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Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences This article was downloaded by:[University of Queensland] On: 1 March 2008 Access Details: [subscription number 778575468] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713400911 Allelopathic Interactions in Agroforestry Systems S. J. H. Rizvi ab; M. Tahir c; V. Rizvi ab; R. K. Kohli d; A. Ansari a a Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Evin, Tabnak Av., Tehran, Iran. b Permanent address: Faculty of Basic Sciences, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa-848125, Samastipur, India. c International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) Regional Office, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, P.O. Box 19835-111, Tehran, Iran. d Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Online Publication Date: 01 November 1999 To cite this Article: Rizvi, S. J. H., Tahir, M., Rizvi, V., Kohli, R. K. and Ansari, A. (1999) 'Allelopathic Interactions in Agroforestry Systems', Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 18:6, 773 - 796 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/07352689991309487 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689991309487 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 18(6):773–796 (1999) Allelopathic Interactions in Agroforestry Systems S. J. H. Rizvi,1,2* M. Tahir,3 V. Rizvi,1,2 R. K. Kohli,4 and A. Ansari 1 1Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 19395–1454, Evin, Tabnak Av., Tehran, Iran; 2Permanent address: Faculty of Basic Sciences, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa-848125, Samastipur, India; 3International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) Regional Office, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, P.O. Box 19835–111, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India * Corresponding author. ABSTRACT: Agroforestry is a modern tool to develop sustainable land use and to increase food production by growing woody species (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) with agricultural crops and/or animals in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. Because these species co-exist with the agricultural crops, their allelopathic compatibility may be crucial to determine the success of an agroforestry system. A survey of the available information reveals that most of the agroforestry species (AF species) have negative allelopathic effects on food and fodder crops. Therefore, it is desirable to do further research in this direction so that AF species with no or positive allelopathic effects on the companion crops may be promoted for agroforestry programs. As AF species remain a part of the agroecosystem for a longer period, and most of them produce a large amount of leaves and litter, their allelochemicals may play an important role in developing an eco-friendly pest management Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 strategy. Besides these generally studied aspects of allelopathy, some comparatively newer aspects of research have been identified, such as evaluation of qualitative yield of agroforestry systems, selective behavior of the allelochemicals, effect on soil quality, and the role of tree allelochemicals in animal and human nutrition. If given due consideration, allelopathy could play a pivotal role in conservation of the highly threatened environment, biodiversity, natural resource base, and making agriculture more sustainable through broadening the scope of agroforestry. KEY WORDS: agroforestry, allelochemicals, allelopathy, eco-friendly pest control, qualitative yield. I. INTRODUCTION tude and the rate of the world population growth, hunger, and worldwide environmental degrada- Agroforestry is a sustainable land manage- tion. Unfortunately, by the end of nineteenth cen- ment system that increases the yield of the land, tury the establishment of forest plantations had combines the production of crops (including tree become the dominant objective of agroforestry. crops) and forest plants, and/or animals simulta- Landless laborers were employed with a provi- neously or sequentially on the same unit of land, sion that they can cultivate the land left between and applies management practices that are com- the rows of forest trees and use the agricultural patible with the cultural practices of the local products. However, the priority for forest trees population (Bene et al., 1977; King and Chandler, always controlled the agricultural operations in a 1978). It is evident that the pioneers in way that the interests of forestry should not be “agroforestry” considered that the ultimate objec- compromised (King, 1968). This philosophy cre- tive of the system was not tree production but ated a serious problem especially in the less-de- food production in totality. Further, development veloped countries because development of forest of the agroforestry system was considered a means and forest industry debarred the local people from of sustainable land use to cope with the magni- basic forest products. Thus, the most important Copyright© 1999, CRC Press LLC — Files may be downloaded for personal use only. Reproduction of this material without the consent of the publisher is prohibited. 773 role of forestry, that is, to support agriculture and the system (spatial/temporal), relative importance rural welfare was almost totally ignored (Westoby, and role of various components, production aims, 1975). and social/economic features. On the basis of Such realization coupled with other socio- components, it is mainly divided into agriculture economic pressures resulted in reassessment and (crops-trees-shrubs-vines), silvopastoral (pasture- reexamination of developmental policies by agen- animals-trees), and agrisilviculture (crops-pasture- cies like the World Bank and Food and Agricul- animals-aquaculture-sericulture-apiculture-trees). ture Organization (FAO). This led the Interna- Based on the space arrangement, it can be divided tional Development Research Center (IDRC) to into mixed dense, mixed sparse, support tree, etc. commission a project under the leadership of John When classified from the viewpoint of protection, Bene to identify the priorities for tropical forestry agroforestry is divided into soil conservation, research. FAO focused its attention toward the moisture conservation, shelterbelts, and wind- rural poor and emphasized the importance of for- breaks. However, when the emphasis is on pro- estry for rural development. During 1976 to 1978 duction, it is divided into food, fodder, timber, a series of seminars and workshops was held and etc. Recently, attention has been paid to the pos- as a result agroforestry was identified as a system sible allelopathic interactions between different to provide food, fuel, fodder, and other useful components of the agroforestry system to make it products in a sustainable manner. However, the more productive and sustainable (Rizvi et al., formal rediscovery of agroforestry by the global 1992). We intend to discuss here the problems scientific community can be credited to Bene and and prospects of such interactions. his group and the IDRC. Bene and his associates recommended that the priority should be given to combining production systems, which would in- Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 08:21 1 March 2008 II. ALLELOPATHY IN AGROFORESTRY tegrate forestry, agriculture, and/or animal hus- SPECIES bandry in order to optimize land use (Bene et al., 1977). Finally, with the establishment of the In- Owing to a worldwide awareness about the ternational Center for Research in Agroforestry benefits and potential of agroforestry, extensive (ICRAF), one of the oldest integrated traditional research has been conducted in this area in a land use systems was transformed into a scientific relatively short period. Some of the best known discipline called agroforestry. Presently, one of positive points about agroforestry are an overall its most widely accepted scientific definition is, increased productivity (Avery et al., 1991; Burch and Parker, 1992), enrichment of soil with or- Agroforestry is a collective name for land-use sys- ganic matter and nitrogen (Agboole and Fayemi, tems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliber- 1975; Ta and Farris, 1988), transport of nutrients ately used on the same land management units as from lower to the upper layer of soil (Yamoah agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of et
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