Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

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Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713400911 Allelopathic Interactions in Agroforestry Systems S. J. H. Rizvi ab; M. Tahir c; V. Rizvi ab; R. K. Kohli d; A. Ansari a a Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Evin, Tabnak Av., Tehran, Iran. b Permanent address: Faculty of Basic Sciences, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa-848125, Samastipur, India. c International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) Regional Office, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, P.O. Box 19835-111, Tehran, Iran. d Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Online Publication Date: 01 November 1999 To cite this Article: Rizvi, S. J. H., Tahir, M., Rizvi, V., Kohli, R. K. and Ansari, A. (1999) 'Allelopathic Interactions in Agroforestry Systems', Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 18:6, 773 - 796 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/07352689991309487 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689991309487

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Allelopathic InteractionsinAgroforestry Systems the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright of sustainablelanduseto cope withthemagni- of theagroforestrysystemwas consideredameans food productionintotality.Further,development tive ofthesystemwasnottreeproductionbut “agroforestry” consideredthattheultimateobjec- 1978). Itisevidentthatthepioneersin al.,1977;KingandChandler, population (Beneet patible withtheculturalpracticesoflocal and appliesmanagementpracticesthatarecom- neously orsequentiallyonthesameunitofland, crops) andforestplants,and/oranimalssimulta- combines theproductionofcrops(includingtree ment systemthatincreasestheyieldofland, I. INTRODUCTION Correspondingauthor. * Panjab University,Chandigarh,India Research, EducationandExtensionOrganization,P.O.Box19835–111,Tehran,Iran; Permanent address:FacultyofBasicSciences,RajendraAgriculturalUniversity,Pusa-848125,Samastipur, Plant PestsandDiseasesResearchInstitute,P.O.Box19395–1454,Evin,TabnakAv.,Tehran,Iran; Agroforestry isasustainablelandmanage- KEY WORDS: agroforestry. biodiversity, naturalresourcebase,andmakingagriculturemoresustainablethroughbroadeningthescopeof due consideration,allelopathycouldplayapivotalroleinconservationofthehighlythreatenedenvironment, allelochemicals, effectonsoilquality,andtheroleoftreeallelochemicalsinanimalhumannutrition.Ifgiven have beenidentified,suchasevaluationofqualitativeyieldagroforestrysystems,selectivebehaviorthe strategy. Besidesthesegenerallystudiedaspectsofallelopathy,somecomparativelynewerresearch and litter,theirallelochemicalsmayplayanimportantroleindevelopingeco-friendlypestmanagement species remainapartoftheagroecosystemforlongerperiod,andmostthemproducelargeamountleaves no orpositiveallelopathiceffectsonthecompanioncropsmaybepromotedforagroforestryprograms.AsAF on foodandfoddercrops.Therefore,itisdesirabletodofurtherresearchinthisdirectionsothatAFspecieswith available informationrevealsthatmostoftheagroforestryspecies(AFspecies)havenegativeallelopathiceffects allelopathic compatibilitymaybecrucialtodeterminethesuccessofanagroforestrysystem.Asurvey of spatialarrangementortemporalsequence.Becausethesespeciesco-existwiththeagriculturalcrops,their growing woodyspecies(trees,shrubs,palms,bamboos,etc.)withagriculturalcropsand/oranimalsinsomeform ABSTRACT: 3 International CenterforAgriculturalResearchinDryAreas(ICARDA)RegionalOffice, © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout 1,2 Agroforestryisamoderntooltodevelopsustainablelanduseandincreasefoodproductionby * M. Tahir, M. * agroforestry, allelochemicals,allelopathy,eco-friendlypestcontrol,qualitativeyield. 3 V. Rizvi, V. 1,2 R. K. Kohli, K. R. basic forestproducts.Thus, themostimportant and forestindustrydebarred thelocalpeoplefrom veloped countriesbecausedevelopmentofforest ated aseriousproblemespeciallyintheless-de- compromised (King,1968).Thisphilosophycre- way thattheinterestsofforestryshouldnotbe always controlledtheagriculturaloperationsina products. However,thepriorityforforesttrees the rowsofforesttreesanduseagricultural sion thattheycancultivatethelandleftbetween Landless laborerswereemployedwithaprovi- become thedominantobjectiveofagroforestry. tury theestablishmentofforestplantationshad tion. Unfortunately,bytheendofnineteenthcen- hunger, andworldwideenvironmentaldegrada- tude andtherateofworldpopulationgrowth, Critical ReviewsinPlantSciences, 4 and A. Ansari A. and 4 Department ofBotany, 1 18(6):773–796 (1999) 773 Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 based onarrangementofdifferentcomponents monly employedcriteriaforclassificationare and thusneedsaclassification.Someofthecom- climatic conditionstoachieveoneormoregoals, 774 the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright Thetermagroforestryspecies(AF species)coversallkindsofwoodyperennialtrees,shrubs,palms,andbamboos grownwithan * its mostwidelyacceptedscientificdefinitionis, discipline calledagroforestry.Presently,oneof land usesystemswastransformedintoascientific (ICRAF), oneoftheoldestintegratedtraditional ternational CenterforResearchinAgroforestry 1977). Finally,withtheestablishmentofIn- al., bandry inordertooptimizelanduse(Beneet tegrate forestry,agriculture,and/oranimalhus- combining productionsystems,whichwouldin- recommended thatthepriorityshouldbegivento his groupandtheIDRC.Beneassociates scientific communitycanbecreditedtoBeneand formal rediscoveryofagroforestrybytheglobal products inasustainablemanner.However,the to providefood,fuel,fodder,andotheruseful as aresultagroforestrywasidentifiedsystem a seriesofseminarsandworkshopswasheld estry forruraldevelopment.During1976to1978 rural poorandemphasizedtheimportanceoffor- research. FAOfocuseditsattentiontowardthe Bene toidentifytheprioritiesfortropicalforestry commission aprojectundertheleadershipofJohn tional DevelopmentResearchCenter(IDRC)to ture Organization(FAO).ThisledtheInterna- cies liketheWorldBankandFoodAgricul- reexamination ofdevelopmentalpoliciesbyagen- economic pressuresresultedinreassessmentand 1975). rural welfarewasalmosttotallyignored(Westoby, role offorestry,thatis,tosupportagricultureand in agroforestrysystems. Agroforestry isbeingpracticedinavarietyof ponents economical interactionsbetweenthedifferentcom- agroforestry systemtherearebothecologicaland spatial arrangementortemporalsequence.Inthe agricultural cropsand/oranimals,insomeformof ately usedonthesamelandmanagementunitsas (trees, shrubs,palms,bamboos,etc.)aredeliber- tems andtechnologieswherewoodyperennials Agroforestry isacollectivenameforland-usesys- Such realizationcoupledwithothersocio- © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout (Lundgren andRaintree,1982) species, suchasfastgrowthrate,thoroughpas- based onanumberofimportantcharactersAF species and selectionofsuitableagroforestryspecies(AF standard managementpracticeshavebeenevolved (Chambers, 1983). ral developmentthroughemploymentgeneration croclimate (HarrisandNatarajan,1987),ru- (Turnbull, 1984;Baumer,1990),improvedmi- al.,1986),conservationofenvironment et from lowertotheupperlayerofsoil(Yamoah 1975; TaandFarris,1988),transportofnutrients ganic matterandnitrogen(AgbooleFayemi, and Parker,1992),enrichmentofsoilwithor- al.,1991;Burch increased productivity(Averyet positive pointsaboutagroforestryareanoverall relatively shortperiod.Someofthebestknown research hasbeenconductedinthisareaa benefits andpotentialofagroforestry,extensive SPECIES II. ALLELOPATHYINAGROFORESTRY and prospectsofsuchinteractions. 1992). Weintendtodiscussheretheproblems al., more productiveandsustainable(Rizviet components oftheagroforestrysystemtomakeit sible allelopathicinteractionsbetweendifferent etc. Recently,attentionhasbeenpaidtothepos- duction, itisdividedintofood,fodder,timber, breaks. However,whentheemphasisisonpro- moisture conservation,shelterbelts,andwind- agroforestry isdividedintosoilconservation, When classifiedfromtheviewpointofprotection, into mixeddense,sparse,supporttree,etc. Based onthespacearrangement,itcanbedivided animals-aquaculture-sericulture-apiculture-trees). animals-trees), andagrisilviculture(crops-pasture- (crops-trees-shrubs-vines), silvopastoral(pasture- components, itismainlydividedintoagriculture and social/economicfeatures.Onthebasisof and roleofvariouscomponents,productionaims, the system(spatial/temporal),relativeimportance To optimizethegainsofagroforestry,several Owing toaworldwideawarenessaboutthe * ) isoneofthose.Anysuchselection nual crops Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 A. EXAMPLES III. TREEALLELOPATHY:SOME an inhibitoryeffectoncropplants. oleifera) in Table1.AlltheAFspecies(except some oftheimportantAFspeciesissummarized formation availableonallelopathicactivitiesof of beneficialeffectsparticularAFspecies.In- lelopathic interactionsandthroughexploitation tems withhigheryieldsbyavoidingharmfulal- greatly facilitateformulationofagroforestrysys- inhibitory effects.Thiskindofknowledgewould companion crop)or‘noncompatible’oneswith either beneficialoratleastnoadverseeffecton ‘allelopathically compatible’AFspecies(having information wouldproveusefultoidentify agroforestry systemsislimited.Ifavailable,such cies onothercomponents(annualplants)of mation abouttheallelopathiceffectsofAFspe- surface hasonlybeenscratched.Detailedinfor- Melkania, 1984;RizviandRizvi,1987),butthe al.,1983; this areabeganinthe1980s(Kuoet far havenotbeenpaiddueattention.Researchin ing thatallelopathicpropertiesofAFspeciesso and multipurposenessofAFspecies.Itissurpris- sage forsunlighttotheground,rootingpattern, the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright yield ofoats( reported thatundersemi-arid conditions,forage companion crops.Hazraand Tripathi(1989)have als indicateitspossibleallelopathiceffectson 1992). However,resultsofsomeagroforestrytri- as atreeforsolvingglobalproblems(Anon., National AcademyofScienceshasrecognizedit eration. Owingtoitsenormoususes,theU.S. and animalnutrition,industry,energygen- trol, toiletries,pharmaceutical,cosmetics,plant covered besidesitstraditionalusesinpestcon- new frontiersforitsexploitationhavebeendis- the world.Withonsetofagroforestryresearch, been introducedandpromotedinotherregionsof indigenous totheIndiansubcontinent,butithas medicinal andpesticidalproperties.Thetreeis neem) isatreethathasbeenusedforcenturies Azadirachta indica Azadirachta Azadirachta indica testedforallelopathicactivityhaveshown © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout Avena sativa (commonly knownas ) was26%lessunder Moringa bean ( ( ( by leachatesofleaf,wood,andleaflitter.Maize galli of seedsbarnyardgrass( Melkania (1984)foundinhibitionofgermination allelochemicals inthiseffectoncropplants. stem. Somestudiessuggestadirectroleofneem cum aestivum has noadverseeffectontheyieldofwheat( and Bangawa(1992)havefoundthatneemtree ever, suggestaselectiveeffectofneemtree.Puri and Rammohanrao,1989).Furtherstudies,how- tations. Allelopathyhasoften beenconsideredas tations whencomparedwith theothernativeplan- highly reducedundereucalypt monocultureplan- al.,1993).Thespeciesdiversityindexisalso et al.,1978;BhaskarandDasappa,1986;Singh et vegetation (delMoralandMuller,1969;del either verylittleoralmostnegligibleunderstorey monoculture plantationsarereportedtosupport effects ontheecology(PooreandFries,1985).Its of itsantiphytosocialnature(Kohli,1987)andill fered fromadramaticfallinpopularitybecause talists. Infact,duringthelastdecadeithassuf- stability hasevokedconcernamongenvironmen- giving anysignificancetoedaphicandecological However, itsindiscriminatepromotionwithout plantation care,andabovealltheindustrialvalue. climatic conditions,lessersoilcoverage,leastpost- fast growth,adaptabilitytovariousedaphicand in variouspartsoftheworld.Thisisbecauseits B. properties ofneem. lished betweentheirpresenceandallelopathic and identified,acorrelationisyettobeestab- biologically activechemicalshavebeenisolated root growth(Alam,1990).Althoughanumberof The extractswereparticularlyinhibitorytothe inhibited bylitterextract(JoshiandPrakash,1992). 16% insafflower( 7 to33%insorghum( tion incropyieldsduetoneemtreesvariesfrom neem treethaninopenplots.Similarly,thereduc- Pisum sativum Zea mays Eucalyptus Eucalyptus ), buckwheat( Glycine max ), mustard( ) ifgrown5mapartfromthemain hasbeenpromotedonalargescale ), andwheatgerminationwasalso spp. ), andturnip( Fagopyrum sagittatum Carthamus Sorghum bicolor Brassica campestris Echinochloa crus- sp.)(Srivastava Brassica rapa ), and3to ), soy- ), pea Triti- 775 ) Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 A. nilotica Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina Ref. nilotica A. cajan Cajanus perenne species leucopholea Lolium A. racemosus Eriocephalus Usesofagroforestry dealbata A. allelochemicals Plantparts/ cyclops A. arietinum Cicer species alba Abies auriculiformis A. Target alba Abies species Agroforestry Allelopathic ActivityofSomeAgroforestrySpecies TABLE 1 B. indica Costus speciosus Costus unguiculata, Vigna variegata Bauhinia hypogea Arachis indica B. arundinacea Fagopyrum Bambusa coracana indica Eleusine Azadirachta sativa Oryza stipulata A. lebbek Albizia A. confusa Bidens bipinnata Bidens aestivum Triticum confusa A. arabia Acacia Annona squamosa Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthus squamosa Annona sclerotirum Sclerotonia marmelos Aegle xanthopholea A. arietinum Cicer xanthopholea A. tortilis A. sativa Lactuca leprosula Shorea melanoxylon A. mangium A. Adhathoda vasica Brassica campestris Brassica vasica Adhathoda equisetifolia Casuarina excelsa A. 776 the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout Triticum aestivum Triticum sativa Oryza oryzae Pyricularia sylvestris Pinus abies Picea sativum Lepidium Lens esculentus Lens radiata Phaseolus colonum Echinochloa hysterophorus Parthenium mays Zea vulgare Triticum radiata Vigna lebbek Albizia aestivum Triticum alexandrum Trifolium hirsutum Gossypium mays Zea Rhizobium indicum Sesamum cajan Cajanus stenoptera S. mays Zea indicum Sesamum repens T. pratense Trifolium sativa Lactuca chinensis Brassica Zea mays Zea Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Zea aestivum, sativum Pisum Triticum sativa, Oryza ubro irognssSchmutterer,1995a a numberofmicroorganisms n eea te o-rpofphyllode plants and severalothernon-crop e asnaturallyflakedbark Zea mays sp. sp., Glycine max, Glycine qeu xrc fDhawanandDhawan,1995 al.,1997 Bhattet Fuel/fodder Ram,1989 al.,1995 Nsolomoet Fruit/timber/medicinal use/ al.,1989 Aqueous extractof Ayazet Canopy effect Livefences/soilconservation Anwar,1992 Leachates ofroots,seed, Fodder/fuelwood leachate, litter,soil SaxenaandSharma,1996 Aqueous extract,rain al.,1995 Gonzalezet Leaf andbarklitter Fodder/fuelwood Timber under canopy Swaminathan, 1996 Aforestation Balasubramanianand Aqueous extractsoffresh Balasubramanianand Beverage/fuelwood/MPT Multipurposetree al.,1985 Casalet Aqueous extractofmature Phyllode extract RutherfordandPowrie,1993 Soil Shade Bark leachate Aforestation al.,1989 Aqueous extractofmature Kuoet Aforestation JadhavandGaynar,1992 Aqueous extractsof Aqueous extractof Aforestation BeckerandDrapier,1984,85 Aforestation Aqueous leachatesand al.,1989 Prakashet Buildingmaterial/fuelwood/ Aqueous leafleachate Canopy effect,extractsof Fuelwood Natural leachate,aqueous ecae flae n odfe odKltae al.,1996 Kalethaet Konar,1996 Buildingmaterial/domestic Food/fuelwood al.,1989 Eyiniet al.,1980b Rizvi et Buildingmaterial/domestic Leachates ofleavesand Leaf leachate JoshiandPrakash,1992 Aqueous leafextract Timber/lumber/manure/oil/ Food/fuelwood UniyalandNautiyal,1996 Leaf, woodandleaflitter Ethanolic extractsof Fuel/fodder/land Aqueous extractsofgreen evs aklaht Ravichandran,1996 leachates leaves androots,soilfrom leaves, barkleachate leaves, flowers,andsoil Georgiev,1983 SheikhandHaq,1978 farmtimber/pestcontrol extract leaves, leaflitter,seed/pod extracts offreshanddried various parts and seeds extracts offreshneedles auela xrcsRoe al.,1994 Raoet Melkania,1984 fuel/food/pestcontrol mature leafextracts leachates, litter,and rehabilitation/nitrogen leaves, leaflitter,andbark n akpathogencontrol leaves and bark Ravichandran,1996 leaves leaves andseeds fixation (MPT) uses/fence uses/fence a tal.,1994 Rao et Swaminathan, 1996 al., 1994 Duhan et Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 E. baxteri Casuarina pusilla Casuarina baxteri E. Ref. arietinum Cicer Eucalyptus spinosus sissoo Amaranthus Dalbergia species Usesofagroforestry arabica Coffea allelochemicals Plantparts/ spinosus species cajan Amaranthus Cajanus sinensis C. Target equisetefolia Casuarina papaya Carica sinensis Camellia species Agroforestry E. grandis Abelmoschus esculentus Abelmoschus arietinum Cicer grandis E. minor Lemna palembanica Shorea globulus E. elata E. deglupta E. escutentus Abelmoschus camaldulensis E. Allelopathic ActivityofSomeAgroforestrySpecies TABLE 1(continued) E. citriodora Avena sativa Avena citriodora E. minor Lemna palembanica Shorea blakelyi E. oryzae Pyricularia alba E. officinalis Emblica sinensis Citrus retroflexus sinensis Citrus Amaranthus aurantium Citrus E. delegatensis E. delegatensis E. delegatensis E. campestris Brassica australis Celtis the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright sp. © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout Lens esculentum Lens vulgare Hordeum annuus Helianthus annuum Capsicum mays Zea radiata Vigna arietinum Cicer rigidus Bromus mollis Bromus fatua Avena caudatus Amaranthus aestivum viminalis Triticum Leptospermum mays Zea perenne Lolium minor Lemna saligna Acacia aestivum Triticum sativa Oryza cereale Secale sativa Lactuca arabica Coffea dactylon Cynodon aurantium album Citrus Chenopodium sativa Avena sativum Lepidium vulgare Hordeum max Glycine bicolor Sorghum annuus Helianthus Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthus sativa Lactuca aureus Phaseolus flavum Glaucium sativus Cucumis mays Zea esculentum Lycopersicon Zea mays Zea Zea mays Zea ol xdts auela hd/ibrplsPuriandBangawa,1992 Shade/timberpoles ChouandWaller,1980 Soil, exudates,matureleaf Beverage/fuelwood/food al.,1989 Hassanet Food/shade/firewood/fruit Al-Saadawiand Aqueous/ethanolic Soil fromoldorchards Essentialoils/food BhattandTodaria,1990 Food/fuelwood/timber Aqueous leafextract, al.,1980b Rizviet Suzuki andWaller,1987 SureshandVianayaRai,1987 Soil, dryleafmulch, Charcoal/fuelwood/timber Food/fruit/shade Leaf mulch,topsoil,bark Beverages Ethanolic extractsof Purine alkaloidsinseeds eopsn ln at ubrfrwo/tk/Igboanugo, 1987 Lumber/firewood/stake/ Decomposing plantparts Baker,1966 MayandAsh, 1990 Lumber/firewood/stake/ Anwar,1991a,b Lumber/firewood/stake/ Leaf extractandleachate, Lumber/firewood/stake/ Decomposing litter,soil BowmanandKirpatrick, Fresh leaves,leaflitter, Lumber/firewood/stake/ Aqueous extractsofroots Igboanugo,1986,1988a,b Lumber/firewood/stake/ Aqueous extractoffresh delMoralandMuller,1970 MayandAsh,1990 Lumber/firewood/stake/ Lumber/firewood/stake/ al.,1978 Leachates andaqueous delMoral et Anwar,1991a,b MayandAsh,1990 Soil-decomposing litter Lumber/firewood/stake/ al.,1989 Prakashet Lumber/firewood/stake/ Lumber/firewood/stake/ Soil, topsoilextract,foliar, Fresh leaves,leaflitter, Fruit/pestcontrol Shelterbelt effect Extracts ofvariousparts leaves andseeds n evs ecaeo ibresnilolpl 1986 timber/essentialoil/pole chopped leaves and leaves,leachateof n hnlcaisRzie al.,1987 Rizviet Evenari,1949 RizviandRizvi, 1984,1992b, FriedmanandWaller,1983 Al-Rubeaa,1985 Swaminathan,1996 Melkania,1992 and phenolicacids theobromine, theophylline, paraxanthine, scopoletin, extract, caffeine, decaying material and leachate aqueous leafextract leachate eclt,cnp fetKohliandSingh, 1991 1986 delMoralandMuller,1969 timber/essentialoil/pole timber/essentialoil/pole Vicherkováand Polová, al.,1991 Singhet percolate, canopyeffect essential oils,soil stem flow Lisaneworkand Jensen,1983 KohliandSingh,1991 timber/essentialoil/pole effect adsorbed soil,canopy crude volatileoils,oil leaf litter,leachate, Igboanugo,1986 al.,1994 Raoet gallic, andferulicacids α timber/essentialoil/pole cineole, volatiles, soil,1,8- leaves, bark,leaflitter, extracts ofdried/fresh timber/essentialoil/pole timber/essentialoil/pole and litterleachates root, andstemextracts extract -phellandrene, phenolic, Mizutani, 1989 Mizutani, -phellandrene, phenolic, α pnn,Michelsen,1993 -pinene, timber/essential oil/pole Onyewotu,1985 timber/essential oil/pole timber/essential oil/pole timber/essential oil/pole asne al.,1989 Hassan et al.,1985 Al-Saadawi et ig tal.,1991 Singh et Singh andBawa,1982 al.,1991 Molina et 777 Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 778 the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright E. rubida Acacia saligna Acacia minor Ref. Lemna mays Zea rubida E. minor Lemna rossii E. sativum species robusta E. Lipidium radiata E. minor Usesofagroforestry Lemna pulverulenta E. minor Lemna polyanthemosa allelochemicals E. minor Lemna Plantparts/ microtheca E. melliodora E. mannifera E. species minor Lemna Target macrorrhyncha E. species Agroforestry Allelopathic ActivityofSomeAgroforestrySpecies TABLE 1(continued) F. religiosa Brassica campestris Brassica religiosa F. campestris Brassica racemosa F. E. saligna Cicer arietinum Cicer saligna E. E. maculata Lemna minor Lemna maculata E. E. tereticornis Brassica Brassica tereticornis E. F. roxburghii Vigna unguiculata Vigna roxburghii F. alexandrum Trifolium palmata F. campestris Brassica bengalensis Ficus © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout Raphanus sativus Raphanus perenne Lolium Zea mays Zea sativus Raphanus vulgaris Phaseolus culiraris Lens sativus Raphanus vulgaris Phaseolus culinaris Lens mays Zea sativus Raphanus vulgaris Phaseolus culinaris Lens italica Setaria mungo Phaseolus sativa Nigella esculentum Lens annuus Helianthus arietinum Cicer sativum Pisum Eragrostis perenne Lolium minor Lemna globulus Eucalyptus Al-Mousawiand perenne Lolium Lumber/firewood/stake/ Phytotoxins Herbaceous species Triticum aestivum Triticum Triticum aestivum Triticum aestivum Triticum aestivum Triticum vulgare Sorghum mays Zea Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea aestivum Triticum p.La n lwretat,Lme/ieodsae ha tal.,1984 Ahmadet Lumber/firewood/stake/ Leafandflower extracts, spp. p ibresnilolpl Michelsen,1993 timber/essentialoil/pole sp. qeu efetat hrolfo/ulod ka tal.,1990 Akramet Charcoal/food/fuelwood/ Aqueous leafextract, al.,1990 Akramet Charcoal/food/fuelwood/ Aqueous leafextract, Lisaneworkand Lumber/firewood/stake/ MayandAsh,1990 timber/essentialoil/pole Lumber/firewood/stake/ Aqueous leafextract MayandAsh,1990 al.,1984 Bolteet Anwar,1991a MayandAsh,1990 Lumber/firewood/stake/ Leaf andbarklitter Lumber/firewood/stake/ litterleachates Lumber/firewood/stake/ Stem flow,barkandleaf Lumber/firewood/stake/ Fresh leaves,leaflitter, MayandAsh,1990 Volatile substances Lumber/firewood/stake/ Grandinol MayandAsh,1990 Decomposing litter,soil MayandAsh,1990 MayandAsh,1990 Lumber/firewood/stake/ Lumber/firewood/stake/ Lumber/firewood/stake/ Decomposing litter,soil MayandAsh,1990 Decomposing litter,soil Lumber/firewood/stake/ Leaf andbarklitter Leaf andbarklitter ef aual lkdbr hrolfo/ulod aeh tal.,1996 Kaletha et Charcoal/food/fuelwood/ Leaf, naturallyflakedbark al.,1990 Akramet Charcoal/food/fuelwood/ al.,1990 Akramet Charcoal/food/fuelwood/ Aqueous leafextract, Aqueous leafextract, al.,1990 Akramet Charcoal/food/fuelwood/ Aqueous leafextract, itr olbeverage/shade/soil SinghandKohli,1992 beverage/shade/soil litter, soil SidhuandHans, 1988 litter,soil BhaskarandDassappa,1986 timber/essentialoil/pole effect canopy effect,shelterbelt leaf litterandmulch, timber/essentialoil/pole litter, soil leachates, decomposing al.,1994 Nayyaret timber/essentialoil/pole leachates, stemflow itr olbeverage/shade/soil litter, soil beverage/shade/soil litter, soil tmfo timber/essentialoil/pole stem flow al.,1994 Nayyaret timber/essentialoil/pole leachates itr olbeverage/shade/soil litter, soil beverage/shade/soil conservation conservation conservation conservation conservation al.,1994 Nayyaret timber/essential oil/pole al.,1994 Nayyaret timber/essential oil/pole timber/essential oil/pole al.,1994 Nayyaret al.,1994 Nayyaret timber/essential oil/pole timber/essential oil/pole ibresnilolpl Al-Naib,1975,1976 timber/essential oil/pole conservation Suresh andVinayaRai, 1987, 1988 Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 Ricinus communis Meloidogyne incognita Meloidogyne sativa Lactuca communis Ricinus guajava coracana Psidium Eleusine juliflora P. cerasoides Prunus aestivum Triticum juliflora P. cineraria Prosopis radiata P. sativa Oryza radiata Pinus oleifera Moringa campestris Brassica azadirach Melia Ref. sativa Oryza confusa Acacia leucocephala Leucaena edulis Inga species campestris Brassica Usesofagroforestry mays Zea allelochemicals optiva Grewia Plantparts/ arborea Gmelina species campestris Target Brassica micrantha Fraxinus species Agroforestry Allelopathic ActivityofSomeAgroforestrySpecies TABLE 1(continued) the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright P. jacquemontii Raphanus sativus Raphanus jacquemontii P. annuus Helianthus maculata Gliricidia Populus deltoides Saccharum officinarium Saccharum deltoides Populus Grevillea robusta Grevillea robusta Grevillea robusta Grevillea pilosa Bidens sepium G. © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout M. javanica M. verticillata Setaria vulgare Hordeum max Glycine mungo Vigna bicolor Sorghum aestivum Triticum cereale Secale Rhizopogon mungo Vigna A numberof sativus Raphanus sativum trans Lepidium mungo V. radiata Vigna bicolor Sorghum sativa Oryza sativa Lactuca formosana Alnus conyzoides Ageratum nilotica A. soja Glycine esculentum Fagopyrum esculentum Lycopersicon sativa Oryza aestivum Triticum sativus Raphanus Trifolium repense Trifolium italica Setaria sativum Lepidium mungo Phaseolus microorganisms Setaria italica Setaria radiata Vigna p soil,rootextract sp. ol xdt rpsaefo/olSlzre al.,1993 Salazaret ChaturvediandJha,1992 Fuelwood/pole/timber/food/ Cropshade/food/soil al.,1967 Webbet Hauser,1993 Aqueous leachate/ Food/fuelwood/tools,and Melkania,1984 Soil, exudate Firewood/lumber/shade/ Food/shade/windbreak/soil Aqueous rootextract Leaf leachate InostrosaandFounier, al.,1996 Joshiet Patil,1994 Cropshade/food/fuelwood/ Leaf Leaf andbark(root) Shade/soilfertility Leaf aqueousextract Timber Aqueous leafextract, i aePs oto/eiia au Alam andKhan,1974 Pestcontrol/medicinalvalue al.,1997 Joshi et al.,1983 Brownet Food/fuel wood/timber Fruit/fuelwood/tools Oil cake BhattandTodaria,1990 al.,1992 Ralhanet Living rootexudate, Food/fuelwood/timber PuriandBangawa,1992 Root extract al.,1997 Chellahmuthuet Shade/soil conservation/ Soil, dryleafmulch, Fodder/fire wood/shade Timber Leaf, stem,litter,and LillandMcWha,1976 Soil, leachate Soil, leachate Pulp/timbermulch RizviandRizvi,1996 Volatile substances, Melkania,1984 Fruit/vegetable/medicinal Leachate ofintactand Cropshade/fuelwood/ Leaf leachate Mimosine, xrcso evs itr olcnevto/odrChouandKuo,1986 soilconservation/fodder extracts ofleaves,litter, 1982 livefence/poles/shade acid, canavanine extracts, protocatechuic coumarins ollahtsSnaamrh tal.,1995 Sundarammorthyet dried roots alcohol extractof aqueous leafextract soil leachates PrasadandSubhashini,1994 value mixing ofleaves chopped leaves,soil al.,1983 Kuoet p acid, caffeic acid, sinapicvanillic acid, phenylacetic acid, topsoil soil, dryleafmulch, -coumaric acid,quercetin - p p -hydroxybenzoic -hydroxycinnamic p hdoy iv tal.,1990a,b Rizviet -hydroxy- cis - and conservation timber/lumber conservation utensils food/building material wind break Singh, 1969 Warrag, 1995 al.,1993 Singh et Sheikh andHaq,1986 779 Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 pce pce leohmcl pce Ref. species nodosus Andropogon Usesofagroforestry allelochemicals negundo Vitex Plantparts/ hypogea Arachis species spinosus Amaranthus Target grandis Tectona indica Tamarindus species Agroforestry Allelopathic ActivityofSomeAgroforestrySpecies TABLE 1(continued) volatile andnonvolatileallelochemicals thataf- with otherAFspecies. 1992). Itisdesirabletoconductsimilarstudies 780 the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright of mance wasattributedtotheallelopathicproperty depth fromthesoilsurface),poorcropperfor- different distancesfromthetree,andatvarious phytotoxins (extractedfromthesoilcollectedat Later, basedontheevaluationofbioefficacy tree andmrepresentsvalueofregressionslope). m (x-24)/2,wherexrepresentsdistancefromthe a mathematicalformula(%Performance=100+ the performanceofcropscanbeassessedby shelterbelts of nomic yieldofcropsupto11mfromthe density, rootandshootlength,biomass,eco- sociates havereportedsignificantreductioninthe 1992; SinghandKohli,1992).Kohlihisas- 1990; MalikandSharma,PuriBangawa, 1983; Onyewotu,1985;Igbuanugo,1988a,b;Kohli to thecropsgrowinginadjoiningarea(Jensen, that theshelterbeltsofeucalyptsareveryharmful simply scatteredinthefields.Studieshaveshown field boundariesaswindbreaks,shelterbelts,or able AFspecies.Theseareusuallyplantedonthe al.,1992). and VinayaRai,1987;Kohliet a possiblereasonforthespeciesdepletion(Suresh T. tomentosa Oryza sativa Oryza arietinum Cicer tomentosa T. arjuna Terminalia Eucalyptus Eucalypts arereportedtorelease anumberof Eucalypt specieshavebeenusedasafavor- © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout (ol tal.,1990;SinghandKohli, (Kohliet Eucalyptus A numberofinsects iiai eubn p p cereale Secale pudica Mimosa decumbens Digitaria chinensis Brassica unguiculata Vigna aestivum Triticum sativa Oryza mays Zea indicum Sesamum cajan Cajanus . Theysuggestedthat re efetat edcnrlmdcnlChouandYao,1983 GaynarandJadhav,1992 Weedcontrol/medicinal al.,1994 Raoet Buildingmaterial/timber/ Dried leafextract, Buildingmaterial/ Leaf leachate ChaturvediandSharma,1997 Mature leafextract al.,1980b Rizviet Firewood/lumber/shade/ Beverage/fruit/fuelwood/ Extract offallenleaves, Ethanolic extractsof evsadsesfood/shade/tools/rituals leaves andseeds aklaht ibrJykmre al.,1987 Jeyakumaret flavonoids vanillic, syringicacids, timber bark leachate hdoyezi,vleKoe al.,1989 Kuoet value -coumaric, ferulic, -hydroxybenzoic, aureus ling lengthofthefourcrops,namely, ditions, andbecauseofseasonalchanges. the oilinleavesvarieswithspecies,climaticcon- vegetation supportedbythissoil.Thecontentof the surfaceofsoilparticles,andthusaffect heavier thanair,traveldownward,getadsorbedto from theleavesthroughdiffusionandbeing der naturalconditions,volatileoilsarereleased al.,1992).Un- al.,1984;Kohliet 1976; Bolteet Muller, 1970;Al-MousawiandAl-Naib1975, of nativevegetation(Baker,1966;delMoraland highly toxicandaffectthegerminationgrowth grandinol, etc.identifiedfromthecrudeoilare cineole, citronellal,citronellol, 1990). Variousvolatileterpeneslikelimonene, fect growthoftheassociatedvegetation(Kohli, Further, whenseedsof flushed witheucalyptoil(KohliandSingh,1991). significantly reducedwhenplacedinchambers eucalypt leaves,litter,bark, flowers, andleafmulch In addition,theleachates and extractsfromthe tent, andcausewilting(KohliSingh,1991). and Polová,1986),reducethechlorophyllcon- also beenfoundtoinhibitrespiration(Vicherková al.,1991).Thevolatileallelochemicalshave et oils, thegerminationwasgreatlyreduced(Singh Petri disheshavingsoiladsorbedwitheucalypt The germination,seedlingvigor,andseed- fuel wood timber/fuel , Hordeum vulgare, P . and aureus Swaminatham, 1996 Avena sativa wereplacedin α -pinene, and Phaseolus were Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 1988) testedtheallelopathicinfluenceof 1986; Chou,1993).SureshandVinayaRai(1987, al.,1983;ChouandKuo, by allelopathy(Kuoet or irrigatedwithaqueous leaf extract.Seedger- from thefieldeithermulched withdryleaves on sorghumandsunflower using topsoilcollected vegetation by have concludedthatexclusionofunderstorey different speciesof cause ofconcerntoallelopathsandecologists. phenolic compoundsinitsleavesandseedsisa ence ofanon-proteinaminoacidalongwithsome Lantican andTaylor,1991).However,thepres- of land(ChouandWaller,1989;Nair, nitrogen, andtoimprovetheoverallproductivity rate, fodder,fuelandwoodvalue,abilitytofix cies foragroforestrybecauseofitsfastgrowth C. well asintheleaves(Kohli,1990). and cinnamicacidwereidentifiedinthesoilas acid, caffeic gallic acid,gentisicsyringicvanillic as depth.Later,anumberofphenolicacidslike pounds. Theircontentvariedwithdistanceaswell plantations wasfoundtoberichinphenoliccom- tions. Thesoilcollectedfromthefloorofthese ing addedtothesoilsystembeneathplanta- nonvolatile allelochemicalsarecontinuouslybe- (1991) demonstratethatbothvolatileaswell were resistantortheviceversa coat thicknesstoseedvolumegreaterthan0.79 and itwasfoundthatseedswitharatioofseed ues ofthisratioweredeterminedmathematically, coat thicknessandseedvolume.Thecriticalval- resistance wasdeterminedbytheratioofseed leachates of their susceptibilityorresistancetotheaqueous A numberofagriculturalcropsweretestedfor and Ash,1990;LisaneworkMichelson,1993). 1986; SidhuandHans,1988;Kohli,1990;May al.,1984;Igboanugo, and Bawa,1982;Ahmedet initial growthofanumberplantspecies(Singh have beenreportedtoreducethegerminationand the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright Leucaena leucocephala Leucaena Chou andhisassociatesafterworkingwith Leucaena Studies conductedbyKohli(1990)andSingh © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout Eucalyptus isawidelyrecommendedtreespe- Leucaena p -coumaric acid,ferulic Leucaena . Interestingly,thelevelof isatleastpartlymediated forseveralyears

(Kohli, 1994). Leucaena Sesamum indicum,Ricinus communis, rice, resultinginahigher yield. eral growthandyieldcontributing parametersof with sativa the yieldofmaize( Institute fortropicalAgriculture(Anon.,1980), Sinha 1996). 28% whencomparedwiththecontrol(Rizvi,1996; Leucaena- reduced furtherwhenplantsweregrownin g/kg).TheN-aseactivitywasfoundtobe (16 were grownwithhigheramountofleaves increase wasreducedby29%whentheplants 34% morethaninthecontrolplants,butthis plants grownwith They foundthatnitrogenase(N-ase)activityof tive effectof al.(1993)furthersupportedaposi- and Salazaret Leucaena crease intheyieldofmaizeintercroppedwith under thecanopyof5-year-old having Leucaena parameter tomeasuretheallelopathicactivityof genase, theenzymefornitrogenfixationasatest Therefore, Rizviandhisassociatesselectednitro- of variousplantsonnitrogenfixation(Rice,1984). 1990a,b, 1994;Narwal,1996;Sinha,1996). al., al.,1989;ChaturvediandJha,1992;Rizviet et Chou andKuo,1986,RizviRizvi,1987;Kuo to allelochemicalsof the commonspeciesthatarenegativelysensitive Sorghum bicolor, Pinus taiwanensis,Stachytarphetajamaicensis, pudica, Miscanthusfloridulus,Phaseolusvulgaris, Lactuca sativa,Liquidambarformosana,Mimosa C. glauca,Cicerarietinum,Helianthusannuus, juncea,Cajanuscajan,Casuarinaequisetifolia, B. mosana, Bidenspilosa,Brassicachinensis, nilotica,Ageratumconyzoides,Alnusfor- A. icals. dry leafmulch,topsoil,anditsallelochem- of leaves,litter,soil,leafleachate,seedexudate, reported allelopathiceffectofaqueousextracts were reduced.Severalotherworkershavealso mination, rootlength,anddrymatterproduction According toareportoftheInternational There arereportsontheallelopathiceffects Leucaena ) wasincreasedwhengrowninassociation Abelmoschus esculentus,Acaciaconfusa, Leucaena . StudiesconductedbyJeyaraman(1991) leaves.Theygrew canopy soil,causinganinhibitionof Leucaena . Rachie(1983)alsofoundanin- leaves,andinsoilcollectedfrom and Leucaena Zea mays Leucaena Vignaradiata greenleafmulchonsev- leaves (8g/kg)was ) andrice( V. radiata (u tal.,1983; (Kuoet Leucaena Cajanus cajan, aresomeof plants. in soil Oryza and 781 Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 tree-crop interactioninagroforestry system. would helpinunderstanding themechanismof tion ofallelochemicalsproduced byAFspecies its isozymes.Furtherstudies onthemodeofac- ductase, catalase,IAA-oxidase,peroxidase,and rice ismediatedthroughitseffectonnitratere- mimosine ongerminationandseedlinggrowthof also confirmsthattheinhibitoryeffectsof al.,1990a,b,1994;RizviandRizvi,1998). et nase activityofrootnoduleswasinhibited(Rizvi different amountsof mungo V. ing toaninhibitionintheirgrowth.When altered thehormonalbalanceofseedlingslead- ellic acid.Theyfurtherreportedthatmimosine as catalyticlevel,anditwasmediatedbygibber- reduced amylaseactivitywasatsyntheticaswell down ofproteins,andactivityamylase.The zation efficiency,solubilizationofstarch,break- mimosine inhibitedseedlingvigor,foodmobili- radish ( Radicle growthoflettuce( be inhibitorywhenappliedtodifferentplants. concentrations ofmimosinehavebeenfoundto compounds andmimosine(Table1).Various tributed tothepresenceofanumberphenolic in ber ofphysiologicalandbiochemicalparameters have foundthatmimosineinhibitedalargenum- of actionisavailable.Rizviandhisassociates of mimosine,notmuchinformationonthemode al.,1990a,b). spectively (Rizviet an 83and86%inhibitionofradiclegrowth,re- and be inhibitedby1m aestivum, Phaseolus aureus,Raphanussativus,Triticum Abelmoschus esculentus,Brassicacampestris, Germination, radicle,andplumulelengthof al.,1983;TawataandHongo,1987). (Kuo et rapa 782 the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright maize growninassociationwith have reportedaninhibitionofgrowthandyield effect onmaize.Karimandco-workers(1991) However, therearecontradictoryreportsaboutits are positivelyaffectedby Sorghum vulgare V. mungo A reportbyPrasadandSubhashini(1994) The allelopathiceffectsof Despite thereportsonallelopathiceffects V. mungo ) wasinhibitedby10to20ppmofmimosine Raphanus sativus © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout plantsweregrowninthesoilhaving and wereaffectedthemostandshowed Vignamungo and aresomeoftheotherplantsthat M P. aureus. mimosine. Leucaena Leucaena ), andturnip( Lactuca sativa havebeenfoundto Leucaena They foundthat Phaseolus aureus Leucaena leaves,nitroge- (Singh,1983). Brassica areat- hedges. ), rice, nwihtewe sapolm(iv tal., in whichtheweedisa problem (Rizviet affect thegerminationandgrowth of While completelyinhibiting theweed,itdidnot colonum 1,3,7-T anditsmodeofaction on ates furtherstudiedtheselectivebehaviorof concentration of2000ppm.Rizviandhisassoci- germination of 1200 ppm.Thecompoundalsosuppressedthe hibited theseedgerminationof tested forherbicidalpotential,itcompletelyin- (1,3,7-T) fromtheseedsof an allelochemicalas1,3,7-trimethylxanthine al.,1980b).Theyisolatedandidentified (Rizvi et spinosus found toinhibitgerminationof paya, Coffeaarabica, tracts ofseeds palmeri laevigata Scopolin andScopoletinisolatedfrom and developmentofweeds,throughallelopathy. A. AgroforestryinWeedControl be eco-friendlyalternativestosyntheticpesticides. and theirleachatespurifiedcompoundsmay their allelopathicmaterialscanbeusedasmulch, pest controllingpropertiestoAFspecies.Thus, allelochemicals inturnprovidevariouskindsof that arerichinallelochemicalcontent.These produce agoodamountofleaf,litteranddebris erties ofAFspecies.Mostthespecies opportunity toexplorethepestcontrollingprop- Rizvi, 1992a;Copping,1996). Hedin, 1986;ChouandWaller,1989;Rizvi tation ofweeds(Rice,1984,1995;Greenand pathogens, insects,nematodes,andreducesinfes- allelochemicals oftenimpartsplantresistanceto al.,1997).Thepresenceofthese 1995; Narwalet al.,1994;Rice, tion ofotherorganisms(Inderjitet velopment, distribution,behavior,andreproduc- that affectgermination,growth,metabolism,de- CONTROL IV. AGROFORESTRYANDPEST Trees canregulatethegerminationandgrowth Agroforestry systemsprovideanexcellent Plants areknowntosynthesizeallelochemicals (100%),and by13,58,100,and36%,respectively (Lodhi andRice,1971).Ethanolicex- are reportedtosuppress Avena fatua Annona squamosa,Caricapa- and E. crusgalli Tamarindusindica (40.1%), C. arabica A.spinosus (91.2%)ata Vigna mungo Amaranthus Echinochloa A. spinosus Amaranthus . When Celtis were at . Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 pyridine, andphenolicspresentin Allelochemi-cals likemimosine,3,4-dihydroxy 1980c, 1987;RizviandRizvi,1983,1984). the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright Ageratum conyzoides also beenfoundtototallyexcludeweedslike 1985). Driedmango( al., Saadawi andAl-Rubeaa,1985;Al-Saadawiet nonsenescent leavesof rials, andvolatilecompoundsofsenescent be inhibitedbyaqueousextracts,decayingmate- dium album, Amaranthus retroflexus,Avenasativa,Chenopo- and Kuo,1986;Chou,1993). glyphosate andparaquat(Heisey,1996). post-emergence herbicidalpropertysimilarto anthus alissisma Ailanthone, anotherchemical(isolatedfrom methylene —hasbeendeveloped(Duke,1986). cin- — oil), acommerciallyusedbioherbicide chemistry ofcineole(acomponent hysterophorus its bark,leaves,andoilinhibited rotundus rophyll, andtotalbiomassproductionof cantly inhibitedshootandrootlength,leafchlo- 68% reduction.Applicationof1%oilsignifi- dactylon pressed thebiomassproductionof growth oftwoweeds.A20%leafleachatesup- leachate andoilshoweddifferentialeffectsonthe al.,1998a). trol weeds(Kohliet of highallelopathicactivity,areexpectedtocon- al.,1994). (Mohanty et seedling considerablyinhibited(60%)thetillering rotundus completely inhibitedthegerminationof der @250g/10kgmixedwithsoilinpotculture Seed germinationandseedlinggrowthof © byabout50%,whereas1%oilcauseda (aue al.,1996).Aqueousextractsof (Babuet upto21days,anditsapplication 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout ioieNon-protein aminoacid Sesquiterpene lactone Terpenoid Terpenoid Azadirachtin Alkaloid Mimosine Citronellal Cineole Caffeine leohmclCeia aueNtrlsuc Ref. Quassinoid Naturalsource Ailanthone Chemicalnature Allelochemical Properties Allelochemicals IsolatedfromAgroforestrySpecies withWeed-Suppressing TABLE 2 and (ol tal.,1998b).Basedonthe (Kohliet Cynodondactylon ), hasbeenreportedtopossessa Mangifera indica and Eucalyptus Citrus aurantium Mimosa pudica Eucalyptus Leucaena werefoundto spp.,because Parthenium Eucalyptus ) leafpow- Cynodon Cyperus Cyperus (Chou (Al- have leaf Ail- Azadirachta indica Azadirachta leucocephala Leucaena citriodora Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus arabica Coffea altissima Ailanthus ( have beenexploitedforthispurpose.Neem However, veryfewtree-basedallelochemicals of crudeplantextractsorasvolatileextracts. can beusedeitherinthepurifiedform,form gens (Rice,1995).Theplantallelochemicals use ofallelochemicalsforthecontrolpatho- B. AgroforestryinPathogenControl pressing abilityaregiveninTable2. allelochemicals thathavedemonstratedweed-sup- pear promising.Someoftheexamples C. AgroforestryinNematodeControl seen inTable3. effect onpathogens.Someoftheexamplescanbe AF specieshavealsobeenevaluatedfortheir 1985; Eppler,1995).Besidesneem,someother al., decreasing thediseaseincidence(Saxenaet deterrents topathogen-carryinginsects,thereby seed oil.Moreover,neemproductsalsoactas uted tothepresenceofsulfurouscompoundsinits cal activityofneemagainstpathogensisattrib- al.,1997).Thebiologi- al.,1987;Srivastavaet et al.,1986;Jeyarajan gal pathogens(Gunasekaranet been reportedtocontrolawidespectrumoffun- extracts, seedkernelpowder,andoilhave Schmutterer, 1995a).Itsseedcake,andfruit potential tokillpathogens(Ghwande,1989; found nematicidalagainst Various partsofneemortheirextractshavebeen that hasbeenstudiedforthenematodecontrol. Azadirachta indica One strategytoexploitallelopathyisthe The herbicidalpropertiesofAFspeciesap- Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) isonetree,whichpossesses ole al.,1990 Koul et Rizvi, 1998 al.,1998a Kohli et al.,1998a Kohli et al.,1980c Rizvi et Heisey, 1996 Meloidogyneincognita ) isaplantspecies 783 . Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 Vitex negundo Vitex belerica T. indica Saraca pinnata Pongamia taeda P. castilloi Pinus Lonchocarpus inermis Lawsonia communis Juniperus officinalis Emblica rostrata E. Eucalyptus arabica Coffea limone Citrus lanceolatus Callistemon Reference Pathogen indica Plantpart/chemicals Azadirachta marmelos Aegle arabica Acacia AF species Agroforestry SpecieswithPotentialtoControlsomeCropPathogens TABLE 3 Terminalia arjuna Terminalia 784 the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright lentum Abelmoschus esculentus galling havebeeninhibited byextractsofneemin studied parts.Nematode populations androot and Mishra,1991a,b)aresomeofthemost al.,1989)andseed coatkernel/cake(Mojumder et (Siddiqui andAlam,1985);seeds(Mishra al.,1979);flower,bark,andgum Vijayalskshmi et Leaves (SinghandSitaramaiah,1967,1969; p.Essentialoils spp. , and © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout p.Volatileandnonvolatile spp. Solanum tuberosum Neem cake Extracts ofdifferentparts Extracts ofdifferentparts Extracts ofdifferentparts Leaf extract Leaf extract Soil amendedwithbark Flavonoids ofhardwood Leaf extract Essential oil Extracts ofdifferentparts Murty,1982 Essential oil,leafpowder 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine Eppler,1995 Essential oil TMV,ZYMV,vectors Fresh leaves Essential oil Seed kernelextract TMV Commercial products Aqueous barkextract, Leaf extract,oil, Leaves Roots, seeds,andbark essential oils extracts fractions ibdnPXVerma,1974 PVX Nimbidin , Lycopersicon escu- (Singhand Pythiun aphanidermatum campestris Pythiun Xanthomonas lucidium Ganoderma solani Fusarium aureus, Staphylococcus rolfsii tuberculosis Sclerotum personata Mycobacterium Phaeoisariopsis sclerotirum Sclerotonia oryzae Pyricularia Pyricularia oryzae Pyricularia oryzae Pyricularia oryzae Pyricularia oxysporum Fusarium debaryanum personata Pythium Phaeoisariopsis Rhizoctonia Fusarium aphanidermatum Pythium aphanidermatum Pythiun trabea personata Lenzites Phaeoisariopsis aphanidermatum Pythiun oryzae Pyricularia capivorum Sclerotum rolfsii Sclerotum maydis Drechslera aphanidermatum Pythium oryzae miyabeanus Pyricularia Cockliobolus Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia Macrophomina phaseolina Macrophomina TOSWV Phytophthora capsici Phytophthora Rhizoctania solani Rhizoctania species knowntohavenematicidal activity.Itsoil azadirach are susceptibletoneem or chinaberry( (1997) listedmorethan20nematodespeciesthat al. vegetable crops(Mojumder,1997).Reddyet 1981); mungbean( chickpea Sitaramaiah, 1967;RossherandZebitz,1987); Castor ( sp. sp.

) derivatives. ( Cicer arietinum Ricinus communis Vigna radiata Kishore andDwivedi,1991 al.,1993 Eswaramurthy et al.,1987 Jeyarajan et Ganapathy and Singh andDwivedi,1990 Ghwande, 1989 Ram, 1989 al.,1989 Prakash et rks tal.,1989 Prakash et al.,1989 Prakash et al.,1989 Prakash et Kumar andTripathi,1991 Ghwande, 1989 Huang andKuhlman,1991 Kishore andDwivedi,1991 al.,1990 Gomez-Garibay et Ghwande, 1989 Kishore andDwivedi,1991 al.,1989 Prakash et al.,1988 Salama et Singh andDwivedi,1990 al.,1980a Rizvi et Kishore andDwivedi,1991 Tewari andNayak,1991 Narayansamy, 1990 ) (GuptaandRam, ) isanotherAF ), pulsesand Melia Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 species orsubspeciesthatare susceptibletoneem of insects.Schmutterer(1995a) haslisted413 ucts, havebeentestedagainst 450to500species tive compounds,andseveralcommercialprod- seed kernelpowders,theirextracts,oil,cake,ac- research activitiesthroughouttheworld. 3 decadeswitnessedanunprecedentedincreasein Sudan duringalocustinvasionin1959.Thenext neem treethatcontrolinsectswhileworkingin Schmuttererrediscoveredthepropertiesof H. trolling potentialofneemstartedinthe1960s. ever, significantadvancementintheinsectcon- tecting storedricefrominsectinfestation.How- in 1928,andtheneemleaveswereusedpro- ( D. AgroforestryandInsectControl agroforestry innematodecontrol. are neededtodemonstratethebenefitsof al.,1974a,b).Furtherstudies nematodes (Khanet been foundtoxictoanumberofphytoparasitic nimbidin andthionemoneisolatedfromneemhave are activeagainstnematodes.Alkaloidslike chemicals havebeenisolatedandidentifiedthat nematode control.However,onlyafewallelo- purified allelochemicalscouldalsobeusedfor leucocephala L. todes, are tree species,whicharereportedtosuppressnema- been reportedbyHasan(1992).Someoftheother cultivated inthepresenceofcastorcakehave root galling,andanincreaseintomatoyieldwhen 1992), ( Meloidogyne javanica the numberof al.,1969,1973).Areductionin cakes (Khanet fields wasreducedwhentreatedbycastoroil the soilpopulationof 1974). Khanandhisassociateshavefoundthat by thetreatmentofitsoilcakes(AlamandKhan, nita ( cake hasbeenfoundtoreducegallingonokra the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright Azadirachta indica Spinacea oleracea Abelmoschus esculentus wassuppressedandrootgallingreduced Neem products,rangingfromsimpleleafand The insectrepellentpropertyofneem Apart fromusingplantpartsortheirextracts, Coffea © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout Acacia auriculiformis s.(rncne al.,1986),and sp.(Tronoconet M. incognita (Jain andHasan,1985). ), soilpopulationof ) wasfirstdiscoveredinIndia (Singh,1969).Inspinach M. incognita and ) rootscausedby (Sinhababu Meloidogyne intomato M. incog- tal et sp., ., for theiranti-insectproperties against ( (Panonychus citri azadirach Shin-Foon (1987)reportedthatseedoilof Scirpophaga Sitotroga cerealella,Spodopteralitura, chinensis, Diacrisiaobliqua,Euproctisfraterna, castanem. dominica, Sitotrogacerealella, Vitex negundo al.,1989).Theyfurtherreportedthatleavesof et thereby transmissionofricetungrovirus(Prakash of riceleafhopper( mosa 1980d). Oilextractedfromseedsof al., cantly inhibitedtheoviposition(Rizviet that at1.5%concentrationthecompoundsignifi- grain pest and testeditasachemosterilentagainststored stem, andbarkof worm — growth-disturbing propertiesagainstcabbage bark of that toosendanin,atriterpenoidisolatedfromthe xanthine fromseedsofcoffee( associates isolatedacompound1,3,7-trimethyl- their insect-controllingproperty.Rizviandhis for agroforestryuses)havebeenevaluated al.,(1997). Narwal et Ascher (1984,1987),Schmutterer(1995a),and ested indetailsmayrefertoSchmuttererand of storedproducts(Saxena,1995).Readersinter- domestic animals(Schmutterer,1995c);andpests blood suckingandotherparasitesofman mental trees,andshrubs(Schmutterer,1995b); and tubercrops(Zebitz,1995b,c);forest,orna- (Ostermann andDreyer,1995);fruittrees,root, (Zebitz, 1995a);vegetablesandgrainlegumes sect pestsincorn(Hellpap,1995);oilcrops tions havebeenfoundtobeeffectiveagainstin- (Koul, 1992).Neemproductsortheirformula- alkanes, andseveralsulfur-containingcompounds 6-deacetylnimbinene, margosinolides,meliantriol, bocinolides, salannins,vilasinines,nimbeneneand azadirachtins, azadirones,nimo-andnim- for theirefficacyagainstvariousinsectpestsare products. Someoftheneemallelochemicalstested Aleurocanthus spiniferus Besides neem,onlyafewplantspecies(known showedasignificantreductioninsurvival M. toosendan, Pieris rapae -Callosobruchus chinensis iseffectiveagainstcitrusredmite Insectslike sp. werealsoinhibitedby areeffectiveagainst ) andorangespinywhitefly Grewia microcos Nephotettix virescens . Whenmethanolicextract, possessesantifeedantand Achaea janta,Bruchus ). Hefurtherreported and Coffea arabica Annona squa- Rhizopertha . Theyfound weretested V. negundo. Tribolium Melia Aedes ) and and 785 ) Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 786 the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright aegytii, oee,suiscnutdb iv tal.(1990b) However, studiesconducted byRizviet ered ameasureoftheincrease infoodproduction. tity ofgrains(ifany)invariably hasbeenconsid- agroforestry systems,agrossincreaseinthequan- Unfortunately, whileevaluatingthegrainyieldof promising thenutritionalvalueofproduct. the cropcomponentofagroforestry),withoutcom- cient food(especiallythegrainsobtainedfrom estry systemshouldensureproductionofsuffi- land holdings.Thus,anyrecommendedagro-for- rural populationdependsonfoodfromtheirsmall becomes morecrucialbecausethemajorityof developing countries,thelattergoalofagroforestry pecially forruralpeople.Inless-developedand sidered asystemtoincreasefoodproduction,es- for developingsustainablelanduse,isalsocon- Systems A. QualitativeYieldofAgroforestry RESEARCH V. APPROACHESFORFUTURE ability tocontrolpestscouldbeofgreatvalue. paratively longerperiod;therefore,theirpossible main acomponentofagroecosystemforcom- cycled throughnature.Agroforestryspeciesre- allelochemicals becausetheyarelikelytobere- prove aneverendingreservoirofeco-friendly able nature(Copping,1996).Thus,plantsmay environmentally saferowingtotheirbiodegrad- sidered tobelesstoxicnon-targetspeciesand (allelochemicals), withsomeexceptions,arecon- Peakall, 1996).Bycontrast,thebotanicals tem (VighiandFunari,1995;VanEmden cause theyareknowntoattackthenervoussys- phorus compoundsareespeciallydangerousbe- 1998, RizviandRizvi,1992b).Theorganophos- al., pollution, andnon-targettoxicity(Rizviet tence, health-relatedproblems,environmental found tobehazardousduetheirlongpersis- serious globalproblem.Severalofthemhavebeen al.,1996). 47.5 ppm(Permaratneet second-instar mosquitolarvaewasfoundtobe chinensis Agroforestry, besidesbeinganimportanttool Indiscriminate useofsyntheticpesticidesisa

Plutella xylostella, © , theLC-50ofmethanolicextractagainst 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout and Callosobruchus problem ofcropsandattributed thistodeteriora- Schreiner andReed(1908) reportedthereplant year. Asearlyasinthebeginning ofthiscentury, the samecroppingpatternisrepeatedyearafter orchards, nurseries,andagriculturalfieldswhere retin inapple( in peach( the samehavebeenidentified,suchasamygdalin In somecases,theallelochemicalsresponsiblefor litter, orthepost-harvestresiduesleftinsoil. the soilfromrootsofintactplants,fallen due tothepresenceofallelochemicalsreleasedin soil biota.Thereplantproblemisatleastpartly diation ofmicroorganisms,nematodes,andother an importantroleeitherdirectly,orthroughme- that inmostoftheseproblemsallelopathyplays lish thecropsintheseisdifficult.Datasuggest further use.Torejuvenatesuchsoilsandreestab- ceeding crops.Itoftenmakesthelandunfitfor which pertainstotheinjuriouseffectonsuc- after year,the systems wherethesamecropsaregrownyear with AgroforestrySpecies B. SoilQualityandReplantProblem of lifethepoorandmalnourished. above considerationscouldimprovethequality Agroforestry systemsdesignedonthebasisof value orifpossible,withanimprovedquality. the supplyoffoodwithatleastnormalnutritive similar studieswithotherAFspeciestoensure data). Thus,itisextremelyimportanttoconduct 45%, respectively(RizviandRizvi,unpublished iron contentingrainswasincreasedby28and leaves of plants of value cannotberuledout.Onthecontrary,when possibility ofproducinggrainswithlownutritive Thus, evenifthegrainyieldpotentialishigh, obtained fromthelatterwasreducedby72%. cropping with radiata affect thequalityoffoodgrains.When allelochemicals releasedfromAFspeciesalso and Sinha(1996)havedemonstratedthat The problemisprevalentespeciallyinthe In agroecosystems,nurseries,andagroforestry wasgrowninmonocultureandalley V. radiata Prunus persica Moringa oleifera, Malus baccata Replant Syndrome Leucaena, were growninthepresenceof ) andphlorizinphlo- iron contentofgrains the levelofzincand ) (Rice,1984). oftenappears, Vigna Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 ase activityofrootnodules (1996) hasalsofounda28%inhibitionintheN- nitrogenase (N-ase)activityin al.,1990),rye( et ( like coffee(FriedmanandWaller,1983),alfalfa some ofthecountries.Anumbercropplants world, replantproblemhasbeendocumentedfrom the samespeciesissuccessfulinmanypartsof this problem.Althoughcontinuouscroppingof removal ofthetoxinsfromsoilovercomes previous crops.Theirstudyconcludedthatthe tion ofsoilcausedbythetoxinsreleasedfrom the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright wan. ChouandYao(1983) foundthatthebiom- widely distributedinthe southern partsofTai- dominant componentof coastal vegetation,is al.,1990a,b). 1987; Rizviet observed withpuremimosine(RizviandRizvi, (Rizvi, 1996;Sinha,1996).Similareffectswere significantly inhibitedby mays. sativa, Phaseolusvulgaris,Vignaradiata, juncea, Cajanuscajan,Cicerarietinum,Oryza leachate on ciates evaluatedtheeffectof and Kuo,1986;Chou,1993).Rizvihisasso- al.,1983;Chou understorey vegetation(Kuoet major causeforthephenomenonofexclusion that competitionforthesefactorswasnotthe light, soilmoisture,andnutrients,etc.revealed lings wereabletogrow.Experimentaldataon canopy, butasubstantialnumberofitsownseed- understorey speciesgrowunderthe Kuo andhisassociatesreportedthatonlyafew differentially withcompanioncrops(Anon.,1991). Allelochemicals C. SelectiveBehaviorofTree problem inagroforestrysystems. ings indicatetowardthepossibilityofsoilhealth when grownin soil of al.(1994)foundthat problem. Recently,Duhanet to orchardcropsareknownsufferwiththis 1983), andrice(ChouLin,1976)inaddition Wojtkowiak, 1990),maize(YakleandCruse, Medicago sativa It hasbeenreportedthatAFspeciesbehave Exceptfor Acacia nilotica © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout Abelmoschus esculentus,Brassica Leucaena ) (Miller,1983),wheat(Thorne O. sativa, Secale cereale rhizosphereinhibitsthe -canopy soil.Thesefind- allothercropswere Vigna radiata Leucaena Rhizobium Vitex negundo Leucaena ) (Wojcik- leachate Leucaena sp.Rizvi and plants leaf Zea , a Cymbopogon tortilis the adjoiningarea.Speciessuchas vegetation ofpinestandswhencomparedwith (1992) reportedaselectivepatterninunderstorey nodosus A. ous extractof significantly retardedbywateringwitha1%aque- grown inpotsundergreenhouseconditions,was rainfall control.Thegrowthof Andropogon nodosus Digitaria decumbens negundo V. results showedthatthenaturalleachatesof relatively lowerthaninadjacentpastures.Field ass anddensityofitsunderstoreyvegetationare plantanifolia, Cassiatora pine forest,wherespeciessuchas tago asiatica allelochemicals inpineleavesandcanopysoil. to thepresenceofanumberphenolic outside theforest.Thisselectivitywasattributed and lings detoxifymimosineinto 3,4-dihydroxypyri- (1966) havedemonstrated that search islackinginthisarea. SmithandFowden and environmentalconditions,etc.However,re- of actionataparticulartime;activitymicrobes allelochemical intheproducerplant,soil,andsite mechanism inthereceptorplant;concentrationof uted toseveralfactorsviz.somedetoxifying tical valueindesigningagroforestrysystems. AF speciesforcompanioncropscouldbeofprac- vations ontheselectiveallelopathicbehaviorof a higheryieldwith tolerant tonegativeallelopathiceffects,butitgave rice. Theyfoundthatthericeplantwasnotonly leaves onseveralgrowthandyieldparametersin demonstrate apositiveeffectof al.(1993)also Jeyaraman (1991)andSalazaret yield ofmaizeandrice.Studiesconductedby supported apositiveeffectof ture (Anon.,1980),andbyRachie(1983)further the InternationalInstituteforTropicalAgricul- increased Leucaena, duced whengrowninalleycroppingwith diata The yieldofwheat,greengram( Selective actionofachemicalcanbeattrib- Digitaria sanguinalis ), andturmeric(

(Anon., 1991).Researchconductedat buttheyieldofmaizeandricewas and significantlyretardedthegrowthof werefoundtogrowwellinsidethe Mimosa pudica V. negundo Leucaena , butstimulatedthegrowthof Themeda triandra, whencomparedwiththe Curcuma longa , weregrowingonly Chenopodium album, , butthegrowthof mulch.Suchobser- wasinhibited.Kil Leucaena Leucaena Leucaena D. decumbens Aster tataricus Boehmeria Vigna ra- and ) wasre- onthe seed- green Plan- 787 , , Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 vitamin K,andriboflavinin tein, potassium,calcium,phosphorus,carotenes, 788 the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright sepium duced by chemicals suchasmimosineandcanavaninepro- tion isavailablewiththeexceptionofallelo- tems fromthisviewpoint.Onlylimitedinforma- evaluate thetreecomponentofagroforestrysys- (1992b) haveemphasizedthatitisdesirableto have almostbeentotallyignored.Rizviand nately, therolesofallelochemicalsinthisregard cheaper andnutritious,butsaferaswell.Unfortu- fodder availablethroughagroforestryisnotonly fore, theagroforestersmustguaranteethat the healthoflivestockisalwaysaconcern.There- animals foragriculturalandeconomicpurposes, fodder. Beingcompletelydependentontheirfarm supply ofsuitable,nutritious,andless-expensive agroforestry endeavors.Thisincludesaregular farmers haveahighexpectationfromtheir fodder, andotherneeds.Inthesecircumstances almost completelydependonfarmfortheirfood, tries haveonlysmalllandholdings,andthey countries. Thepopulationsofmostthesecoun- more importantforthefarmersofdeveloping provide fodderforfarmanimals.Thisiseven Human Nutrition D. Allelochemicals:RoleinAnimaland viewpoint ofanimalnutrition. such studiesmayalsoprovetobeusefulfromthe suitable selectionsofcompanioncrops.Further, ies withotherAFspeciesareneededtomake al.,1994;Sinha,1996).Similarstud- ous (Rizviet high allelochemicalconcentrationperiodisobvi- effect onthecompanioncropsgrownduring growth inhibitedby10to62%.Thus,theadverse ery month)on leachates (preparedfromtheleavescollectedev- leaves overtheyear.Whilestudyingeffectof tion inallelochemicalconcentration metabolites. Rizviandhisassociatesfoundvaria- dine, whichisfurtherbrokendownintonontoxic ers havefoundthat it desirableasananimalfeed. However,research- The presenceofahighamountcrudepro- One ofthemajorgoalsagroforestryisto , respectively. © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout Leucaena leucocephala V. mungo Leucaena , theyfoundtheradicle Leucaena can betoxicto and leavesmake Leucaena Gliricidia In thoseregionswhere ruminants variesindifferentgeographicalregions. 1986; D’Mello,1994).Thenatureofbacteriain 3,4-DHP mayescapesuchdegradation(Bray, ists thatconsiderablequantitiesofmimosineand fying bothformsofDHP,butthepossibilityex- Some oftherumenbacteriaarecapabledetoxi- pyridone (3,4-DHP)and2,3-DHPareproduced. of mimosine,twoisomersviz.3-hydroxy-4(1H)- rial breakdownofmimosine.Duringdegradation toxicity isrelatedtotheextentandrateofbacte- on therumenmicrobialecology,andlevelof mulation butrathertomimosine. Leucaena symptoms thatdevelopedwhenratswerefedon rats hasshownthatthelossofhairandothertoxic 1944). However,Yoshida(1994)workingwith ability toaccumulateseleniumfromsoil(Arnold, lier, thetoxicityof al.,1983).Ear- and proteins(Bell,1972;Kuoet tate glutamatetransaminase,andsynthesisofRNA reported toinhibittyrosinedecarboxylase,aspar- and El-Harith,1985;Bray,1986).Ithasalsobeen Re tal.,1975;Hegarthi (Ries et DNA, andleadstoreductionofbloodthyroxin duces synthesisofhigh-tyrosineproteinsand tyrosine toinhibittheactivityoftyrosinase,re- acts asatyrosineantagonistandcompeteswith to inhibitanumberofbiochemicalreactions.It eventually leadtomortality.Mimosineisknown general adverseeffectsonhealth,whichmay wool, retardedgrowth,fertilityproblems,and formation ofgoiter,deteriorationinthequality tion (Ritchie,1974).Mimosinecanalsocausethe from hairloss,poorgrowth,andexcessivesaliva- Cattle fedexcessivelyon and thereductionofeggproductioninpoultry. fects arethelossofhairinnonruminantanimals animals. Mostconspicuousoftheseadverseef- to observemimosinetoxicity inruminantsfedon isomers. Therefore,inthese regionsitiscommon ria thatarerequiredtodetoxify mimosineandits Kenya, andtheU.S.A.,ruminantslackbacte- toxicity. However,inotherregionslikeAustralia, products. Thisleadstotheabsenceof for breakdownofmimosineanditsdegradation Indonesia), ruminantspossessthebacteriarequired (Central America)orisnaturalized(Hawaiiand The expressionofmimosinetoxicitydepends mealwerenotduetoseleniumaccu- Leucaena Leucaena tal et Leucaena was ascribedtoits ., 1976;ter-Meulen is indigenous meal suffer Leucaena Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 system isfurtherexpected toincreaseitsutility tween variouscomponents oftheagroforestry of theconceptallelopathic compatibilitybe- able agroecosystem.However,theintroduction to combattheseproblemsanddevelopasustain- Agroforestry isnowconsideredaneffectivetool and theintroductionofexotictreespecies. tion ofaggressiveormorecompetitivevarieties, ment ofahugeamountagrochemicals,cultiva- misuse oroveruseofnaturalresources,deploy- rily becauseofanincreaseinthepopulation, base onagloballevel.Theseproblemsareprima- ing biodiversity,anddeterioratingnaturalresource pressed regardingdegradingenvironment,deplet- VI. CONCLUSION geographical zone. component oftheagroforestrysystemintoanew when analienspeciesisbeingintroducedasa allelochemicals. Suchstudiesaremorecrucial the possibleharmfulorbeneficialeffectsoftree- Therefore, itisessentialfornutritioniststostudy animals fedonahighallelochemical(toxic)diet. through consumptionofproductsobtainedfrom association withallelopathicAFspecies,and(3) material, (2)asaresidueincropplantsgrown direct consumptionofallelochemicalcontaining enter thehumanbodyinseveralways:(1)through allelochemicals ortheirdegradationproductsmay are evenmoredisturbing(Brewbaker,1989).Toxic mimosine hasalsocausedtoxiceffectsinhumans tant goalsofagroforestry.Thereportsthat in foddermaytotallyjeopardizeoneoftheimpor- synthesis ofaberrantproteins(D’Mello,1994). with lysineandargininefortransportinduce sis ofpolyamine,creatine,andDNA;compete enhance argininecatabolism;reducethesynthe- al.,1995),itisknownto ing allelopathic(Basset canavanine.Besidesbe- — toxic allelochemical cies, Australia (Brewbaker,1989).AnotherAFspe- uses havebeendemonstratedsuccessfullyin lem ofmimosinetoxicitycanbesolved.Such inoculated withDHP-degradingbacteria,theprob- Leucaena the consentof the publisherisprohibited. Copyright In recentyears,greatconcernhasbeenex- Thus, thepresenceofharmfulallelochemicals G. sepium, © 1999,CRCPress LLC—Filesmaybedownloaded forpersonaluseonly.Reproduction ofthismaterialwithout meal foralongperiod.Ifruminantsare is knowntocontainahighly Alam, S.M.1990.Effectofwildplantextractsongermina- Akram, M.,Ahmad,N.,Hussain,F.,andAlam,K.M.1990. Al-Mousawi, A.H.andAl-Naib,F.G.1975.Allelopathic Alam, M.andKhan,A.1974.Controlof Ahmed, N.F.,Hussain,andAkram,M.1984.Theallelo- Agboole, A.andFayemi,1975.Fixation REFERENCES tion. sity, Chandigarh,India,deservesathankfulmen- cooperation ofDr.DaizyBatish,PanjabUniver- Vigo, Spain,isgratefullyacknowledged.The Mississippi andManuelJ.Reigosa,Universityof Estella D.Elakovich,UniversityofSouthern by Profs.P.K.R.Nair,UniversityofFlorida; ing necessaryfacilities.Generoussupportextended Diseases ResearchInstitute,Tehran,forprovid- ing accesstoitsdatabase,andthePlantPests for ResearchinAgroforestry,Nairobi,provid- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ronment, biodiversity,andnaturalresourcebase. and productivitybesidesconservationoftheenvi- Al-Saadawi, I.S.,Arif,M.B.,andAl-Rubeaa,A.J.1985. Al-Saadawi, I.S.andAl-Rubeaa,A.J.1985.Allelopathic Al-Mousawi, A.H.andAl-Naib,F.G.1976.Volatile Anon. 1980. Anon. 1991. tion andseedlinggrowthofwheat. Sci. 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