporting your food product, it is important to confirm the importing country’s MRLs because it
1 Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2021 may be different than ours. Processors or retailers remove duplication and reduce complexity for may demand more restrictive limits. Growers should the sale and use of pesticides in Ontario, while seek advice of their intended market to determine if ensuring continued protection of human health and more restrictive limitations apply. Keep accurate and the environment. up-to- date records on pesticide use in each crop. The MECP automatically classifies pesticides in For more information on MRLs, see: Ontario as Class A, B, C or D based on the federal classification system plus one additional class • PMRA’s MRL database at http://pr-rp.hc-sc.gc.ca/ (Class E) for regulating the sale and use of mrl-lrm/index-eng.php provides information neonicotinoid-treated corn and soybean seed. on established Canadian MRLs. This database includes importing MRLs that may have pesticide- Table 1–1. Federal and Provincial Classification crop combinations that are not registered for use Federal Provincial in Canada. Always check the current Canadian Product Class Federal Class Description Class pesticide label for registered uses. Manufacturing The pesticide is only used Class A • Global MRL Database at www.globalmrl.com to manufacture a pest control product. provides free access to U.S. MRL information. • Agricultural Chemical Companies can provide Restricted The pesticide is restricted Class B by the federal government MRL information for their products. Companies’ out of concern of contact information are found on the pesticide environmental risk or labels, company websites and in OMAFRA’s crop human health. Additional protection publications. information must be shown • Summaries of OMAFRA’s Food Safety Monitoring on the label regarding essential conditions for Program results can be found at ontario.ca/ display, distribution and producesafety. limitations on use. Specific • CFIA’s Chemical Residue Surveillance Program qualifications may be at https://www.inspection.gc.ca/food-safety- required for a person to for-industry/food-chemistry-and-microbiology/ use this product. food-safety-testing-bulletin-and-reports/ Commercial The pesticide can only Class C eng/1453324778043/1453327843364 be used in commercial activities that are specified on the label. Domestic The pesticide is primarily Class D REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN ONTARIO used by the general public The Ontario Ministry of the Environment, for personal use and in and Conservation and Parks (MECP) is responsible for around their homes. regulating the sale, use, transportation, storage and N/A Class E* Corn disposal of pesticides in Ontario. Ontario regulates and soybean pesticides by placing appropriate education, seeds that are licensing and/or permit requirements on their treated with imidacloprid, use, under the Pesticides Act and Regulation clothianidin or 63/09. All pesticides must be used in accordance thiamethoxam with requirements under the Pesticides Act and neonicotinoids Regulation 63/09, which are available on the e-laws * Class E pesticides do not apply to: website at ontario.ca/laws or by calling Service • popping corn • sweet corn Ontario at 1-800-668-9938 or 416-326-5300. • corn used for the production of seed • soybean seed planted for the purpose of producing a soybean seed crop of certified status under contract CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES • corn seed and soybean seed treated only with fungicide. The PMRA classifies a pesticide into one of four classes – manufacturing, restricted, commercial and domestic. As of May 1, 2020, Ontario’s Each Ontario Class has specific certification, pesticides classes have been aligned with the licensing and/or permit requirements and restriction federal government’s pesticide categories to on its use and sale.
2 CERTIFICATION AND LICENSING Farmers must also carry with them or have readily Certified Farmers and Their Assistants available at the field when they are planting a copy Farmers must be certified through the Grower of their certificate of completion of the Integrated Pesticide Safety Course (GPSC) in order to buy Pest Management (IPM) Course for Corn and and use Class B and C pesticides on their farms. Soybean and pest risk assessment report. Certification is not required to buy and use Class D pesticides for agricultural purposes. For information on the requirements for Class E pesticides visit the MECP website ontario.ca/ Farmers become certified by successfully completing pesticides. For information on the IPM Course one of the following certification options: visit the University of Guelph’s website at IPMCertified.ca. • one-da y in-person course and pass an open book certification test with a mark of at least 75%, or Pesticide Commercial Applicators • online course and successfully complete quizzes (Exterminators) and Their Assisting and case studies to become certified. Technicians All applicants for a pesticide exterminator Farmer assistants and supervised farmers using licence must first become certified by passing an Class B or C pesticides must complete training and examination. Once certified, you can apply to the assist or be supervised by a certified farmer. Farmer MECP for an exterminator licence. assistants and supervised farmers must complete one of the two training options: For more information on how to become certified, refer to Ontario Pesticide Training and Certification • participa te in a GPSC (assessment is not required) or University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus • participate in an On-Farm training session given 1-888-620-9999 by an On-Farm Instructor. Email: [email protected] Website: www.ontariopesticide.com For information about farmer training and certification requirements visit the MECP website at For further information on pesticide licensing please ontario.ca/pesticides and for information on courses refer to the document Guide to Pesticide Licensing visit the University of Guelph’s Ontario Pesticide available at ontario.ca/pesticides. Education Program website at www.opep.ca or call 1-800-652-8573. For information on technician training, visit:
To buy and use Class E pesticides, farmers are • the On tario Pesticide Training and Certification required to: website at www.ontariopesticide.com or call 1-888-620-9999 or 519-674-1575 1. Comple te the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) • the Pesticide Industry Council’s Pesticide Course for Corn and Soybean Technician Program website at www.horttrades. 2. Comple te a pest risk assessment and a pest risk com/pesticide-technician or call 1-800-265-5656 assessment report or email [email protected] 3. Sign an IPM Written Declaration Form stating that • the P esticide Industry Regulatory Council (PIRC) you considered IPM principles to decrease the at www.oipma.ca risk of early season insect damage.
Farmers must provide these pieces of information to a vendor sales representative or custom-seed treater in order to purchase Class E pesticides. They must retain these records for at least two years.
3 Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2021
Ontario’s Cosmetic Pesticide Ban and PESTICIDE APPLICATION INFORMATION Excepted Uses When you decide to use a pesticide, choose Ontario prohibits the use of certain pesticides for the least toxic and least volatile option for your cosmetic (non-essential) purposes. situation. Use an appropriate application method and ensure equipment is properly maintained Only low risk pesticides and biopesticides may be and calibrated. Take all possible precautions to used for cosmetic purposes such as in lawns and prevent the exposure of people and non-target gardens, and these are listed in the publication “List organisms to the pesticide, before, during and after of Active Ingredients Authorized for Cosmetic Uses the application. Read the most current pesticide (Allowable List)”. label thoroughly before application. The pesticide label is a legal document and must be followed. Under the ban, the use of an active ingredient Pesticides may only be used in accordance with that is not on the Allowable List is permitted for label instructions. The label provides important appropriately licensed individuals if the use falls information, such as: under one of the exceptions to the ban. There are exceptions for public health and safety (including • directions for use (e.g., rates of application, crops/ for public works, buildings and other structures that sites it can be used on, target pests, crop rotation are not a public work, and to control poisonous restrictions, total number of applications, droplet plants), golf courses, specialty turf, specified size, application equipment, timing, appropriate sports fields, arboriculture and the protection of weather conditions) natural resources, if certain conditions are met. • required personal protective equipment (PPE) There are also exceptions for agriculture, forestry, • hazard symbols and warnings research and scientific purposes, uses of pesticides • r estricted entry intervals for structural exterminations (e.g., in and around • pre-harvest intervals homes to control insects), and uses of pesticides • buffer zones / vegetative strips required by other legislation. • precautionary statements • steps to be taken in case of an accident • disposal To locate your local MECP District Office: https:// • equipment sanitation www.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/ministry- environment-district-locator For more information on hazards, consult the Safety To speak with your local MECP Pesticide Data Sheet (SDS) or contact the manufacturer. Specialist: For more information on pesticide application, see: South West Region – 519-668-9292 West Central Region – 905-512-0981 • Sprayers 101 at www.sprayers101.com Central Region – 416-990-1694 • OMAFRA Factsheet Pesticide Drift from Eastern Region – 613-540-6874 Ground Applications Northern Region – 705-562-0853 • Ontario Pesticide Education Program (University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus) videos at www.opep.ca/resources • OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada booklet Best Management Practices — Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application, Order No. BMP13 • OMAFRA F actsheet Pesticide Contamination of Farm Water Supplies • PMRA ’s Factsheet Understanding Restricted Entry Intervals for Pesticides (English, French and Spanish): www.healthcanada.gc.ca/pmra, search for Restricted Entry Interval
4 Restricted Entry Intervals 0 to 4 4 to 12 12 to 24 24+ hours hours hours hours Restricted Entry Interval (REI) is the minimum Do Not Enter Early Entry by Early Entry Enter period of time that must elapse before hand labour he end of the Certified Farmer by Workers • End of REI. application is ust not do hand ust not do hand Anyone may enter tasks can be performed in an area treated with the start of the la our tas s la our tas s 24-hr Restricted Entry Interval ust only e ust not contact pesticide. The REI allows the pesticide residues in the area for any surfaces that o one may enter <1 hr in 24 hr. may have residues and vapours to dissipate to safe levels to protect the treated area ear the ear the agricultural workers. E stated on the E items if stated la el for mi ing on the la el for U ear a early entry NIOSH-approved Hand labour tasks involve substantial worker respirator contact with treated surfaces such as plants, Figure 1–1. Example of a 24-hr REI on a pesticide label. plant parts or soil. Examples of these activities include planting, harvesting, pruning, detasseling, thinning, weeding, scouting, topping, sucker Certified Farmers and Licensed Commercial removal, mowing, roguing and packing produce into Applicators should plan pesticide applications containers in the field or greenhouse. You can only around work tasks so that no one needs to enter perform these tasks after the REI has passed. Hand treated areas before the restricted entry interval labour generally does not include operating, moving has passed. or repairing irrigation or water equipment, except for hand-set irrigation. Days to Harvest Intervals for Food Crops (Pre-harvest, Pre-grazing and Feeding An REI can range from 12 hours to several days Intervals) depending on the crop and the task (e.g., scouting, These intervals state the minimum time that must harvesting). A minimum 12-hour REI must be pass between the last pesticide application and the observed in agricultural crops, even if no REI is harvesting of the crop or the grazing and cutting indicated on the label. However, REIs do not apply of the crop for livestock feed. If you harvest a crop to biopesticides (e.g., microbials, pheromones) before the pre-harvest interval (PHI) has ended, unless specified on the label. For golf courses and there may be pesticide residues in excess of the residential turf applications, the spray solution maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by PMRA. must be dry before re-entry can occur. When tank mixing pesticides that have different REIs, you must “Up to the day of harvest” means the same as observe the longest REI. 0 days PHI; however, the REI may be more restrictive (e.g., a 12-hr restricted entry interval) and must be A Certified Farmer or Licensed Commercial observed for harvesting that occurs on the day of Applicator (i.e., a holder of the appropriate pesticide application. Exterminator License, such as an Agriculture Exterminator License or a Greenhouse/Interior To avoid exceeding the maximum residue limits, Plant Exterminator License) may need to enter a always follow the directions on the label. treated area early to do short-term tasks before the end of the REI. In these cases, the Certified Farmer or Licensed Commercial Applicator may enter between 4–12 hr after the application wearing a NIOSH-approved respirator and any other protective clothing (PC) and personal protective equipment stated on the label for mixing and loading. This Certified Farmer or Licensed Commercial Applicator (exterminator) must not be in the treated area during the REI for more than a total of 1 hr in any 24-hr period.
See Figure 1–1 for an example of a 24-hr REI on a pesticide label.
5 Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2021
Spray Buffer Zones PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT Spray buffer zones are no-spray areas required at Protect Water Sources the time of application between the area being According to the British Crop Protection Council treated and the closest downwind edge of a (BCPC), 40%–70% of surface water pesticide sensitive aquatic or terrestrial habitat. Spray buffer contamination comes from mixing and filling areas. zones reduce the amount of spray drift that enters non-target areas. Where possible, load or mix pesticides on impermeable surfaces located safely away from Sensitive terrestrial habitats include hedgerows, watercourses or environmentally sensitive areas. grasslands, shelterbelts, windbreaks, forested areas Collect drainage and run-off and dispose of it safely and woodlots. (Your Guide to Using Pesticides, BCPC 2007).
Sensitive freshwater habitatsinclude lakes, rivers, Clean your spray equipment away from wells, streams, creeks, reservoirs, marshes, wetlands ponds, streams and ditches. Apply the diluted rinse and ponds. water (usually at a ratio of 10:1) to the treatment area (crop), but do not exceed the pesticide rate The pesticide label indicates the size of the spray recommended on the label. buffer zone, which depends on the product used, the method of application, and the crop Do not make a direct connection between any water being sprayed. supply (e.g., public supply, wells, watercourse or pond) and a spray tank. Use an anti-backflow device Unless forbidden by the pesticide label, Health or intermediate system to prevent back-siphoning Canada’s online Buffer Zone Calculator may allow that could contaminate the water supply. applicators to reduce the spray buffer zones based on weather conditions, the category of the Immediately contain and clean up any spills to spray equipment and the droplet size. For more prevent contamination to water sources. information, search for “Buffer Zone Calculator” at www.canada.ca. Check the pesticide label for specific instructions on protection of water sources. For soil fumigation, a buffer zone is an area established around the perimeter of each application block. For more information on protecting water sources, see ontario.ca/crops: Vegetative Filter Strips • OMAFRA Factsheet Pesticide Contamination of A vegetative filter strip is: Farm Water Supplies • OMAFRA Factsheet Groundwater — • a permanently vegetated strip of land. An Important Rural Resource: Protecting the • sits between an agricultural field and downslope Quality of Groundwater Supplies surface waters. • OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada • mus t be at least 10 m wide from edge of field to booklet Best Management Practices — the surface water body. Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application, • must be composed of grasses, but may also Order No. BMP13 contain other vegetation (shrubs, trees, etc.).
Vegetative filter strips reduce the amount of pesticide entering surface waters from runoff by slowing runoff water and filtering out pesticides carried with the runoff. Certain pesticide labels will require a vegetative filter strip. Other labels will recommend a vegetative filter strip as a best management practice.
6 Bee Poisoning Control dandelions and other flowering weeds Honey bees, native bee species (e.g., bumble within fields before spraying or planting seeds bees, squash bees) and other pollinating insects treated with an insecticide. Take measures to are important pollinators for many Ontario crops. reduce movement of dust from insecticide seed Insecticides, some of which may negatively affect treatments to flowering trees, weeds and water bees, require careful management to achieve sources that are in or adjacent to the target field. both pollination and insect control of pest species. For more information on reducing dust movement, Growers and licensed commercial applicators can search for “Pollinator Protection and Responsible protect bees by following these suggestions: Use of Treated Seed — Best Management Practices” at www.canada.ca. • Time insecticide applications to minimize bee exposure (e.g., apply post bloom). Daytime • S ystemic insecticides may also pose a high risk treatments, when bees are foraging, are most to bees and other insect pollinators. Bees can be hazardous. Insecticide applications in the evening exposed to insecticide residues in or on flowers, are the safest, unless there is evidence of a strong leaves, pollen, nectar and/or surface water. Do not temperature inversion or high humidity. Under apply insecticide or allow it to drift onto blooming normal circumstances, spraying after 8 p.m. allows crops or off-site habitat if bees are foraging in or the spray to dry before the bees are exposed to it adjacent to the treatment area. the next day. Spraying during early morning is the next best time, when fewer bees are foraging, but • In cr op settings where pesticide use is highly likely, pesticide residues may still be present. Spraying beekeepers should remove honey bee colonies as should be completed well before 7 a.m. While soon as pollination and bloom are complete in the honey bees and most other pollinating insects crop and before any insecticides are applied post do not usually forage at temperatures below bloom. In emergency situations, if the colonies 13°C, bumblebees do. If you plan to spray in the cannot be removed in time, beekeepers can place morning, contact beekeepers who have bees burlap or cloth soaked in water at the entrance within 5 km of your crop and spray site. The of the hive to disrupt the flight of the bees for up beekeepers may then have the option of taking any to 12 hr and provide more time for spray to dry. possible protective action. To help prevent overheating of the hive during this time, keep an opening of 2.5 cm on each side • Do not apply insecticides while fruit trees are in of the hive entrance so bees can still get out and bloom. The Bees Act makes it an offence to do ventilate the hive. Also, the water on the burlap or so in Ontario. Do not spray any flowering crop on cloth will help cool the colony. which bees are foraging. • Not all pesticides are equally toxic to bees. If there • To prevent drift toward nearby hives, do not is a risk of honey bee poisoning, try to choose an apply insecticides on windy days or when there is insecticide that is not highly toxic to bees. When evidence of a strong temperature inversion. there is a choice, choose a product formulation that is less hazardous to bees. • Bees and other pollinators may be poisoned by visiting flowering weeds, trees and cover crops • Always read the most current pesticide label for that have come into contact with an insecticide guidance. Some pesticides cannot be used when via spray drift or drift of insecticide-contaminated bees are active in the crop. dust during planting. Avoid spray drift to flowering weeds that are adjacent to or within the target For more information on ways to reduce bee field. Where possible, mow down flowering cover poisoning, see: crops or flowering weeds in and bordering target fields prior to spraying to help safeguard the bees. • Practices to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Agricultural Pesticides in Canada, available at honeycouncil.ca. Select “Bee Health Roundtable.”
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Manage Drift Field air temperatures are often very different from Pesticide drift is the aerial movement and local or regional forecasts, so the most reliable unintentional deposit of pesticide outside the method of detecting inversion conditions is to target area. Drift results in wasted product, may measure temperatures at, and several metres compromise crop protection and can adversely above, the ground. Commercial hand-held inversion affect nearby sensitive environmental areas, crops detectors are now available. Spray applicators and wildlife. The following strategies can help can also recognize a temperature inversion from reduce the risk of pesticide drift: environmental cues, such as when:
• Do not spr ay when wind direction is changeable, • there is a big drop from daytime to or wind speeds are high or gusty. These nighttime temperature conditions increase the potential for off-target • wind dies do wn by early evening and night drift. While most pesticide labels indicate • far away sounds can be heard clearly allowable wind speeds, some do not. • odours seem more intense • daytime cumulus clouds collapse toward evening • Regularly monitor wind conditions during • overnight cloud cover is 25% or less spraying, preferably in the field with a handheld • smoke or dust hangs in the air and/or moves wind meter at nozzle height or elevated to the laterally in a sheet top of the target canopy from within the planted area. Record the wind speed and direction. As Temperature inversions start to form about 3 hr conditions change, make adjustments to manage prior to sunset, become stronger as the sun sets drift potential. Adjustments may include a coarser and continue until sunrise when the surface warms droplet size, minimizing nozzle-to-target distance, and air mixing begins. If you suspect there’s an adjusting air energy or vector on air-assisted inversion, don’t spray. Often, warnings for the risk of sprayers, slowing travel speed, using a drift inversions are stated right on the product label. reducing adjuvant or discontinuing spraying until conditions improve. • If specified, use the sprayer output indicated on the pesticide label. • Do not spray during periods of dead calm. Periods of dead calm may occur between late • Use a no zzle at a pressure that will produce the evening and early morning and can result in the droplet size specified on the pesticide label or vapour or fine spray droplets remaining aloft, delivers droplets appropriate for the job. like fog. Spray-filled air can move unpredictably over great distances several hours after the spray • Coar ser droplets reduce drift significantly. Air event is completed. induction nozzles used above 2bar (30psi) will produce Coarse to Ultra Coarse droplets. They can Temperature inversions create problems for spray be used in the top nozzle positions on air-assist applicators because pesticide spray can: sprayers in specialty crops, or along conventional horizontal booms. Ensure the droplet size and • r emain suspended and active in the air above the volume are appropriate for the application target for long periods of time being performed. • move with light breezes in changeable and unpredictable directions • Minimize the distance between nozzle and • move down slopes and concentrate in low- target as much as possible while still maintaining lying regions spray uniformity.
• Establish buffer zones for the protection of adjacent sensitive areas. Some pesticide labels will state buffer zone setbacks; follow these carefully.
8 • Use drift reduction technology, such as hoods, WASTE MANAGEMENT shrouds, screens or air curtains. Empty Pesticide and Fertilizer Containers up to 23 L • If appropriate, use drift-reducing adjuvants in Never re-use empty pesticide containers. the spray tank. The intense agitation in air-assist sprayers for specialty crops has been shown The Ontario Empty Pesticide and Fertilizer Container to reduce the effectiveness of drift-reducing Recycling Program, an industry-led program, is adjuvants. Certain combinations of drift-reducing available free of charge to growers and commercial adjuvants and air-induction nozzles have been applicators. Through this program, you can return shown to increase the incidence of fine droplets. triple-rinsed or pressure-rinsed plastic pesticide Consult with the adjuvant manufacturer. and fertilizer containers up to 23 L to container collection depots located throughout the province. • When possible, use non-volatile pesticide Remove the cap and booklet from the pesticide formulations or products. container and metal handle from the fertilizer pail before recycling. To locate the closest container For more information about spray drift, see: collection depot, visit www.cleanfarms.ca, call your local dealer or contact Cleanfarms at 416-622-4460 • Sprayers 101: www.sprayers101.com (toll-free at 877-622-4460) or [email protected]. • OMAFRA website: ontario.ca/spraydrift Empty Pesticide Containers Greater than 23 L • OMAFRA Factsheet Pesticide Drift from (Totes and Drums) Ground Applications Growers and commercial applicators should return • OMAFRA Best Management Practices pesticide containers that are greater than 23 L in (BMP13) book — Pesticide Storage, Handling size to the point of sale or local collection site for and Application disposal. Contact your local dealer for details on • Ontario P esticide Education Program disposal of these containers, or contact Cleanfarms (University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus) at 416-622-4460 (toll-free at 877-622-4460) Drift of Pesticides video series, available at or [email protected]. www.opep.ca/resources (click the “YouTube” icon) Empty Seed and Pesticide Bags Growers can return their empty seed and pesticide bags to select retail locations. Contact your local dealer for details on disposal of these empty seed and pesticide bags, or contact Cleanfarms at 416-622-4460 (toll-free at 877-622-4460) or [email protected].
Surplus Spray Mix The best approach is to plan the spray job accurately to avoid creating a surplus.
When this is unavoidable, dispose of excess spray mix by spraying it on other crops that require an application of this pesticide. Before spraying, check the label to make sure the pesticide is registered for use on that other crop.
If you cannot find another allowable crop to spray, then dilute the remaining spray mix by adding 10 parts of water for each 1 part of spray mix.
9 Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2021
The diluted solution can be safely applied to the TABLE 1–2. Requirements for Pesticide original treated area as long as you do not exceed Storage Facilities the pesticide rate recommended on the label. Be Pesticide Classes sure to check the label for any restrictions about Class Class Class crop rotation, days to harvest or disposal of surplus Storage requirements B **** C D spray mix. No contact with food or drink YES YES YES Not an impairment to health YES YES YES Never re-spray the treated field with undiluted spray and safety mix. Spraying an area twice at the same pesticide Clean and orderly YES YES YES rate will double the labeled pesticide rate. This may Warning sign G posted* YES YES YES cause illegal pesticide residues in the harvested Emergency telephone numbers YES YES YES crop or harmful residues in the soil that can cause posted** crop damage. Vented to outside YES YES NO Limited access (locked) NO Surplus Pesticide Disposal YES YES Be sure to safely dispose of pesticides that you No floor drain YES YES NO do not need or cannot use. Options for proper Respiratory protection and YES YES NO disposal include: protective clothing kept readily available Area used primarily for pesticides • Contact the supplier. It is sometimes possible to YES YES*** NO return unused pesticide if it is still in its original, Note: Sufficient precautions are needed in your storage unopened container. area to prevent the pesticide from entering the natural • Hire a licensed waste hauler who is licensed environment. Ensure your floor drain does not enter the under Part V of the Environmental Protection Act natural environment. to carry hazardous wastes. * See ontario.ca for requirements for warning sign G • Cleanfarms operates a free Obsolete Pesticide (Search for sample warning signs for pesticide use). These signs can be purchased from your pesticide and Animal Health Product Collection Program dealer/vendor. throughout the province every 3 years. To locate ** Emergency contact numbers must include telephone the closest collection point and date, visit the numbers for the local fire department, hospital and Cleanfarms website (www.cleanfarms.ca), poison control centre. The number for the MECP contact Cleanfarms at 416-622-4460 (toll-free at Spills Action Centre (1-800-268-6060) should also 877-622- 4460) or [email protected] or contact be readily available. *** Only applies to Class C pesticides that are your local dealer for program details. fumigants. • Con tact your municipality to see if any hazardous **** Does not apply to animal repellent products that waste collection days are scheduled and verify only contain the active ingredient Capsaicin or whether quantities of agricultural pesticides will Capsaicin and related capsaicinoids. be accepted. For more information about storing STORING PESTICIDES pesticides, see: Ontario’s Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09 provide details on storage requirements for • OMAFRA Factsheet Farm Pesticide pesticide storage facilities. As shown in Table 1–2, Storage Facility the storage requirements that must be followed are • OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada dependent on which classes of pesticides you store. booklet Best Management Practices — Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application, Order No. BMP13 • Ontario Pesticide Education Program (University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus) Grower Pesticide Safety Course Manual, available at www.opep.ca. Select “Learn.”
10 PESTICIDE SPILLS Additionally, Ontario Regulation 63/09 under the Part X of the Environmental Protection Act defines a Pesticides Act requires the person responsible for spill as a discharge of pollutant (including pesticides) a pesticide to immediately notify the Ministry’s that is abnormal in quality or quantity, from or Spills Action Centre in the event of a fire or other out of a structure, vehicle or other container into occurrence that may result in the pesticide being the environment. An overturned pesticide sprayer discharged into the environment out of the normal that results in the release of the pesticide spray course of events if the discharge would be likely to: solution to the environment is an example of a spill. A pesticide container that ruptures and leaks its • cause impairment of the quality of the contents is another example of a spill. The discharge environment for any use that can be made of it; or spraying of a pesticide in an unapproved area is • cause injury or damage to property or to plant or also considered a spill. animal life; • c ause harm or material discomfort to any person; Part X of the Environmental Protection Act requires • adversely affect the health of any person; every person having control of a pollutant that is • impair the safety of any person; or spilled or who spills, causes or permits a spill of a • render directly or indirectly any property or plant pesticide shall immediately notify: or animal life unfit for use by humans.
• the Minis try of Environment, Conservation and Before you begin to clean up a spill of any nature, Parks (through the Spills Action Centre) remember to protect yourself against pesticide • the municipality within the boundaries of the exposure. Wear the proper protective clothing and spill, and personal protective equipment. If the spill occurs • the owner of the pesticide or the person having inside an enclosed area (e.g., a pesticide storage charge, management or control of the pesticide. area or a vehicle during transport), ventilate the area first. Once you have protected yourself and Ontario’s Spills Action Centre receives calls 24 hours removed other persons or animals from the spill a day (1-800-268-6060). Your local municipality site, take additional measures to stop the spill at may have additional reporting numbers such as fire the source and prevent it from spreading and/or department and Medical Officer of Health. contaminating watercourses. Specific precautions, emergency contact information and first aid Where a spill causes or is likely to cause an procedures may be found on the label. adverse effect as defined by the Act, Part X of the Environmental Protection Act requires the owner of For minor spills, it may be possible to rectify the pesticide and the person having control of the the problem: pesticide to: • For a liquid spill — Cover the spill with a thick • immedia tely do everything practicable to prevent, layer of absorbent material such as kitty litter, eliminate and ameliorate any harm, and vermiculite or dry soil. Sweep or shovel the • restore the natural environment or other material into a waste drum and dispose of the property to the state it was in prior to the spill. contents as you would a hazardous waste.
• For a dust, granular or powder spill — Sweep or shovel the material into a waste drum and dispose of the contents as you would a hazardous waste.
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For major spills, it is essential to stop the spill from spreading.
The clean-up guidelines above may not be appropriate for all spill situations. Once you have contained the spill, follow directions from the manufacturer and regulatory authorities on cleaning the contaminated area.
Some of the information contained in this chapter is not authoritative. It is derived from the Pesticides Act, Ontario Regulation 63/09, Environmental Protection Act and the federal Pest Control Products Act, Fisheries Act and Species at Risk Act and is for informational purposes only. Efforts have been made to make it as accurate as possible, but in the event of a conflict, inconsistency or error, the requirements set out in the referenced legislation take precedence. For specific legal details, please visit ontario.ca/laws (for Ontario legislation) and www.laws-lois.justice.gc.ca (for federal legislation) and consult your lawyer if you have questions about your legal obligations.
For information on preventing spills, see: • OMAFRA Factsheet Ways to Avoid Pesticide Spills • OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada booklet Best Management Practices — Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application, Order No. BMP13 • Ontario Pesticide Education Program (University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus) Grower Pesticide Safety Course Manual, available at www.opep.ca. Select “Learn.”
For pesticide poisonings and pesticide injuries, call:
Ontario Poison Centre: 1-800-268-9017
(TTY) 1-877-750-2233
For more information, see Emergency and First Aid Procedures for Pesticide Poisoning on inside back cover.
12 2. Crop Protection: Insects, Mites and Diseases
USING PESTICIDES known as Domestic pesticides, are those products As of May 1, 2020, Ontario’s pesticides classes to be used by the general public for personal use. have been aligned with the federal government’s Lastly, Class E, or Treated seeds, are neonicotinoid pesticide categories to remove duplication treated corn or soybean seeds (treated with and reduce complexity for the sale and use of clothianidin, imidacloprid or thiamethoxam). pesticides in Ontario, while ensuring continued Farmers must be certified through the Grower protection of human health and the environment. Pesticide Safety Course (GPSC) in order to buy The PMRA classifies a pesticide into one of four and use Class B and C pesticides on their farms. classes – manufacturing, restricted, commercial Certification is not required to buy and use Class and domestic. The MECP automatically classifies D pesticides for agricultural purposes. Farmer pesticides in Ontario as Class A, B, C or D based on assistants and supervised farmers using Class B or C the federal classification system plus one additional pesticides must complete training and assist or be class (Class E) for regulating the sale and use of supervised by a certified farmer. neonicotinoid-treated corn and soybean seed. For information about farmer training and Table 2–1. Classification System for Pest Control certification requirements visit the MECP website at st Products (as of May 1 , 2020) ontario.ca/pesticides and for information on courses Pre- 2020 visit the University of Guelph’s Ontario Pesticide Federal Pesticide Ontario Pesticide Post- 2020 Ontario Class Class Pesticide Class Education Program website at www.opep.ca or call Manufacturing Class 1 Class A 1 800 652-8573. Restricted Class 2, 3, 4 ,7 Class B In Ontario, a licence is required for exterminators Commercial Class 2, 3, 4 Class C or technicians to apply herbicides for any other Domestic Class 5, 6, 7, 8 Class D commercial use. For further information training N/A Class 12 Class E – Treated Seeds and certification, visit the Ontario Pesticide Training and Certification website at www.ontariopesticide. com or call 1-888-620-9999. Class A pesticides, or Manufacturing pesticides are those products which are used only in the Cosmetic Pesticide Ban in Ontario manufacturing of a pest control product which is The Cosmetic Pesticides Ban Act, 2008, and Ontario regulated under either the Fertilizers Act or the Feed Regulation 63/09 came into effect in 2009 from the Act. Class B pesticides, also known as Restricted Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks pesticides, are those that have limitations to their (MECP). The cosmetic use of pesticides is considered distribution, use or require qualifications of a person a non-essential use. Ontario bans the cosmetic use to use these products due to potential health or of pesticides to protect Ontarians from unnecessary environmental risks associated with their use. Class risk by only allowing certain, low-risk pesticides for C pesticides, also known as Commercial pesticides, controlling weeds and pests on lawns and gardens. are products to be used commercially in accordance with their respective labels. Class D pesticides, also
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Pesticides can only be used for cosmetic purposes if the a) use is permitted under an exception to the Read each pesticide ban, or b) the active ingredient in the pesticide is included on the Allowable List. label for specific precautions regarding A List of Active Ingredients Authorized for Cosmetic Uses (Allowable List) was created so you know what bees. products you can and can’t use. The Allowable List includes the active ingredients in pesticides that a) meet certain ministry criteria b) are considered Table 2–2. Relative Toxicity of Pesticides low-risk and c) are allowed for use in Ontario. to Honeybees Anyone can use these pesticides to control weeds For more detailed information on the toxicity of specific and other pests on lawns, gardens, driveways, pesticides to honeybees, see the pesticide label. parks and around the home. The ministry updates Trade Name Active Ingredient the list periodically by adding or removing active Group 1 — Highly toxic. ingredients based on changes to federally-registered Severe losses may be expected if the following materials pesticides and requirements under the cosmetic are used when bees are present at treatment time or pesticide ban. Please check the list to ensure you within a few days thereafter. use the most current version at: ontario.ca/page/ AceCap 97 acephate using-pesticides-ontario. Actara, Flagship 25 WG thiamethoxam Admire 240 imidacloprid Toxicity Information Ambush 50 EC permethrin The “relative toxicity” of a pesticide is expressed Avid 1.9% EC abamectin
in the LD50 value. The higher the LD50 value of a Cygon 480 dimethoate pesticide, the less toxic the product is to humans. DeltaGard deltamethrin Diazinon diazinon LD50 is the number of milligrams of a pesticide per Dyno-Mite SC, Dyno-Mite WP pyridaben kilogram of body weight that will kill 50% of the Ima-jet, Ima-jet 10 imidacloprid tested subjects. LD50 is commonly measured as the Imidan 50-WP Instapak, phosmet Acute Oral LD50, which means the chemicals are Imidan WP ingested through the mouth or nose. In addition, Lagon 480 dimethoate toxicity values for penetration through the skin Lorsban 4E chlorpyrifos (Dermal LD50) can usually be found on the material Malathion malathion safety data sheet (MSDS) and are available from Orthene 75 SP acephate the manufacturer. Pounce 384 EC permethrin Prevent Bee Poisoning Pyrate 480 EC chlorpyrifos Honeybees, as well as other bees and insects, are SanMite WP pyridaben important pollinators of crops. Many crops also Silencer 120EC lambda-cyhalothrin offer bees important sources of nectar for honey Sevin carbaryl production. For more information on the prevention of bee poisoning, see Bee Poisoning on page 7. Most organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are highly toxic to bees. Examples of insecticides used in greenhouse and outdoor ornamental crop production that are toxic to bees are listed in Table 2–2, Relative Toxicity of Pesticides to Honeybees.
14 Table 2–2. Relative Toxicity of Pesticides CHEMICAL FAMILIES to Honeybees Most agricultural chemicals belong to a chemical For more detailed information on the toxicity of specific “family” which is a group of substances that share pesticides to honeybees, see the pesticide label. important characteristics that are based on their Trade Name Active Ingredient mode of action. Chemical families are designated Group 2 — Moderately toxic. by a chemical family “name” and also a group These can be used around bees if dosage, timing and “number”. To prevent pests from becoming method of application are correct, but do not apply them resistant to a particular product, rotate between directly on bees, in the field or at the colonies. pesticides from different chemical families and Floramite SC bifenazate groups. All pesticide mode of action classification Horticultural oil mineral oil guidelines are sourced from the Insecticide Kontos spirotetramat Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) and the Landscape Oil mineral oil Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC). Maestro 80 DF captan This information can also be found on the pesticide label. Movento 150 OD, spirotetramat Movento 240 SC The following Tables 2–3 to 2–12 and Figures Purespray Green Spray Oil mineral oil 2–1 to 2–5, Insecticides and Fungicides Used Success spinosad to Protect Ornamentals, list pesticide products Supra Captan 80 WDG captan and active ingredients in alphabetical order and Treeazin azadirachtin by chemical family. These reference tables and Tristar 70 WSP acetamiprid figures can be used to help make decisions (e.g. Group 3 — Pesticides relatively non-toxic to bees. pesticide resistance management) about pesticide Acelepryn, Acelepryn G chlorantraniliprole applications by providing information on toxicity, chemical family and classification. Pest Control Actinovate SP Streptomyces lydicus Products (PCP) registered in Canada can be found Aliette Aliette WDG, fosetyl AL by searching “Pesticide Label Search” on the Health Chipco Aliette Ornamental, Aliette WP Canada website at: https://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/. For mobile devices, use the “Pesticide Labels” app from Apollo SC clofentezine Health Canada. Bioprotec 3P DF, Bacillus thuringiensis Bioprotec Plus Bravo 500 chlorothalonil Confirm 240 F tebufenozide Daconil 2787, Daconil 720, chlorothalonil Daconil Ultrex Decree 50 WDG fenhexamid Dipel 2X DF Bacillus thuringiensis Elevate 50WDG fenhexamid Folpan 50WP, Folpan 80 WDG folpet Forbid 240 SC spiromesifen Funginex DC triforine Insecticidal soap potassium salts of fatty acids MilStop potassium bicarbonate Nova myclobutanil Pristine WG boscalid + pyraclostrobin Rhapsody ASO Bacillus subtilis Rovral 50 WP iprodione Senator 70 WP thiophanate-methyl Serenade Bacillus subtilis Shuttle 15 SC acequinocyl Subdue Maxx metalaxyl
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*The information in the following tables does not replace the information found on pesticide labels. Always read each pesticide label prior to making any pesticide application.
Table 2–3. Insecticides Used to Protect Ornamentals by Product Name (as of January 1st, 2021)
Oral LD50 Federal Classification Product Name Active Ingredient (mg a.i./kg) Chemical Family Group* (Post- May 1, 2020) AceCap97 acephate 1,000 Organophosphate 1B C Acelepryn, Acelepryn G chlorantraniliprole > 5,000 Diamide 28 C Actara 25WG thiamethoxam > 5,000 Neonicotinoid 4A C Altus flupyradifurone > 2,000 Butenolides 4D C Ambush 500 EC permethrin 3,129 Pyrethroid 3A C Avid abamectin 300 Glycosides 6 C Beleaf 50SG flonicamid > 2,000 Chorodotonal organ 29 C modulators BioProtec 3P DF, Bacillus thuringiensis > 15,000 Biological 11A C BioProtec Plus Citation 75WP cyromazine 4,460 Moulting disruptor 17 C Closer sulfoxaflor > 5,000 Sulfoximine 4C C Confirm 240F tebufenozide > 5,000 Diacylhydrazine 18 C Cygon 480 E dimethoate 425 Organophosphate 1B C Delegate spinetoram > 5,000 Spinosyn 5 C Demand CS lambda-cyhalothrin > 5,000 Pyrethroid 3A C Dipel 2X DF Bacillus thuringiensis > 5,000 Biological 11A C Dragnet FT EC permethrin 998 Pyrethroid 3A B, C Dyno-Mite SC, pyridaben 1,930 METI acaricides and 21A C Dyno-Mite WP insecticides Endeavor 50WG pymetrozine > 5,000 Pyridine azomethine 9B C Ference cyantraniliprole > 5,000 Diamide 28 C Flagship 25WG thiamethoxam > 5,000 Neonicotinoid 4A C Forbid 240 SC spiromesifen > 2,000 Lipid biosynthesis 23 C inhibitor Heterorhabditis Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (H.b.) Non-toxic Biological NC NC bacteriophora Heterorhabditis megidis Heterorhabditis megidis (H.m.) Non-toxic Biological NC NC IMA-jet, IMA-jet 10 imidacloprid 410 Neonicotinoid 4A B, C Imidan WP, phosmet 230 Organophosphate 1B C Imidan 50-WP Instapak Insecticidal soap potassium salts of fatty acids > 5,000 Insecticidal soap and UNM C botanical Intercept 60 WP imidacloprid 1,858 Neonicotinoid 4A C Kontos spirotetramat > 2,000 Tetramic acid 23 C Lagon 480 E dimethoate 425 Organophosphate 1B C Landscape Oil mineral oil > 15,000 Horticultural oil UNM C Lannate methomyl 23 Carbamate 1A B Lorsban 4E, Lorsban NT chlorpyrifos 300 Organophosphate 1B B, C Mako cypermethrin 760 Pyrethroid 3A C * Pesticide Group classifies the compound according to mode of action. This system helps the user rotate among pesticides with different modes of action in order to reduce the risk of resistance to a specific pesticide product. ** Please note that Sevin T&O Insecticide is NO LONGER AVAILABLE, remaining product MUST be used by March 31st, 2022. NC - Please note that this product is not classified under this group heading.
16 Table 2–3. Insecticides Used to Protect Ornamentals by Product Name (as of January 1st, 2021)
Oral LD50 Federal Classification Product Name Active Ingredient (mg a.i./kg) Chemical Family Group* (Post- May 1, 2020) Malathion 85E, malathion > 550 Organophosphate 1B C Malathion 500 EC Met52 G, Met52 EC Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 > 2,000 Biological UNF C Mimic 240 LV tebufenozide > 5,000 Insect growth 18 C regulator Movento 240 SC, spirotetramat > 2,000 Tetramic acid 23 C Movento 150 OD Opal Insecticidal Soap potassium salts of fatty acids > 5,000 Insecticidal soap and UNM C botanical Orthene 75 SP, acephate 1,494 Organophosphate 1B C Orthene 97 SG Pounce 384 EC permethrin 3,129 Pyrethroid 3A C Purespray Green mineral oil > 5,000 Horticultural oil UNM D Spray Oil Pyganic pyrethrin > 2,000 Pyrethrin 3A C Pyrate chlorpyrifos 409 Organophosphate 1B B, C ReVokBTK Bacillus thuringiensis > 5,000 Biological 11A C Rimon 10 EC novaluron 3,914 Benzolureas 15 C Ripcord 400 EC cypermethrin 760 Pyrethroid 3A C SanMite WP pyridaben 1,930 METI acaricides and 21A C insecticides Sevin T&O** carbaryl 699 Carbamates 1A C Silencer 120 EC lambda-cyhalothrin 98 Pyrethroid 3A C Success spinosad > 5,000 Spinosyn 5 C Thuricide Bacillus thuringiensis > 5,000 Biological 11A B, C TreeAzin azadirachtin > 2,000 Unknown UN C Tristar 70 WSP acetamiprid 1,064 Neonicotinoid 4A C Trounce potassium salts of fatty acids and > 5,000 Insecticidal soap and 3A C pyrethrin botanical Vectobac Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. > 5,000 Biological 11A C israelensis Ventigra afidopyropen > 2,000 Pyropene 9D C Xentari WG Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. > 15,000 Biological 11A C aizawai * Pesticide Group classifies the compound according to mode of action. This system helps the user rotate among pesticides with different modes of action in order to reduce the risk of resistance to a specific pesticide product. ** Please note that Sevin T&O Insecticide is NO LONGER AVAILABLE, remaining product MUST be used by March 31st, 2022. NC - Please note that this product is not classified under this group heading.
17 Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2021
Table 2–4. Insecticides Used to Protect Ornamentals by Active Ingredient (as of January 1st, 2021)
Oral LD50 Federal Classification Active Ingredient Product Name (mg a.i./kg) Chemical Family Group* (Post- May 1, 2020) abamectin Avid 300 Glycosides 6 C acephate AceCap97 1,000 Organophosphate 1B C acephate Orthene 75 SP, Orthene 97 SG 1,494 Organophosphate 1B C acetamiprid Tristar 70 WSP 1,064 Neonicotinoid 4A C afidopyropen Ventigra > 2,000 Pyropene 9D C azadirachtin TreeAzin > 2,000 Unknown UN C Bacillus thuringiensis BioProtec 3P DF, BioProtec Plus > 15,000 Biological 11A C Bacillus thuringiensis Dipel 2X DF > 5,000 Biological 11A C Bacillus thuringiensis ReVokBTK > 5,000 Biological 11A C Bacillus thuringiensis Thuricide > 5,000 Biological 11A B, C Bacillus thuringiensis Vectobac > 5,000 Biological 11A C Bacillus thuringiensis Xentari WG > 15,000 Biological 11A C carbaryl Sevin T&O** 699 Carbamates 1A C chlorantraniliprole Acelepryn, Acelepryn G > 5,000 Diamide 28 C chlorpyrifos Lorsban 4E, Lorsban NT 300 Organophosphate 1B B, C chlorpyrifos Pyrate 409 Organophosphate 1B B, C cyantraniliprole Ference > 5,000 Diamide 28 C cypermethrin Mako 760 Pyrethroid 3A C cypermethrin Ripcord 400 EC 760 Pyrethroid 3A C cyromazine Citation 75WP 4,460 Moulting disruptor 17 C dimethoate Cygon 480 E 425 Organophosphate 1B C dimethoate Lagon 480 E 425 Organophosphate 1B C flonicamid Beleaf 50SG > 2,000 Chorodotonal organ 29 C modulators flupyradifurone Altus > 2,000 Butenolides 4D C Heterorhabditis Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Non-toxic Biological NC NC bacteriophora (H.b.) Heterorhabditis megidis Heterorhabditis megidis Non-toxic Biological NC NC (H.m.) imidacloprid IMA-jet, IMA-jet 10 410 Neonicotinoid 4A B, C imidacloprid Intercept 60 WP 1,858 Neonicotinoid 4A C lambda-cyhalothrin Demand CS > 5,000 Pyrethroid 3A C lambda-cyhalothrin Silencer 120 EC 98 Pyrethroid 3A C malathion Malathion 85E, Malathion 500 EC > 550 Organophosphate 1B C Metarhizium anisopliae Met52 G, Met52 EC > 2,000 Biological UNF C strain F52 methomyl Lannate 23 Carbamate 1A B mineral oil Landscape Oil > 15,000 Horticultural oil UNM C mineral oil Purespray Green Spray Oil > 5,000 Horticultural oil UNM D novaluron Rimon 10 EC 3,914 Benzolureas 15 C permethrin Ambush 500 EC 3,129 Pyrethroid 3A C permethrin Dragnet FT EC 998 Pyrethroid 3A B, C permethrin Pounce 384 EC 3,129 Pyrethroid 3A C * Pesticide Group classifies the compound according to mode of action. This system helps the user rotate among pesticides with different modes of action in order to reduce the risk of resistance to a specific pesticide product. ** Please note that Sevin T&O Insecticide is NO LONGER SOLD, remaining product MUST be used by March 31st, 2022. NC - Please note that this product is not classified under this group heading.
18 Table 2–4. Insecticides Used to Protect Ornamentals by Active Ingredient (as of January 1st, 2021)
Oral LD50 Federal Classification Active Ingredient Product Name (mg a.i./kg) Chemical Family Group* (Post- May 1, 2020) phosmet Imidan WP, Imidan 50-WP Instapak 230 Organophosphate 1B C potassium salts of fatty Insecticidal soap > 5,000 Insecticidal soap and UNM C acids botanical potassium salts of fatty Opal Insecticidal Soap > 5,000 Insecticidal soap and UNM C acids botanical potassium salts of fatty Trounce > 5,000 Insecticidal soap and 3A C acids and pyrethrin botanical pymetrozine Endeavor 50WG > 5,000 Pyridine azomethine 9B C pyrethrin Pyganic > 2,000 Pyrethrin 3A C pyridaben Dyno-Mite SC, Dyno-Mite WP 1,930 METI acaricides and 21A C insecticides pyridaben SanMite WP 1,930 METI acaricides and 21A C insecticides spinetoram Delegate > 5,000 Spinosyn 5 C spinosad Success > 5,000 Spinosyn 5 C spiromesifen Forbid 240 SC > 2,000 Lipid biosynthesis 23 C inhibitor spirotetramat Kontos > 2,000 Tetramic acid 23 C spirotetramat Movento 240 SC, Movento 150 OD > 2,000 Tetramic acid 23 C sulfoxaflor Closer > 5,000 Sulfoximines 4C C tebufenozide Confirm 240F > 5,000 Diacylhydrazine 18 C tebufenozide Mimic 240 LV > 5,000 Insect growth 18 C regulator thiamethoxam Actara 25WG > 5,000 Neonicotinoid 4A C thiamethoxam Flagship 25WG > 5,000 Neonicotinoid 4A C * Pesticide Group classifies the compound according to mode of action. This system helps the user rotate among pesticides with different modes of action in order to reduce the risk of resistance to a specific pesticide product. ** Please note that Sevin T&O Insecticide is NO LONGER SOLD, remaining product MUST be used by March 31st, 2022. NC - Please note that this product is not classified under this group heading.
19 Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2021
Figure 2–1. Insecticides Mode of Action Schematic
INSECTICIDES Ner e uscle ction 1A 1B 3A icro ial isruptor Gro t e ulator espiration Lannate ceCap us e in Cy on La on e and C idan ra net C Lors an a o ipcord alat ion Pounce C rt ene Py anic Pyrate ilencer 120 C rounce
4A 4C 4D 5 6 9B