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INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS A Review of the Literature, 1954-1971
Agriculture Handbook No. 461
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Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE USDA, National Agricultural Library NALBldg 10301 Baltimore Blvd BeltsviHô, MD 20705-2351
Washington, D.C. Issued January 197Î
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office ' Washington, D.C. 20402—Price $2 Stock Number 0100-03197 CONTENTS
Page Page Cryptogams 2 Cyrillaceae 26 Agaricaceae 2 Datiscaceae 26 Dematiaceae 2 Diapensiaceae 26 Entomophthoraceae 2 Dichapetalaceae 26 Equsetaceae 2 Dioscoreaceae 26 Moniliaceae 2 Dipsacaceae___ 27 Osmundaceae 3 Dipterocarpaceae 27 Polypodiaceae 3 Ebenaceae 28 Rhodomelaceae 3 Elaeagnaceae 28 Phanerogams and spermatophytes 3 Elaeocarpaceae 28 Acanthaceae 3 Ericaceae :-. 28 Aceraceae 4 Eriocaulaceae 29 Aizoaceae 4 Erythroxylaceae 29 Alismataceae 4 Euphorbiaceae 29 Amaranthaceae 4 Fagaceae 31 Amaryllidaceae 4 Flacourtiaceae 32 Anacardiaceae 4 Gentianaceae 32 Annonaceae 6 Geraniaceae 32 Apocynaceae 7 Gesneriaceae 32 Aquifoliaceae 8 Ginkgoaceae 32 Araceae 8 Gramineae 32 Araliaceae 9 Guttiferae __. 35 Aristolochiaceae 10 Halorrhagidaceae 37 Asclepiadaceae 10 Hamamelidaceae 37 Balsaminaceae 10 Hemandiaceae 37 Begoniaceae 11 Hippocastanaceae 37 Berberidaceae 11 Humiriaceae 37 Betulaceae 11 Hypericaceae 37 Bignoniaceae 12 Icacinaceae 37 Bombacaceae 13 Juglandaceae 37 Boraginaceae 13 Labiatae 38 Burseraceae 14 Laminaceae 39 Buxaceae 15 Lauraceae 39 Cactaceae 15 Lecythidaceae 41 Campanulaceae 15 Leguminosae 41 Cannaceae 15 Liliaceae 52 Capparidaceae 15 Linaceae ^ 54 C aprifoliaceae 15 Loasaceae 54 Caryocaraceae 16 Loganiaceae 54 Caryophyllaceae 16 Loranthaceae 54 Casuarinaceae 16 Magnoliaceae 55 Celastraceae 16 Malpighiaceae 55 Chenopodiaceae 17 Malvaceae 55 Cistaceae 17 Marantaceae 56 Clethraceae 18 Melastomataceae 57 Combretaceae 18 Meliaceae 57 C ommelinaceae 18 Melianthaceae.^ : 60 Compositae 18 Menispermaceae 60 Convolvulaceae 23 Menyanthaceae 61 Comaceae 24 Molluginaceae 61 Crassulaceae 24 Moraceae 61 Crudferae 1 24 Myristicaceae 63 Cucurbitaceae 25 Myrtaceae 63 Cunoniaceae : 25 Nolanaceae 69 (-ycadaceae 26 Nyctaginaceae 69 ('yperaceae 26 Nyssaceae 69 I Ochnaceae 69 Santalaceae 90 Olacaceae 69 Sapindaceae 90 Oleaceae 69 Sapotaceae 90 Onagraceae 70 Saururaceae 91 Orchidaceae 70 Saxifragaceae 91 Oxalidaceae 70 Scrophulariaceae 91 Palmae 70 Simaroubaceae 91 Pandanaceae 70 Solanaceae 92 Papaveraceae 70 Staphyleaceae 97 Pedaliaceae 71 Sterculiaceae 97 Pinaceae 72 Tamaricaceae 98 Piperaceae 82 Taxaceae 98 Pittosporaceae 83 Terminaliaceae 98 Plantaginaceae 83 Theaceae 98 Platanaceae 83 Thymeleaceae 98 Podocarpaceae 83 Tiliaceae 98 Polemoniaceae 83 Ulmaceae 99 Polygonaceae 83 Umbelliferae 99 Primulaceae 84 Urticaceae 100 Proteaceae 84 Valerianaceae 100 Punicaceae 84 Verbenaceae 100 Ranunculaceae 84 Vitaceae 102 Rhamnaceae 86 Vochysiaceae 102 Rhizophoraceae 86 Zingiberaceae 102 Rosaceae 86 Zygophyllaceae 103 Rubiaceae 87 Unidentified plants 103 Rutaceae 88 References 104 Sabiaceae 89 Index 121 Salicaceae 89
This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recom- mended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, bene- ficial insects, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—^if they are not handled or appHed properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.
Trade names are used in this publication solely to provide specific informa- tion. Mention of a trade name does not constitute a warranty or an en- dorsement of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to the exclusion of other products not mentioned. INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS A Review of the Literature, 1954-1971
By MARTIN JACOBSON, Biologically Active Natural Products Laboratory, Northeastern Region, Agricultural Research Service
In 1958, Agriculture Handbook 154, entitled "Insecticides from Plants, a Re- view of the Literature, 1941-1953," by Martin Jacobson, was published by the Agricultural Research Service. It brought up to date N. E. Mclndoo's publication E-661, "Plants of Possible Insecticidal Value, a Review of the Literature up to 1941," which was issued by the former U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Numerous requests have been made to update Agriculture Hand- book 154. This review has therefore been extended to include the literature from 1954 through 1971, as well as several references that were omitted from the previous publication. Every effort has been made to include all the 1971 litera- ture; however, several reports bearing this date will no doubt appear in the foreign literature within the next year or so. These will necessarily have to be included in a future review. As in the two preceding literature reviews, the plants are grouped by families; 1,485 species are represented. No attempt has been made to include material on the well-known plant insecticides pyrethrum, rotenone, nicotine, and ryania. We are indebted to B. H. Braun, Insect Chemosterilants Laboratory, Agricul- tural Research Service, and M. R. Ditman, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., for assistance in collecting some of the information through literature searches. Miss Ditman also checked the order, family, genus, and species names of the plants. Authority names could not be located for those few plants lacking such names in this review. AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CRYPTOGAMS AGARICACEAE ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE
AM ANITA MUSCARIA L. Fly agaric. ENTOMOPHTHORAAPICULATA (Thaxt.) M. Gustofison. Several house fly attractants from this fungus ENTOMOPHTHORA CORONATA (Cost.) Kevorkian. were fractionated and one purified fraction was Reconstituted freeze-dried filtrates of week-old found to be especially attractive to mature cultures of these species were toxic when injected females.—Muto and Sugawara (^^i).^ into larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria 5-Aminomethyl-3-hydroxyisoxazole, an active mellonella) and adults of the face fly (Musca principle of this fungus, has been synthe- çLutumnalis),—Yendol et al. (^25), sized.—Bowden et al. (63), AMANITA PANTHERINA DC. EQUISETACEAE This fungus has long been known to be toxic to flies. In a systematic search for the active ingre- EQUISETUM HYEMALE L. var. AFFINE (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton. Common scouring-rush. dient, a peptide melting at 174°-176° C. was iso- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this lated and designated "pantherine." Acid hydrolysis of the compound destroyed its biological activ- species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity ity.—Onda et al. (292), against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Matteson et al. (262), AM ANITA spp. EQUISETUM KANSANUM Schaffn. Ibotenic acid, a fly-killing diboric amino acid de- Thirty-eight percent of Melanoplus femur- rived from several species of Amanitay was rubrum grasshoppers reached adulthood when synthesized.—Gagneux et al. (153); Kishida et al. reared on a diet containing extracts of this (213). plant.—Mulkem and Toczek (280), The literature on the "flycidal" constituents of A. strabiliformia has been reviewed.—Takemoto (383), MONILIACEAE TRICHOLOMA MUSCARIUM Kawamura. A hot-water extract and a dilute hydrochloric AsPERGiLLUS FLAVUS Link. acid extract of acetone-extracted material w^re Aflatoxin, a toxic substance produced by A. both insecticidal. The former retained its activity flavus, was fed to (a) yellowfever mosquitoes after boiling in water for 30 minutes.—Oya (294). (Aedes aegypti) at 0.006-percent concentration, (b) The mushroom attracts flies, which then die from house flies (Musca domestica) at 0.03-percent con- poisoning. The active principle was isolated, but centration, and (c) the fruit flies Drosophila not identified.—Takemoto (382), melanogaster. In all cases, both the number of eggs A crystalline component, named "tricholomic produced and the number that hatched were acid," with insecticidal properties was isolated from reduced. Aflatoxin is carcinogenic to higher this plant.—Takemoto and Nakajima (38i). animals.—Matsumura and Knight (261). AsPERGiLLUS OCHRACEUS Wiehelm. DEMATIACEAE Destruxin A, C29H47O7N5, melting point 188°- 190° C, and destruxin B, C25H42O6N4, melting MACROSPORIUM sp. point 234°, were isolated from culture filtrates of The fungal mat was powdered and extracted with this species. The M.L.D. of A and B were 0.28 and petroleum ether to yield an insecticidal substance. 0.34 /Ag. per gram, respectively, when injected into The extract was much less effective than DDT both fifth-instar silkworm larvae.—Kodaira (219), as a space spray and when applied topically against BEAUVERIA BASSiANA (Bals.) Vuill. Culex fatigans mosquitoes and Musca nebulo flies. This fungus, a well-known insect pathogen, pro- It did not exhibit any synergism with DDT.— duces a toxin during germination of the spores and Damodar et al. (110), growth of the hyphae. It is capable of paralyzing and kilUng susceptible insects in much less time than is required for penetration of the hypha into Italic numbers in parentheses refer to References, p. 104. the body cavity. Adult house flies suffered INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971
100-percent mortality when fed milk used as cul- point 234°, were isolated from culture filtrates of ture medium for the fungus, but survived when fed this species. The M.L.D. of A and B were 0.28 and spores that had not germinated. Filter paper on 0.34 ^tg. per gram, respectively, when injected into which spores had germinated acted as a contact fifth-instar silkworm larvae.—Kodaira (219). poison to susceptible species even-if the fungus had been killed by a fungicide or by autoclaving. Sus- OSMUNDACEAE ceptible insects include adult house flies, the adult "OsMUNDA ciNNAMOMEA L. Cinnamonfem, fiddle- dock beetles Gastroidea cyanea, and potato tuber- heads. worm larvae. House fly maggots are resistant to OsMUNDA REGALIS L. Royal fern, flowering fern. parasitism by the fungus and also to contact with Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these the toxin. Adult German cockroaches, unspecified ferns failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against grasshoppers, and larvae of the western tussock larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. moth,, the eastern tent caterpillar, and the southern (262). armyworm, all of which are susceptible to parasitism hyBeauveria, with paralysis as the first POLYPODIACEAE stage, failed to become paralyzed after a 2-hour exposure to toxin-containing filter papers. This GANODERMA LUCIDUM (LeySO ex Fr.) Karst. failure was probably due to the relatively small Anabe riga. area of the insect body surface in contact with the The fruiting body of this fungus was extracted filter paper.—Dresner (129), with kerosene oil and the extract was used as a This work could not be duphcated by Steinhaus spray against the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). and Bell, using techniques essentially identical to Its toxicity was comparable to that of pyrethrum Dresner's. There was only a slight and inconsistent extract.—Rao (SU). toxic reaction with adult house flies, and no clear POLYPODIUM VULGÄRE L. toxic effect with potato tuberworm larvae. There Ecdysterone and hydroxyscdysterone were iso- were likewise no significant toxic reactions to con- lated from the dry ground roots. These constituents tact with the fungal spores by adults of the granary interfered with the development of the larvae of weevil, the rice weevil, the confused flour beetle, Pyrrhocoris apterus after an implantation of 50 mg. and the Angoumois grain moth.—Steinhaus and of either into the hemolymph.—Jisba et al. (197). Bell (S71), A fungal suspension sprayed on tea plants at 4 RHODOMELACEAE kg. per acre in 80 gallons of water failed to control the shothole borer Xyleborus fomicatus,— CHONDRIA ARMATA (Kutzing) Okamura. Seaweed. Danthanarayana et al. (111). Domoic acid, isolated from this plant, exhibited BEAI VERíA TENELLA (Delacr.) Siemaszko. insecticidal activity in tests along with kainic acid An aqueous suspension of the spores gave good and a-allokainic acid. The oral toxicity of these to control of Melolontha melolontha larvae in the the house fly and German cockroach was domoic field.—Ferron (lS5a), acid > kainic acid > a-allokainic acid. Application of OOSPORA DESTRUCTOR Delacroix. domoic add caused paralysis, but pulsation of dor- Destruxin A, C29H47O7N5, melting point 188°- sal vessels was sustained for 6 days in Xylina 190° C, and destruxin B, C25H42O6N4, melting fumosa.—Sakai (329). PHANEROGAMS AND SPERMATOPHYTES ACANTHACEAE adults were confined on these papers for 24 hours and then transferred to untreated papers. AppUca- ADHATODA VASICA Nees. tion of 0.05 ml. per 11 square inches gave An ethanol extract of the dried powdered leaves 75-percent mortality in 2 days and 100 percent in 4 was evaporated and the resinous extract redis- days. The extract is said to be harmless to solved in ethanol to form a 1-percent spray, which man.—Srivastava and Awasthi (366). was applied to filter papers. Tribolium castaneum An alcohol extract of the leaves, used as a spray. AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12), Matteson et al (262), DiSPERMA Sp. The small scaly leaf is used as an insecticide, ALISMATACEAE especially against the mosquito.—Watt and SAGITTARIA FALCATA Pursh. Arrowhead. Breyer-Brandwijk iíll), Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ACERACEAE species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— ACER BARBATUM Michx. Synonym: A. floridanum Matteson et al. (262), (Chapm.) Pax. Southern sugar maple, Florida maple. AMARANTHACEAE Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this AcHYRANTHES JAPÓNICA Nakai. maple failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Leaves of this plant were normally accepted for against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Matteson et al. {262), feeding by Spodoptera littoralis.—Wada et al. (W5), ACER NEGUNDO L. AcHYRANTHES PHiLOXEROiDES (Mart.) Standley. Melanoplusfemurrubrum grasshoppers failed to reach adulthood when raised on a diet containing Synonym: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczek (280). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ACER PENNSYLVANICUM L. Striped maple, moose- wood. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Matteson et al. (262), maple failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— AcNiDA CANNABiNA L. Waterhemp. Matteson et al. (262), Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of ACER RUBRUM L. Red maple. this species failed to exhibit repellency or In a listing of timbers in descending order of toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this weevil.—Matteson et al. (262). wood was listed as 26 out of 100; it is thus one of the FROELICHIA FLORIDANA (Nutt.). Moq. Cotton- most susceptible woods.—Wolcott (U19), weed. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this maple failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Matteson et al. (262), Matteson et al. (262), This maple was not infested during an outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) AMARYLLIDACEAE in southern Louisana.—Oliver (291), AGAVE AMERICANA L. Century plant. ACER sp. An alcohol extract of the leaves, used as a spray, Maple trees are rarely attacked by gypsy moth was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti larvae.—Adlung (U). mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12), AIZOACEAE ANACARDIACEAE
MoLLUGO VERTiciLLATA L. Carpetweed. ANACARDIUM EXCELSUM (Bert and Balb.) Skiels. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Espave. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity In a listing of timbers in descending order of against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Matteson et al. (262), wood was listed as 68 out of 100 (resist- SESUVIUM PORTULACASTRUM L. Sea-purslane. ant).—Wolcott (4^19), Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L. Cashew. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Oil from the nutshells was destructive to mos- INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 quito larvae and had a toxic effect on grain weevils LoxoPTERYGiUM SAGOTTi Hook f. Hububali. and moth larvae. These effects are due to cardol In a listing of timbers in descending order of and anacardic acid.—Irvine (186). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Products from cashew nutshell liquid could be wood was listed as 57 out of 100 (less used with advantage as media for contact insec- susceptible).—Wolcott (1^19). ticides like DDT to give continuous effect for long MANGIFERA INDICA L. Indian mango. periods and as a wood preservative, fire retardant, The powdered plant is used in India as a fumigant and decorative coating when suitably chlorin- against the mosquito.—Watt and Breyer- ated.—Ramanujam (311), Brandwijk (Jfll). An extract of the pericarp of the nut (thick juice) MANGIFERA SALMONENSIS C. T. White ex F. S. gave complete protection against powder post bee- Walker. Pacific walnut. tles (Bostrychidae and Cerambycidae) for 7 months In a listing of Australian and imported timbers when brushed on timber. Thin juices were ineffec- by durability, with regard to both termite resist- tive. Effectiveness against Buprestidae, Cur- ance and rejsistance to fungal decay, this wood is culionidae, Platypodidae, and Scolytidae was listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (J^IO). doubtful.—Roonwald et al. (821). METOPIUM TOXIFERUM (L.) Krug et Urban. Tlie stem of this tree yields a gum obnoxious to Poisonwood. insects.—Streets (37^). In a listing of timbers in descending order of The oil is used in India to preserve floors, tim- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this bers, and books from termites. It is toxic to mos- wood was listed as 26 out of 100 (one of the most quito larvae, certain grain weevils, and moth susceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9). larvae. The tree yields a gum that is useful in PISTACIA LENTISCUS L. Mastic-tree. bookbinding because of its insect-repellent Cotton plants imbibing alcohoUc extracts of this property.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against In a listing of timbers in descending order of larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this (262). wood was listed as 43 out of 100 (more susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). RHUS GLABRA L. Smooth sumac. Crude cashew nutshell oil is more effective than RHUS TYPHINA L. Staghorn sumac. malariol in the control of Culexfatigans larvae, the Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these vector for filariasis.—Joseph (199). sumacs failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity ANACARDIUM sp. Mararión. against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— In a Usting of timbers in descending order of Matteson et al. (262). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this RHUS VIMINALIS Vahl. wood was listed as 44 out of 100 (more The wood has the reputation of being indestruct- susceptible).—Wolcott (Í19). ible and is not subject to attack by insects.—Watt CAMPNOSPERMA spp. Terentang. and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). Til ese woods are rapidly attacked by ter- ScHiNus MOLLE L. Pepper tree. mites.—Anonymous (11). The wood is said to be immune to termite attack, DRACONTOMELON MANGIFERUM Blume. New but it is more or less useless except as fuel.—Watt Guinea walnut. and Breyer-Brandwijk (Jfll). In an arrangement of Australian and imported In plantations in South Africa this tree is resist- timbers by durability, taking into account resist- ant to termites.—Streets (37JÍ). ance to termites and to fungal decay, this wood is ScHiNUS TEREBiNTHiFOLius Paddi. Christmas listed in both class 3 (moderately durable) and class , berry. 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (UO). In a listing of timbers in descending order of LiTHRAEA BRASiLiENSis March. Aroeira bugre. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this In a listing of timbers in descending order of wood was listed as 28 out of 100 (one of the most resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this susceptible).—Wolcott (Í19). wood was listed as 40 out of 100 (more SCLEROCARYA CAFFRA Sond. susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). The Zulu use the fruit to destroy ticks and regard AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE it as a potent insecticide.—Watt and Breyer- ANNONA SENEGALENSIS Pers. Brandwijk {Jill). A sesquiterpene derivative isolated from the soft SPONDIAS MOMBIN L. Hog plum. wax fraction of the leaf may possess larvicidal In a listing of timbers in descending order of properties. The soft wax was effective against the resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this free-living stages of Selerostomes.—Mackie and wood was listed as 25 out of 100 (one of the most Misra {2i6). susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). ANNONA SQUAMOSA L. Custard-apple. TAPIRIRA MARCHANDII Engl. The seed oil of this plant, either hot-extracted or In a listing of timbers in descending order of hot-pressed, was highly toxic to pumpkin beetles, resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this cabbage aphids, and house flies, and it was a wood was listed as 24 out of 100 (one of the most stomach poison to sawfly larvae. The mixed fatty susceptible).—Wolcott (^iP). adds and the neutral soap are not toxic, and al- kaline treatment rendered the oil innocuous.— ANNONACEAE Naidu et al. {282). A 10-percent concentration of seed oil produced ANNONA CHERIMOLA Mill. Synonym: A, tripétala, 90-percent kill of Urentius echinus adults in 72 Cherimoya. hours; 5 perchent and 7 percent were almost as effec- The seeds contain a poi^nous substance, irritat- tive, but 1-3 percent was ineffective.—Reddy ing to the eyes, which is used as an insecticide in {317). West Africa to destroy human parasites.—Irvine Seed oils and petroleum ether-insoluble portions (186). of seed oil were very poor as compared to DDT ANNONA MURICATA L. Sour sop. when used against Musca nebulo, Culex fatigans^ The seeds contain a poisonous substance, irritat- Tribolium castaneum, Anthrenus flavipes, and ing to the eyes, which is used as an insecticide in Tinea pellionella.—Chuma et al. {96). West Africa to destroy human parasites.—Irvine The insectiddal properties of the seeds were {186). studied and compared to DDT and pyrethrins. The The roots and leaves are said to be parasiticidal ether extract was toxic to Musca nebulo and and the seed to be insectiddal, especially to head Tribolium castaneum adults, but DDT was seven lice {Pediculus humanus capitis). The species had to 10 times more potent. It acted as a stomach contact insectiddal properties in laboratory poison to larvae of Bombyx mori, but was 10 times tests.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {ill). less toxic than DDT. A 1-percent solution killed ANNONA RETICULATA L. Custard-apple. 84-86 percent of the eggs, but a 0.04-percent solu- Water suspensions of the seeds produced a high tion of pyrethrins was 96- to 100-percent fatal. The percentage of kill among the greenbugs Lecanium toxicity of the extract lasted little more than 8 days in West Africa. The alkaloid anonaine was isolated after application. An insoluble resin, six times more from the bark.—Irvine {186). toxic, was obtained by treating the ether extract The plant is used in India on domestic animals, with petroleum ether. The extract also acts as a and the seed is used in the Philippines to kill head repellent.—Mukerjea and Govind {277). lice {Pediculus humxinus capitis). Laboratory tests The powdered seed is used in the Philippines, confirmed that contact insectiddal properties on China, and elsewhere as a parasiticide and insec- Macrosiphonella sanfornia were much greater ticide, especially against lice on the human body. than those of three other Annona species. The root The insectiddal potency is high and is ascribed to is much less toxic to Aphis rumiéis than that of the presence of a glyceride or glycerides of a hy- Derris elliptica. The insectiddal action is ascribed droxylated unsaturated acid or acids of high to the presence of a glyceride or glycerides of a molecular weight. The green fruit has insecticidal hydroxylated unsaturated acid or adds of high properties, and the root is used as an insecticide in molecular weight. As a stomach poison or an ovici- tropical Africa. The powdered, leaf is insecticidal dal agent, the effects are poor and in general the and is used in India as a fish poison and as a insectiddal potency has neither the intensity of ef- vermicide.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {J^ll). fect nor the range of action of rotenone.—Watt and The leaf extract was found to have good contact Breyer-Brandwijk {ill). insecticidal properties. A diluted extract (0.2 ml.) INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 containing 0.062 mg. of dry extractive gave This wood is reported to be susceptible to dry- 91-percent mortality on Aulacophora foveicollis wood termites in the West Indies.—Anonymous (red pumpkin beetle).—Chattoraj and Tiwari (87). (S\ RoLLiNiA SALiciFOLiA Schlecht. Araticum. DiPLORHYNCHUS ANGUSTIFOLIA Staff. In a listing of timbers in descending order of The latex is used as a remedy for screwworm resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this infestation.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (All). wood was listed as 21 out of 100 (one of the most susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). DYERA COSTULATA Hook. f. Jelutong. This wood is susceptible to termites.— APOCYNACEAE Anonymous (3). HAPLOPHYTON CIMICIDUM A. DC. Cockroach plant. ALLA \IANDA VIOLÁCEA Gardn. & Field. Some chemical work was done on haplophytine Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this and cimicidine, both highly toxic to the German species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity cockroach, but the structures were not eluci- against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— dated.—Synder et al. (358, 359). Matteson et al. (262), Six other alkaloids were isolated and their struc- ALSTONIA BOONEI De Wild. Pattemwood, stout- tures identified. Ebumamine (C19H24N2O), wood. isoebumamine (C19H24N2O), and 0-methyle- This wood has been reported in Nigeria and bumamine (C20H26N2O) belong to the alkaloids hav- Uganda as nonresistant to termites.—Anonymous ing the ebumamine skeleton, and haplocine (S). (C22H28N2O3), haplocidine (C21H26N2O3), and ALSTONIA CONGENSIS Eugl. cimicine (C22H24N2O4) are of the aspidospermine Shavings of this wood were neither repellent type. Cimicidine likewise is a member of the as- nor resistant to the termite Reticulitermes pidospermine group. No mention is made of insec- lucifugens.—Martinez (257). ticidal properties, if any, of the six newly found This wood has been reported in Nigeria and alkaloids.—Cava et al. (78, 79). Uganda as nonresistant to termites.—Anonymous HOLARRHENA ANTIDYSENTERICA Wall. (S). An alcohol extract of the bark, used as a spray, ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS (L.) R. Br. White cheese- was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti wood. mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). In an arrangement of AustraKan timbers by durability, taking into account resistance to''ter- NERIUM ODORUM (Soland) Ait. Synonym: A^. mites and to fungal decay, this wood is listed in indicum. Indian oleander. class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (ílO). White kerosene oil extracts of fresh petals were APOC YNUM CANNABiNUM L. Indian hemp. much more toxic to the rice weevil (Sitophilus Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this oryzae) than a similar concentration of pyre- species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity thrum.—Rao (315). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Extracts of flowers were promising against Matteson et al. (262). weevils, bruchids, beetles, and hairy cater- AspiDOSPERMA AUSTRALE Muell. Arg. Cutaubu, pillars.—Rao (316). piquia. Extracts of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and In á Usting of timbers in descending order of fruits were tested as contact insecticides against resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this Musca nebulo adults and Culex fatigans females. wood was listed as 55 out of 100 (less Fruits, stems, and roots caused some mortality, susceptible).—Wolcott (Í19). but it was less than that caused by 0.25 percent of AspiDOSPERMA EXCELSUM Benth. Yaruru. DDT.—Khalsa et al. (210). In a listing of timbers in descending order of An alcohol extract of the roots was mildly toxic resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this when used as a spray on house flies and Aedes wood was listed as 46 out of 100 (more aegypti mosquitoes; an ether extract was less effec- susceptible).—Wolcott (UO). tive. Petroleum ether and alcohol extracts of the ASPIDOSPERMA PEROBA Saldanha da Gama. Peroba leaves and an alcohol extract of the stem bark were rosa. nontoxic to these species.—Abrol and Chopra (12). 8 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NERIUM OLEANDER L. Common oleander. ILEX OPACA Ait. Holly. The diamondback moth larvae Plutella In a listing of timbers in descending order of maculipennis would not feed on this plant even resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and wood was listed as 28 out of 100 (one of the most Thorsteinson (162). susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). The leaf and bark have been used as an insecticide.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). RAUWOLFIA NATALENSIS Sond. ARACEAE The plant is used by the Venda to kill maggots in AcoRUS CALAMUS L. Swoet rush, sweetflag. wounds.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). The rhizome is used as a repellent for moths and RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Benth. fleas.—Gupta et al. (161). Reserpine was found to control the reproduction Petroleum ether and kerosene extracts of the of house flies when it was fed at a concentration rhizomes, as well as a steam-volatile fraction of the above 1.8 mg. per gram of diet. It was more effec- rhizomes, were toxic to Musca nebulo and espe- tive when fed to newly emerged flies than later in cially to CulexfatiganSy and also showed synergis- life.—Hays and Amerson (17i). tic activity «when mixed with DDT but not with Reserpine and several derivatives were tested lindane. The toxic action appeared to be due to the against Tribolium confusum. Of all test materials, presence of the trans isomer of asarone. Impregna- reserpine was the most effective against larvae and tion of woolen fabric with 5 percent of the pe- adults and as a fertility inhibitor.—Huot and Cor- troleum ether extract protected it from attack by rivault (188). larvae of the furniture carpet beetle Anthrenus RAUWOLFIA TETRAPHYLLA L. Milk bush. vorax, but the effectiveness was considerably di- In a listing of timbers in descending order of minished by washing or dry cleaning the fabric or by resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this storing it for 1 month. Addition of methyl salicylate wood was listed as 45 out of 100 (more masked the odor of the extract without affecting its susceptible).—Wolcott (419). toxicity.—Dixit et al. (122). STROPHANTHUS HISPIDUS DC. Ether extracts of the rhizome of this herb were When roasted and crushed, the seeds are used to tested as a contact poison, including residual toxic- kill head lice in West Africa.—Watt and Breyer- ity, against adults of Musca nebulo, as a stomach Brandwijk (ill). poison against silkworms (ßombyx mori), and as an THEVETIA PERUVIANA Merrill. Synonym: Cerhera ovicide against silkworm eggs. Petroleum ether thevetia. Jacapa, yellow oleander. and cold alcohoUc extracts of the rhizome were The plant has been used as an insecticide.—Watt tested against Musca nebulo only. The three ex- and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). tracts did not differ significantly in potency, and An alcohol extract of the leaves, tested as a the residual toxicity was essentially nil. The ether spray, was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes extract was 1.7 times less toxic than DDT against aegypti mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). M. nebulo, 63 times less toxic than DDT against silkworms, and about 125 times less toxic than AQUIFOLIACEAE pyrethrins against silkworm eggs. High concentra- tions were required for appreciable ovicidal ILEX CASSINE L. Dahoon, large gallberry. action.—Mukerjea and Govind (278, 279). ILEX CORIáCEA (Pursh) Chapm. In India, the rhizomes are dried, ground, and Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these mixed with rice paddy before it is stored. The pow- species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity der seems to have insecticidal properties and is a against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— good grain protectant. It is apparently nontoxic to Matteson et al. (262). humans when used at 1 pound per 100 pounds of ILEX NíTIDA (Vahl) Maxim. Hueso prieto. rough rice and more effective than BHC or In a listing of timbers in descending order of DDT.—Anonymous (7). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this In Ceylon and India the powdered rootstock is wood was listed as 35 out of 100 (very used as an insecticide, especially against fleas and susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). to protect clothes and grain from noxious insects. It INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 is also held in high esteem for control of the ORONTIUM AQUATICUM L. Goldenclub. clothesmoth.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {Ul), Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this The plant can be grown in the Himalayan hills species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity and the strain growing there yields more oil than against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— that growing in the Indian plains.—Chopra and Matteson el al. {262). Kapoor {93). PELTANDRA VIRGINICA (L.) Schott & Endl. Tuck- The roots contain an essential oil composed of 82 ahoe. perce nt of asarone, which has powerful insecticidal Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this activity. A method was devised for estimating species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity asare nes in the oil quantitatively by column against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— chromatography.—Chopra et al. (P^, 95). Matteson et al. {262). Insect repellent formulations consisting of oil of PHILODENDRON sp. Acaris and oil oí Curcuma (1:1) and oil of Acones Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella and synthetic pine oil compared favorably with di- maculipennis would not feed on this plant even methyl phthalate in their repellent action against when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and moscuitoes. The time of protection for these formu- Thorsteinson {162). lations was 239-245.minutes for dimethyl phtha- SYMPLOCARPUS FOETIDUS (L.) Nutt. Skunkcab- late, 282 minutes iorAcorus and Curcuma oils, and bage. 280 minutes for Acarus and synthetic pine oils. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Synthetic pine oil can be incorporated in dimethyl species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity phthalate (1:1) with advantage. Oil of Curcuma against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— stains the skin.—Dixit et al. {121). Matteson et al. {262). The petroleum ether extract was much less toxic than DDT to adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Letheticus ARALIACEAE oryzae, Tribolium castaneum, and Heterotermes indicóla.—Pml et al. {301). ARALIA NUDICAULIS L. Wild sarsaparilla. Almost complete knockdown in 12 minutes and ARALIA SPINOSA L. Devils-walkingstick, false 95-percent mortality in 24 hours were obtained in prickly-ash, Hercules-club. tests with house flies using a spray of 0.2 ml. of a Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these 10-percent kerosene solution of petroleum ether ex- species failed to exhibit reipellency or toxicity tract prepared from Jammu rhizomes. The essen- against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— tial oil from Kashmir gave 40-percent knockdown in Matteson et al. {262). 30 minutes and 45-percent mortality in 24 hours. Of DiDYMOPANAX MOROTOTONi (Aubl.) Decne. et .the oirs constituents, a-pinene was nontoxic, Planck. calamene killed 25 percent in 40 minutes, and In a listing of timbers in descending order of asarone (1 ml. of a 10-percent solution) caused resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this 35-percent knockdown in 30 minutes and 40-percent wood was listed as 27 out of 100 (one of the most mortality in 24 hours.—Abrol and Chopra {12). susceptible).—Wolcott {U9). Leaf and root e^ctracts were nontoxic to Culex EvoDioPANAX INNOVANS (Sieb. & Zuce.) Nakai. pipiens larvae.—Novak {287). Leaves of this plant were normally accepted for ACCRUS sp. feeding by Spodoptera littoralis.—Wada et al. When compared with aldrin, chlordane, DDT, (^05). and rothane, an extract of the root was least toxic GiLiBERTiA TRíFIDA Makiuo. to the red pumpkin beetle Aulacophora fovei- Leaves of this plant were normally accepted for collis.—Trehan and Pajni {396). feeding by Spodoptera littoralis.—Wada et al. ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM (L.) Schott. Wild turnip, {^05). small jack-in-the-pulpit. HEDERá HELIX L. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity maculipennis would not feed on this plant even against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and Matteson et al. {262). Thorsteinson {162). 10 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The leaf has been used from remote antiquity to AscLEPiAs SYRiACA L. Milkweed. destroy vermin on the body. In India a decoction of All Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers the leaf is applied locally to destroy vermin on the reached adulthood when raised on a diet containing head.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (Jfll), extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczek (280). Filter papers impregnated with 3-percent solu- AscLEPiAS TUBEROSA L. Butterflyweed. tions of saponin C from the leaves of this plant or its AscLEPiAS viRiDiFLORA Raf. Synonym: AcercCtes aglycone (a-hederin) were toxic to Reticulitermes viridiflora. Green milkweed. flavipes termites and inhibited feeding by the in- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these sect; 0.05-percent and 0.5-percent solutions were species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity ineffective.—Tschesche et al. (398). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— An alcohol extract of the bark, used as a spray, Matteson et al. (262). was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA (L.) R. Br. mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). White kerosene oil extracts of fresh petals were KALOPANAX SEPTEMLOBUS Koidz. Hari-giri. somewhat more toxic to the rice weevil (Sitophilus The heartwood of this tree is naturally resistant oryzae) than a similar concentration of pyre- to the Formosan subterranean termite (Cop- thrum.—Rao (315). totermes formosánus). A saponin extracted from CALOTROPIS PROCERA Ait. f. Swallowwort. the wood appeared to be of major importance in the The plant is reported to be an insecticide. The termiticidal effect. This compound is composed of leaves are used to destroy fowl lice in Senegal. An oleanic acid, glucose, and arabinose in a 1:2:2 molar aqueous extract of the leaf proved to be a poor ratio.—Kondo et al. (220). stomach poison against the lucerne weevil, and the macerated juice of the pith was not useful for this ARISTOLOCHIACEAE purpose.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (Ul). ARISTOLOCHIA CLEMATITIS L. An alcohol extract of the roots, used as a spray, Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti larvae.—Novak (287). mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). ARISTOLOCHIA DURIOR Hill. Synonyms: A. mac- CALOTROPIS sp. rophylla, A. sipho. Dutchmans-pipe. Chopped Calotropis leaves have been added to Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this irrigation water in India to control sugarcane ter- species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity mites, but with only poor success.—Agarwala (17). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— XYSMALOBIUM STELLATUM. Matteson et al. (262). The latex is said to kill maggots.—Watt and AsARUM CANADENSE L. var. REFLEXUM (Bickn.) Breyer-Brandwijk (Jfll). Robins. Synonym: A. reflexum. Wild ginger, XYSMALOBIUM UNDULATUM R. Br. snakeroot. The Xhosa apply the latex to festering wounds as Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this a prophylactic against the development of species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity maggots.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (Ul). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Matteson et al. (262). ASARUM EUROPEAUM L. BALSAMINACEAE Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens IMPATIENS CAPENSIS Meerb. Synonym: /. biflora. larvae.—Novak (287). Spotted touch-me-not. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ASCLEPIADACEAE species failed to exhibit repeUency or toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— AMPELAMUS ALBIDUS (Nutt.) Britt. Honeyvine. Matteson et al. (262). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this IMPATIENS SULTANI L. Hook. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— maculipennis would not feed on this plant, even Matteson et al. (262). when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and ASCLEPIAS AMPLEXICAULIS Sm. Thorsteinson (162). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 11
BEGONIACEAE This tree, planted in New Zealand, is liable to attack by the stem-boring ghost moth in certain BEGONIA PEARCEI Hook. f. localities, but has no serious pest in areas where the Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella moth does not occur.—Streets (37^). maculipennis would not feed on this plant even ALNUS sp. Alder. when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and Alder leayes are refused as food by larvae of the Thorsteinson (162), gypsy moth (Pbrthetria dispar). When-oak and hazel foliage was sprayed with extracts of alder, the lar- BERBERIDACEAE vae were discouraged from feeding.—Adlung (U), Alder bark treated with oil of turpentine was BERBERíS ARISTATA DC. Daruhalad. repellent to Emohius mollis.—Adlung (15), An alcohol extract of the roots, used as a spray, BETULA ALBA L. White birch. was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti Extracts were nontoxic to Aedes mosquito mos
ALNUS RUBRA Bong. Synonym: A. oregona. Red CORYLUS sp. alder, Oregon alder. Gypsy moth larvae readily fed on leaves of hazel. 12 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
but when the leaves were sprayed with extracts of termites did not affect the insects.—Sandermann black alder or horse chestnut, feeding was and Dietrichs (330). discouraged.—Adlung (i^). MARKHAMIA STIPULATA Seem. OsTRYA viRGiNiANA (Mil.) C. Koch. Eastem hop- Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract hornbeam. of this wood and exposed to Reticulitermesflavipes Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this termites killed 100 percent of the insects.— tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. PARATECOMA PEROBA (Record.) Kuhlm. (262). Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract of this wood and exposed to Reticulitermesflavipes BIGNONIACEAE termites killed 100 percent of the insects. BiGNONiA CAPREOLATA L. Crossvine. Lapachonone and lapachol from this wood were re- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this pellent to Reticuliterm.es lucifugens and are re- vine failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against sponsible for the resistance of this wood to the larvae or adults of the boll weevil.^Matteson et al. termite.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). (262). STEREOSPERMUM SUAVEOLENS DC. CATALPA LONGISSIMA (Jacq.) Sims. Haitian oak. Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract In a Usting of timbers in descending order of of this wood and exposed to Reticulitermesflxivipes resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this termites killed 40 percent of the insects and dam- wood was listed as 47 out of 100 (more aged 30 percent. Lapachol from this wood was re- susceptible).—Wolcott (UO). pellent to Reticuliterm.es lucifiigens and was re- CATALPA sp. sponsible for the resistance of the wood to this Water-soluble substances from fresh leaves of termite.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). this species, spotted on filter paper, elicited biting TABEBUIA CAPITATA (Bur. & Schum.) Sandw. responses from tobacco horn worm larvae.— Hakia greenheart. Yamamoto and Fraenkel (Jf23). In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- CATALPA spp. Catalpa. ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood These plants are rejected by the tobacco was listed as 95 out of 100 (totally repellent to very honmorm Protoparce sexta.—Fraenkel (IH)^ resistant).—Wolcott (Jt^W). CATALPA SPECIOSA Warder. Northern catalpa. TABEBUIA FLAVESCENS Benth. & Hook. f. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against of this wood and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes larvae or adults of the boll weevil—Matteson et al. termites killed 100 percent of the insects. (262). Lapachonone and lapachol from the wood were re- Maxillectomized tobacco hornworm larvae were pellent to Reticuliterm.es lucifugens and were re- raised on this plant. Growth and reproduction were sponsible for the resistance of the wood to this poor, probably because of the low rate of feeding. termite.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). The plant was not converted into body matter TABEBUIA IPE (Mart.) Standley. efficiently.—Waldbauer et al. (W9). Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract JACARANDA SEMISERRATA Cham. Caroba. of this wood and exposed to Reticulitermesflavipes Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract termites killed 100 percent of the insects. of this wood and exposed to Reticulitermesflavipes Lapachonone and lapachol from the wood were re- termites did not affect the insects.—Sandermann pellent to Reticulitermes lucifugens and were re- and Dietrichs (330). sponsible for the resistance of the wood to this In a listing of timbers in descending order of termite.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this In a listing of timbers in descending order of wood was listed as 27 out of 100 (one of the most resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, the susceptible).—Wolcott (419). wood was listed as 22 out of 100 (one of the most MARKHAMIA LANATA K. Schum. susceptible).—Wolcott (UO). Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract TABEBUIA PALLIDA Miers. White-cedar, West In- of this wood and exposed to Reticulitermesflavipes dian boxwood. INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 13
In a listing of timbers in descending order of DuRio spp. Durian. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this These woods are liable to attack by dry-wood wood was listed as 34 out of 100 (very termites.—Anonymous {11), susceptible).—Wolcott {U9), HAMPE A sp. TABEBUIA PENTAPHYLLA (L.) Hemsl. Pink poui, Although''numerous adult boll weevils {An- mayflower, apamate. thonomus grandis) emerged from buds of male No pests for this plant are known from planta- trees, the female flower buds were resistant. Ob- tions in Trinidad and Tobago.—Streets (37Jf), servations revealed a unique mechanism that dis- TABEHUIA ROSEA DC. Rosy poui. courages selection of female flowers by adult female A kerosene extract (11-percent concentration) of boll weevils and prevents subsequent development the flowers sprayed on rice weevils killed 36.5 per- of larvae.—Lukefahr and Martin {2Í2), cent in 24 hours and 90 percent in 120 hours.—Rao MONTEZUMA oPECiomssiMA [Moc. & Sesse.]. Maga. {313), In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- No pests are recorded from plantations in ance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this wood Ceylon.—Streets {37J,). was listed as 87 out of 100 (repellent and very TABEHUIA SERRATIFOLIA (Vahl) Nicholson. Pau resistant).—Wolcott {JfW). d'Arco. NEESIA spp. Durian. In a listing of timbers in descending order of These woods are susceptible to attack by dry- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood termites.—Anonymous {11), wood was listed as 72 out of 100 (resist- ant).—Wolcott {U9). OcHROMA PYRAMIDALIS (Cav.) Urban. Synonym:
TECOMA INDICA. 0. lagopus. Balsa, corkwood. White kerosene oil extracts of fresh petals were This wood has been recorded in the West Indies more toxic to the rice weevil (Süophüus oryzae) as very susceptible to dry-wood termites.— than a similar concentration of pyrethrum.—Rao Anonymous {3), {315). In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- Extracts of the flowers were promising against ance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this wood weevils, bruchids, beetles, and hairy cater- was listed as 33 out of 100 (very suscep- pillars.—Rao {316), tible).—Wolcott {419), Damage has been inflicted on plantations of this BOMBACACEAE tree in Malaya by various insects, but not on a serious scale.—Streets {37^), BoMBACOPSis QUiNATA (Jacq.) Dugand. Pochote, Shavings of this wood were neither repellent nor cedro espino. resistant to the termite Reticulitermes hrevis.— In a listing of timbers in descending order of Martinez {257), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this wood was listed as 44 out of 100 (more suscep- BORAGINACEAE tible).—Wolcott {U9), CoRDiA ALLIODORA (Kuiz & Pav.) Cham. Spanish CATOSTEMMA COMMUNE Sandwith. Baromalli. This wood is recorded in the West Indies as very elm. susceptible to dry-wood termites.—Anonymous {3). In a listing of timbers in descending order of In a Usting of timbers in descending order of resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, the wood was listed as 60 out of 100 (resist- wood was listed as 32 out of 100 (very suscep- ant).—Wolcott {U9), tible).—Wolcott {U9), CoRDiA GOELDiANA Huber. Freijo, Brazilian wal- CEIBA PENTANDRA (L.) Gaertn. nut. In a listing of timbers in descending order of This wood is recorded as susceptible to dry-wood resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this termites in the West Indies.—Aiionymous {3), wood was listed as 25 out of 100 (one of the most In a listing of timbers in descending order of susceptible).—Wolcott {J,19), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, the The wood is susceptible to the termite Re- wood was listed as 51 out of 100 (less suscep- ticuUtermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. {98), tible).—Wolcott {U9), 14 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CORDIA HYPOLEUCA DC. BuRSERA siMARUBA (L.) Sarg. West Indian birch, In a listing of timbers in descending order of almacigo. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this The wood of this tree is very susceptible to attack wood was listed as 22 out of 100 (one of the most by the termite Cryptotermes brevis.—Marchan susceptible).—Wolcott (^iP). (255). CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE L. Common hounds- In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- tongue. ''ance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this wood Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this was listed as 23 out of 100 (one of the most species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity susceptible).—Wolcott (1^19). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— CANARIUM COMMUNE L. Matteson et al. (262). The wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- EcHiUM VULGÄRE L. Viper's bugloss, blueweed, terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceuSy blue devil. Psammotermes fuscofemaralis, and P. assuaren- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this sis.—Kassab et al. (207). species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity CANARIUM -EUPHYLLUM Kurz. Indian canarium, against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— white dhup. Matteson et al. (262). The wood is reported in India to be highly sus- HELIOTROPIUM EUROPAEUM L. ceptible to termites.—Anonymous (3). The alkaloid, heliotrine, of this and other CANARIUM RELUTINUM Gilg. Heliotropium spp. (it was first isolated from H. Shavings of the wood were neither repellent nor lasiocarpum Fisch. & Meyer) belongs to the group resistant to the termite Reticulitermes luci- of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, most of which are highly fugens.—Martmez (257). toxic to farm animals. Its mutagenic powers were CANARIUM SCHWEINFURTHII Engl. African canar- studied by injection into Drosophila melanogaster ium. males, which were then mated with normal This wood is classified in Nigeria as nonresistant females. The results showed that heliotrine is a to termites.—Anonymous (3). strong mutagen and, at higher concentrations, is In Angola the resin is an ingredient in insecticidal also a sterilant, blocking the maturation of the powders.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (J^ll). germ cells. COMMIPHORA ABYSSINICA Engl. The hydrolysis products of heliotrine, heliotric Like C. myrrha, this plant yields myrrh, which is acid, and heliotridine are feebly muta- well known in tropical countries as a mosquito re- genic and inactive, respectively; therefore the pellent. It is usually burned as an incense strong mutagenic property of heliotrine is probably stick.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (Ul). characteristic of the molecule as a whole rather COMMIPHORA AFRICANA Engl. than of some degradation product.—Clark (97). The gum resin is used in West Africa as an insec- ONOSMODIUM OCCIDENTALE Mackenzie. ticide, especially as a termite repellent.—Watt and Melanoplusfemurrubrum grasshoppers failed to Breyer-Brandwijk (Ul). reach adulthood when reared on a diet containing DACRYODES EXCELSA Vahl. Candlewood, tabo- extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczek (280). nuco. In a listing of timbers in descending order of BURSERACEAE resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood was listed as 29 out of 100 (one of the most ANCOUMIA BLAINEANA Herre. susceptible).—Wolcott (U9). This wood is susceptible to the termite Re- PROTIUM DECANDRUM March. Kurokai. ticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98). This wood is reported in the West Indies to be BoswELLiA DALZiELii Hutchinson. Frankincense very susceptible to the dry-wood termite Cryp- tree. totermes brevis.—Anonymous (3). Gum from the bark of this tree is thought to In a listing of timbers in descending order of protect against termites when rubbed on wood. It resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this is also effective against mosquitoes, flies, and wood was listed as 32 out of 100 (very sus- clothing pests.—Irvine (186). ceptible).—Wolcott (419). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 15
PROTIUM HEPTAPHYLLUM March. Breu vermelho. against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— In a listing of timbers in descending order of Matteson et al. (262). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems ^ this wood was listed as 56 out of 100 (less sus- CANNACEAE ceptible).—Wolcott (ilO). CANNA FLACCIDA SaUsb. Golden canna. TETRAGASTRIS BALSAMIFERA (SW.) Kuntze. Masa, Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Bois Cochon. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity In a listing of timbers in descending order of against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Matteson et al. (262). wood was listed as 45 out of 100 (sus- CANNA INDICA L. ceptible).—Wolcott im). White kerosene oil extracts of fresh petals were TETRAGASTRIS HOSTMANNII Kuntze. Salie, Haio- almost as toxic to the rice weevil (Sitophilus waballi. oryzae) as a similar concentration of pyrethrum. In a listing of timbers in descending order of The toxicity of different varieties was orange > resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this rose > pink.—Rao (315). wood was listed as 56 out of 100 (less sus- Extracts of the flowers were promising against ceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9). weevils, bruchids, beetles, and hairy cater- BUXACEAE pillars.—Rao (3U).
BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS L. CAPPARIDACEAE Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella CAPPARIS spp. maculipennis would not feed on this plant even The plants of this genus are reported to possess when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and insecticidal properties.—Frear (U5). Thorsteinson (162), CLEOME SERRULATA Pursh. PACHYSANDRA PROCUMBENS Michx. Allegheny Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers all spurge. reached adulthood when raised on a diet containing Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczek (280). species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity GYNANDROPSIS PENTAPHYLLA (L.) DC. against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— The seeds yield a thick, greenish, fatty on used Matteson et al. (262), against human parasites, especially head lice, in Africa.—Irvine (186). CACTACEAE In West Africa the plant is used against human OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA Raf. Pricklypear, Indian fig. parasites, particularly head lice. In India the oil is Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this used as a vermicide in dressing the hair.—Watt and cactus failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Breyer-Brandwijk (Jfll)^ against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— PoLANisiA GRAVEOLENS Raf. Clammyweed. Matteson et al. (262). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity CAMPANULACEAE against larvae or adults of the boU weevil.— Matteson et al. (262). CAMPANULA AMERICANA L. Tall bellflower. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this CAPRIFOLIACEAE species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— ABELIA GRANDIFLORA Rehd. Matteson et al. (262). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this LOBELIA DECURRENS Cav. shrub failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against An insecticidal alkaloid, lobeline, was obtained larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. from this plant.—Ramirez (312). (262). SPECULARIA PERFOLIATA (L.) A. DC. LONICERA SEMPERVIRENS L. Trumpet honey- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this suckle. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this 16 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Matteson et al. (262). Matteson et al. {262). LONICERA sp. Honeysuckle. PARONYCHIA HERNiARioiDEs (Chapm.) Nutt. Honeysuckle leaves are refused by gypsy moth Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this larvae.—Adlung (U), species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity SYMPHORICARPOS OCCIDENTALIS Hook. against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Eighty percent of Melanoplus femurrubrum Matteson et al. {262). grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS L. Soapwort, bouncing- diet containing extracts of this plant.—Mulkem bet. and Toczek (280). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this VIBURNUM CASsiNoiDES L. Witherod, wild raisin. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity VIBURNUM NUDUM L.Possumhaw, swamp-haw. against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— VIBURNUM OPULUS L. Guelder-rose. Matteson et al. {262). "^ Cotton plants imbibing alcohoHc extracts of these SILèNE CUCUBALUS Wibel. Bladder campion. shrubs failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this- against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Matteson et al. {262). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Matteson et al. {262). CARYOCARACEAE SPERGULARIA RUBRA (L.) J. & C. Presl. Sand CARYOCAR BRASILIENSE Camb. Butternut tree. spurrey. In a listing of timbers in descending order of Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity wood was listed as 65 out of 100 (resist- against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— ant).—Wolcott {U9). Matteson et al. {262). CARYOPHYLLACEAE CASUARINACEAE
ARENARIA CAROLINIANA Walt. Pinebarren sand- CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA L. Australian pine, wort. beefwood. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this In plantations in Nigeria the roots of young species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity plants and healthy trees up to 3 years of age are against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— attacked by termites.—Streets {37Jf). Matteson et al. {262). In a listing of timbers in descending order of CARYOPHYLLUS AROMATICUS L. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this Extracts of this plant were nontoxic to Aedes wood was listed as 37 out of 100 (very mosquito larvae.—Novak {287). susceptible).—Wolcott {419). DiANTHUS sp. CASUARINA FRASERIANA Miq. Western Australian Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella sheoak. maculipennis would not feed on this plant even In an arrangement of Australian timbers by when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and durability, taking into account resistance to ter- Thorsteinson {162). mites and to fungal decay, this wood is listed in GYPSOPHILA PANICULATA. class 2 (durable).—Wallis {Í10). Filter papers impregnated with 0.05-percent or 0.5-percent solutions of the saponin isolated fron: CELASTRACEAE the wood of this plant inhibited the feeding of ELAEODENDRON XYLOCARPUM (Vent.) DC. Marble Reticulitermes flavipes termites, but failed to kill tree, nut muscat. them; 3-percent solutions were completely without In a listing of timbers in descending order of effect.—Tschesche et al. {398). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this ODONTONYCHIA ERECTA (Chapm.) Small. wood was listed as 35 out of 100 (very Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this susceptible).—Wolcott {U9). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 17
EuoNYMUS EUROPAEUS L. Spindle, louseberry kaloids were nontoxic to the house fly. The root did tree. not show synergism with pyrethrins and was of no In the early spring a 6-percent emulsion of Prep- value as a repellent or stomach poison against the aration No. 30 and a 4-percent emulsion of spindle Japanese beetle, but the noncrystalline alkaloids oil caused 100-percent mortality of Aspidiotus were moderately effective as a mosquito larvi- perrnciosuSy whereas a 4-percent emulsion of spin- cide.—Beroza and Bottger (5^). dle oil with mercaptophos caused 99.8-percent mor- It has previously been shown that the four chief tality. In the summer a 2-percent factory emulsion insecticidal alkaloids of the roots of this vine are of oil with thiophos caused 98-percent mortality of esters of a common polyhydroxy compound, larvae, but this preparation is unstable and can Ci5Hi6(OH)io, with ñve molecules of acetic add, one cause bums on the plants.—Kiskina (21i). molecule of either benzoic or 3-furoic acid, and one molecule of a pyridine dicarboxylic acid (either EuONYMUS JAPONICUS L. f. CnHi3N04 of melting point 195°-196° C. or Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella CiiHiaNOs of melting point 178°-179°). It has now maculipennis would not feed on this plant even been shown that the higher melting acid, called when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and wilfordic add, is 3-carboxy-a-methyl-2-pyri- Thorsteinson (162), dinebut'yric acid, whereas the other, called hy- GouPiA GLABRA Aubl. Cupiuba, kabukalli. droxywilfordic acid, is 3-carboxy-a-hydroxy-a- In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- methyl-2-pyridinebutyric acid.—Beroza (53), ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood is listed as 77 out of 100 (resistant).—Wolcott (J^19), CHENOPODIACEAE GYMNOSPORIA SENEGALENSIS Loes. In India the powdered bark made into a paste ATRIPLEX ARENARIA Nutt. Seabeach orach. with mustard oil is applied to the head for the Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this destruction of head lice (Pediculus humanus species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity capitis),—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill), against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— LoPHOPETALUM wiGHTiANUM Am. Banati. Matteson et al. (262), When this wood was tested for resistance to the CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES L. American worm- termite Microcerotermes heesoni, it was consist- seed. ently very resistant, varying neither from tree to The Xhosa use the powdered seed as an insec- tree nor within each tree.—Sen-Sarma et al. {SU)- ticide. A decoction of the whole plant made with TRIPTERYGIUM WILFORDII Hook. f. Thunder- blue gum leaf is sometimes also used.—Watt and godvine. Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). The toxicity of the four chief alkaloids of the root Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens of this species to larvae of the European corn borer larvae.—Novak (287). decreases in the order wilforine, wilfordine, wilfor- CHENOPODIUM BOTRYS L. trine, and wilforgine. The noncrystalline fraction In France the women preserve their clothes and remaining after removal of the crystalline material Unen with this herb, because it not only gives them is about as toxic as wilforine. The powdered root is a pleasant odor but also repels moths.—Font Quer effective against the pepper weevil and larvae of (Ul)^ the green dock beetle Gastrophysa cyanea. It CISTACEAE shows some toxicity, especially against the smaller stages, to larvae of the army worm and of the HuDSONiA TOMENTOSA Nutt. Beach-health. Hawaiian beet webworm. Finally it is completely Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ineffective against adult Mexican bean beetles (the shrub failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against larvae are susceptible, as already reported in larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. Handbook 154), adult blister beetles (Epicauta (262), spp.), larvae of the tomato fruitworm and the salt- LECHEA VILLOSA ELL. Pinweed. marsh caterpillar, the large milkweed bug, and the Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this pea aphid. No contact toxicity was shown against spedes failed to exhibit' repellency or toxicity lai-vae of the melonworm and the imported cab- against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— bageworm. The root and the noncrystalline al- Matteson et al. (262), 18 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CLETHRACEAE wood was listed as 32 out of 100 (very CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA L. White alder. susceptible).—Wolcott (419). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this TERMINALIA CORIÁCEA (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. shrub failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against TERMINALIA CRENULATA Heyne. larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. Heartwood of these species is recorded from {262). India as durable, but liable to slight attack by sub- terranean termites in 4-5 years. In tests in Malaya COMBRETACEAE it proved very durable and remained unattacked for 5 years.—Anonymous (3). BucHENAViA CAPiTATA (Vahl) Eichl. Granadino. TERMINALIA ivoRENSis A. Chev. Idigbo. In a listing of timbers in order of descending There are conflicting data on the termite resist- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this ance of this wood in West Africa.—Anonymous (3). wood was listed as 69 out of 100 (resist- In a listing of timbers in descending order of ant).—Wolcott U19). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this COMBRETODENDRON AFRICANUM (Welw. eX Benth. & wood was Usted as 43 out of 100 (more Hook, f.) Exell. Esia. susceptible).—Wolcott (419). This wood is reported in Nigeria to be resistant TERMINALIA SUPERBA Engl. & Diels. Korina, to termites.—Anonymous (3). Afara, limba. COMBRETUM APICULATUM Sond. According to reports from West Africa, this The wood is not attacked by termites.—Watt and wood is not resistant to subterranean ter- Bryer-Brandwijk (ill). mites.—Anonymous (3). CoNocARPus ERECTus L. Buttonwood. The wood is not resistant to Reticulitermes In a hsting of timbers in descending order of lucifugus termites.—Coudreau et al. (98). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems^ this wood was listed as 45 out of 100 (more COMMELINACEAE susceptible).—Wolcott U19). TERMINALIA ALATA Heyne. Synonym: T. tomen- CAMPELIA ZANONiA H. B. K. tosa. Indian laurel. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this TERMINALIA AMAZONIA (Grnel.) Exell. Amarillo, species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity guayabon. against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— In a listing of timbers in descending order of Matteson et al. (262). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this COMMELINA DIFFUSA Burm. f. wood was listed as 70 out of 100 (resist- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ant).—Wolcott {U9). species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity TERMINALIA ARJUNA Wight & Am. Arjuna. against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— In a hsting of timbers in descending order of Matteson et al. (262). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this TRADESCANTIA sp. wood was Usted as 65 out of 100 (resist- Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella ant).—Wolcott U19). maculipennis would not feed on this plant even TERMINALIA BIALATA Steud. White chuglam, In- when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and dian silver-gray wood. Thorsteinson (162). This wood is susceptible to termites.—Anon- ymous (3). COMPOSITAE TERMINALIA BUCERAS L. Black ohve. ACHILLE A MILLEFOUUM L. Common yarrow. In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- Various extracts of this herb were toxic to house ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood flies on contact.—Srbova and Palaveyeva (363). was listed as 75 out of 100 (resistant).—Wolcott Exposure of larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikor- (419). zevi, Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus TERMINALIA CATAPPA L. Indian almond. rossicus, and Dernmcentor marginatus to the In a listing of timbers in descending order of powdered flowers caused death in 30, 38, 30, and 60 resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this minutes, respectively.—Reznik and Imbs (319). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 19
AMBROSIA TRíFIDA L. Great ragweed. Haemaphysalus punctata^ Rhipicephalus ros- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this sicus, and Dermacentor nnarginatus exposed to the species failed to exhibit repellency or toxidty powdered leaves were killed in 10, 15, 5, and 20 against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— minutes, respectively.—Reznik and Imbs (319). Matteson et al. (262). ARTEMISIA CAMPESTRIS L. ANACYCLUS PYRETHRUM DC. Pellitory. Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzeva, The plant can be used as an anthelmintic to con- Haemaphy salis punctata, Rhipicephalus ros- trol internal parasites in man and animals and is sicuSy and Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the particularly suited for the destruction of insect powdered seeds died in 8, 10, 8, and 30 minutes, pests on small domestic animals such as cats and respectively. Exposure to the fresh whole leaf dogs.—Kroll (223). caused death in 40, 52, 43, and 62 minutes.—Reznik Anacyclin, an insecticidal compound present in and Imbs (319). the roots, has been prepared synthetically.— ARTEMISIA FRíGIDA Willd. Bolilmann and Inhoffen (59), Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers failed to Anacyclin becomes potent against the grain in- reach adulthood when reared on a diet containing sect Tenebrio molitor upon catalytic semihydrogen- extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczek (280). ation of its two acetylenic linkages. The structure of ARTEMISIA GLAUCA Pall. anacyclin was confirmed by a total synthesis of the Of Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers molecule.—Crombie and Manzoor-i-Khuda (iO^). raised on a diet containing extracts of this plant, 42 ANTENNARIA PLANTAGINIFOLIA (L.) Hook. Pussy- percent reached adulthood.—Mulkem and Toczek toes. Í280). ( ;Otton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ARTEMISIA LUDOVICIANA Nutt. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Of Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers against adults or larvae of the boll weevil.— raised on a diet containing extracts of this plant, 53 Matteson et al. (262). percent reached adulthood.—Mulkem and Toczek ANTHéMIS ARVENSisL. Field camomile. (280). Aqueous extracts of the flowers of this herb were toxic to house flies on contact.—Srbova and ARTEMISIA MONOSPERMA Delile. Palaveyeva (363). Essential oil was isolated from the air-dried flow- ering tops and leaves and tested for toxicity as a ANTHéMIS NOBILIS L. Leaf and flower extracts were nontoxic to Cule:^ contact poison and for residual toxicity against pipiens larvae.—Novak (287). Musca domestica vicina and Drosophila melanogaster. In 1:100 dilutin the oil was more ANTHéMIS TINCTORIA L. Golden camomile. Aqueous extracts of the flowers of this herb were potent than standard pyrethrum extract, but at toxic to house flies on contact.—Srbova and lower concentrations the potency decreased more Palaveyeva (363). rapidly and progressively than that of the standard.—Fahmy et al. (135). ARCTIUM MINUS Bemh. Maxillectomized tobacco hornworm larvae were ARTEMISIA VULGARIS L. Wormwood, common raised on this plant. Growth and reproduction were mugwort. reasonably good.—Waldbauer (i08). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ARTEMISIA ABROTANUM L. Oldman, southernwood. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens against larvae or adults of the boU weevil.— larvae.—Novak (287). Matteson et al. (262). ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM L. Wormwood. ASTER ERicoiDES L. White heath aster. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this This weed is a minor host of the corn root web- species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity worm (Crambus caliginosellus) in southern against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Virginia.—Dominick (127). Matteson et al. (262). Of Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens raised on a diet containing extracts of this plant, 25 larvae.—Novak (287). percent reached adulthood.—Mulkem and Toczek Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzeviy (280). 20 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ASTER RETICULATUS Pursh. This weed is a minor host of the corn root web- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this worm (Crambus caliginosellus) in southern species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Virginia.—Dominick (127). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— CHRYSANTHEMUM KOSEUM Adam. Matteson et al. (262), The insecticidal powder "oltu tozu'' is merely the BACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA L. Sea-myrtle. powdered heads of C. roseum from the mountain- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ous region of eastern Anatolia.—Baytop (^0). shrub failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against CHRYSANTHEMUM sp. larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella (262). maculipennis would not feed on untreated plants, BiDENS PILOSA L. but some feeding response was elicited by treat- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ment with sinigrin.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162). species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity CHRYSOPSIS MICROCEPHALA Small. against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Matteson et al. (262), species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity BLUMEA LACERA DC. against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— The plant is used as an insect repellent in India, Matteson et al. (262). especially for fleas. In Tanganyika the leaves are CHRYSOPSIS VILLOSA DC. spread on the floor of sleeping places to provide a Melanoplusfemurrubrum grasshoppers failed to hiding place for bedbugs during the day, then are reach adulthood when reared on a diet containing swept out in the morning and burned.—Watt and extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczec (280). Breyer-Brandwijk (411), CiCHORiUM INTYBUS L. Chicory, blue sailors. BRACHYLAENA HUTCHINSII Hutchison. Muhuhu. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this The timber of this species is very durable, being species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity resistant to both termites and borers.—Streets against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— (S74). Matteson et al. (262). C AC ALIA ELLiOTTii (Harper) Shinners. Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity and Dermacentor rnarginatus exposed to the pow- against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— dered flowers were killed in 35, 40, 15, and 43 Matteson et al. (262). minutes, respectively.—Re'znik and Imbs (319). CALLILEPIS LAUREOLA DC. CiRsiuM ARVENSE (L.) Scop. Canada thistle. The Zulu apply a paste of the root to kill maggots Cotton plants imbibing alcohoHc extracts of this in cattle.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L. Safflower. against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— This crop is subject to attack by the western Matteson et al. (262). flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis) in Califor- CiRsiUM UNDULATUM Spreng. nia, but the damage suffered is not heavy as a rule. Of Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers A lesser pest is the lygus bug Lygus hes- raised on a diet containing extracts of this plant, perus.—Carlson (75). only 33 percent reached adulthood.—Mulkem and CENTAUREA MACULOSA Lam. Toczek (280). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this CLEISTANTHUS coLUNus Benth. & Hook. Karada. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Petroleum ether, ethyl alcohol, and water ex- against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— tracts of the bark gave no protection from termites Matteson et al. (262). to timbers.—Roonwald et al. (321). CHRYSANTHEMUM BALSAMITA L. Costmary. CNICUS BENEDICTUS L. Essential oil isolated from the fresh and dried A water extract (35-percent concentration) of the leaves and the herb of cultivated plants possessed whole plant was toxic to mosquito larvae.—Watt insecticidal properties.—Lukic et al. (2U). and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM L. Oxeye- COREOPSIS TRIPTERIS L. Tall coreopsis. daisy. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 21 species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— Matteson et al. (262). Matteson et al. (262), HELENIUM AMARUM (Raf.) Rock. Synonym: H. DAHLIA sp. tenuifolium. Bitterweed. Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella Cotton plants imbibing alcohoUc extracts of this macidipennis would not feed on untreated plants, species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity but fed readily when the plants were treated with against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— sinigrin.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162). Matteson et al. (262). EcHiNACEA ANGUSTiFOLiA DC. American cone- HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. Sunflower. floWfT. An infusion or decoction of the flower heads is An unsaturated isobutylamide, designated used as a fly killer.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk "echinacein," was extracted from the roots. It (m). showed high knockdown and toxicity to house flies. Sunflower oil is highly attractive to leaf-cutting The compound is identical with neoherculin and ants and may be useful in poisonous baits.— a-sanshool.—Jacobson {189, 195). Cherrett (89). Echinacein has been synthesized.—Sonnet (362). HELIANTHUS PETIOLARIS Nutt. EcLiPTAALBA (L.) Hassk. Yerba-de-tago. Melanoplus femurrubmm grasshoppers failed to Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this reach adulthood when reared on a diet containing species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczek (280). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— HELIANTHUS STRUMOSUS L. Matteson et al. (262). Cotton plants imbibing alcohoHc extracts of this ELEPHANTOPUS ELATUS Bertol. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Matteson et al. (262). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— HELIOPSIS HELIANTHOIDES var. SCABRA (Pers.) Matteson et al. (262). Fern. Synonym: H. scabra. Oxeye. ERIGERON ANNUus (L.) Pers. Fleabane. Heliopsin, closely related to scabrin and as toxic This weed is a minor host of the corn root web- to house flies as pyrethrins, was isolated from the worm (Crambus caliginosellus) in southern roots. The geometric configuration was not fully Virginia.—Dominick (127). determined.—Jacobson (193). ERIGERON CANADENSIS L. Synonym: Conyza HELIOPSIS LONGIPES (A. Gray) Blake. Chilcuan, canadensis. Horseweed, butterweed, Canadian chilcuague, peritre del pais. fleabane. When affinin, the insecticidal amide from H. lon- ERIGERON QUERCIFOLIUS Lam. gipes roots, was changed to all-¿rans-affinin by Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these treatment with ultraviolet light or selenium, it was species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity no longer toxic to house flies.—Jacobson (190). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— N-Isobutyl-¿rans-2,ds-6,¿ra?is-8-decatrienamide Matteson et al. (262). was synthesized, and found to be identical with EUPATORIUM COMPOSITIFOLIUM Walt. Synonym: E. natural affinin.—Jacobson (191). coronopifolium. Dogfennel. Two isomers of the insecticidal amide, affinin, EUPATORIUM MACULATUM L. Joe-pye-weed. were synthesized.—Crombie and Krasinski (102). EUPATORIUM SEROTINUM Michx. Crude affinin was toxic to the bean weevil Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these (Acanthoscelides obtectus), but not as toxic as species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity DDT.—Dominiquez and Diaz (128). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— HiERACIUM PILOSELLA L. Matteson et al. (262). The toxicity to house flies of 41 dialkylphosphoric GNAPHALIUM OBTUSIFOLIUM L. Catfoot. esters of umbelliferone, a constituent of this plant, GNAPHAUUM PURPUREUM L. Purple cudweed. was examined. Most of them were more effective Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these than chlorinated insecticides.—Losco and Peri species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity (238). 22 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
HiERACiUM VENOSUM L. Rattlesnake Weed. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll wee- against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— vil.—Matteson et al. {262), Matteson et al. {262), PARTHENIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM L. Wild quinine. IVA FRUTESCENS L. Marsh-elder. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this IVA IMBRICATA Walt. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these against larvae or adults of the boll wee- species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity vil.—Matteson et al. {262), against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— PLUCHEA PURPURASCENS (Sw.) DC. Matteson et al. {262), Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this LACTUCA SATIVA L. Lettuce. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Lettuce was acceptable to the tobacco horn worm against larvae or adults of the^ boll wee- Protoparce sexta after 2 hours of contact, but de- vil.—Matteson et al. {262), velopment of the larvae was slow, with high PoLYMNiA UVEDALIA L. Bearsfoot. mortahty.—Fraenkel {lU)* Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this* Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity maculipennis fed readily on this plant, and treating against larvae or adults of the boll wee- it with sinigrin induced even more feeding.—Gupta vil.—Matteson et al. {262), and Thorsteinson {162), PULICARIA VULGARIS Gaertn. Lettuce leaves do not permit normal growth of Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens tobacco hornworm larvae.—Waldbauer et al. {í09), mosquito larvae.—Novak {287), LlABUM PALLATANGENSE Hieron. RATIBIDA COLUMNARIS (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers failed to species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity reach adulthood when reared on a diet containing against larvae or adults of the boll weevil— extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczek {280), Matteson et al. {262), RuDBECKiA SEROTINA Nutt. Black-eyed-susau. LlATRIS PUNCTATA Hook. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Of Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity reared on a diet containing extracts of this plant, against larvae or adults of the boll wee- only 11 percent reached adulthood.—Mulkem and vil.—Matteson et al. {262), Toczek {280), SAUSSUREA LAPPA C. B. Clarke. Costus. LlATRIS SQUARROSA (L.) WiUd. Alcohol and ether extracts of the roots, used as Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this sprays, were nontoxic to house flies and Aedes species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity aegypti mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra {12), against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— A 5-percent kerosene spray of the petroleum Matteson et al. {262), ether extract of the roots tested on house flies was LiGULARiA TUSSiLAGiNEA. Synonym: Senecio almost completely ineffective.—Dixit and Perti kaempferi. {120), Leaves of this plant were normally accepted for SENECIO CINERARIA DC. feeding by Spodoptera littoralis.—Wada et al. Larvae of the diamondback moth larvae Plutella {i05), maculipennis would not feed on this plant even MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA L. German false- when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and camomile. Thorsteinson {162), Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikarzevi, SiLPHiUM TEREBiNTfflNACEUM Jacq. Prairie-dock. Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this and Dermacentor marginatm exposed to the pow- species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity dered flowers died in 35, 43, 39, and 120 minutes, against larvae or adults of the boll wee- respectively.—Reznik and Imbs {319), vil.—Matteson et al. {262), MiKANiA SCANDENS (L.) WiUd. Climbing hemp- SoLiDAGO GRAMiNiFOLiA (L.) Salisb. Goldenrod. weed. SOLIDAGO MISSOURIENSIS Nutt. INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 23
Melanoplusfemurrubrum grasshoppers failed to orado beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).—de reach adulthood when reared on a diet containing Wilde et al. (Í12). extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczek (280), TARCHONANTHUS CAMPHORATUS L. SOLI DAGO RíGIDA L. The plant is said to be repellent to insects.—Watt Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity TRAGOPOGóN PRATENSIS L. Goatsbéard. against larvae or adults of the boll wee- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this vil.—Matteson et al. (262). species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity SPILANTHES MAURITIANA DC. against larvae or adults of the boll wee- The fruit is used in India as an insecticide. An vil.—Matteson et al. (262). ether extract of the fresh flowering top is toxic to TRIDAX PROCUMBENS L. anopheUne mosquito larvae in dilutions as low as An 11-percent kerosene extract of the flowers 1:100,000, the lethal agent apparently being spilan- sprayed on rice weevils killed 46.2 percent in 24 thol, DDT acts more slowly, but is five times more hours and 90 percent in 72 hours.—Rao (313). toxi(» to the larvae.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk TRIXIS sp. (ill ). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this species .failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity SPILANTHES spp. Spilanthol, a pungent isobutylamide contained in against larvae or adults of the boll wee- flower heads of several species of Spilanthes, has vil-Matteson et al. (262). beer: reported to be effective against larvae of VERBESINA OCCIDENTALIS (L.) Walt. Anopheles sindCulex mosquitoes.—Jacobson(i^^). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this The accepted structure of spilanthol, assigned in species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity 1932 by Asano and Kanematsu, was proved incor- against larvae or adults of the boll wee- rect The initial mistake was probably due to impur- vil.—Matteson et al. (262). ity or mixed isomers of the spilanthol.—Jacobson VERNONIA SHIRENSIS OHver and Hiem. (IH), The Zulu use preparations of the plant as a parasiticide in the hair.—Watt and Breyer- TAGETES MINUTA L. Synonym: T. glandulifera. Brandwijk (ill). Stinking Roger. WEDELIA NATALENSIS Sond. The oil of this plant is strongly repellent to the The leaf and root are used to kill vermin.—Watt blov*' fly and is useful as a blow fly dressing. Either and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). the powdered and moistened leaves or the powder XANTHIUM STRUMARIUM L. alone is applied to maggots in the ear of the donkey Leaves of this plant were accepted slightly for or elsewhere on its body.—Watt and Breyer- feeding by Spodoptera littoralis.—Wada et al. Brandwijk (ill). (i05). TANACETUM VULGäRE L. Common tansy. Extracts of this herb were toxic to house flies on CONVOLVULACEAE contact. Apparently aqueous extracts were inac- CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS L. tive, whereas extracts made with buffer solutions Cotton plants imbibing alcohoUc extracts of this (pH 4 or 9) or ether were effective.—Srbova and species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Palaveyeva (368). against larvae or adults of the boll wee- TARAXACUM OFFICINALE Weber. Dandelion. vil.—Matteson et al. (262). WTien the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus CONVOLVULUS sp. mexicanus mexicanus was fed leaves of this plant, Water-soluble substances from fresh leaves, only 65 percent survived to adulthood. Females laid spotted on filter paper, elicited slight biting re- an average of 65.1 eggs, of which 42.3 percent sponses from hornworm larvae.—Yamamoto and survived.—Smith et al. (352). Fraenkel (Í23)^ Maxillectomized tobacco hornworm larvae were IPOMOEA HEDERACEA (L.) Jacq. Morning-glory. raised on leaves of this plant. Growth and repro- IPOMOEA PURPUREA Roth. Morning-glory. ducûon were normal.—Waldbauer (408). This plant was rejected by the tobacco hornworm The odor of dandelion leaves repelled adult Col- Protoparce sexta.—Fraenkel (Ui). 24 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IPOMOEA SAGITTATA Cav. Morning-glory. glycosides, such as sinigrin and sinalbin, as Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these stimulants.—Fraenkel (1Jí3), morning-glories failed to exhibit repellency or tox- BRASSICA OLERáCEA L. Choumoellier. icity against larvae or adults of the boll wee- 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate and phenyl vil.—Matteson et al. (262), isothiocyanate, isolated from the roots in amounts of 0.05 and 0.002 percent, respectively, were toxic CORNACEAE to larvae of the soldier fly Inopus rubriceps when tested at high doses (1,500 /xg.) by vapori- CORNUS AMOMUM Mill. Red willow kinnikinnik. zation.—Lowe et al. (238a), CORNUS STOLONIFERA Michx. Red-osier. BRASSICA OLERáCEA L. var. ACEPHALA. Kale. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these Roots of kale were found to contain 96 p.p.m. of shrubs failed to exhibit repellency or tox- the insecticide 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate, which icity against larvae or adults of the boll wee- is toxic to Drosophila melanogaster and house flies vil.—Matteson et al. (262), (Musca domestica),—Lichtenstein et al. (23Jf), CRASSULACEAE BRASSICA OLERáCEA L. var. CAPITATA. Cabbage. Cabbage was acceptable to the tobacco KALANCHOE SOMALIENSIS Baker. hornworm Protoparce sexta after 2 hours of con- The juice of several species of Kalanchoe, espe- tact. Development of the insect was slow with high cially this species, is used in East Africa as an mortality.—Fraenkel (H3), insect repellent.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk Indole-3-acetonitrile, isolated from the leaves of (m). full-grown cabbage plants, inhibited-the growth of Pyrausta nubilalis and Galleria mellonella.— CRUCIFERAE Smissman et al. (350), The roots of Red Acre cabbage were shown to ARMORACIA RUSTICANA Gaertn. Horseradish. contain 279 p.p.m. of the insecticide 2-phenylethyl Extracts of fresh roots were toxic to Culex isothiocyanate, which is toxic to Drosophila pipiens larvae, but only in the autumn.—Novak melanogaster and house flies (Musca domestica). (287). The roots of Wisconsin Copenhagen cabbage con- Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, tain 139 p.p.m. of the insecticide.—Lichtenstein et Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicophalus rossicus, al. (23JÍ), and Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the pow- BRASSICA OLERáCEA L. var. GEMMIFERA. Brussels dered leaf died in 15, 18, 20, and 18 minutes, sprouts. respectively.—Reznik and Imbs (319), The roots were found to contain 568 p.p.m. of the BERTEROA INCANA (L.) DC. Hoary alyssum. insecticide 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate, which is Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this toxic to Drosophila melanogaster and house flies species failed to exhibit repellency or toxidty (Musca domestica),—Lichtenstein et al. (23Jf), against larvae or adults of the boll wee- BRASSICA OLERáCEA L. var. ITáLICA. Broccoli. vil.—Matteson et al. (262), The roots were shown to contain 181 p.p.m. of BRASSICA CAULORAPA Pasq. Kohlrabi. the insecticide 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate, which Roots of kohlrabi were found to contain 165 is toxic to Drosophila melanogaster and house flies p.p.m. of the insecticide 2-phenylethyl isothiocyan- (Musca domestica).—Lichtenstein et al. (23Jf), ate, which is toxic to Drosophila melanogaster and BRASSICA sp. Turnip. house flies (Musca domestica),—Lichtenstein et al. A compound having insecticidal properties was (23J,), isolated from turnip roots and identified as BRASSICA JúNCEA COSS. Mustard. 2-phenylethyl isocyanate. It was toxic to The insects Pieris brassica, P. rapae, and Drosophila melanogaster, the pea aphids Plutella maculipennis all required mustard oil Macrosiphum pisi, house flies (Musca domestica), glycosides, such as sinigrin and sinalbin, as and the spider mites Tetranychus atlanticus, but stimulants.—Fraenkel (U3), not to Mexican bean beetles (Epilachna varivestis) BRASSICA NiGRA (L.) Koch. or German cockroaches (Blattella germánica) in The insects Pieris brassica, P. rapae, and concentrations below 1 percent.—Lichtenstein et Plutella maculipennis all require mustard oil al. (235), INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 25
BRASSICA spp. Extracts were nontoxic to Aedes mosquito Several mustard oil glucosides occurring in larvae.—Novak (287). nearly all species of Cruciferae were studied to CucuMis sp. determine their feeding stimulation effects on lar- About half of the larvae of Epilachnus vae of the diamondback moth Plutella macu- vigintioctomaculata and E. vigintioctopunctata lipeimis. The order of stimulation was progoitrin > survived to adulthood when placed on this plant, glucochurolin = glucoconainigrin = glucoerucin > hut Leptinotarsa decemlineata did not.—Buhr (72). glucDtropaeolin = sinigrin = sinalbin > glu- CUCúRBITA MAXIMA Duchesne. conasturtiin = gluconapin. Both gluconasturtiin This bitter squash contains a high concentration and gluconapin were toxic to the larvae.—Nayar of cucurbitacins, which were extremely attractive and Thorsteinson(^^-4). to^ cucumber beetles, but repellent to honey bees CARDAMINE HIRSUTA L. and yellow jacket wasps.—Chambliss and Jones Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this (83). species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity CUCúRBITA sp. Butternut squash. against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— The carbohydrate galacturonic acid, which re- Matteson et al. (262). duces the feeding response of pickleworms LEPIDIUM FLAVUM Torr. (Diaphania nitidalis), is found only in this variety The epidermal seedcoat contains a highly hygro- of squash and may account for its being the most scopic mucilage, which exudes from the seeds in resistant variety. High concentrations of D-glucose water. When mosquito larvae were placed in water render any squash more resistant to pickle- with these seeds, their oral brushes became ir- worm.—Brett et al. (67). reversibly attached, eventually causing them to About half the larvae of Epilachnus vigintioc- die.—Reeves and Garcia (318). tomaculata and E. vigintioctopunctata survived on SisiMBRiUM OFFICINALE (L.) Scop. Hedgemus- this plant, whereas Leptinotarsa decemlineata did tard. not survive.—-Buhr (72). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this LUFFA ACUTANGULA (L.) Roxb. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity An 11-percent kerosene extract of the flowers against larvae or adults of the boll wee- sprayed on rice weevils killed 47.2 percent in 24 vil.--Matteson et al. (262). hours and 90 percent in 72 houi-s.—Rao (313). The entire plant and the seed are in- sectiddal.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). CUCURBITACEAE MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L. CiTKüLLUS vuLGARis Schrad. Watermelon. This plant is used in Haiti as a general Tliis plant is said to be used as an in- insecticide.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). secticide.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). MOMóRDIGA FOETIDA Schum. A bitter-fruited mutant strain of watermelon was In Tanganyika the fruit pulp is regarded as high in cucurbitacins, which caused the bitter taste. poisonous to weevils, moths, and ants and is used as These compounds were extremely attractive to a repellent.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). cucumber beetles, but honey bees and yellow jacket MOMORDICA SCHIMPERIANA Naud. wasps were repelled.—Chambliss and Jones (83). The Chagga regard the fruit as an in- CucuMis SATivus L. Cucumber. secticide.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill^ Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella Tuaculipennis would not feed on untreated plants, CUNONIACEAE but with sinigrin added they fed readily.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162). CERATOPETALUM APETALUM D. Don. Coachwood. The juice is said to banish fishmoths and woodlice In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, and to kill cockroaches. The green peel strewn on with regard to both termite resistance and resist- the floor at night for 3 or 4 nights is also effective. ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 4 The cockroaches collect around the pieces and de- (nondurable).—Wallis (HO). voui' them with fatal result.—Watt and Breyer- GEISSOIS BENTHAMI F. Muell. Brush mahogany, Braidwijk (ill). red carabeen. 26 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, FUIRENA SQUARROSA Michx. with regard to both termite resistance and resist- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 4 sedge failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against (nondurable).—Wallis HlO), larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— -Matteson et al. ScHizoMERiA OVATA D. Don. White birch. New {262). South Wales white ash. SciRPus ROBUSTUS Pursh. In an arrangement of Australian timbers by Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this durability, taking into account resistance to ter- sedge failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against mites and to fungal decay, this wood is listed in larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— -Matteson et al. class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (JflO), {262), WEINMANNIA sp. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this CYRILLACEAE species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA L. Leatherwood. against larvae or adults of the boll wee- In a listing of timbers in descending order of vil.—Matteson et al. {262), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood was listed as 45 out of 100 (more CYCADACEAE susceptible).—Wolcott {JÍ19), ZAMIA sp. In the Dominican Republic, mamey seeds, av- DATISCACEAE ocado seeds, and Zaynia seeds fried in oil are OcTOMELES SUMATRANUS Miq. Erima. mashed and applied to the head as a "therapeutic In a listing of Australian and imported timbers shampoo," probably to eliminate lice.—Morton by durability, with regard to both termite resist- {276), ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is CYPERACEAE listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis {JflO), BuLBOSTYLis STENOPHYLLUS (Ell.) C. B. Clarke. DIAPENSIACEAE Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this sedge failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against PYXIDANTHERA BARBULATA Michx. Flowering- larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. moss, pyxie. {262), Cotton plants imbibing alcohoHc extracts of this CAREX LUPULINA Muhl. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this against larvae or adults of the boll wee- sedge failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against vil.—Matteson et al. {262). larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. DICHAPETALACEAE {262), CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. DICHAPETALUM SYMOSUM Engl. The bulbous ends of the roots have a cam- A component of this plant is readily absorbed by phoraceous odor, which probably accounts for their the roots and translocated up or down in insectid- use as an insect repellent. The chief constituent of dal quantities. Its phytotoxidty is low, but its high the volatile oil is a-cyperone (C15H22O).—Watt and mammalian toxicity limits its practical use.— Breyer-Brandwijk {All), Casida and Allen {77). CYPERUS SCHWEINITZII Torr. Of Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers DIOSCOREACEAE reared on a diet containing extracts of this plant, DioscoREA BATATAS Decne. only 92 percent reached adulthood.—Mulkem and Leaves of this plant were not accepted for feed- Toczek {280), ing by Spodoptera littoralis.—Wada et al. {Í05), CYPERUS STRIGOSUS L. DioscoREA HISPIDA Dennst. Nami. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Totacorin, an insectiddally active component of sedge failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against the tubers, was isolated. A 5-percent solution of larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. totacorin in water w^as highly effective against {262), aphids, but it killed only 25 percent of rice bugs and INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 27 was not effective against spotted lady-bird beetles HOPEA HELFERI (Dyer) Brandis. Giam. and tussock moths.—Sulit (380). HOPEA NUTANS Ridley. HOPEA SEMICUNEATA Sym. DIPSACACEAE The timber of a few species of this genus, chiefly the ones listed, is sufficiently durable to be safe for DiPSACUS LACINIATUS L. use without preservative treatment even when ex- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this posed to termites and is marketed as "giam." Most species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll wee- of the species of the genus, however, yield timber that is not termite resistant and is known as vil.—Matteson et al. (262). "merawan" or "selangan."—Anonymous (4). DIPTEROCARPACEAE HOPEA spp. Selangan. These woods are readily attacked by ANISOPTERA POLYANDRA Blume. Mersawa. termites.—Anonymous (11). In an arrangement of Australian and imported PARASHOREA PLICATA Brandis. Synonym: P. timbers by durability, taking into account resist- malaanonan. White seraya, bagtikan. ance to termites and to fungal decay, this wood is This wood is not resistant to termites.— Usted both in class 3 (moderately durable) and class Anonymous (3). 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (ilO). PARASHOREA spp. and SHOREA spp. Serayah, ANISOPTERA spp. Kaunghmu, krabak, mersawa, meranti, lauan. palo^apis. In ^n arrangement of Australian and imported These woods, including A. scaphula (Roxb.) timbers by durability, taking into account resist- Pieri'e, are not resistant to termites.—Anonymous ance to termites and to fungal decay, these woods (S). are listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (410). BAL^NOCARPUS HEIMII King. Chengal. SHOREA NEGRONSENSIS FOXW. Philippine mahog- This timber is sufficiently durable to be safe for any, red lauan. use without preservative treatment even when ex- In a Hsting of timbers in descending order of poseii to termites. It is described as "one of the resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this most durable woods of the world.''—Anonymous wood was listed as 33 out of 100 (very U). susceptible).—Wolcott (UB). CoTTi LOBiuM MELANOXYLON Pierre. SHOREA ROBUSTA Gaertn. The heartwood of this tree was resistant to 20 This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- species of termites.—Becker (^^). terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceuSy COTYLOBIUM spp. Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. ASSUA- These timbers are sufficiently durable to be safe rensis.—Kassab et al. (207). for use without preservative treatment even when exposed to termites.—Anonymous (Í). SHOREA sp. The wood was resistant to 21 species of DIPTEROCARPUS spp. Keruing, gurjun. There is considerable variation in the resistance termites.—Becker (i6). of the heartwood of different species to attack by SHOREA spp. (Barbata and Ciliata subgroups). termites and fungi; even the best can only be clas- Balau. sified as moderately durable.—Anonymous (11). The timber of a few species of this large genus, These woods are reported to be susceptible to chieflyS. atrinervosa Sym., S. foxworthyi Sym., S. termites in India and Ceylon.—Anonymous (3). glauca King, S. laevis Ridley, and S. maxwelliana The small heartwood of this tree was resistant to King, is sufficiently durable to be safe for use with- 21 species of termites.—Becker ií6). out preservative treatment even when exposed to DRYOBALANOPS AROMáTICA Gaertn. Kapur, Bor- termites and is marketed as "balau." The timber neo camphorwood, keladan. called "red balau" is derived from a few other DRYOBALANOPS LANCEOLATA Burck. species, chiefly S. guiso Blume and S. kunstleri DRYOBALANOPS OBLONGIFOLIA Dyer. King, and is somewhat inferior to the first group, These woods are not resistant to termites in but is still safe for the use indicated. Most of the Malaya.—Anonymous (3). species of the genus, however, yield timber that is 28 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
not termite resistant and is known by such names termites. It did not affect the insects.— as "meranti," "seraya," or "lauan."—Anonymous Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). (4). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this These woods are not resistant to termites in tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against Malaya.—Anonymous (S). larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. The sapwood of some of the species (there are at (262). least 40 in Sarawak) is liable to attack by dry-wood termites. When well established, it is possible for ELAEAGNACEAE the attack to spread into the heartwood. The yellow woods are even less resistant than the red ELAEAGNUS UMBELLATA Thunb. woods.—Anonymous (11). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this shrub failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against SHOREA STENOPTERA Burck. The wood was resistant to 20 species of larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Mattgson et al. (262). termites.—Becker (46). The sapwood was highly susceptible to the termites Reticulitermes lucifugus and R. ELAEOCARPACEAE flavipes.—Becker and Puchett (45). SLOANEA BERTERIANA Choisy. Cacao, cacaillo, UPUNA BORNEENSIS Sym. Penyau. montillo. The natural resistance of the seasoned wood to In a listing of timbers in descending order of termites is high.—Anonymous (11). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this VATICA CINERIA King. wood was Usted as 53 out of 100 (less VATIC A CUSPIDATA (Ridley) Desch. susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). VATICA ODORATA (Griff.) Sym. SLOANEA WOLLSII f. Muell. Yellow carabeen. These species are sufficiently durable for use In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, without preservative treatment, even when ex- with regard to both termite resistance and resist- posed to termites.—Anonymous (4). ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 4 EBENACEAE (nondurable).—Wallis iílO). DiosPYROs CRASSiFLORA Hiem. African ebony. ERICACEAE This wood is classified in Nigeria as very resist- ant to termites.—Anonymous (3). AGAURIA SALICIFOLIA (G. Don) Hook. f. DiosPYROS EBENUM Koen. Ceylon ebony. The powdered leaf, added to milk as a bait, is This wood is classified in Ceylon as immune to used by the Chagga to poison beetles.—Watt and subterranean termites.—Anonymous (3). Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). The wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS H. B. K. terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI (L.) Spreng. Common Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. as- bearberry. suarensis.—Kassab et al. (207). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these DiosPYROS MELANOXYLON Roxb. Indian ebony. shrubs failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity The wood is reported to be fairly resistant to against larvae or adults of the boll wee- termites in India.—Anonymous (3). vil.—Matteson et al. (262). DIOSPYROS Sp. AZALEA sp. An ethanol extract of the wood known as "macas- Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella sar," impregnated on filter paper and exposed to mxiculipennis would not feed on untreated plants Reticulitermes flavipes termites, caused complete nor on those treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and mortality, but an ethanol extract of the wood Thorsteinson (162). known as "ebenholz," tested in the same way, had EPIGAEA REPENS L. Mayflower, trailing-arbutus. no effect.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this DiosPYROs viRGiNiANA L. Common persimmon. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract against larvae or adults of the boll wee- of the wood was exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes vil.—Matteson et al. (262). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 29
LEIOPHYLLUM BUXIFOLIUM (Berg.) Ell. Sand- AcTiNOSTEMON CONCOLOR (Spreng.) Muell. Arg. myrtle. Larenjeira. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this In a listing of timbers in descending order of shrub failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against resistance to*the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. wood was Usted as 35 out of 100 (very (262). susceptible).—Wolcott (U9), LYONIA MARIANA (L.) D. Don. Stagger-bush. ALCHORNEA LATIFOLIA SW. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this In a listing of timbers in descending order of shrub failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. wood was listed as 21 out of 100 (one of the most (262), susceptible).—Wolcott (JfW), RHODODENDRON CANADENSE (L.) Torr. Rhodora. ALEURITES FORDII Hemsl. Tung tree. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ~ Crude tung meal is neither attractive nor repel- shrub failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against lent to the boll weevil; water-soluble material acts larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. as a feeding deterrent. The deterrent appears to be (262), stable, easily soluble in water, resistant to moder- VACCINIUMCORYMBOSUM L. Highbush-blueberry. ate heat (100° C), and only slowly, if at all, volatile. VACCINIUM FLORIDANUM Nutt. Synonym: Poly- Removal of the antennal clubs of the weevils did not codium floridanum. Deerberry, squaw-huckle- eliminate the deterrent effect, which may thus be beriy. detected by the labial and maxillary palps. There is VAC ciNiuM MYRSiNiTES Lam. no repellent effect.—Hardee and Davich (169). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these ALEURITES MONTANA (Lour.) Wilson. Mu-oil tree. shrubs failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this against larvae or adults of the boll wee- tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against vil—Matteson et al. (262). larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. (262). ERIOCAULACEAE ANDRACHNE OVALIS Muell. Arg. The powdered root bark mixed with milk is used ERIOCAULON DECANGULARE L. Pipewort. by the Zulu as a fly exterminator. The flies are said Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this to die rapidly after drinking the milk. The Zulu also species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity wash the head with an infusion of the root to disin- against larvae or adults of the boll wee- fect it.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (All). vil.—Matteson et al. (262). ANTIDESMA PLATYPHYLLUM H. Mann. Hame, haa. ERYTHROXYLACEAE In a listing of timbers in descending order of resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this ERYTHROXYLON AREOLATUM L. Sapo blanco, aroba. wood was listed as 61 out of 100 (resist- In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- ant).—Wolcott (U9). ance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this wood CROTóN GLANDULOSUS L. was listed as 81 out of 100 (repellent and very Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this resistant).—Wolcott (U9). species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against larvae or adults of the boll wee- EUPHÖRBIACEAE vil.—Matteson et al. (262).
ACALYPHA INDICA L. CROTóN TIGLIUM L. Purging tree. In India the powdered leaf is applied to maggoty A spray of the undiluted oil obtained by pe- wounds.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (Jill), troleum ether extraction of the seeds caused 20- to ACALYPHA sp. 30-percent knockdown of house flies in 40 minutes, ACALYPHA viRGiNiCA L. 45-percent mortality in 4 hours, and 65- to Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these 70-percent mortality in 24 hours. Operators inhal- species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity ing the fine oil mist complained of persistent severe against larvae or adults of the boll wee- headache and irritation of the nose, throat, and vil.—Matteson et al. (262), eyes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). 30 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ENDOSPERMUM FORMICARIUM Becc. Basswood. Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assu- ENDOSPERMUM MEDULLOSUM L. S. Smith. arensis.—Kassab et al. {207). In an arrangement of AustraKan and imported HippoMANE MANCiNELLA L. Manchineel. timbers by durability, taking into account resist- In a listing of timbers in descending order of ance to termites and to fungal decay, these woods resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this are listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis {UO), wood was listed as 32 out of 100 (very EUPHORBIA CYPARISSIAS L. Cypress spurge. susceptible).—Wolcott {il9). Ether extracts of all parts of this herb were toxic HURA CREPITANS L. Monkey pistol, sandbox. to house flies on contact.—Srbova and Paleveyeva In a listing of timbers in descending order of {363). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this EUPHORBIA LATHYRIS Georgi. wood was listed as 28 out of 100 (one of the most Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella susceptible).—Wolcott {^19). maculipennis would not feed on this plant, even HYERONIMA CARIBEA Urban. Tápana. when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and In a listing of woods in descending order of re- Thorsteinson (162), sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this EUPHORBIA NERiiFOLiA L. wood was listed as 44 out of 100 (more In India the^roots are one of the ingredients in a susceptible).—Wolcott {U9). preparation for the treatment of maggots in HYERONIMA CLUSIOIDES (Tul.) Muell. Arg. Cedro wounds and the latex is used as an in- macho. secticide.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (All). HYERONIMA LAXIFLORA Muell. Arg. Suradan. EUPHORBIA POINSETTIANA Buist. In a listing of timbers in descending order of Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, maculipennis would not feed on untreated plants, these species were listed as 47 out of 100 (more but treatment with sinigrin eUcited some feeding susceptible).—Wolcott {U9). response.—Gupta and Thorsteinson {162). EUPHORBIA SERPENE H. B. K. JATROPHA CURCAS L. Barbados nut, purging nut. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this A petroleum ether extract of the fruits, used as a species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity spray, was mildly toxic to house flies and Aedes against larvae or adults of the boll wee- aegypti mosquitoes. An alcohol extract of the fruits vil.—Matteson et al. {262). was nontoxic to these species.—Abrol and Chopra EUPHORBIA sp. {12). Extracts of the flowers are promising against POINSETTIA PULCHERRIMA R. Grah. weevils, bruchids, beetles, and hairy cater- White kerosene oil extracts of the fresh bracts pillars.—Rao {316). were more toxic to the rice weevil {Sitophilus EUPHORBIA SPLENDENS Boj. oryzae) than a similar concentration of Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella pyrethrum.—Rao {315). maculipennis would not feed on untreated plants, RiciNUs coMMUNis L. Castorbean plant. but treatment with sinigrin elicited some feeding The seed press-cake has been used in India as an response.—Gupta and Thorsteinson {162). insecticide.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {ill). EUPHORBIA TiRucALLi L. SAPIUM ELLIPTICUM Pax. The tree is regarded in Tanganyika as a mosquito A preparation of the dry leaf, made with a small repellent. It is used as an insecticide in amount of water, is applied to maggoty wounds by India.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (^ii). the Shambala.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk iill). FLUGGEA VIROSA (Roxb.) Baill. SAPIUM LAUROCERASUM Desf. In India the leaf is made into a paste with tobacco In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- to destroy worms in sores.—Watt and Breyer- ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood Brandwijk {Ul). was listed as 24 out of 100 (one of the most HEVEA BRASiLiENsis (A. Juss.) Muell. Arg. susceptible).—Wolcott {^9). The wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- SPIROSTACHYS AFRICANUS Sond. terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, Containers made of the wood have been packed INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 31 with clothing to ward off insects.—Watt and wood was Hsted as 41 out of 100 (more Breyer-Brandwijk (Jfll). susceptible).—Wolcott {íl9). STILLINGIA SYLVATICA L. Queen's delight, stillin- QuERCUs CHRYsoLEPis Liebm. Canon oak. gia. In a listing of timbers in descending order of Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this resistance to «the termite Cryptotermes brems, this species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity wood was hsted as 24 out of 100 (one of the most against larvae or adults of the boll wee- susceptible).—Wolcott {JfW). vil.--Matteson et al. {262). QuERCUS DENTATA Thunb. Japanese oak, kashiwa. QuERCUS FALCATA Michx. Spanish oak, southern FAGACEAE red oak. CASTANEA DENTATA (Marsh.) Borkh. American QUERCUS FALCATA Michx. Var. PAGODAEFOLIA Ell. chestnut. Cherrybark oak. Cotton plants imbibing alcohohc extracts of this This oak was seriously infested during an out- tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against break of the forest tent caterpillar {Malacosoma larv^je or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. disstria) in southern Louisiana.—Oliver {291). {262). QuERCUS GLANDULiFERA Blume. Japanese oak, CASTANEA SATIVA Mill. konara. The wood is fairly resistant to the termite Re- QuERCUS INCANA Bartr. Synonym: Q. cinérea. ticul termes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. {98). Bluejack oak. CASTANEA sp. Chestnut. QuERCUS LAEVis Walt. Turkey-oak. Chestnut leaves are refused as food by gypsy QUERCUS MACROCARPA Michx. moth larvae. When oak and hazel foliage was Of Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers sprayed with extracts of chestnut, feeding was reared on a diet containing extracts of these plants, discouraged.—Adlung {U). only 66 percent reached adulthood.—Mulkern and FAGUS sp. Beech. Toczek {280). Gypsy moth larvae readily fed on the leaves of QuERCUS MARiLANDiCA Muenchh. Blackjack oak. red ])eech and grove beech, but when these were QuERCUS MiCHAUxii Nutt. Swamp chestnut oak. sprayed with extracts of black alder or horsechest- These oaks were seriously infested during an nut, feeding was discouraged.—Adlung {li). outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar {Malacosoma FAGUS SYLVATICA L. disstria) in southern Louisiana.—Oliver {291). This wood is susceptible to the termite Re- QuERCUS MONGÓLICA Fisch. ex Turcz. Ohnara. ticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. {98). In an arrangement of Australian and imported NoTHOFAGUS cuNNiNGHAMii Oerst. Myrtle beech, timbers by durability, taking into account resist- Tasmanian beech. ance to termites and to fungal decay, these woods In an arrangement of Australian timbers by are listed in both class 2 (durable) and class 3 (mod- durability, taking into account the resistance to erately durable).—Wallis {ilO). termites and to fungal decay, this wood is listed in QuERCUS NiGRA L. Water oak. both class 3 (moderately durable) and class 4 QuERCUS PHELLOS L. WiUow oak. (nondurable).—Wallis {^10). These oaks were seriously infested during an NoTHOFAGUS MENZiESii Oerst. New Zealand silver outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar {Malacosoma beech. disstria) in southern Louisiana.—Oliver {291). In an arrangement of Australian and imported QuERCUs PRiNUS L. Chestnut oak. timbers by durability, taking into account resist- QuERCUS ROBUR L. Pedunculate oak. ance to termites and to fungal decay, this wood is The soil termite Reticulitermes lucifugus at- listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis {ilO). tacked this wood more strongly than R. QuERCUS ALBA L. White oak. ßavipes.—Schultze-Dewitz {3i2). This wood is reported to be susceptible to dry- QuERCUS RUBRA L. Red oak. wood termites in the West Indies.—Anonymous In a Hsting of timbers in descending order of {S). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this In a listing of timbers in descending order of wood was Hsted as 29 out of 100 (one of the most resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this susceptible).—Wolcott {^19). 32 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
QUERCUS Spp. GERANIACEAE Oak is the usual host on which female gypsy GERANIUM sp. moths deposit their eggs. The larvae readily feed on leaves of oak and other trees. Spraying the Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella foUage of oak with extracts of black alder or horse- maculipennis would not feed on this plant, even chestnut discouraged feeding, and a petroleum when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and ether extract was repellent, whereas an ethanol Thorsteinson (162). extract stimulated feeding.—Adlung {U). PBLARQONIUM sp. These plants were rejected by the tobacco Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella horn worm Proioparc^ sexta.—Fraenkel {IH). maculipennis would not feed on this plant, even QUERCUS VIRGINIANA Mill. when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and This oak is subject to infestation by the forest Thorsteinson (162). tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria).—Oliver (291). GESNERIACEAE Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this NEGELIA HYACINTHI Carr. oak failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against Larvae of 'the diamondback moth Plutella larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. maculipennis would not feed on this plant even (262), when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162). FLACOURTIACEAE HoMALiUM FOETiDUM Benth. Malas. GINKGOACEAE In an arrangement of Australian and imported GINKGO BILOBA L. Ginkgo tree. timbers by durability, taking into account resist- About 0.52 percent of the Synergist D-sesamin ance to termites and fungal decay, this wood is was isolated from the heartwood.—Kariyone et al. listed in class 2 (durable).—Wallis (^10). (206). HoMALiUM RACEMOS UM Jacq. Caracolillo, tostado. The leaves are used in China and Japan as book- In a listing of timbers in descending order of marks to keep away silverfish and larvae of other resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this insects. The wood is used to make insect-proof wood was listed as 71 out of 100 (re- cabinets. Alcoholic extracts .of the roots strongly sistant).—Wolcott (il9). inhibited the growth of European corn borer lar- HYDNOCARPUS WIGHTIANA Blume. vae, but extracts of the stem had no such effect. An The oil cake made from the seeds is used as a extract of the leaves inhibited growth by 98 per- deterrent against ants and for the control of cent; this may be due to malic or oxalic acid, both of rhinoceros beetles in coconut trees.—Anonymous which are toxic to this insect, or to 2-hexenal, which (5). is formed when the leaves are crushed in the pres- ScoTTELLiA CORIÁCEA A. Chev. Odoko. ence of oxygen. Japanese beetles will not eat This wood is reported to be susceptible to ter- ginkgo leaves.—Major (251). mites in Nigeria.—Anonymous (S). GRAMINEAE GENTIANACEAE AMMOPHILA BREVILIGULATA Fern. Beachgrass, EXACUM Sp. marram. Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this maculipennis would not feed on this plant, even grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. Thorsteinson (162). (262). SwERTiA CAROLiNiENSis (Walt.) Ktze. Columbo. ANDROPOGON GERARDI Vitm. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Of Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity reared on a diet containing extracts of this plant, against larvae or adults of the boll wee- only 15 percent reached adulthood.—Mulkem and vil.—Matteson et al. (262). Toczek (280). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 33
ARUNDINARIA TECTA (Walt.) Muhl. Switch-cane, Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this small cane. grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against (262). larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS (DC.) Stapf. Lemohgrass. (262). Lemongrass oil has been found to be effective AVENA SATIVA L. Oat. against mosquitoes and house flies. As a fumigant it Only 38 percent of newly hatched nymphs of the killed 100 percent of the mosquitoes Culex fatigans migmtory grasshopper Melanoplus mexicanus and Aedes aegypti in 20 minutes and 100 percent of mexicanus reared on oats survived to adulthood the house flies Musca nebulo in 60 minutes. It w^as and only 19.1 percent of the eggs laid by the effective for 30^0 minutes as a repellent.—Tiwari females survived.—Smith et al. (352). et al. (898). Plant extracts were nontoxic to Aedes mosquito CYMBOPOGON MARGINATUS Stapf. larvae.—Novak (287). The rootstock is aromatic and repels moths.— Avenacosides A and B, obtained from the seeds Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (Jfll). and leaves of the plant, were neither toxic to CYMBOPOGON NARDus (L.) Rendle. Citronella. Reticulitermes flavipes termites nor prevented Methyleugenol from this plant is a very powerful their feeding on filter paper impregnated with attractant for male oriental fruit flies, being effec- 3-percent concentrations.—Tschesche et al. (898). tive for one-half mile or more downwind.—Steiner BAMBUSA BAMBOS Druce. (870). Petroleum ether, ether, and alcohol extracts of Caníphene from this plant, chlorinated until the the shoots, used as sprays, were nontoxic to house chlorine content is 50-70 percent, is an insecticide flies and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.—Abrol and nontoxic to bees.—Jumar and Tielicke (208). Chopra (12). DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L. Orchardgrass. BAMBUSA TULDOIDES Munro. Tulda bamboo. This grass is a minor host of the corn root web- In a listing of timbers in descending order of worm (Crambus caliginosellus) in southern resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this Virginia.—Dominick (127). wood was listed as 45 out of 100 (more DACTYLOCTENIUM AEGYPTIACUM Willd. susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). A test for insecticidal action proved neg- BAMBUSA VULGARIS Schrad. Bamboo. ative.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (iH)^ In a listing of woods in descending order, of resist- DiGiTARiA SANGUINALIS (L.) Scop. Crabgrass. ance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this wood Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this was listed as 26 out 100 (one of the most grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. BoiíTELOUA GRACiLis Vasey. (262). Of Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers reared on a diet containing extracts of this plant, ELYMUS CANADENSIS L. only 54 percent reached adulthood.—Mulkern and Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers reared Toczek (280). on a diet containing extracts of this plant failed to BROMUS sp. Bromegrass. reach adulthood.—Mulkern and Toczek (280). Only 26.1 percent of the larvae from eggs laid by ERAGROSTIS PILOSA (L.) Beauv. the female migratory grasshoppers Melanoplus Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this mexicanus mexicanus that fed on this plant grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against survived.—Smith et al. (852). larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. CALAMOVILFA LONGIFGLIA Hack. (262). About 90 percent of Melanoplus femurrubrum GUADUA LATIFOLIA (Humboldt & Bonpl.) Kunth. grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a Ecuadorean giant bamboo. diet containing extracts of this plant.—Mulkern In a listing of timbers in descending order of and Toczek (280). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this CENCHRUS TRIBULOIDES L. Sand-spur, sandbur, wood was listed as 39 out of 100 (very burgrass. susceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9). 34 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
HoRDEUM sp. Barley. grasses failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity About 61 percent of newly hatched nymphs of the against larvae or adults of the boll wee- migratory grasshopper Melanoplus mexicanus vil.—Matteson et al. (262). mexicanus survived to adulthood on this plant. The SPARTINA PECTINATA Link. females laid an average of 86.1 eggs, of which 51 Only 44 percent of Melanoplus femurrubrum percent survived.—Smith et al. (S52). grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a PANICUM HEMITOMON Schult. Maidencane. diet containing extracts of this plant.—Mulkem PANICUM VIRGATUM L. Switchgrass. and Toczek (280). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these TRIODIA FLAVA (L.) Smyth. Tall redtop. grasses failed to exhibit repellency or toxidty Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this against larvae or adults of the boll wee- grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against vil.—Matteson et al. (262), larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. PASPALUM URVILLEI Steud. Vaseygrass. (262). Cotton plants imbibing alcohoUc extracts of this TRIPSACUM DACTYLOIDES (L.) L. Gamagrass. grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against (262). larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. PoA ANNUA L. Meadowgrass. (262). The odor of meadowgrass was repellent to adult TRITICUM sp. Wheat. Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decem- Feeding studies were conducted on newly lineata).—de Wilde et al. (íl2). hatched larvae of the pale western cutworm PoA PRATENSIS L. Kentucky bluegrass. (Agrotis orthogonia) to determine why diets pre- Only 36 percent of Melanoplus femurrubrum pared from some lyophilized tissues of wheat stems grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a allowed only poor growth and development. diet containing extracts of this plant.—Mulkem Studies with different fractions of this tissue indi- and Toczek (280). cated that a toxic substance, as yet unidentified, is SACCIOLEPIS STRiATA (L.) Nash. present.—McGinnis and Kasting (2^5). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Wheat germ oil and the phospholipid fraction of grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against wheat germ evoked feeding activity from older larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. nymphs and adults of the grasshoppers Melanoplus (262). bivittatus and Camnula pellucida.—Thorsteinson SETARIA MAGNA Griseb. Giant foxtail. and Nayar (391). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this The nymphal period for the migratory grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against grasshoppers Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. was 45.5 days when they were raised on wheat. The (262). females laid an average of 116.9 eggs, of which 64.2 SORGHUM DOCHNA (Forsk.) Snowden. percent survived.—Smith et al. (352). This plant has been used in the Indian peninsula UNIóLA LAXA (L.) BSP. as an insecticide.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this (m). grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against SORGHUM VULGäRE Fers. Sorghum. larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. The toxicity of sorghum roots to the larvae of the (262). western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera) dur- ZEA MAYS L. Corn, maize. ing feeding is probably due to the action of a There appear to be at least three chemicals con- j8-glucosidase on endogenous cyanogenetic gluco- tributing to the total resistance factor (RF) activity sides such as dhurrin to produce free hydrogen of the maize plant. RF A was important in the cyanide.—Brandon et al. (66a). resistance of early plant stages, but negligible after SPARTINA CYNOSUROIDES (L.) Roth. Salt reed- the development of a tassel. RF B and C contrib- grass. uted about equally to the resistance factor activity SPARTINA PATENS (Ait.) Muhl. Saltmeadowgrass. found in intemode, leaf sheath, and silk tissues. It Cotton plants imbibing alcohoHc extracts of these is possible that the resistance of maize to different INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 35
parasitic organisms is caused by the same complex due to the presence of 6-MBOA, but more probably of chemicals responsible for resistance to the corn some precursors of this compound.—Klun and borer.—Beck (^i). Brindley (215), In a study of the factors influencing the estab- The compound 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-l,4- lishment and survival of European corn borer lar- benzoxazin-3-one was isolated from corn seedlings vae on corn plants, it was found that two or more and fed to European corn borers. It inhibited larval toxic substances occur in the plant tissues. These development, with 25-percent mortality. Its biolog- toxicants have a deleterious effect on the growth ical activity is attenuated by a vitamin combination and survival of borer larvae and also have an in- in which niadn appears to play a role.—Klun et al. hibit(»ry effect on the growth of other organisms. (217), One of the toxic substances has been isolated in Extracts of leaves, silk, and kernels were tested pure form and is called resistance factor A. The RF for arrestant-feeding stimulant activity against the A content of two dent corn inbreds was found to corn earworm (Heliothis zea) and the fall army- differ in agreement with their relative resistance to worm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Kernel extract infestation by the borer under field conditions. RF -elicited the greatest feeding response from H. zea A content of whorls and whole plants was found to and the leaves from S. frugiperda. Addition of such decline with increasing plant height, as does resist- a stimulant to an insecticide could increase mortal- ance to borer establishment.—Beck and Stauffer ity of these insects.-Starks et al. (369), An aqueous extract of seedling corn did not ap- The biological activity of resistance factor A was pear to contain a substance inhibitory to the growth inversely proportional to the glucose content of of the corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum corn, whereas resistance factor B was not affected maidis),—Kieckhefer and Derr (211), by the sugar content.—Beck ií2). Resistance of young corn plants to the European Resistance factor A was isolated and identified as corn borer may be explained by the presence of 6-methoxy-2(3)-benzoxazolinone.—Smissman et al. 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone and 2-benzoxazo- (351), linone. Concentrations are lower in mature plants, Resistance factor A acts as a feeding deterrent but those maintaining high concentrations in the and not as a simple repellent to first-instar whorl were resistant.—Klun and Robinson (216), larvae.—Beck US), Water extracts of corn kernels were effective Certain varieties are resistant to larvae of the feeding stimulants for larvae of the tobacco bud- European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Lack of worm (Heliothis virescens) and the boUworm (H. nutrients seems to be the cause of the zea),—Guerra and Shaver (160). resistance.—Scott and Guthrie (3i3). Only 72 percent of Melanoplus femurrubrum Spodoptera frugiperda is the most important grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a pest of corn in Venezuela, attacking all existing diet containing extracts of this plant.—Mulkem varieties. Resistance of corn to insects is of two and Toczek (280), kinds—repellent chemical factors and nutritional ZiZANiOPSis MILI ACE A (Michx.) DoU & Asch- deficiencies. The combination of both kinds may ers. Water millet. afford protection, and this has been under- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this taken.—Horovitz (180), grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against A report that the silk of certain strains of corn larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. contains a factor lethal to the corn earworm could (262), not be confirmed. Instead the mortality observed ZoYSU JAPÓNICA Steud. Zoysia, lawngrass. was apparently due to mechanical factors; the silk Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ball acted as a physical barrier to ear grass failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against penetration.—Luckmann et al. (239), larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. It was shown that inbred lines of corn that were (262), more resistant to attack by the European corn borer yielded much more 6-methoxy-benzo- GUTTIFERAE xazolinone (6-MBOA) than susceptible strains. CALOPHYLLUM BRASILIENSE Camb. Jacareuba, However, it was also shown that resistance was not Santa Maria. 36 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
This wood is recorded in British Honduras as called compound A, was shown at 1.5 p.p.m. and resistant to termites.—Anonymous (3). accounted for 7 percent of the total toxicity. An In a listing of timbers in descending order of amorphous fraction was toxic at 0.25 p.p.m. (about resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this 20 percent as toxic as rotenone under similar condi- wood was listed as 42 out of 100 (more tions), accounting for 74 percent.—Morris and susceptible).—Wolcott {U9), Pagan (274). CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM L. Beach calophyllum, The threshold toxicity toward guppies was'30 Alexandrian laurel. mg. of seeds, which yielded 1.3 mg. of extract per In an arrangement of Australian and imported liter as compared to 0.5 mg. oíDerris root.—Pagan timbers by durability, taking into account resist- and Morris (295). ance to termites and to fungal decay, this wood is A crystalline insecticide extracted from the seeds listed in class 3 (moderately resistant).—Wallis had the formula C22H28O5, melted at 128.5°-129.5° C, and appeared to be a coumarin-like compound. CALOPHYLLUM KAJEWSKII A. C. Smith. Bush It was named "mammein."—Djerassi et al. (126). calophyllum. Mammein was identified as 4-n-propyl- In an arrangement of Australian and imported 5,7-dihydroxy-6-isopentenyl-8-isovalerylcoumarin. timbers by durability, taking into account resist- —Djerassi et al. (12J^, 125). ance to termites and to fungal decay, this wood is The related compound, 4-phenyl-5,7-dihydroxy- listed in class 3''(moderately resistant).—Wallis 8-isopentenyl-6-isovalerylcoumarin, C25H26O5, was isolated from the fruit pulp and shown to be toxic to CALOPHYLLUM LUCIDUM Benth. Galba. insects.—Finnegan and Djerassi (186); Finnegan et In a listing of timbers in descending order of al. (138). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis Several coumarins related to mammein were Walker, this wood was listed as 39 out of 100 (very synthesized.—Finnegan et al. (137). susceptible).—Wolcott ÍÍ19). In the Dominican RepubHc, mamey seeds, av- CALOPHYLLUM spp. Bintangor, calophyllum. ocado seeds, and zamia seeds fried in ou are mashed These woods should be moderately resistant to and applied to the head as a "therapeutic shampoo," termite and other insect attack.—Anonymous (11). probably to eliminate lice.—Morton (276). CLUSIA ROSEA Jacq. Pitch apple, strangHng fíg. The structure of mammeigin, a derivative of In a listing of timbers in descending order of mamey seed oil, was determined.—Finnegan and resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis^ this Meuller (139). wood was listed as 27 out 100 (one of the most Four 4-alkylcoumarins and five 4-phenylcouma- susceptible).—Wolcott U19). rins were isolated from a petroleum ether extract of CRATOXYLON ARBORESCENS Blume. Geronggang. the seeds, but none had insecticidal activity against In a listing of Australian and imported timbers mustard beetles approaching that of the original ex- by durability, with regard to both termite resist- tract. A crystalline mixture of 5,7-dihydroxy-4-(l- ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is acetoxypropyl)-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-8-(4-methyl- listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis iílO), valeryl)-coumarin, and 4,7-dihydroxy-4-(l-acetoxy- CRATOXYLON GLAUCUM Korth. propyl)-6-(2-methyl-3-butenyl)-8-(2-methylbutyryl)- This wood when buried in the ground is rapidly coumarin, was highly toxic to the beetles.— destroyed by termites.—Anonymous (11), Crombie et al. (101). MAMMEA AFRICANA G. Don. MESUA FéRREA L. This wood is resistant to the termite Re- This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- ticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98). terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, MAMMEA AMERICANA L. Mamey. Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assu- In a listing of timbers in descending order of arensis.—Kassab et al. (207). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis^ this PLATONIA INSIGNIS Mart. Wild mammee apple. wood was listed as 30 out of 100 (very In a listing of timbers in descending order of susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this About 81 percent of the toxicity (measured by wood was listed as 60 out of 100 (re- the guppy test) of extracts of a mamey compound, sistant).—Wolcott (il9). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 37
PSOROSPERMUM BAUMII Engl. HIPPOCASTANACEAE It is reported that the boiled root is an effective remedy against lice.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM L. Filter papers impregnated with a 3-percent solu- SYMPHONIA GLOBULIFERA L. Waika chewstick, hog tion of aescin, a triterpene saponin from the fruits gum. of this plant, were toxic to Reticulitermes flavipes This wood is recorded in Trinidad as susceptible termites and inhibited feeding; 0.05-percent and to termites.—Anonymous {S), 0.5-percent solutions were ineffective.—Tschesche In a listing of timbers in descending order of et al. (398). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this AESCULUS OCTANDRA Marsh. Yellow buckeye. wood was Hsted as 45 out of 100 (more AESCULUS PAVíA L. Red buckeye. susce])tible).—Wolcott (1^19). AESCULUS SYLVATICA Bartr. Painted buckeye. ViSMiA MACROPHYLLA H. B. K. Pienja, Caopia. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these In a Hsting of timbers in descending order of trees failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity against resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. wood was listed as 34 out of 100 (very (262). susceptible).—Wolcott (419), HUMIRIACEAE ViSMIA Sp. HuMiRiA BALSAMiFERA Jaume. Umiri, Tauroniro. Cotton plants imbibing alcohoKc extracts of this In a listing of timbers in descending order of species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this against larvae or adults of the boll wee- wood was listed as 63 out of 100 (re- vil.—Matteson et al. (262), sistant).—Wolcott (Jfl9). HALORRHAGIDACEAE HYPERICACEAE GUNNERA PERPENSA L. HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L. The Xhosa used a root decoction of this plant Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzeviy mixed with a leaf decoction of Clematis brachiata Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, as a drench for bots in the house.—Watt and and Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the pow- Breyer-Brandwijk iill), dered leaf died in 100, 120, 120, and 120 minutes, HAMAMELIDACEAE respectively.—Reznik and Imbs (819). DisANTHUS CERCiDiFOLiA Maxim. ICACINACEAE Leaves of this plant were not accepted for feed- CANTLEYA CORNICULATA (Becc.) Howard. Dedaru. ing by Spodoptera littoralis.—Wada et al. (i05). This timber is sufficiently durable to be safe for LiQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA L. Red gUm. use without preservative treatment even-when ex- In a listing of timbers in descending order of posed to termites.—Anonymous (i). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood was listed as 29 out of 100 (one of the most JUGLANDACEAE susceptible).—Wolcott (il9), CARYA GLABRA (Mill.) Sweet. Pignut hickory. Durmg an outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar The wood is recorded from the West Indies as (Malacosoma disstria) in southern Louisiana, this very susceptible to dry-wood termites.— tree was seriously infested.—Oliver (291). Anonymous (3). In a listing of timbers in descending order of HERNANDIACEAE resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this HERNANDIS SONORA L. Jack-in-the-box. wood was listed as 31 out of 100 (very In a listing of timbers in descending order of susceptible).—Wolcott (419). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this CARYA spp. wood was listed as 26 out of 100 (one of the most These trees were seriously infested during an susceptible);—Wolcott (419), outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) in southern Louisiana.—Oliver (291). 38 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
JUGLANS CINÉREA L. Buttemut. mint, lost its toxicity to house flies on chlor- In a listing of timbers in descending order of ination.—Dássler {112), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Leaf and flower extracts were nontoxic to Culex wood was Usted as 41 out of 100 (more pipiens larvae.—Novak {287). susceptible).—Wolcott {Jfl9), MONARDA sp. Bergamot. JuGLANS NiGRA L. Black walnut. An effective germicide with good sporicidal and In a listing of timbers in descending order of fungicidal activity was synthesized from bergamot resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this ^and lemon essential oils, chlorophyllin, and a wood was listed as 44 out of 100 (more quaternary ammonium compound. The mixture susceptible).—Wolcott (419), was called "Bergaflll."—Macri et al. {2J^9), Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens NEPETA CATARíA L. Catnip. larvae.—Novak {287), Nepetalactone, C10H14O2, the constituent of cat- JUGLANS REGIA L. nip responsible for its well-known excitant effect on Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, cats, acts as a repellent to numerous insects. Of 27 Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, species tested, 20 were strongly repelled and seven and Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the pow- showed no reaction when exposed to the dered leaf died in 20, 25, 40, and 50 minutes, compound.—Eisner {132), respectively.—Reznik and Imbs {319), Extracts of this plant were nontoxic to Culex pipiens larvae.—Novak {287), LABIATAE OCIMUM AMERICANUM L. COLEUS Sp. This strongly scented herb is burned in rooms to Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella get rid of mosquitoes in Africa.—Irvine {186), maculipennis would not feed on this plant even In West Africa the plant is burned in a room to when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and repel mosquitoes, and in Tanganyika the herb is Thorsteinson {162), placed under the bed with the same objective. This HYPTIS SPICIGERA Lam. repellent action has been confirmed by ex- This strongly scented herb is burned in rooms to periment.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {411). get rid of mosquitoes in Africa, and layers are OciMUM BASiLicuM L. Basil. placed below bundles of millet to keep away A 2-percent emulsion of essential oils from this termites.—Irvine {186), plant killed 51-80 percent of a mite, Tetranychus HYSSOPUS OFFICINALIS L. Hyssop. telariuSy and 90 percent of an aphid. Aphis Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens gossypii.—Irvine {186), larvae.—Novak {287), OCIMUM SUAVE Willd. LEUCAS áSPERA Spreng. The smoke from the burning plant is used as, a From the whole plant, which possesses insectici- mosquito repellent.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk dal properties, were isolated oleanolic acid and ur- {ill). solic acid.—Aditychaudhury and Ghosh {13), OCIMUM VIRIDE Willd. LEUCAS CEPHALOTES Spreng. This plant has been used as a mosquito repellent, The plant is reported to possess insecticidal but the action has not been confirmed experi- activity.—Chopra and Kapoor {93), mentally.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {411), LEUCAS MARTiNiCENSis R. Br. ORIGANUM VULGäRE L. Wild marjoranl. This strongly scented plant is burned in rooms to Aqueous extracts of this plant were nontoxic to get rid of mosquitoes in Africa.—Irvine {186), house flies either on contact or by oral MENTHA ARVENSIS L. Mint. intake.—Srbova and Palaveyeva {363), Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, PLECTRANTHUS spp. Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, These species are shunned by flies and are some- and Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the pow- times used as a repellent.—Watt and Breyer- dered leaf died in 30, 25, 43, and 40 minutes, Brandwijk {411), respectively.—Reznik and Imbs {319), PoGOSTEMON PATCHOULY Pell. Patchouly. MENTHA PIPERITA L. Peppermint. The leaves have been used for many years in Menthofuran, obtained from flowering pepper- China and Malaya as an insecticide, mainly against INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE UTERAfURE, 1954-1971 39
moths. Natives protect their leaf beds from attack CASSYTHA CILIOLATA Nees. by mixing patchouly leaves with them.—Dummond This plant is used in South and West Africa as an {130). insecticide.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {ill). ROSMARINOS OFFICINALIS L. Rosemary. CiNNAMOMUM CAMPHORA (L.) Nees and Eberm. In Venezuela and in the Philippines the plant is Camphor-tree. used for kilHng insects.—Watt and Breyer- In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- Brandwijk (All), ance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this wood SALMA REPENS Burch. was Ksted as completely resistant.—Wolcott {419). The Sotha in Basutoland used the smoke from the This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- burning plant to drive bugs away.—Watt and terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, Breyer-Brandwijk {ill). Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. asma- SALMA VERTICILLATA L. rensis.—Kassab et al. {207). Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, This species, planted in Tanganyika, is suscepti- Haeinaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, ble to attack by a shoot-borer.—Streets {37^). and Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the pow- CiNNAMOMUM MicRANTHUM Hayata. dered leaf died in 20, 25, 30, and 45 minutes, re- In a Usting of timbers in descending order of spectively. Exposure to the fresh whole leaf caused resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this death in 70, 110, 75, and 128 minutes, wood was listed as 47 out of 100 (initially repellent respectively.—Reznik and Imbs {319). but more susceptible after 1 year's exposure to SATUREJA ALPINA (L.) Scheele. Alpine savory. air).—Wolcott {1^19). Aqueous extracts of this herb were not toxic to CiNNAMOMUM ZEYLANicuM Nees. Cinnamon. house flies either on contact or by oral Tlant extracts were nontoxic to Aedes mosquito intake.—Srbova and Palaveyeva {363). larvae.—Novak {287). SATUREJA HORTENSIS L. Summer savory. CRYPTOCARYA MANDIOCCANA Meissn. Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens In a listing of timbers in descending order of larvae.—Novak {287). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this THYMUS MARSHALLIAMUS Wilb. Thyme. wood was listed as 46 out of 100 (more Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, susceptible).—Wolcott {Í19). Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, EusiDEROXYLON zwAGERi Teijsm. & Binn. Belian, and Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the pow- Borneo ironwood. dered leaf died in 15, 18, 15, and 40 minutes, This wood is termite-proof. It is the only timber respectively.—Reznik and Imbs {319). in Sarawak that can be recommended for use un- THYMUS sp. Thyme. treated and in contact with the ground.— Aqueous extracts of this plant were not toxic to Anonymous {11). house flies either on contact or by oral LAURUS NOBILIS L. intake.^-Srbova and Palaveyeva {363). The fat, which is extracted from the fruits, is used, especially in veterinary practice, against LAMINACEAE parasites.—Font Quer {Ul). DRACOCEPHALUM PARVI^LORUM Nutt. LIGARíA CANELLA (Meissn.) Kosterm. Brown sil- About 78 percent of Melanoplus femurruhrum verballi. grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a In a listing of woods in order of decreasing resist- diet containing extracts of this plant.—Mulkem ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood and Toczek {280). was listed as 93 out of 100 (totally repellent to very resistant).—Wolcott {Jfl9). LAURACEAE LiTSEA RETicuLATA Benth. & Hook. Bollywood. In an arrangement of Australian timbers by BEILSCHMIEDIA PéNDULA Hemsl. durability, taking into account resistance to ter- In a listing of timbers in descending order of mites and to fungal decay, this wood is listed in resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis {UO). wood was listed as 29 out of 100 (one of the most MEZILAURUS ITAUBA (Meisen.) Taub. Tapinhoam. susceptible).—Wolcott {il9). In a listing of timbers in descending order of 40 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this OcoTEA MOSCHATA (Meissn.) Mez. Nuez Moscada. wood was listed as 59 out of 100 (less In a listing of timbers in descending order of susceptible).—Wolcott {U9), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis y this NECTANDRA CORIACEAE (Sev.) Griesb. Laurel av- wood was listed as 36 out of 100 (very ispillo. susceptible).—Wolcott {Jfl9), In a listing of timbers in descending order of OcoTEA OVALIFOLIA Mez. Yellow silverballi. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this In a listing of woods in descending order of re- wood was listed as 26 out of 100 (one of the most sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis y this susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). wood was listed as 94 out of 100 (totally repellent to NECTANDRA SALINGA Neis. very resistant).—Wolcott {Jfl9), In a listing of timbers in descending order of OcoTEA RODiAEi Mez. Greenheart. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this This wood is recorded in the West Indies as re- wood was listed as 22 out of 100 (one of the most sistant to dry-wood termites.—Anonymous {3). susceptible).—Wolcott (419). Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract NECTANDRA SINTENISSII Mez. Laurel amarillo. of the wood and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes In a listing of timbers in descending order of termites damaged 50 percent of the insects, but did resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this not kill any.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (380), wood was listed as 27 out of 100 (one of the most In a listing of woods in descending order of re- susceptible).—Wolcott ÇÎ19), sistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this NECTANDRA sp. Wane. wood was listed as 91 out of 100 (totally repellent to In a listing of woods in descending order of re- very resistant).—Wolcott (il9), sistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this OcoTEA RUBRA Mez. Louro Vermelho, Determa. wood was listed as 96 out of 100 (totally repellent to In a listing of timbers in descending order of very resistant).—Wolcott (il9), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this NECTANDRA sp. Harde pisie, Blakka pisie, wood was listed as 57 out of 100 (less suscep- Keretiballi. tible).—Wolcott ÍÍ19). In a listing of timbers in descending order of Shavings of the wood were neither repellent nor resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this resistant to the -termite Reticulitermes luci- wood was listed as 46 out of 100 (more fugens.—Martinez (257), susceptible).—Wolcott U19), OcoTEA SPATHULATA Mez. Nemoca. OcoTEA ACUTANGULA Mez. Louro Tamancao. In a listing of timbers in descending order of In a listing of timbers in descending order of resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood was listed as 29 out of 100 (one of the most wood was listed as 60 out of 100 (resist- susceptible).—Wolcott (il9), ant).—Wolcott {U9), OcoTEA sp. Aguacatillo. OcOTEA ARECHAVALETAE MeZ. In a listing of timbers in descending order of In a listing of timbers in descending order of resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this this wood was listed as 74 out of 100 (resist- wood was listed as 27 out of 100 (one of the most ant).—Wolcott (il9), susceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9). OcoTEA usAMBARENSis Engl. East African cam- OcoTEA CANALicuLATA (Richn.) Mez. White sil- phor wood. verballi. Tests to investigate the use of this timber as a In a listing of timbers in descending order of clothesmoth deterrent have shown it to be useless resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this for this purpose.—Anonymous (3), wood was listed as 57 out of 100 (less sus- OcoTEA WACHENHEiMii Benoist. Silverballi. ceptible).—Wolcott {Jfl9), In a listing of timbers in descending order of OcoTEA LEUcoxYLON (Sev.) Maza. Laurel geo. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this In a listing of timbers in descending order of wood was listed as 48 out of 100 (more sus- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis y this ceptible).—Wolcott (J^19), wood was listed as 48 out of 100 (more sus- PARABENZOIN TRIBOLIUM Nakai. ceptible).—Wolcott {Jfl9), Leaves of this plant were not accepted for feed- INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 41
ing by Spodoptera littoralis. Three new sesquiter- as contact insecticides against the adult house fly penoids, shiromodiol acetate, and shiromodiol Musca nebulo and the adult female mosquito Culex monoacetate were isolated as feeding inhibitors fatigans. No mortality of either insect was obtained against this insect and Trimeresia miranda. fromjany of the extracts.—Khalsa et al. (209). —Wada et al. (^05). Aqueous extracts of the seeds exlnblted striking PERSEA AMERICANA Mill. Avocado. effects on mitotic and meiotic chromosomes in the In the Dominican Republic, mamey seeds, av- testes of a grasshopper, Poecilocera picta. The ocado seeds, and Zamia seeds fried in oil are most prominent effects were stickiness and clump- mashed and applied to the head as a "therapeutic ing, spindle derangement, and fragmentation and shampoo," probably to eliminate lice.—Morton breakages of chromosomes. Spermatids and sperm {276), heads were also abnormal. These effects were PLEUROTHYRIUM CUNEIFOLIUM Nees. Louro aba- brought about at doses nontoxic to animals.—Desai ca te et al. (116), In a listing of timbers in descending order of ACACIA ACUMINATA Benth. Raspberry-jam tree, resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this myall. wood was hsted as 49 out of 100 (more sus- In an arrangement of Australian timbers by ceptible).—Wolcott U19). durability, taking into account resistance to ter- mites and to fungal decay, this wood is listed in LECYTHIDACEAE class 1 (very durable).—Wallis (410), BARRINGTONIA RACÊMOSA Roxb. ACACIA ARABICA var. NILOTICA Willd. Egyptian The bark is said to be insecticidal; the intensity of acacia. action is half that of nicotine sulfate. Extracts of the Stakes of the wood buried in Egyptian soil with- plant have also proved effective against citrus stood attack by the subterranean termites aphiiis. The stem is used in Bengal as an Anacanthotermes ochraceus, Psammotermes insecticide.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (4ii). fuscofemoralis, and P. assuanensis for 10 CARINIANA PYRIFORMIS Miers. Albarco, bacu. months.—Kassab et al. (207), In a listing of timbers in descending order of ACACIA BENTHAMII Meissn. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- wood was listed as 60 out of 100 (resistant). terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, —Wolcott H19). Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assuar- ESCHWEILERA CORRUGATA (Poit.) Miers. Wena ensis.—KsiSsah et al. (207), kakeralli. ACACIA CAFFRA Willd. In a listing of timbers in descending order of The timber is highly resistant to termites.—Watt resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems y this and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). wood was listed as 47 out of 100 (more sus- ACACIA CYANOPHYLLA Lindl. Blue-leaved wattle. ceptible).—Wolcott (419), In a Zanzibar nursery, 6- to 12-inch seedlings of ESCHWEILERA SAGOTIANA Miers. Black kakeraUi. this tree were killed by termites.—Streets (37i), In a listing of woods in descending order of re- ACACIA DEALBATA Link. Synonym: A. decurrens sistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this var. dealbata. Silver wattle. wood was listed as 83 out of 100 (repellent and very This tree in plantations in Ceylon is untroubled resistant).—Wolcott U19), by any serious pest.—Streets (S7i), LECYTHIS PARAENSIS (Huber) Ducke. Monkey pot. ACACIA DECURRENS (Wendl.) Willd. Green wattle, In a listing of woods in descending order of re- black wattle, Sidney black wattle. sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this In plantations in India this species is more re- wood was Hsted as 75 out of 100 (resistant). sistant to insect pests than is A. mearnsii. Simi- —Wolcott U19). larly in South Africa it is more resistant than the latter to the wattle bagworm Acanthopsyche LEGUMINOSAE junode and to the frog-hopper.—Streets (374), ACACIA FARNESIANA Willd. Aroma. ABRUS PRECATORIUS L. Jequirity, rosarypea. In a listing of timbers in descending order of Extracts of leaves, stems, and roots were tested resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this 42 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE wood was listed as 72 out of 100 (resistant).— the outer heartwood varied from resistant to Wolcott U19), perishable and the inner heartwood ranged only The flower is used insecticidally by the Algerian from poorly resistant to perishable.—Sen-Sarma et Arabs.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {^11). al. (SU)^ ACACIA GIRAFFAE Willd. AFZELIA AFRICANA Smith. The heartwood is not liable to attack by This wood-is resistant to the termite Reticuli- termites.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk Çill). termes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98), ACACIA HOMALOPHYLLA A. Cunn. ex Benth. AFZELIA AFRICANA Sm. AfzeUa. Gidgee. AFZELIA BIPINDENSIS Harms. In a hsting of Australian timbers by durability, AFZELIA CAUDATA Hoyle. with regard to both termite resistance and AFZELIA PACHYLOBA Harms. resistance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in AFZELIA QUANZENSIS Welw. Mahoganybean. class 1 (very durable).—Wallis iílO). Afzelia heartwood is recorded from various coun- ACACIA KOA A. Gray. Hawaiian koa. tries in Africa as resistant to termites.— In a hsting of timbers in descending order of Anonymous (3). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this the timber of A. quanzensis is reported to be wood was Usted as 48 out of 100 (more sus- resistant to termites.—Streets (374), ceptible).—Wolcott U19). ALBIZIA ANTHELMINTICA. ACACIA MEARNSII De Wild. Black wattle, green Filter papers impregnated with 3 percent of wattle. musennin, a triterpene saponin isolated from the This tree, planted in Tanganyika, is susceptible root bark of this plant, were toxic to Reticulitermes to termites in South Africa and is subject to attack flavipes termites and inhibited feeding by the in- by the wattle hsigworm Acanthopsyche junodey the sect; 0.05-percent and 0.5-percent solutions were frog-hopper, and the wattle looper Achaea ineffective.—Tschesche et al. (398), sienardi.—Streets (S7J^). ALBIZIA FALCATA (L.) Backer. Batai, mara, vaivai. ACACIA MELANOXYLON R. Br. Australian black- This species, planted in Malaya, is subject to wood. attacks by defoliating insects, but these are not of This species is quite susceptible to attack by scale economic importance.—Streets (37i). insects (Coccidae). In plantations in New Zealand it ALBIZIA FERRUGINEA Benth. Albizzia. suffers only minor damage from pests. In Tan- Tests in Nigeria showed that this wood is re- ganyika it is resistant to termites.—Streets (37i). sistant to termites.—Anonymous (3), ACACIA NIGRESCENS Oliver. ALBIZIA LEBBEK (L.) Benth. Kokko, siris, yellow The wood is termite-resistant.—Watt and acacia. Breyer-Brandwijk Uli), Tests in India showed that this wood is resistant, ACACIA NILOTICA (L.) Del. subsp. INDICA (Benth.) but hable to attack by termites after 3-4 Brenan. Synonym: A. arabica. Bulbul, babul. years.-:—Anonymous (3), This tree was not attacked by termites in Tan- The timber is liable to termite attack.—Watt and ganyika plantations.—Streets (374^). Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). The wood is resistant to termites.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk iíll). ALBIZIA PROCERA (Roxb.) Benth. White siris. ACACIA PENNATA Willd. In a listing of timbers in descending order In Tanganyika, natives blow the powdered root of resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, into the nasal cavities of calves and small cattle to this wood was listed as 70 out of 100 rid them of maggots.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (resistant).—Wolcott (U9), iill)- The leaf is said to have insecticidal proper- ACACIA TORILIS Hayne. ties.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (411), The wood is highly vulnerable to termites. This tree, planted in southern Rhodesia, is liable —Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk iíll). to borer attacks. In Uganda it proved resistant to AcROCARPUS FRAXiNiFOLius Wight. Jundani. termites.—Streets (374), When eight samples of this wood were tested for ALBIZIA sp. resistance to the termite Microcerotermes beesoni, Both the heartwood and sap wood of this tree are INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 43
resistant to the dry-wood termite Cryptotermes these woods are moderately resistant to havilandi.—Butterworth et al. (7^). termites.—Anonymous (3). AMORPHA CANESCENS Nutt. Shavings of B. acuminata wood were neither About 91 percent of Melanoplus femurruhrum repellent nor resistant to the termite Reticuli- grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a termes lucifugens.—Martinez (257), diet containing extracts of this plant.—Mulkem BowDiCHiA NiTiRA Spruce. Sapupira. and Toczek (280), In a listing of woods in descending order of re- AMORPHA FRUTICOSA L. False-indigo. sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens wood was listed as 79 out of 100 (resistant).— larvae.—Novak (287). Wolcott (Jfl9), . ANDIRA INERMIS (W. Wright) H. B. K. Moca, BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII Taub. angelin. The plant is not resistant to termites in Northern In a listing of timbers in descending order of Rhodesia.—Anonymous (3), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this BRACHYSTEGIA EURYCOMA Harms. Okwen. wood was listed as 52 out of 100 (less suscep- BRACHYSTEGIA LEONENSIS Hutch. & Burtt Davy. tible).—Wolcott {il9). BRACHYSTEGIA NIGERICA Hoyle & A. P. D. Jones. ANDIRA SURINAMENSIS (Bondt.) Splitg. Botseed. Among these three species grouped together by In a listing of woods in descending order of re- the lumber trade, the first is recorded in Nigeria as sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this nonresistant to termites and the second as re- wood was listed as 77 out of 100 (resistant). sistant; there are no data on the third —Wolcott {Jfl9), species.—Anonymous (3). ARA( HIS HYPOGAEA L. Peanut. BRACHYSTEGIA SPICAEFORMIS Benth. A 10-percent concentration of the oil produced Brachystegia spp. are not resistant to termites in 90-percent kill of Urentius echinus (Tingilae) adults Northern Rhodesia.—Anonymous (3), in 72 hours; 5 and 7 percent were almost as effective BUSSE A MASSAIENSIS Harms. and 1 and 3 percent were ineffective.—Reddy The timber is exceedingly hard and ter- (317) mite-resistant.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk In India it has been found that coating wheat (Ul). with peanut oil does not protect it from attack by BuTEA MONOSPERMA (Lam.) Kuntze. the weevil. The oil cake has some insecticidal A petroleum ether extract of the fruits was value.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk Uli). mildly toxic to house flies when used as a spray and Peanut oil is very attractive to leaf-cutting ants nontoxic to Aedes aegypti. An alcohol extract of the and may be useful in poisonous baits.—Cherrett bark was nontoxic to house flies.—Abrol and (89), Chopra (12), CAESALPINIA PLATYLOBA S. WatS. BAIKAEA PLURIJUGA Harms. Rhodesian teak, Ethanol extracts of the wood are very toxic to Zambesi redwood. termites.—Sandermann et al. (331), This wood is reported to be resistant to termites CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA SW. in Northern and Southern Rhodesia.—Anonymous An 11-percent kerosene extract of the flowers (S). sprayed on rice weevils killed 50 percent in 24 hours In a listing of timbers in descending order of and 100 percent in 96 hours.—Rao (313), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this CALPOCALYX KLAINEI Pierre. wood was listed as 58 out of 100 (less Shavings of this wood were both resistant and susceptible).—Wolcott (419). repellent to the termite Reticulitermes lud- The timber is said to be resistant to wood- fugens.—Martinez (257), destroying insects.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (Ul). CALPURNIA INTRUSA E. Mey. The Basuta apply an infusion to maggoty sores on , BERLINIA ACUMINATA Soland. ex Hoof. f. Berlinia. cattle.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill), BERLINIA GRANDIFLORA (Vahl) Hutchinson & CALPURNIA SUBDECANDRA Schweick. Dalziel. Berlinia. The plant is applied by the Zulu to maggoty sores Tests in Nigeria and the Gold Coast show that on cattle.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (AH), 44 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CASSIA ALATA L. Ringworm cassia. CROTALARIA JÚNCEA L. Sunn-hemp. In Tanganyika the plant is placed around huts as White kerosene oil extracts of the fresh petals an ant repellent.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk were as toxic to the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) as a similar concentration of pyrethrum.—Rao CASSIA BOTRYA Fres. (315). The leaf has a peculiar odor, which is said to repel Extracts of the flowers were promising against bees. In Tanganyika the natives use the foUage as a weevils, beetles, bruchids, and hairy cater- bee repellent and bum it to smoke out bees.—Watt pillars.—Rao (316). and Breyer-Brandwijk {Ul). CYLICODISCUS GABUNENSIS (Taub.) Harms. Okan. CASSIA FISTULA L. This wood is reported to be resistant to termites An ethanol extract of this wood impregnated on in Nigeria.—Anonymous (3). filter paper and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes VCYNOMETRA ALEXANDRI C. H. Wright. Muhimbi. termites killed 100 percent of the insects. This wood is reported to be resistant to termites —Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). in Uganda.—Anonymous (3). CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS L. CYNOMETRAINAEQUIFOLIAA. Gray. Kekatong. The Zulu use the leaf and stalk against body This timber is sufficiently durable to be safe for vermin.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk Çill). use without preservative treatment, even when CASSIA SIAMEA Lam. Casia amarilla. exposed to termites.—Anonymous (^). In a Hsting of timbers in descending order of DALBERGIA LATIFOLIA Roxb. Indian rosewood. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis^ this This wood is recorded from termite-resistance wood was Usted as 33 out of 100 (very tests in India as of very promising durability. It susceptible).—Wolcott U19), may remain in the ground for 4 years without being This tree is very resistant to termites. When attacked.—Anonymous (3). planted in suitable sites in Nigeria, no pests were DALBERGIA SISSOO Roxb. Shisham, sissoo. noted.—Streets (37J,), In plantations of this tree in Ghana, damage is CASSIA sp. caused by termites during the first 2 years after White kerosene extracts of the fresh petals were planting, in particular to stumped plants.—Streets equal in toxicity to pyrethrum against the rice (37J,). weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). The dried petals were DALBERGIA STEVENSONII Standl. Honduras rose- less toxic.—Rao (315). wood. Extracts of the flowers were not promi^ng This wood is reputed to be resistant to termites against weevils, bruchids, beetles, and hairy in British Honduras.—Anonymous (3). caterpillars.—Rao (316), DANIELLIA KLAINEI Pierre. CASTANOSPERMUM AUSTRALE A. Cunn. & Fraser. This wood is susceptible to the termite Black bean. Reticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98). This wood is reported from Queensland to be DANIELLIA OGEA (Harms) Rolfe. Ogea. termite-resistant.—Anonymous (3). This wood is recorded as susceptible to termites CiCER ARiETiNUM L. Chickpea. in Nigeria.—Anonymous (3). Chickpea seeds can sustain larval development of DANIELLIA OLIVERI Hutch. Copaiba balsam tree. the bruchid Callosobruchus chinensis and the bean Gum from this tree was effective as a termite weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus).—Appelbaum deterrent when rubbed on wood.—Irvine (186). (27). The resin rubbed on wood is said to protect it CoPAiFERA OFFiciNALis L. Balsam. from termites.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (All). In a listing of timbers in descending order of DANIELLIA THURIFERAJ. J. Benn. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this This wood is recorded as susceptible to termites wood was listed as 29 out of 100 (one of the most in Nigeria.—Anonymous (3). susceptible).—Wolcott (J^IO). CoPAiFERA PALUSTRis (Sym.) De Wit. Swamp DELONIX REGIA (Bojer.) Raf. Flamboyan, flame- sepetir. tree. This wood is very subject to dry-wood termite In a listing of timbers in descending order of attack.—Anonymous (11). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, thi? INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 45 wood was listed as 20 out of 100 (one of the most DiPLOTROPis PURPUREA (Rich.) Amsh. Tatabu. susceptible).—Wolcott {U9), In a listing of woods in descending order of re- In plantations in Ceylon the tree is susceptible to sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this shoot-borers.—Streets {S7JÍ). wood was Usted as 77 out of 100 (resist- DERRIS ELLIPTICA Benth. ant).—Wolcott (U9). The threshold toxicity toward guppies was 0.5 DiPTERYZ ODORATA WiUd. Tonka-bean. mg. of root, which yielded 0.02 mg. of rotenone per Coumarin (obtained from the plant) added at the liter. Derris root is 60 times as active as mamey level of 0.25 percent (weight) to CSMA rearing seed.—Pagan and Morris (295). medium completely inhibited the larval develop- Powdered roots used as a dust killed 80 percent ment of house flies; there was no ovicidal of Prodenia litura, Crocidolomia binotalis, action.—Konecky and Mitlin (221), Plutella maculipennisy Bruchus chinensis, and DiSTEMONANTHUs BENTHAMiANUS Baill. Ayan. Idiocerus sp. in 24 hours. The concentrations In Nigeria this wood is classified as moderately needed to kill 80 percent of various insects in 24 resistant to termites.—Anonymous (3), hours when used as a spray were 0.5 percent for P. In a listing of timbers in descending order of litura and P. maculipenniSy 0.75 percent for C. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this binotalis y Euproctis fraterna, 2ind Epacromia sp., wood was 'Used as 64 out of 100 (resist- and 1 percent for Coccus viridis colemani.— ant).—Wolcott ^ií^^. Puttarudriah and Bhutta (SIO), The wood is resistant to the termite DERRIS ULIGINOSA Benth. Reticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98), This is effective as an insecticide against a large DoLicHos PSEUDOPACHYRHizus Harmes. variety of parasites, both as a contact poison and as The root is insecticidal.—Watt and Breyer- a stomach poison.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk Brandwijk (Jfll), ENTADA PHASEOLIDES Merrill. DESMODIUM RACEMOSUM DC. The saponins of the seed, though toxic to mam- Leaves of this plant were accepted only slightly mals, are non toxic to mosquito larvae.—Watt and for feeding by Spodoptera littoralis.—Wada et al. Breyer-Brandwijk (Ul). Çi05), ENTEROLOBIUM CYCLOCARPUM (Jacq.) Gris. Guan- DETARIUM SENEGALENSE J. F. Gmel. acaste. The gum resin is used as a fumigant for garments In a listing of timbers in descending order of and houses in Africa.—Irvine (186), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this DiALiUM PATENS Baker. wood was listed as 67 out of 100 (resist- DiALiUM PLATYSEPALUM Baker. ant).—Wolcott (U9), DiALiUM WALUCHii Prain. Keranji. EPERUA FALCATA Aubl. Soft wallaba. The timber of these trees is sufficiently durable EPERUA GRANDIFLORA Benth. & Hook. f. Ituri wal- to be safe for use without preservative treatment laba. even when exposed to termites.—Anonymous U). These woods are recorded in the West Indies as DiCHROSTACHYS CINÉREA Miq. susceptible to dry-wood termites.—Anonymous The wood is termite-proof.—Watt and Breyer- (3). Brandwijk (ill), In a listing of timbers in descending order of DicoRYNiA GUiANENSis Amsh. Basralocus, ange- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, the lique. wood OÍE. falcata was listed as 56 out of 100 (less In a listing of timbers in descending order of susceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this ERIOSEMA PsoRALEoiDES G. Don. wood was listed as 44 out of 100 (more The leaf is rubbed on dogs for the control of lice in susceptible).—Wolcott (1^19), West Africa.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (Ul). Angélique is extremely resistant to the borer ERYTHRINA SENEGALENSIS DC. Teredo navalis, a property attributed to its high Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this silica content and several alkaloids, one of which species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity has been identified as tryptamine.—Sandermann against larvae or adults of the boll wee- and Lange (332). vil.—Matteson et al. (262), 46 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ERYTHROPHLEUM AFRICANUM Harms. termite Microcerotermes beesoni, it was consist- The timber is termite-proof.—Watt and Bre- ently very resistant, varying neither from tree to yer-Brandwijk Uli). tree nor within each tree.—Sen-Sarma et al. (3^4), ERYTHROPHLEUM GUIñéENSE G. Don. HYMENAEA COURBARIL L. West Indian locust. The leaves are placed in corn to keep insects In a listing of woods in descending order of re- away.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {Jfll). sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this The leaves of the plant containing the active wood was listed as 89 out of 100 (repellent and very compound erythrophleine are placed with stored resistant).—Wolcott (U9). com in West Africa to keep insects away.—Irvine The sapwood was very susceptible to the ter- {186), mites Reticulitermes lucifugens and R. flavi- Shavings of the wood were both resistant and pis.—Becker and Puchett (45), repellent to the termite Reticulitermes luci- INDIGOFERA sp. fugens.—Martinez (257), This plant has pesticidal and insecticidal ERYTHROPHLEUM LABOUCHERII f. Muell ex Benth. properties.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk CíH). Iron wood. INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA L. This tree is included in a list of termite-resistant A strong infusion of the root has been used in Australian timbers.—Wallis iílO). India to destroy insect vermin, and a tincture of the GLIRICIDIA MACULATA H. B. K. Synonym: G. se- seed was used against lice.—Watt and Breyer- pium. Madera. Brandwijk (ill). Plantations of this in Uganda suffer from scale INGA LAURINA (Sev.) Willd. Guama, jiña. insects.—Streets (374). In a listing of timbers in descending order of GLYCINE SOJA Sieb. & Zuce. Soybean. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this The oil was highly attractive to leaf-cutting ants wood was listed as 28 out of 100 (one of the most and is useful in poisonous baits.—Cherrett (89). susceptible).—Wolcott (419), Leaves of this plant were normally accepted for INGA VERA Willd. Guaba, inga. feeding by Spodoptera littoralis.—Wada et al. In a listing of timbers in descending order of (Í05), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L. Licorice. wood was listed as 28 out of 100 (one of the most Filter papers impregnated with 3-percent solu- susceptible).—Wolcott (419). tions of glycyrrhizin isolated from the roots were INTSIA BIJUGA (Coteber.) Kuntze. Synonym: toxic to Reticulitermes flavipes termites and inhib- Afzelia bijuga. Kwila, ipil. ited their feeding; 0.05-percent and 0.5-percent so- In a listing of woods in descending order of re- lutions were ineffective.—Tschesche et al. (398), sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this GLYCYRRHIZA LEPIDOTA Pursh. wood was listed as 85 out of 100 (repellent and very Only 53 percent of Melanoplus femurrubrum resistant).—Wolcott (419), grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a In an arrangement of Australian and imported diet containing extracts of this plant.—Mulkem timbers by durability, taking into account resist- and Toczek (280), ance to termites and to fungal decay, this wood is GOSSWEILERODENDRON BALSAMIFERUM (Vermoesen) listed in class 2 (durable).—Wallis (410), Harms. Agba, white tola. INTSIA PALEMBANICA Miq. Synonym: Afzelia Tests in Nigeria show that this wood is resistant palembanica. Merbau. to subterranean termites.—Anonymous (3), This timber is sufficiently durable to be safe for In a listing of timbers in descending order of use without preservative treatment even when ex- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this posed to termites.—Anonymous (4). wood was listed as 69 out of 100 (resist- ant).—Wolcott (U9), KooMPASSiA EXCELSA (Becc.) Taub. Tapang. GuiBouRTiA DEMEUSEI J. Leonard. This wood is susceptible to attack by dry-wood This wood is resistant to the termite termites.—Anonymous (11). Reticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98), KooMPASSiA MALACCENSis Maing. Kempas. HARDWICKIA BINATA Roxb. Anjan. This wood is reported in Malaya as readily de- When this wood was tested for resistance to the stroyed by termites.—Anonymous (3). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 47
This wood is readily destroyed by ter- as by the alfalfa weevil (H. postica).—Vandenbosch mites.—Anonymous (11). (399). The heartwood of this tree was resistant to 20 About 85 percent of Melanoplus femurrubrum species of termites.—Becker (46), grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a LENS ESCULENTA Moench. Lentil. diet containing extracts of this plant.—Mulkem Lentils can sustain the larval development of the and Toczek (280). bruchid Callosobruchus chinensis. —Appelbaum MEDICAGO SATivA var. LABRADOR. Alfalfa. (27). This variety of alfalfa was resistant to the alfalfa LESPEDEZA BICOLOR Turcz. seed chaldd (Bruchophagus roddi) and was con- Leaves of this plant were slightly accepted for sidered a good source for selecting resistant feeding by Spodoptera littoralis.—Wada et al. plants.—Nielson and Schonhorst (286). (Â05). MEDICAGO spp. Burclover. LYSILOMA LATISILIQUA (L.) Benth. Caracoli, tav- The wild burclovers, as well as alfalfa (M. emon. sativa), serve as hosts for the alfalfa seed chaldd In a listing of timbers in descending order of (Bruchophagus roddi).—Bacon et al. (37). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this MEDICAGO TIANSCHANICA var. AGROPYRETORETORUM wood was listed as 72 out of 100 (resist- Vass. Alfalfa. ant).—Wolcott (Í19). This foreign variety appeared to be resistant to MAAKIA AMURENSIS Rupr. the alfalfa seed chalcid (Bruchophagus roddi).— Maakinine, a white crystalline alkaloid extracted Nielson and Schonhorst (286). from the cortex of this plant, was found to have a MELILOTUS ALBA Desr. drastic knockdown action on lice.—Han (168). Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella MEDICAGO CILIARIS (L.) Krock. maculipennis fed quite readily on this plant, and This species is susceptible to attack by the Egyp- even more eagerly when it was treated with tian alfalfa weevil (Hypera brunneipennis).— sinigrin.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162). Vandenbosch (399). This species is susceptible to attack by the sweet- MEDICAGO SATIVA L. Alfalfa. clover weevil (Sitona cylindricollis) and the sweet- The female migratory grasshoppers Melanoplus clover aphid (Therioaphis riehmi). However, selec- mexicanus mexicanus that fed on this plant laid an tions exist that are resistant to the aphid.— average of 11.6 eggs, of which only 5.3 percent Manglitz and Gorz (252, 253). survived.—Smith et al. (352). MELILOTUS ALTISSIMA Thuill. Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella MELILOTUS DENTATA (Walds. & Kit.) Pers. maculipennis fed readily on this plant, but even MELILOTUS ELEGANS Salzm. more eagerly when it was treated with MELILOTUS INDICA (L.) All. sinigrin.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162). These species are susceptible to attack by the This species is susceptible to attack by the sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindricollis) and the sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindricollis).— sweetclover aphid (Therioaphis riehmi).—Manglitz Manglitz and Gorz (253). and Gorz (253). Of 95 compounds occurring naturally in alfalfa MELILOTUS INFESTA GUSS. Sweetclover. tested on the alfalfa seed chaldd (Bruchophagus This species is resistant to the sweetclover roddi), 38 were attractive, nine were repellent, and weevil (Sitona cylindricollis), but susceptible to 48 were neutral. However, only one, /3-carotene attack by the sweetclover aphid (Therioaphis (tested as a saturated aqueous solution), was riehmi). The resistance is apparently due to a fac- strongly and consistently attractive, and only one, tor inhibiting feeding rather than to any toxic butyric acid (likewise tested as a saturated aqueous substance.—Manglitz and Gorz (253). solution), was repellent. The eight slightly repel- A bioassay using sweetclover root disks impreg- lent chemicals were pyilonine, succinic and aconitic nated with various plant extracts was developed. It acids, xanthophyll, shikimic acid, malic acid, be- was used to demonstrate the distribution of sub- taine, and coumarin.—Kamm and Fronk (204). stances influendng feeding in extracts of M. infesta This species is susceptible to attack by the Egyp- and M. officinalis leaves. The substances that de- tian alfalfa weevil (Hypera brunneipennis) as well termine the resistance or susceptibility to feeding 48 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE by sweetclover weevils {Sitona, cylindricollis) seem maculipenniSy but oviposition could be induced by to reside in the water-methanol fraction.—Akeson treating the leaves with allyl isothiocya- et al. (21). nate.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (163). A feeding stimulant for the sweetclover weevil MELILOTUS SPECIOSA Dur. (Sitona cylindricollis) was found in leaves of this MELILOTUS SUAVEOLENS Ledeb. plant, as well as a feeding deterrent (deterrent A). MELILOTUS SULCATA Desf. Another feeding deterrent (deterrent B), also MELILOTUS TáURICA (Bieb.) Ser. found in the plant, seems to be responsible for its MELILOTUS WOLGICA Poir. resistance, since M. officinalis contains equally as These species are susceptible to attack by the much deterrent A and is susceptible to the sweetclover weevil (Sitonu cylindricollis) and by weevil.—Akeson et al. {20). the sweetclover aphid (Therioaphis riehmi).— Feeding deterrent B was isolated and found to be Manglitz and Gorz (253). ammonium nitrate, although the active principle is MIMOSA BRACAATINGA Hoehne. Bracaatinga. thought to be the nitrate ion in vivo.—Akeson et al. In plantations in Uganda this tree rapidly suc- (19). cumbed to termites.—Streets (37JÍ). Deterrent B (nitrate) is the active factor in the MORA EXCELSA Benth. Mora. resistance of young leaves to sweetclover weevils, MORA GONGGRiJPii (Kleinh.) Sandw. Morabukea. but stimulant A and deterrent A assume increasing These woods are reputed to be resistant to ter- importance with age as the nitrate concentration mites in the British West Indies.—Anonymous (3). diminishes.—Akeson €t al. (18). In a listing of timbers in descending order of MELILOTUS ITÁLICA (L.) Lam. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, the MELILOTUS MACROCARPA COSS. & Durieu. wood of M. excelsa was listed as 49 out of 100 (more MELILOTUS MESSANENSIS (L.) All. susceptible) and that of M. gonggrijpii as 82 out of MELILOTUS NEAPOLITANA Ten. 100 (repellent and very resistant).—Wolcott (J^19). These species are susceptible to attack by the NEORAUTANENIA FICIFOLIA (Benth) C. A. Smith. sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindricollis) and by Rotenone and three other substances toxic to fish the sweetclover aphid (Therioaphis riehmi).— were isolated from the tubers.—Savage and Manglitz and Gorz (253). Groenewoud (336). MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS (L.) Lam. Melilot. NEORAUTANENIA PSEUDOPACHYRRHIZA (Harms.) Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella Milne-Redhead. maculipennis fed readily on this plant, but much The root from Kenya is poisonous to in- more eagerly after it had been treated with sects.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk Uli). sinigrin.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162). ONONIS ADENOTRICHA Boiss. This species is susceptible to attack by the This plant is resistant to the sweetclover weevil sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindricollis) and by (Sitomi cylindricollis) and the sweetclover aphid the sweetclover aphid (Therioaphis riehmi). How- (Therioaphis riehmi).—Manglitz and Gorz (253). ever, there are strains that are resistant to T. ORMOSIA KRUGII Urb. Palo. riehmi.—Msinglitz and Gorz (252^ 253). In a listing of timbers in descending order of MELILOTUS POLONICA (L.) Desr. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this MELILOTUS SEGETALIS (Brot.) Ser. wood was listed as 35 out of 100 (very sus- MELILOTUS spp. ceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9). The Egyptian alfalfa weevil (Hypera brun- PACHYRRHIZUS EROSUS (L.) Urban. Yam bean. neipennis) attacks unidentified species of Seeds of this plant are used in the Tropics as an Melilotus.—Vsindenhosch (399). insecticide and fish poison.—Broadbent and Shone The female migratory grasshoppers Melanoplus (69). mexicanus mexicanus that fed on clover laid an PAROCHETUS COMMUNIS Buch.-Ham. average of 33.7 eggs, of which 15.5 percent sur- This species is resistant to the sweetclover vived. The nymphal period of insects raised on weevil (Sitona cylindricollis).—Manglitz and Gorz clover was 52 days.—Smith et al. (352). (253). The coumarin in these plants tended to inhibit PELTOGYNE LECOINTEI Ducke. Pau Rozo. oviposition by the diamondback moth Plutella In a listing of timbers in order of descending INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 49
resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Nigeria it is classified as resistant to termites, but wood was listed as 68 out of 100 (re- in South Africa it is regarded as not normally capa- sistant).—Wolcott U19). ble of resisting severe attack by termites for more PELTOGYNE PORPHYROCARDIA Griseb. Purpleheart. than 3 years.—Anonymous {3). In a listing of timbers in descending order of The wood is resistant to the termite Re- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this ticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. {98), wood was listed as 60 out of 100 (re- PiPTADENiA RíGIDA Benth. sistant).—Wolcott {Jfl9), Co1:ton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this PELTOGYNE PUBESCENS Benth. Purpleheart. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity In a listing of timbers in descending order of against larvae or adults of the boll wee- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this vil.—Matteson et al. {262), wood was listed as 72 out of 100 (re- PisuM SATivuM L. Green pea, common pea. sistant).—Wolcott {U9), Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella PELTOGYNE spp. Purpleheart, amaranth. maculipennis fed readily on this plant, but much These woods are resistant to dry-wood termites more eagerly when it was treated with sini- in the West Indies.—Anonymous {3), grin.—Gupta and Thorsteinson {162), PELTOPHORUM PTEROCARPUM (DC.) Backer. Syn- Peas can sustain larval development of the onym: P. ferrugineum. bruchid Callosobruchus chinensis.—Appelbaum Plantations of this tree in Ceylon are attacked {27), only by borers.—Streets (37^), PiTHECOLOBiuM JUPUNBA (WiUd.) Urban. Puni. PETALOSTEMUM VILLOSUM Nutt. In a listing of timbers in descending order of Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers failed to resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this reach adulthood when reared on a diet containing wood was listed as 45 out of 100 (more sus- extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczek {280), ceptible).—Wolcott {419), PHASEOLUS spp. Green bean. PiTHECOLOBiUM RACEMOSUM Mez. Surinam snake- These plants were rejected by the tobacco horn- wood. worm {Manduca sexta),—Fraenkel {IH)* In a listing of timbers in descending order of PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L. Common bean, kidney resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this bean. wood was listed as 64 out of 100 (resist- Beans cannot sustain larval development of the ant).—Wolcott {Jfl9), bruchid Callosobruchus chinensis. Specific pento- PiTHECOLOBiUM SAMAN (Jacq.) Benth. Saman, sans are the inhibitory factors responsible for this cenicero. resistance.—Appelbaum {27), In a listing of timbers in descending order of Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineatay Epilach- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this nus vigintioctomaculata, and E. vigintioctopun- wood was listed as 57 out of 100 (less sus- tata could not survive on this plant.—Buhr {72), ceptible).—Wolcott {il9), PLATHYMENIA RETICULATA Benth. Vinhatico. PHYSOSTIGMA VENENOSUM Balf. Calabar bean. In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- The active ingredient of calabar beans is physo- ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood stigmine, or eserine, acting as a cholinesterase in- was listed as 93 out of 100 (totally repellent to very hibitor, which results in accumulation of acetyl- resistant).—Wolcott {A19), choline. Many synthetic analogs (carbamates) are PLATYMISCIUM TRINITATIS Benth. Roble. used as insecticides because they do not have the In a listing of timbers in descending order of residual effect of DDT.—Casida {76), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis y this Physostigmine, fed to larvae and adults of Col- wood was listed as 45 out of 100 (more sus- orado potato beetles as a 0.3-percent mixture in ceptible).—Wolcott {il9), ground potato leaves, was highly toxic to the in- PLATYMISCIUM ULEI Harms. Yama rosewood. sects without producing noticeable histological In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- changes in the intestinal epithelium.—Koch {218), ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis y this wood PiPTADENiA AFRICANA Hook. f. Dahoma. was listed as 45 out of 100 (more sus- Conflicting reports exist about this wood. In ceptible).—Wolcott {^19), 50 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
POINCIANA REGIA Boj. eX Hook. PTEROCARPUS DALBERGIOIDES Roxb. Andaman pa- White kerosene oil extracts of fresh petals were dauk, vermilion wood. less toxic to the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) than In termite resistance tests in India this wood was a similar concentration of pyrethrum. Dried petals classified as of very promising durability! It may were even less toxic.—Rao (315), remain in the ground for 4 years without being Extracts of the flowers are promising against attacked.—Anonymous (3), weevils, bruchids, beetles, and hairy cater- No pests are recorded from plantations of this pillars.—Rao (816). tree on the Malabar coast of India.—Streets (37J^), PONGAMIA GLABRA Vent. PTEROCARPUS DRACO L. Bébé, sangre. An 11-percent kerosene extract of the flowers In a Usting of timbers in descending order of sprayed on rice Weevils killed 38.5 percent in 24 resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this hours and 88.3 percent in 120 hours.—Rao (313), wood was listed as 44 out of 100 (more The seed oil was very toxic to cockroaches when susceptible).—Wolcott (419), injected into the blood of the insect and was toxic to PTEROCARPUS INDICUS Willd. New Guinea house flies when appUed to the dorsal surface in rosewood, Malay padauk. acetone or mineral oil solution. A 10-percent solu- In a Usting of Australian and imported timbers tion of fresh seed oil sprayed at the rate of 0.002 by durability, with regard to both termite resist- gram per square centimeter caused complete mor- ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is tahty of house flies in 24 hours, whereas 4-percent Usted in class 1 (very durable).—Wallis iílO), and 2-percent crude karanjin (isolated from the oil PTEROCARPUS SANTALINUS L. f. Red sanders, red by alcohol extraction) at 0.0016 gram per square sandal wood. centimeter gave 100- and 50-percent Idll, respec- No pests are reported from plantations of this tively, in 24 hours. The karanjin-free oil was species in Bombay State, India.—Streets (374^), nontoxic.—Osmeni and Naidu (293),' RiciNUS coMMUNis L. Castorbean. Powdered pongamia cake, mixed in fine sand and Castor oil is highly attractive to leaf-cutting ants applied to the base of tobacco plants, was effective and may be useful in poisonous baits.—Cherrett in controlling the tobacco beetles Mosomorphus vil- (<^^). liger, Opatroides frater, and Seleron latipes and in ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA L. Black locust. killing them at concentrations as low as 1 gram per This wood is recorded as very durable from ter- plant.—Joshi and Rao (200), mite tests in Central America.—Anonymous (3), PROSOPIS AFRICANA Taub. In a Usting of timbers in descending order of The wood is immune to termites.—Watt and resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Breyer-Brandwijk Cíll), wood was Usted as 60 out of 100 (resist- ant).—Wolcott (JÍ19), PROSOPIS JULIFLORA (SW.) DC. Mesquite, Baya- Shavings of this wood were both resistant and honda. repellent to the termite Reticulitermes ' luci- In a listing of timbers in descending order of fugus,—Martinez (257), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this In rural areas of the United States the leaf has wood was listed as 50 out of 100 (less been macerated in water as a fly killer.—Watt and susceptible).—Wolcott (Jíl9), Breyer-Brandwijk (411), PROSOPIS SPICIGERA L. Jhand. No pests are recorded from plantations of this No serious pests are recorded from plantations of tree in New Zealand.—Streets (374), this species in the Madhya Pradesh region of This tree was not infested during an outbreak of India.—Streets (37JÍ), the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) in PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS DC. Muninga, blood- southern Louisiana.—Oliver (291), wood, sealing-wax tree. SAMANEA SAMAN (Jacq.) Merr. Synonym: Pithe- The timber of this tree is resistant to termites cellobium saman. Saman, rain tree and decay.—Streets (37JÍ), No pests are recorded from plantations of this This wood is recorded as resistant to termites in tree in Ceylon.—Streets (374). South Africa, Tanganyika, and Northern Rho- ScLEROLOBiUM MELiNONii Harms. Wittee djedoe. desia.—Anonymous (3), In a listing of timbers in descending order of INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 51 resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevisy this TAMARINDUS INDICA L. Tamarind. wood was listed as 44 out of 100 (more In a listing of timbers in descending order of susceptible).—Wolcott U19). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this This wood is susceptible to the termite Re- wood was listed as 29 out of 100 (one of the most ticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98), susceptible).—Wolcott (A19). SESBANIA SESBAN Merrill. This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- This plant is used as an insecticide.—Watt and terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, Breyer-Brandwijk (^ii). Psammotermes fuscofemorales, and P. assuar- SiNDORA spp. Sepetir, sindora. ensis.—Kassab et al. (207). The sapwood of these trees is highly susceptible TRIFOLIUM ALEXANDRINUM L. Egyptian clover. to di-y-wood termites.—Anonymous {3, 11). This clover is the most important host plant of SoPHORA CHRYSOPHYLLATA (Salisbury) Seem. the Egyptian alfalfa weevil (Hypera brunnei- Maniani. pennis).—Vandenbosch (399). In a listing of timbers in descending order of TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella wood was listed as 52 out of 100 (less sus- maculipennis fed readily on this plant, but even ceptible).—Wolcott {JfW). more eagerly after it was treated with sini- SoPHORA PACHYCARPA Schrenk ex C. A. Mey. grin.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162). Synonym: Goebelia pachycarpa. TRIGONELLA ANGUINA Delile. This plant is of interest as a potential source of TRIGONELLA ARABICA Delile. inse( ticides. It has yielded extracts similar in toxic- These species are susceptible to attack by the ity to nicotine and anabasine.—Markman and sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindricollis) and the Glushankova (256). sweetclover aphid (Therioaphis riehmi).—Manglitz SOPHORA TOMENTOSA L. and Gorz (253). The seeds contain about 2 percent of cytisine, a TRIGONELLA ARUCATA Meyer. relatively potent insecticide for adult Aphis This species is resistant to the sweetclover aphid rumicis, but, although it resembles nicotine, it is (Therioaphis riehmi), but susceptible to attack by not as toxic.—Irvine (186). the sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindricol- The seed is insecticidal, probably because of its lis).—Manglitz and Gorz (253). cytisine content.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk TRIGONELLA BALANSAE Boiss. & Reut. (Ul)^ TRIGONELLA CALUCERAS Fisch. STAHLIA MONOSPERMA (Tul.) Urban. Cobana, ca- TRIGONELLA CORNICULATA (L.). obanillo. TRIGONELLA CRéTICA (L.) Boiss. In a listing of timbers in descending order of These species are susceptible to attack by the resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindricollis) and the wood was listed as 73 out of 100 (resist- sweetclover aphid (Therioaphis riehmi).—Manglitz ant).—Wolcott (U9). and Gorz (253). SwARTZiA LEiocALYCiNA Benth. Wamara. TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM L. Fenugreek. This wood is reported in the West Indies as being In the Punjab the dried plant is mixed with resistant to the dry-wood termite Cryptotermes stored grain as an insect repellent.—Watt and brevis.—Anonymous (3). Breyer-Brandwijk (HI). In a listing of timbers in descending order of This species is resistant to the sweetclover resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this weevil (Sitona cylindricollis), but susceptible to wood was listed as 62 out of 100 (resist- attack by the sweetclover aphid (Therioaphis ant).—Wolcott (U9). riehmi). The resistance is apparently due to a fac- SWARTZIA MADAGASCARIENSIS DeSV. tor inhibiting feeding rather than to any toxic The pericarp and seed are used as insecticide. substance.—Manglitz and Gorz (253). The powdered fruit is used to line storage bins for An alcohol extract of the herb, tested as a spray, millet and also as a termite repellent.—Watt and was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti Breyer-Brandwijk (J^U). mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). 52 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TRIGONELLA GLADIATA Stev. velopment of the bruchid Callosobritchus chinen- This species is resistant to the sweetclover sis.—Appelbaum (27). weevil (Sitona cylindricollis), but susceptible to VICIA GRANDIFLORA Scop. attack by the sweetclover aphid (Therioaphis VICIA VILLOSA Roth. Hairy vetch, winter vetch. riehmi),—Manglitz and Gorz {253), Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these TRIGONELLA KOTSCHYI Boiss. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity This species is susceptible to attack by the against larvae ö adults of the boll weevil.— sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindncollis),—Man- Matteson et al. (262). glitz and Gorz (253). VouACAPOUA AMERICANA Aubl. Blackheart, Acapu TRIGONELLA MONANTHA C. A. Mey. of Brazil. This species is resistant to the sweetclover aphid The heartwood of this tree is resistant to attack (Therioaphis riehmi), but susceptible to attack by by the termite Cryptotermes brevis.—Marchan the sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindricol- (255); Wolcott (U6). Us).—Manglitz and Gorz (253). In a listing of woods in descending order of re- TRIGONELLA MONSPELIACA L. sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this This species is resistant to the sweetclover wood was listed as 79 out of 100 (resist- weevil (Sitona cylindncollis) and the sweetclover ant).—Wolcott (Í19). aphid (Therioaphis riehmi).—Manglitz and Gorz XYLIA XYLOCARPA (Roxb.) Taub. Synonym: X. (253). dolabriformis. Pyinkado. TRIGONELLA NOEANA Boiss. This wood is reported to be resistant to soil- TRIGONELLA POLYCERATA L. burrowing termites in Ceylon and Malaya.— These species are resistant to the sweetclover Anonymous (3). aphid (Therioaphis riehmi), but susceptible to at- ZoLLERNiA GUIANENSIS Aubl. Letterwood. tack by the sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylin- In a listing of woods in descending order of re- dricollis).—Manglitz and Gorz (253). sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this TRIGONELLA RADIATA (L.) Boiss. wood was listed as 96 out of 100 (totally repellent or This species is resistant to attack by the sweet- very resistant).—Wolcott (419). clover weevil (Sitona cylindncollis) and the sweet- clover aphid (Therioaphis riehmi).—Manglitz and LILIACEAE Gorz (253). ALLIUM CEPA L. Onion. TRIGONELLA SPICATA Sibth. & Sm. Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella This species is resistant to the sweetclover maculipennis fed on this plant more readily when it weevil (Sitona cylindncollis), but susceptible to was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and Thorstein- attack by the sweetclover aphid (Therioaphis son (162). riehmi).—Msinglitz and Gorz (253). In East Africa the odor of the breath after eating TRIGONELLA UNCINATA Soland. onions is thought to act as a mosquito re- This species is susceptible to attack by the pellent.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindncollis) and the Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, sweetclover aphid (Therioaphis riehmi).—Manglitz Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, and Gorz (253). and Dermacentor nmrginatus exposed to the pow- dered leaf were killed in 5, 5, 4, and 5 minutes, VATAIREA GUIANENSIS Aubl. respectively.—Reznik and Imbs (319). A mixture of components from this wood was ALLIUM SATIVUM L. Garlic. effective against the termite Reticulitermes lucifugus.—Arndt (29). In East Africa the odor of the breath after eating garlic is thought to act as a mosquito re- VICIA FAB A L. pellent.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella Extracts were nontoxic to Aedes mosquito rmculipennis fed on this plant, but more readily larvae.—Novak (287). when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and Both crude methanol extract and the oil fraction Thorsteinson (162). from dehydrated minced garlic were larvicidal in The seeds of this legume can sustain larval de- nature, being active against third-stage larvae of INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 53
Culex pius, C. tarsaliSy Aedes aejgypti, A. tri- LiLIUM LONGIFLORUM Thurb. seriatuSy and A. sierrensis and third- and fourth- Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella stage larvae of insecticide-resistant strains of A. maculipennis would not feed on this plant even nigromaculis.—Amonkar and Reeves (23), when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzeviy Thorsteinson {162). Hae^naphysalis jmnctata, Rhipicephalus rossicuSy PARIS QUADRIFOLIA L. Herb Paris. and Dermacentor marginatus exposed to powdered Aqueous extracts of this plant were not toxic to garlic were killed in 2, 3, 2, and 3 minutes, house flies either on contact or ingestion.—Srbova respectively.—Reznik and Imbs {819). and Palaveyeva {363). ALLIUM SCHOENOPRASUM L. Chive. POLYGONATUM OFFICINALE All. Solomonsect. Extracts were nontoxic to Aedes mosquito Aqueous extracts of this plant were not toxic to larvae.—Novak {287). house flies either on contact or ingestion.—Srbova and Palaveyeva {363). CoL( HicuM AUTUMNALE L. Meadow saffron. ScHOENOCAULON OFFICINALE A. Gray. Sabadilla. Colchidne inhibited ovarian growth and oviposi- Alcohol extracts of sabadilla seeds were more tion when fed to female house flies {Musca toxic to lice than staphisagria or veratrum root domestica), but did not affect the fertility of extracts.—Strzelecka and Wojdakowa {376). males.—Mitlin et al. {272). Tests on peanuts showed that 20-percent Colchidne was much more toxic to larvae of the sabadilla dust was effective in reducing the popula- screwworm Callitroga hominivorax than it was to tion of potato leafhoppers and moderately effective house flies. A concentration of 0.0005 percent against thrips, chiefly tobacco thrips, but flower causiid 100-percent mortality of newly hatched lar- thrips were present in smaller numbers and were vae in 48 hours.—Chamberlain and Hopkins {82). included in the count. Chlorinated hydrocarbons Colchicine, fed to larvae and adults of Colorado such as DDT and toxaphene were superior to potato beetles as a 0.1- to 0.5-percent mixture in sabadilla in both instances, most noticeably against ground potato leaves, was highly toxic to the in- thrips.—Arant {28). sects, damaging the intestinal epithelium con- A 10"^M ether extract of sabadilla seeds was only siderably.—Koch {218). slightly and gradually inhibitory in vitro to cyto- When preoviposition adults of the plum curcuUo chrome oxidase from the coxal muscles of male {Conotrachelus nenuphar) were fed for 14 days on American cockroaches.—Morrison and Brown a diet containing 0.02 percent of colchicine, or were {275). placed for 15 minutes in direct contact with a sur- A mixture of DDT and sabadilla, applied at 0.25 face wet with an aqueous solution of colchicine (20.0 and 0.05 pound per acre, respectively, gave very mg. per cubic centimeter), high mortality resulted poor control of the meadow spittlebug in al- in both cases and the few survivors produced no falfa.—Medler {268). offspring.—Hays and Cochran {175). Sabadilla dusts, 5 percent or 10 percent in CONVALLARIA MAJALis L. Lily-ot-the valley. pyrophyllite applied at approximately 20 pounds Filter paper impregnated with 0.5 or 3 percent per acre, gave no significant control of the cotton of convallamaroside from the roots was toxic to leaf perforator.—Stevenson and Kauffman {372). Reticulitermes flavipes termites and prevented A 20-percent sabadilla dust is highly toxic to feeding.—Tschesche et al. {398). honey bees, but such small quantities are required EUCOMIS UNDULATA Ait. for the control of some pests (thrips on citrus) that Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this no hazard for bees would be created by such species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity use.—Atkins and Anderson {33). against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— A 10~^M ether extract of sabadilla was not in- Matteson et al. {262). hibitory in vitro to brain cholinesterase of Ameri- HEMEROCALLIS DUMORTIERII Morr. can cockroaches.—Hartley and Brown {172). Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella Spray and dust tests against the citrus green maculipennis would not feed on this plant even ^i\vAù)\xg Rhynchocoris humeralis, one of the most when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and important citrus pests in southeast Asia, demon- Thorsteinson {162). strated that sabadilla—95-p'ercent wettable sulfur 54 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
(10:90), sabadilla—95-percent wettable sulfur were toxic, but caused no histological changes. At- (5:95), or sabadilla all gave effective control, but ropine in 3- to 6-percent concentration was toxic were inferior to Sevin due to economic con- and caused tumor formation.—Koch (218). siderations.—Chiu (91), Veratrum vinegar was isolated from coarsely Sabadilla, 20-percent ground seed at 0.8 pound ground hellebore rhizomes. The preparation was a per 100 gallons, was nontoxic to eggs and adults powerful insecticide, especially against lice and and slightly toxic to larvae of the green lacewing nits.—Pankiewicz and Gogolewska-Mikucka (296). Chrysopa carnea.—Bartlett (S9). Growth inhibition and mortality of the house fly A method for extracting cevadine from the crude Musca vicina were caused by various Veratrum alkaloids has been described, using various and Solanum preparations. Toxicity of the ester solvents.—Ringel (320). alkaloids depends on the intactness of their Vera trine, fed to larvae and adults of Colorado molecules and decreases with the age of the larvae. potato beetles as a 0.3-percent mixture in ground Toxicity increases with the number of ester potato leaves, was highly toxic to the insects, groups.—Bergmann (^7). damaging the intestinal epithelium consider- ably.—Koch (218). LINACEAE Cevadine has been synthesized.—Kupchan and LINUM USITATISSIMUM L. Flax, linseed. Afonso (227). Only 15.5 percent of the eggs laid by Melanoplus SMILAX ARISTOLOCHIAEFOLIA Mill. mexicanus mexicanus fed on flax survived.— Filter paper impregnated with 0.5-percent or Smith et al. (352). 3-percent parillin, a steroidal saponin from the Coating grain with linseed oil fails to protect it roots of this plant, was toxic to Reticulitermes from weevil attack.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk flavipes termites and prevented feeding; 0.05 per- cent was not effective. Sarsaparilloside from these (m). Linseed oil is highly attractive to leaf-cutting roots was only weakly toxic at 3 per- ants and may be useful in poisonous baits.— cent.—Tschesche et al. (398). Cherrett (89). TULIPA sp. Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella LOASACEAE maculipennis would not feed on this plant even when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and LOASA sp. Thorsteinson (162). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this VERATRUM ALBUM L. European white hellebore. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity Notes are given on when to collect and how to against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— prepare infusions that are poisonous to many or- Matteson et al. (262). chard insects. Spray applications were particularly effective against caterpillars on apples.—Koroleva LOGANIACEAE (222). FAGRAEA FRAGRANS Roxb. Tembusu. VERATRUM LOBELIANUM Bemh. FAGRAEA GIGANTEA Ridley. The insecticidal properties of this plant reported These timbers are sufficiently durable to be safe in the literature were confirmed and it was shown for use without preservative treatment even when that the roots also contain substances with a potent exposed to termites.—Anonymous (^). peroral and contact insecticidal effect, since aque- STRYCHNOS NUX-VóMICA L. Kutchla. ous extracts were highly toxic to house flies.— Acidulated aqueous and alcohol extracts of the Srbova and Palaveyeva (363). seeds gave no protection to timbers from ter- VERATRUM sp. mites.—Roonwald et al. (321). Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decem- lineata) were fed potato leaves treated with an LORANTHACEAE alkaloid. Veratrine was toxic and damaged the epithelium. Colchicine was toxic in 0.002-percent ViSCUM ALBUM L. concentration, damaging the epithelium and caus- Gardeners use the viscous juice of the fruit ing abnormal mitosis. Physostigmine and nicotine against caterpillars and fruit-eating animals by INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 55 smearing it on the trunks of the trees where the The cotton plant has been shown to contain a animals become glued on contact.—Font Quer feeding stimulant and an attractant for boll weevils. A substance repelling the weevil has been isolated from the plant but not yet identified.—Anonymous MAGNOLIACEAE (9), Low-gossypol strains of cotton are preferentially LiRioDENDRON TULiPiFERA L. Yellow poplar. attacked by insects. In some instances the commer- In a listing of timbers in descending order of cial cotton is left virtually untouched until the resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis^ this glandless variety in the adjacent plot has been wood was Hsted as 40 out of 100 (suscep- completely defoliated. Such preference has been tible ».—Wolcott (^19). demonstrated thus far for the following species: MAGNOLIA PORTORICENSIS Bello. Mauricio, burro. Th^ beet army worm Lygus hesperus, boUworms, In a Hsting of timbers in descending order of the grape colaspis Spanogonicus albofasciatuSy un- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this identified cutworms, pillbugs (Porcellio sp.), and wood was listed as 52 out of 100 (less suscep- unidentified rodents. Pure gossypol is toxic to the tible).—Wolcott U19), cotton aphid, nymphs of L. hesperus, adult Beria MAGNOLIA SPENDENS Urban. Laurel sabino. weevils, saltmarsh caterpillars, and boUworm In a listing of timbers in descending order of larvae.—Bottger et al. {62), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this The glandless variety of cotton is susceptible to wood was listed as 40 out of 100 (suscep- attack by the blister beetles Epicauta vitiata and tible).—Wolcott ai9), .E.fabricii, This is probably due to the low gossypol content.—Maxwell et al. {266). MALPIGHIACEAE As little as 0.1 percent of gossypol in the diet reduced the weights of larvae significantly at 10 BYRSONIMA SPICATA Rich, ex Juss. Serrette. days of age and increased the number of days re- This wood is recorded in the West Indies as quired for development from eggs to adults. The highly susceptible to the dry-wood termite Cryp- lethal concentrations were 0.06 percent for the totermes brevis.—Anonymous (3). saltmarsh caterpillar {Estigmene aerea), 0.35 per- In a listing of timbers in descending order of cent for the boUworm {Heliothis zea), 0.24 percent resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis y this for the beet army worm {Spodoptera exigua), and wood was listed as 28 out of 100 (one of the mo^t 0.18 percent for the cabbage looper {Trichoplusia susceptible).—Wolcott ^19). ni).—Bottger and Patana {61). Gossypol was equally toxic to the boUworm and MALVACEAE the tobacco budworm. Less than 30 percent of the
ABUTILóN INDICUM Harv. larvae reached the pupal stage when the diet con- The root has given negative insecticidal tained 0.2 percent of gossypol. Quercetin inhibited tests.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (^ii). the growth of boll worm larvae, but there was little ABUTILóN PICTUM Walp. mortality at concentrations below 0.8 percent; Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella however, it killed over 70 percent of budworm lar- maculipennis would not feed on untreated plants, vae at only 0.1 percent. Rutin was less toxic than but treatment with sinigrin elicited some feeding the others, but more toxic to the budworm than the response.—Gupta and Thorsteinson {162). boUworm.—Lukefahr and Martin {24^2). GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM L. Larval growth of the budworm and the boUworm The plant has given negative insecticidal was greater on the glandless varieties of cotton. tests.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {Ul). These plants were also highly attractive to several GossYPiUM HiRSUTUM L. Cotton. other insects that are not pests of glanded A fraction was isolated from cotton squares that cotton.—Lukefahr et al. {24^3). repelled 100 percent of boll weevils (Anthonomus A bait made with 15 percent of crude cottonseed grandis) for 5 hours. A water emulsion was not 0Ü attracted nearly 80 percent of adult boU weevUs toxic to seedlings or weevils.—Maxwell et al. (26i). in a field cage experiment. The inexpensive oil, Gossypol has been synthesized.—Edwards (ISl). contained in a pasteUke formulation, was appUed to 56 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE cotton plants at 6 to 13 gallons per acre.—Daum et HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS L. Okra. al. {HS), The perianth of okra contains a substance repel- Gossypol (0.1 percent) in the diet of the Euro- lent to the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) since pean corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) lengthened the intact buds are not punctured at all by the insect, time necessary for pupation and decreased pupal whereas artificially exposed anthers are acceptable weight, but did not affect the length of the pupal for feeding and oviposition.—Everett (1S4), stage. The amount of gossypol in commercial cotton HIBISCUS ROSA-CHINENSIS L. is sufficient to produce this effect. Concentrations White kerosene oU extracts of fresh petals were greater than 0.1 percent produced no sur- more toxic to the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) vivors.—Harding et al. (170), than a similar concentration of pyrethrum.—Rao Quercetin, rutin, tannin, and gossypol, all con- (315). stituents of cotton plants, were fed to boll weevils. HIBISCUS spp. Gossypol increased the feeding of adults and re- Extracts of flowers were promising against duced the weight of larvae. Quercetin did not re- weevils, bruchids, beetles, and hairy cater- duce feeding and increased the weight of emerging pillars.—Rao (316), weevils. Tannin and rutin neither increased nor HIBISCUS SYRIACUS L. Althea. decreased feeding. Tannin influenced the weight, Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella but rutin did not.—Maxwell et al. (265). maculipennis would not feed on this plant even A substance in the water extract of various parts when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and of cotton squares (M-8 glanded variety) stimulated Thorsteinson (162), the feeding of larvae of the pink bollworm The perianth of althea buds contains a substance (Pectinophora gossypiella).—Parrott et al. (SOO), repellent to the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) Crude and rancid-crude cottonseed oils from since intact buds are markedly less acceptable to glanded and glandless cotton were effective feeding the weevils than are cotton buds, whereas artifi- stimulants for larvae of the tobacco budworm cially exposed anthers are almost as readily ac- (Heliothis virescens) and the bollworm (H, cepted for feeding and oviposition as are cotton zea),—Guerra and Shaver (160), anthers similarly exposed.—Everett (134), Experimental lines of cotton with high gossypol A feeding deterrent to the boll weevil is present content showed significantly reduced populations of in the calyx of this alternate host and is easily the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens),— extractable.—Maxwell et al. (267), Lukefahr and Houghtaling (241), HIBISCUS TILIACEUS L. Mahóe, coton marian. GossYPiUM THURBERi Todaro. Thurber cotton. In a listing of timbers in descending order of Leaves of this species contain 1.283 percent of resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this gossypol (compared with 0.290 percent in commer- wood was listed as 45 out of 100 (suscep- cial cotton and 0.063-0.007 percent in experimental tible).—Wolcott (419), glandless strains). Of 50 first-ins tar larvae of the salt-marsh caterpillar reared for 30 days on G. THESPESIA POPULNEA (L.) Soland ex Correa. thurberi, there was only one survivor, still in the Tulip, portia tree. fourth instar, whereas controls reared on Acala Although the flower has apparently been used as cotton leaves showed 76-percent survival and all an insecticide in India, both fruit and seeds have pupated.—Bottger et al. (62), given negative insectiddal tests.—Watt and Squares of Gossypium thurberi showed some an- Breyer-Brandwijk (411), tibiosis toward the boll weevil, since weevils raised The timber of this tree is resistant to on lyophilized G. thurberi square powder take termites.—Streets (374), longer to develop and are smaller than controls raised on a race of G. hirsutum,—Jenkins et al. MARANTACEAE (196), MARANTA BICOLOR Ker.-Gawl. HIBISCUS ABELMOSCHUS L. Ambrette. Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella Upper parts and fruit showed mild insectiddal maculipennis would not feed on untreated plants, effects, but seeds did not.—Watt and Breyer- but fed readily on those treated with sini- Brandwijk (411), grin.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162), INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATtfREr 1954-1971 57
MELASTOMATACEAE fective than the refined product.—Pradhan et al. DACTYLOCLADUS STENOSTACHYS Oliv. Jongkong. (307). The wood is not resistant to termites.— Alcohol extracts of the leaves and of the bark, Anonymous (ii). used as sprays, were nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra MELIACEAE (12). Various amounts of seed oil and leaf extracts AzADiRACHTA INDICA A. Juss. Synonym: Melia failed to exhibit insecticidal and mothproofing azadirachta. Nim, neem, margosa. properties when tested against Musca nebulo, Oil cake of neem seeds has been used in India as Cnlex fatiganSy Tribolium castaneum, and An- manure in sugarcane fields to control sugarcane threnns flavipes.—Paul et al. (302). termites, but with indifferent success.—Agarwala Wheat seed is protected against Sitophilns (171 oryzaCy Rhizopertka dominicay and Trogoderma The wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- granxxrium for nearly a year when mixed with terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, powdered neem seed kernel at a rate of one or two Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assim- parts per 100 parts seed.—Jotwani and Sircar rensis.—Kassab et al. (20'7). (201). The concentrations necessary to deter feeding by Seeds of mung, Bengal grain, cowpeas, and peas fourth-instar larvae of Euproctis Innata on castor can be effectively protected from damage by the leaves using various cold extracts of neem seed bruchid Callosobmchus maculatns by mixing the kernels were ethanol 0.0156 percent, water 0.0312 seed with crushed neem seed at the rate of one to percent, and chloroform or acetone 0.0625 two parts of neem seed to 100 parts of seed. The percent.—Babu and Ben (36a). germination of the treated seeds was not impaired. Emulsified concentrates (3, 5, and 10 percent) of Organoleptic tests, carried out after washing and Thionimone (neem seed kernel extract) were cooking the seeds, showed that they were devoid of somewhat repellent to the adult red pumpkin beetle taste or odor.—Jotwani and Sircar (202). Aulacophora foveicollis.—Chakravorty et al. The seed cake left after expression of the oil was (80a), analyzed, and alcohol extracts were prepared Neem leaf extracts have been tried as insec- either by Soxhlet extraction or by percolation at ticides and repellents, with conflicting and rather room temperature. A Soxhlet extract showed re- unsatisfactory results. Aqueous extracts of the pellent action against migratory locusts and desert crushed seeds were tried and it was found that locusts; the marc was inactive.—Sinha and Gulati 0.001-percent suspensions of neem kernels in water (3m^ were sufficient to protect plants against adult A 1.0-percent emulsion of the alcohol extract of desert locusts; crude extracts were better repel- the seed was applied to field crops as protection lents than refined extracts. It was also shown that against locusts. The extract acted as a repellent and 0.5-percent suspensions were not phytotoxic to protected the treated crops. Locust feeding was cabbage, tomato, peas, onions, cucurbits, wheat, practically nil at 0.5- and 0.25-percent con- tobacco, rose, castorbean,^ htchi, fig, citrus, pome- centration.—Sinha and Gulati (3Jf8). granate, and mango. The final recommendation was Sunn-hemp plants treated with neem seed paste the use of a 0.1-percent suspension, which will pro- suspension (10 grams of kernel paste in 1 ml. of tect crops for about 2 weeks unless washed out by a water) remained uneaten by the hairy caterpillar fairly heavy rain; this, if applied at 100 gallons per Amsacta moorei in the field.—Patel et al. (300a). acre, requires only 1 pound of neem kernel per CARAPA GUIANENSIS Aubl. Crappo, cedro macho. acre.—Pradhan et al. (306). In a listing of timbers in descending order of Both the crude and the refined total bitters of resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this neem were highly repellent to adults of Schis- wood was listed as 36 out of 100 (very sus- tocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria, but not to ceptible).—Wolcott ÍÍ19). Poecilocerus pictus or Aulachophora foveicollis, CARAPA NiCARAGUENSis C. DC. Cedro macho. nor did they repel larvae of Euproctis Innata and In a listing of timbers in descending order of Prodenia litura. The crude bitters were more ef- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this 58 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
wood was listed as 36 out of 100 (very wood was listed as 50 out of 100 (less susceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9), susceptible).—Wolcott (419), CARAPA PROCERA DC. Monkey cola, crabwood. The wood is not subject to termite attack.—Watt The seeds are poisonous and contain a fat used to and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). kill jiggers in West Africa.—Irvine {186), This species in its native India is very susceptible In a listing of timbers in descending order of to damage by the Hypsipyla shoot-borer, but is resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hreviSy this moderately resistant to termites.—Streets (374). wood was listed as 36 out of 100 (very In a listing of Australian and imported timbers susceptible).—Wolcott {U9), by durability, with regard to both termite resist- CEDRELA AUSTRALIS F. V. M. Redcedar, Aus- ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is tralian cedar. listed in both class 2 (durable) and class 3 (moder- This tree is heavily attacked by Hypsipyla ately durable).—Wallis (410), robusta in its native Australia.—Streets {37A), CHICKRASSIA TABULARIS A. JUSS. Chickrassy, CEDRELA FISSILIS Veil. Caroba, South American Chittagong wood. cedar. This wood has been recorded in Ceylon as resist- CEDRELA MEXICANA M. Roem. Spanish cedar, ant to subterranean termites.—Anonymous (3), Central American cedar. The wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- In a listing of timbers in descending order of terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, resistance to the termite Cryptotermes bremsy the Psammotermes fuscofemoraliSy and P. assua- wood of C. fissilis was listed as 39 out of 100 (very rensis.—Kassab et al. (207), susceptible).—Wolcott (419), CHLOROXYLON SWIETENIA DC. Ceylon satinwood. C. mexicana has not yet been attacked in This wood is recorded from tests in Ceylon to be Queensland by the shoot-borer Hypsipyla robusta, immune from attack by subterranean ter- which destroys the indigenous C. australis growing mites.—Anonymous (3), alongside. In Jamaica it is attacked by the local In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- Hypsipyla shoot-borer, but not as badly as is the ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood native C odorata,—Streets (37^). was listed as 95 out of 100 (repellent, totally to very These woods are reported from British Guiana resistant).—Wolcott (419), and the West Indies to be resistant to termites. This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- Their use for making cigarboxes is based on their terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, reputation for keeping away insects that attack Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assua- tobacco.—Anonymous (3). rensis.—Kassab et al. (207), CEDRELA ODORATA L. South American cedar. ENTANDROPHRAGMA ANGOLENSE (Welw.) C. DC. (See Juniperus virginiana for a study of the ef- Budongo mahogany, Gedu Nohor. fects of cedar chests (of various species) on the The wood is recorded in Nigeria as moderately webbing clothes moth and the black carpet beetle.) resistant to termites.—Anonymous (3), In a listing of timbers in descending order of The tree is susceptible to Hypsipyla shoot-borers resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this in its native Angola and Uganda and also in planta- wood was listed as 61 out of 100 (resist- tions in Nyasaland.—Streets (374), ant).—Wolcott {U9), ENTANDROPHRAGMA CYLINDRICUM Sprague. Sa- This species is badly attacked by the Hypsipyla pele. shoot-borer in its native Jamaica.—Streets {37Jf). The wood is recorded in Nigeria as moderately CEDRELA SERRATA Royle. Hill toon. resistant to termites.—Anonymous (3), Most of the plantations of this tree in Ceylon ENTANDROPHRAGMA UTILE (Dawe & Sprague) have been destroyed by \he Hypsipyla shoot-borer, Sprague. Utile, mufumbi. but natural seedlings under shade are not The timber is not resistant to termites.— attacked.—Streets (^7^). Anonymous (3), CEDRELA TOONA Roxb. Cedro toona. The tree is susceptible to attacks by Hypsipyla In a listing of timbers in descending order of shoot-borers in its native range, from the Ivory resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Coast to Gabon and Uganda. In plantations in INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 59
Nyasaland the borers have not been The timber of this tree is durable and particularly reported.—Streets {37i). resistant to termites. The species is also alleged to GuAREA CEDRATA (A. Chevalier) Pellegr. White suffer less from shoot-borers than other Khaya guarea. species, at least within its natural habitat. In plan- In West Africa this wood is moderately resistant tations in Nyasaland, on the other hand, damage by to termites.—Anonymous (3). the shoot-borer is severe.—Streets,(^7^). GUAREA GLABRA Vahl. Carimbo. LovoA KLAiNEANA Pierre ex Sprague. African In a listing of timbers in descending order of walnut, alona wood, congowood, lovoa wood. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Tests in Nigeria indicate that this wood is mod- wood was listed as 63 out of 100 (resist- erately resistant to termites.—Anonymous (3). ant).,—Wolcott {U9). GUAREA GUARA (Jacq.) P. Wilson. Redwood. MELIA AZEDARACH L. Chinaberry, Persian lilac. In a listing of timbers in descending order of In a Usting of woods in descending order of resist- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood wood was listed as 48 out of 100 (sus- was listed as 22 out of 100 (one of the most ceptible).—Wolcott Ul9), susceptible).—Wolcott {Jfl9). GUAREA THOMPSONII Sprague & Hutch. Black This tree in plantations in Jamaica is susceptible guarea. to damage by a shoot-borer. In South Africa it In West Africa this wood is moderately resistant withstands attacks by termites.—Streets {37J^), to termites.—Anonymous (^). In Ghana the leaf extract has been successfully used to prevent infestation of cacao bean by GUAREA TRICHILIOIDES L. Guaraguao, alligator- Ephestia, The active principle is meUatin, wood. carotenoid-like, which is contained in dried leaves In a listing of timbers in descending order of to the extent of 35 mg. per 100 grams, and a watery resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this suspension of meliatin is as effective as the total wood was listed as 70 out of 100 (resist- extract. The plant is not attacked by crawling ant) .—Wolcott (^ i P ). grasshoppers or locusts. An aqueous extract of the KHAYA ANTHOTHECA (Welw.) C. DC. leaf, used as a spray, has proved effective in pro- The small heart of this tree proved to be resistant tecting kitchen gardens, orchards, and the cultiva- to 21 species of termites.—Becker (i6). tion under date palms in desert oases, but the ac- When grown in the open this tree of tropical tion is not universal against all Acrididae. Some Africa is liable to serious damage by the Hypsipyla species are unaffected, whereas closely related shoot-borer. In plantations in Nyasaland this pest species are repelled. The extract is nontoxic to the has not yet appeared.—Streets (^7^). insect, which, however, rejects leaves sprayed with KHAYA GRANDIFOLIOLA C. DC. Big-leaf mahog- it.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {ill). any. Data are conflicting on the resistance of this Acetone extract of the leaf was tested for repel- lency to the flk)ur beetle (Tribolium spp.) and com- wood to termites.—Anonymous (3). In plantations in Nyasaland, K. grandifoliola is pared to pyrethrum-piperonyl butoxide. The ex- tract was placed in repellency class III, having an susceptible to occasional attacks by the shoot- average repellency of 43 percent, whereas the borer.—Streets (3n), standard showed a repellency of 66 percent ( class KHAYA IVORENSIS Chev. African mahogany. In a listing of timbers in descending order of IV).—Guy et al. (16i). Fruit powder dusts and sprays of 10-percent al- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this cohol extract were toxic to Pieris brassicae larvae wood was listed as 30 out of 100 (very within 96 hours.—Atwal and Pajni (^^). susceptible).—Wolcott (J^19). The leaves of the chinaberry tree yielded a sub- KHAYA NYASICA Staff. stance extractable with chloroform that deterred The crushed seed is boiled to extract the oil, feeding, retarded development, and caused mortal- which has a bitter taste, and is rubbed into the hair to kill vermin.—Watt and Breyer-Brandv^jk (Ul). ity in the larval stage of the corn earworm (Heliothis zea) and the fall armyworm (Spodoptera KHAYA SENEGALENSIS (Desv.) A. Juss. Dry-zone frugiperda),—McM.il\Í8in et al. (2^8). mahogany. 60 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SwiETENiA MACROPHYLLA King. Honduras mahog- TOONA SINENSIS (A. Juss). any, American mahogany. The sapwood was slightly susceptible to Re- The wood is recorded as susceptible to dry-wood ticulitermes lucifugus var. santonensis and R. termites in the West Indies.—Anonymous (3). flavipes.—Becker and Puchett U5), In plantations in Ceylon the only pests of this TRICHILIA HIRTA L. Broomstick, Cabo de Hacha. tree are the shoot-borers Hypsipyla robusta and The heartwood of this tree is very resistant to Zeuzera coffeae, which attack young plants estab- attack by the termite Cryptotermes brevis.— lished in the open. H, robusta also causes heavy Marchan (255), damage under similar conditions in India and In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- Malaya where, in addition, a collar weevil occasion- ance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this wood ally kills young trees. In Jamaica it is attacked by was listed as 86 out of 100 (repellent and very H, grandella, which is also present in Trinidad and resistant).—Wolcott (419). Tobago, but does little serious damage where good TRICHILIA PALLEDA Sev. Caracolillo. silviculture is practiced. In Fiji the Hypsipyla In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- shoot-borer has not yet appeared. In the wet zone ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood an unidentified scolytid borer has killed seedlings, was listed as 84 out of 100 (repellent and very but it is now under control. In the montane zone resistant).—Wolcott (419). another scolytid beetle, Xyleborus fijiensis, has caused considerable damage, chiefly to trees planted on very poor soils.—Streets (37i), MELIANTHACEAE In a listing of timbers in descending order of BiRSAMA ABYSSINICA FreS. SUbsp. PAULCINEOIDES resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this Verd. wood was listed as 59 out of 100 (less The leaves and roots contain an Mnsectiddal susceptible).—Wolcott U19), principle.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (Ul). SwiETENiA MAHAGONI Jacq. West Indian mahog- any. Dead branches on these trees are destroyed by MENISPERMACEAE Nasutitermes costalis termites.—Wolcott {U?). ANAMIRTA COCCULUS (L.) Wight and Arn. Syn- In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- onym: Cocculus indicus. Fishberry. ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood Defatted seeds were extracted with ethanol to was listed as 80 out of 100 (repellent and very obtain picrotoxin.—Amma (22). resistant).—Wolcott {U9), COCCULUS TRILOBUS DC. Plantations of this tree have been attacked and in Fresh leaves of this plant, which is the host of the some cases destroyed by shoot-borers in Queens- Japanese fruit-piercing moths Oraesia excavata land, Burma, India, and Ceylon.—Streets (^7^). and 0. emarginata yielded an alkaloid, coc- An extract of the wood yielded a waxy substance culolidine, which is toxic to the leafhopper that sometimes exhibited termite-repellent activ- Nephotettix bipunctatus dncticeps and the Azuki- ity. The substance was not identified, but seemed bean weevil Callosobruchus chinensis.—Wada et to be a mixture of at least two major com- al. (W2). ponents.—Asenjo et al. {31), Cocculolidine was isolated from leaves and was Cycloeucalenol was isolated from the found to exhibit insectiddal activity to the wood.—Amoros-Marin et al. {2]^), leafhoppers Nephotettix bipunctatus dncticeps and Cooling of the petroleum ether extracts (0.73 the Azuki-bean weevils Callosobruchus chinensis. percent) of the wood separated a wax (0.2-0.3 per- It was not toxic to the aphids Myzus persicae or to cent), melting point 70°-120° C, which is repellent the larvae of the fruit-piercing moth Oraesia to the dry-wood termites Cryptotermes brems. The excawia.-Wada and Munakata (406). extract made the wood of the flame tree (Delonix Isoboldine, present in the leaves at a concentra- regia) repellent. S. macrophylla contained only tion of 0.007 percent, was isolated and found to 0.02-0.03 percent of the active principle and was exhibit inhibitory activity against Trimeresia useless as a termite repellent. The active material miranda and Prodenia litura at about 200 IS a complex mixture of esters.—Asenjo (30). p.p.m.—Wada and Munakata (407). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 Bl
MENYANTHACEAE Larvae of the silkworm (Bom^byx mori) showed a small but definite feeding response to leaves of this NYMPHOIDES PELTATA (Gmel.) Ktze. Yellow float- plant, but did not survive even as long as starving ingheart. larvae.—Fraenkel (IH)- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this CANNABIS SATIVA L. Hemp. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity In tests in Poland the presence of hemp plants in against larvae or adults of the boll wee- flower and the spraying of potato plants with a vil.—Matteson et al. (262), water extract of hemp plants had no repellent effect MOLLUGINACEAE on female potato beetles ovipositing in the labora- tory and did not affect larval development. Grow- MoLLUGO VERTiciLLATA L. Carpetweed. ing hemp among potato plants or around the edges Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this of potato or beet fields had no effect on infestation, species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity except in one instance on potato, in which infesta- against larvae or adults of the boll wee- tion was reduced in the immediate vicinity of the vil—Matteson et al. (262). hemp.—Mackiewicz (2Jf7). Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) did not MORACEAE feed on leaves of this plant.—Fraenkel (IH)* ANTIARIS AFRICANA Engl. Antiaris. Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzeviy AmiARIS WELWITSCHII Engl. Haemaphysalis punctata^ Rhipicephalus rossicuSy Tests in Nigeria showed that these woods are not and Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the pow- resistant to termites.—Anonymous (3), dered leaf were killed in 10, 18, 8, and 21 minutes, ARTOCARPUS ALTILIS (Parkinson) Fosberg. Bread- respectively. Exposure to the fresh whole leaf fruit. killed the larvae in 50, 68, 50, and 72 minutes, In a listing of timbers in descending order of respectively.—Reznik and Imbs (319). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this The leaves or the whole plant scattered under the wood was listed as 39 out of 100 (very bedsheet keeps bugs and fleas away in India. A susceptible).—Wolcott (JÍ19), 20-percent solution of an alcohol extract of the plant ARTOCARPUS INTEGRIFOLIUS L. f. Synonym: A. showed no toxicity to house flies or Aedes aegypti integer, Jak, jack tree. mosquitoes, but was markedly repellent to these This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- species.—Abrol and Chopra (12). terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, CECROPIA PELTATA L. Psammotermes fuscofemaralis, and P. assua- In a listing of timbers in descending order of rensis.—Kassab et al. (207). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this In plantations in Ceylon this species is subject to wood was listed as 28 out of 100 (one of the most . attack by defoliators and aerial termites.—Streets susceptible).—Wolcott (U19). (37J,). CHLOROPHORA EXCELSA (Welw.) Bentham & Hook f. Iroko. BROSIMUM PARAENSE Huber. Cardinalwood. Flamboyan wood immersed in chlorophorin from An ethanol extract of this wood impregnated on this tree resisted termite attack for 234 days at filter paper and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes 0.2-percent solution; at 0.5 percent, protection termites killed 80 percent and damaged 20 lasted at least 3 years.—Wolcott (1^17). percent.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood ance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this wood was listed as 92 out of 100 (repellent, totally to very was listed as 99 out of 100 (totally to very resistant).—Wolcott (il9). resistant).—Wolcott (W). This tree is very susceptible to the attacks of a BROUSSONETIA KAZINOKI Siebold. leaf gallfly, Phytolyma lata, in its native tropical Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) fed read- Africa. In Trinidad and Tobago, where the fly is not ily on leaves of this plant, but did not survive very yet present, planted specimens seem to promise well.—Fraenkel (lU)' well.—Streets (37^). BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA Vent. Paper-mulberry. Chlorophorin from iroko wood was 79-percent 62 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
effective against the termite Reticulitermes Ficus PUMiLA L. Yedra. lucifugus.—Arndt (29). In a listing of timbers in descending order of CHLOROPHORA REGIA A. Chev. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this These woods are resistant to termites, but not wood was listed as 29 out of 100 (one of the most immune from their attacks.—Anonymous (S). susceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9). C. regia wood is resistant to the termite Re- Lafvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mari) fed on ticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98). leaves of this plant, but died sooner than starving CHLOROPHORA TINCTORIA (L.) Gaudich. Dyer's larvae.—Fraenkel (IH)^
mulberry. FICUS RETUSA L. An ethanol extract of this wood impregnated on In a listing of timbers in descending order of filter paper and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this termites, killed 100 percent.—Sandermann and wood was listed as 31 out of 100 (very sus- Dietrichs (330). ceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9). In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) showed a ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood small but definite feeding response to leaves of this was listed as 88 out of 100 (repellent and very plant, but died sooner than starving lar- resistant).—Wolcott (J^19). vae.—Fraenkel (lU)^ CUDRANIA JAVANENSIS TreC. Ficus SYCAMORus L. Sycamore. CuDRANiA TRiLOBA Hance. Stakes of the wood buried in Egyptian soil with- Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mari) fed read- stood attack by the subterranean termites Anacan- ily on leaves of these species and survived thotermes ochraceus, Psammotermes fusco- well.—Fraenkel (lU). femaralis, and P. assuarensis for 6 months.— DORSTENIA CONTRAJERVA L. Kassab et al. (207). Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mari) did not Ficus WIGHTIANA Wall. feed on leaves of this plant.—Fraenkel (lU)^ Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) did not FICUS CARICA L. Fig tree. feed on leaves of this plant.—Fraenkel (lU). \ Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mari) fed to a HuMULUs JAPONicus Sieb, and Zuce. degree on leaves of this plant, but did not survive Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) did not even as long as starving larvae.—Fraenkel (lU). feed on leaves of this plant.—Fraenkel (lU). FICUS ELáSTICA Roxb. Rubberplant.- HuMULUS LUPULus L. Hop. In a listing of timbers in descending order of Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mari) did not resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this feed on leaves of this plant.—Fraenkel (lU)^ wood was listed as 20 out of 100 (one of the most MACLURA AURANTIACA Nutt. susceptible woods).—Wolcott (il9). Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mari) fed on Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mari) fed on leaves of this plant to a high degree and survived leaves of this plant, but did not survive.—Fraenkel quite well.—Fraenkel (1U)> (lU). MACLURA POMíFERA (Raf.) Schneider. Osage-
FICUS ERECTA Thunb. orange. Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mari) fed little In a listing of woods in order of descending resist- on leaves of this plant and died sooner than starving ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood larvae.—Fraenkel (Ui). was listed as 90 out of 100 (repellent, totally to very resistant).—Wolcott (U9). FICUS HIRTA Vahl. Pomiferin, a constituent of this plant, at 0.01- to Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mari) fed on 0.05-percent concentration protected Poinciana leaves of this plant, but did not survive.—Fraenkel regia wood from bark beetles for almost 1 year. (lU). Derivatives of pomiferin were less effect- FiCUS LAEVIGATA Vahl. Wild fig. ive.—Wolcott (U5). In a listing of timbers in descending order of Solutions of osajin, an extract of osage-orange, resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this protected flamboyant wood from dry-wood ter- wood was listed as 26 out of 100 (one of the most mites for 39 days at 0.002-percent concentration, susceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9). but at 0.2 percent the sample was attacked in 61 INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 63 days. A 0.5-percent solution of pomiferin impreg- MYRISTICACEAE nated on flamboyant wood protected it for 1 year PYCNANTHUS ANGOLENSIS (Welv.) Exell. Syno- and 1 percent protected it for 2>/i years.—Wolcott nym: P. kombo. Ilomba. (^Í7). This wood is recorded in Nigeria and the Gold MoRUS ALBA L. White mulberry. Coast as susceptible to termites.—Anonymous (S). The larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mon) STAUDTIA STIPITATA Warb. Niové. showed good feeding on leaves of this species, with A chloroform extract of the wood was only high growth and survival.—Fraenkel (lU)' 4-percent effective against the termite Re- Mulberry stakes buried in Egyptian soil with- ticulitermes lucifugens, whereas a colorless crys- stood attack by the subterranean termites Anacan- talline substance isolated from the wood was thotermes ochraceus, Psammotermes fuscofe- 87-percent effective, and the ethereal oil was mœulis, and P. assuarensis for 6 months— 96-percent effective.—Arndt (29). Kassab et al. (207). VIROLA KOSCHNYI Warb. Tapsava, banak. MoRUS RUBRA L. Mulberry. This wood is recorded as prone to attack by ter- In a hsting of woods in descending order of resist- mites in its native Central America.—Anonymous ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood (S), was listed as 27 out of 100 (one of the most VIROLA MYCETIA PuUe. Dutch mahogany. In a listing of timbers in descending order of susceptible).—Wolcott (il9), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this MORUS sp. wood was listed as 28 out of 100 (one of the most Bombyx mari is attracted from a distance by susceptible).—Wolcott (U9). 2-hexenol and 3-hexenol, which are widespread in leaves, but the biting response seems to be due to other compounds specific to Moraceae.—Fraenkel MYRTACEAE (lU). CALYPTRANTHES CONCINNA DC. Camboim branco. Water-soluble substances from fresh leaves, In a listing of timbers in descending order of spotted on niter paper, elicited slight biting re- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this sponses from tobacco horn worm larvae.— wood was listed as 32 out of 100 (very sus- Yamamoto and Fraenkel ÍÍ2S). ceptible).—Wolcott (U9). MoRUS spp. Mulberry. EUCALYPTUS ASTRINGENS Maiden. Brown mallet. These plants were rejected by the tobacco horn- In a hsting of Australian timbers by durability, worm (Manduca sexta).—Fraenkel (IM- with regard to both termite resistance and resist- MusANGA EMiTHii R. Brown. ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both Shavings of this wood were neither repellent nor class 2 (durable) and class 3 (moderately resistant to the termite Reticulitermes lud- durable).—WaUis (UO). fugens.—Martinez (257), EUCALYPTUS BOTRYOIDES Sm. Southern mahog- MYRIANTHUS ARBOREUS P. Beauv. any, bangalay. Shavings of this wood were both resistant and In plantations of this species in New Zealand the repellent to the termite Reticulitermes lud- trees are in notable good health, suffering only fugens.—Martinez (257). from wind damage. In Southern Rhodesia planta- tions the only pest recorded is the eucalypt borer PiRATINERA GUIANENSIS Aubl. Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract Phoracantha semipunctata.—Streets (S7i). of this wood and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes In a listing of AustraUan timbers by durability, termites damaged 50 percent of the insects, but with regard to both termite resistance and resist- killed none.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (SSO). ance to fungal decay, this wood is Usted in class 2 (durable).—Wallis (UO). SOROCEA ILICIFOLIA Miq. In a listing of timbers in descending order of EUCALYPTUS BROCWAYI C. A. Gardner. Dundas resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this mahogany. wood was listed as 38 out of 100 (very The timber of this tree is not resistant to susceptible).—Wolcott (UW). termites.—Streets (S7Í). 64 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
EUCALYPTUS CALOPHYLLA Lindl. Marri. ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 2 In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, (durable).—Wallis {JílO), with regard to both termite resistance and resist- EUCALYPTUS CREBRA F. V. M. Narrow-leaved hou- ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class'3 bark. (moderately durable).—Wallis {UO), In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS Dehnh. Synonym: E, with regard to both termite resistance and resist- rostrata. River red gum, Murray red gum, red ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 gum, river gum. (very durable).—Wallis {UO), The timber of this species is resistant to ter- EUCALYPTUS DEGLUPTA B1. Synonym: E, nau- mites. In plantations on Cyprus it is susceptible to diniana, Murdanao gum. attacks by the eucalypt borer Phoracantha In plantations in Malaya this is the only species of semipunctata. Plantations in Southern Rhodesia Eucalyptus not normally attacked by termites in are practically free from pests.—Streets (37^), the seedling stage. It is also more or l^ss immune to EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA Hook. Synonym: E. the defoliating cockchafer beetle, but has a serious maculata var. citriodora. Lemon-scented gum. pest in the shoot-moth Zeuzera coffeae,—Streets In plantations of this tree in various African {37JÍ), countries, Southern Rhodesia records no serious EUCALYPTUS DivERsicoLOR F. v. M. Karri. pests, Tanganyika finds it very susceptible to ter- In plantations in South Africa there are no seri- mites but not to other pests, whereas in Uganda it ous pests in trees on suitable sites, but the eucalypt withstands termites better than most other species borer attacks trees suffering from drought.— of Eucalyptm.—Streets (37i), Streets {37J^), In a listing of timbers in descending order of In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this with regard to both termite resistance and resist- wood was listed as 27 out of 100 (one of the most ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 3 susceptible).—Wolcott {U9), (moderately durable).—Wallis {JÍ10), Cotton plants imbibing alcohoHc extracts of this EUCALYPTUS FASTIGIATA Deane & Maiden. Brown tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxidty to larvae barrel, cut-rail. or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. {262), In plantations of this tree in South Africa, ter- EUCALYPTUS CLADOCALYX F. V. M. Synonym: E, mites sometimes kill plants up to 2 years corynocalyx. Sugar gum. old.—Streets {37JÍ), In plantations in South Africa this tree is free In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, from serious pests, being only slightly susceptible with regard to both termite resistance and resist- to borer attack and apparently immune from the ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 3 defoliating snout beetle.—Streets {37Jí), (moderately durable).—Wallis {UO), In a Usting of Australian timbers by durability, EUCALYPTUS GIGANTEA Hook. f. Alpine ash, gum- with regard to both termite resistance and resist- top stringybark, Tasmanian oak. ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 2 In plantations of this tree in New Zealand there (durable).—Wallis {UO), is little record of insect damage.—Streets {37Jf), EUCALYPTUS CLOEZIANA F. V. M. Gympie mess- In a Hsting of Australian timbers by durability, mate, Queensland messmate. with regard to both termite resistance and resist- No serious pests are recorded from plantations of ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 4 this tree in South Africa.—Streets {37Jí), (nondurable).—Wallis {UO), In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS Labill. Blue gum, south- with regard to both termite resistance and resist- em blue gum, Tasmanian blue gum. ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both Plantations of this tree in South Australia had no class 1 (very durable) and 2 (durable).—Wallis serious pests. In Victoria it is attacked by the iUO), eucalypt borer if planted on unsuitable sites. In EUCALYPTUS CONSIDENIANA Maiden. Yertchuk, India no pests of any importance are recorded. In New South Wales messmate. Kenya it is susceptible to defoliation by the snout In a hsting of Australian timbers by durability, beetle, particularly at altitudes of 9,000 feet or with regard to both termite resistance and resist- more, where a controlling egg parasite becomes INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 65 ineffective. In New Zealand it was grown success- nym: E, corymbosa. Red bloodwood, bloodwood. fully for a long time, but then it was attacked by the The timber of this tree is very durable in the scale insect Eriococcus coriaceus, and the sur- ground, resisting both decay and termites.— vivors were attacked by other pests, including the Streets (37i). snout beetle. Similarly it was at first very success- In a hsting of Australian timbers by durability, ful in South Africa, but eventually fell prey to with regard to both termite resistance and resist- various insects, particularly the snout beetle from ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 Australia. Trees weakened from other causes are (very durable).—Wallis (HO), attacked by the eucalypt borer.—Streets (37Jf). EUCALYPTUS GUNII Hook. f. Cider gum. In a hsting of Australian timbers by durability, In plantations of this tree in New Zealand those with regard to both termite resistance and resist- situated near its limits are attacked by the scale ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 3 insect Eriococcus coriaceus and by the snout (moderately durable).—Wallis {UIO), beetle.—Streets (87i). EUCALYPTUS GOMPHOCEPHALA A. DC. Thart. EUCALYPTUS HEMIPHLOIA F. V. M. Graybox, gum- The timber is one of the most durable (except topped box. against termites) in Australia. Plantations in Cy- The timber of this tree is durable and resistant to prus are subject to severe attack by the eucalypt termites. In Northern Rhodesia it is reported as borer whenever growing conditions become remarkably successful on termite mounds in the unfavorable.—Streets {37JÍ). Southern Province.—Streets (37i), In a Hsting of Australian timbers by durability, In a hsting of Austrahan timbers by durabiUty, with regard to both termite resistance and resist- with regard to both termite resistance and resist- ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 (very durable).—Wallis {UO), (very durable).—Wallis (HO), EUCALYPTUS LEUCOXYLONF. V. M. EUCALYPTUS GONiocALYx F. v. M. Mountain (gray) Yellow gum. gum. In a hsting of Australian timbers by durability, with regard to both termite resistance and resist- In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 with regard to both termite resistance and resist- (very durable).—Wallis iílO), ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both EUCALYPTUS LONGIFOLIA Link. Woollybutt. class 3 (moderately durable) and class 4 Plantations of this tree in Sierra Leone do well, (nondurable).—Wallis {ÍIO), except for attacks by the longhorn beetle EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS Hill ex Maiden. Rose gum, Ceraplesisfissa,—Streets (37i). flooded gum. In a hsting of Australian timbers by durability, In plantations in Malaya, seedlings are attacked with regard to both termite resistance and resist- by termites, but young trees are rarely attacked by ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 2 defohating beetles, though other Eucalyptus (durable).—Wallis (HO), species are often stripped. In the southern EUCALYPTUS MACARTHURI Deane & Maiden. Cameroons region of Nigeria the only serious pest Camden woollybutt. is the termite, which limits use oîE. grandis to the Plantations of this tree in New Zealand are at- highlands. In South Africa, where the introductions tacked by the scale and snout beetle.—Streets were apparently hybrids of E. grandis with E. (37i). saligna, the snout beetle is not a very serious pest EUCALYPTUS MACRORRHYNCHA F. v. M. Red stringy- and termites are troublesome only on virgin land bark, completely cleared of other food material, but the In a hsting of Australian timbers by durability, borer quickly attacks dying and felled trees.— with regard to both termite resistance and resist- Streets (37J,), ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, class 2 (durable) and class 3 (moderately with regard to both termite resistance and resist- durable).—Wallis (HO), ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 4 EUCALYPTUS MACULATA Hook. Spotted gum. (nondurable).—Wallis {J,10), This wood is not resistant to termites.— EUCALYPTUS GUMMIFERA (Gaertn.) Hochr. Syno- Anonymous (3), 66 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
In plantations of this tree in South Australia no EUCALYPTUS MicRocoRYs F. Muell. Tallowwood. pests have been recorded. In South African zones This wood is reported to be resistant to termites the snout beetle does not attack this species in Australia.—Anonymous (3). much.—Streets {37JÍ), Plantations of this tree in Southern Rhodesia are In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, free from serious pests, and others in South Africa with regard to both termite resistance and resist- are only lightly attacked by the snout ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both beetle.—Streets (37^). class 2 (durable) and class 3 (moderately In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, durable).—Wallis {UO), with regard to both termite resistance and resist- EUCALYPTUS MAIDENII F. V. M. Maiden's gum. ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 In plantations in Southern Rhodesia this tree is (very durable).—Wallis UlO). comparable with the major Eucalyptus species in The cause of the natural resistance of the heart- freedom from pests. In Tanganyika it is liable to wood to attack by subterranean termites was in- termite damage when growing in moist vestigated in Australia by a new technique de- Brachystegia woodland and is in general very sus- veloped to enable tests to be made on wood after ceptible to termites in its early years. In Uganda it chemical extraction. The results indicated that the suffered from termites. In South Africa it was se- extractives removed with ether from the heart- verely attacked by the snout beetle.—Streets wood are of major importance in its resistance to this termite; they act as a repellent, not as an In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, insecticide. The repellent responsible for the ter- with regard to both termite resistance and resist- mite resistance was destroyed by saponifí- ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both cation.—Rudman and Gay (325). class 2 (durable) and class 3 (moderately EUCALYPTUS MICROTHECA F. V. M. Flooded box. durable).—Wallis (ilO). The timber is resistant to termites.—Streets EUCALYPTUS MARGINATA Sm. Jarrah. (37i). The wood is resistant to termites.—Anonymous EUCALYPTUS MUELLERIANA Howitt. Yellow stringy- bark. This is one of the best known timbers of the In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, world. It is durable and resistant to ter- with regard to both termite resistance and resist- mites.—Streets (37i). ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 2 In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, (durable).—Wallis (ilO), with regard to both termite resistance and resist- EUCALYPTUS OBLIQUA L'Herit. Messmate stringy- ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 2 bark, Tasmanian oak. (durable).—Wallis UlO). In plantations in New Zealand this species is liable to attack by the scale Eriococcus EUCALYPTUS MELANOPHLOIA F. V. M. Silver-leaved houbark. coriaceus.—Streets (374), In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, with regard to both termite resistance and resist- with regard to both termite resistance and resist- ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 3 (very durable).—Wallis iílO). (moderately durable).—Wallis (410). EUCALYPTUS OVATA Labill. Swamp gum. EUCALYPTUS MELLIODORA A. Cunn. Yellow box. In plantations in New Zealand this species has In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, been attacked by the scale Eriococcus coriaceus with regard to both termite resistance and resist- and other insects.—Streets (374). ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 2 EUCALYPTUS PANICULATA Sm. Gray houbark. (durable).—Wallis iílO). In plantations in Southern Rhodesia this species EUCALYPTUS MicRococERA F. Muell. seems singularly free from pests. In South Africa it In a listing of timbers in descending order of is not attacked by the snout beetle nor by the resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems, this borer.—Streets (374). wood was listed as 57 out of 100 (less In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, susceptible).—Wolcott U19), with regard to both termite resistance and resist- INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 67 anee to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 In a listing of timbers in descending order of (very durable).—Wallis {JflO), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this EUCALYPTUS PATENS Benth. Western Australian wood was listed as 30 out of 100 (very blackbutt. susceptible).—Wolcott {Jíl9), In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, The wood is resistant to the termite Retic- with regard to both termite resistance and resist- ulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98), ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 3 No serious pests have been recorded from plan- (moderately durable).—Wallis (4iO). tations of this tree in Ceylon, India, and Malaya. It EUCALYPTUS PILULARIS Sm. Blackbutt. is not a promising species owing to insect attacks in No pests are reported from plantations of this New Zealand.—Streets (37i), tree in New Zealand.—Streets {37Jt>), EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA Schlecht. Eue ALYPTUS POLYANTHEMOS Schau. Redbox. Eucalyptus stakes buried in Egyptian soil with- In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, stood attack by the subterranean termites with regard to both termite resistance and resist- Anacanthotermes ochraceuSy Psammotermes jus- ances to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 2 cofemoraliSy and P. assvxirensis until the end of the (durable).—Wallis {UO). test (at least 41 months).—Kassab et al. {207). EUCALYPTUS PROPINQUA Deane & Maiden. Gray Shavings of this wood were both resistant and gum. repellent to the termite Reticulitermes In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, ludfugens.—Martinez {257). with regard to both termite resistance and resist- EUCALYPTUS SALIGNA Sm. Sydney blue gum, ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 saligna gum. (very durable).—Wallis iJílO), In a listing of AustraKan timbers by durability, Eue ALYPTUS PUNCTATA DC. Gray gum. with regard to both termite resistance and resist- Plantations of this species in South Africa were ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 3 severely attacked by the snout beetle.—Streets (moderately durable).—Wallis iílO). (TO). EUCALYPTUS SCABRA Dum.-Cours. Synonym: E. In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, eugenioides. White stringybark. with regard to both termite resistance and resist- In plantations of this species in New Zealand, ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 attacks by Eriococcus coriaceus and Paropsis (very durable).—Wallis Q^IO). dilatata have been recorded.—Streets {37i). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to larvae with regard to both termite resistance and resist- or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. {262), ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both Euc^ALYPTUS REGNANS F. V. M. Mountain-ash, class 2 (durable) and class 3 (moderately giant jgum, Tasmanian oak. durable).—Wallis {ilO). In plantations in New Zealand this species has EUCALYPTUS SIDEROPHLOIA Benth. Broad-leaved been attacked by Paropsis dilatata and Eriococcus houbark. coriaceus.—Streets (SJi), In a Hsting of Australian timbers by durability, In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, with regard to both termite resistance and resist- with regard to both termite resistance and resist- ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 4 (very durable).—Wallis iílO). (nondurable).—Wallis iílO), EUCALYPTUS SIDEROXYLON A. Cunn. Red houbark. EUCALYPTUS RESINíFERA Sm. Red mahogany, red In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, messmate. with regard to both termite resistance and resist- In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 with regard to both termite resistance and resist- (very durable).—Wallis {^10). ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both class 2 (durable) and class 3 (moderately EUCALYPTUS SIEBERIANA F. V. M. Mountain-ash, durable).—Wallis {J,10), silvertop ash. EUCALYPTUS ROBUSTA Smith. Synonym: E, multi- In plantations of this tree in New Zealand, no flora. Swamp mahogany. significant pests are recorded.—Streets {37^,). 68 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, EUCALYPTUS TRIANTHA Link. Synonym: E. with regard to both termite resistance and resist- acminioides, Yellow stringybark, white mahog- ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both any. class 3 (moderately durable) and class 4 The timber of this tree is resistant to (nondurable).—Wallis (^iO). termites.—Streets (374). In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, EUCALYPTUS sp. This tree, introduced into Malaya from Bogor as with regard to both termite resistance and resist- E. alba but now believed to be an undescribed ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 (very durable).—Wallis (410), species, is attacked in the seedling stage by termites.—Streets {37Jf,), EUCALYPTUS VIMINALIS Labill. Mann gum, ribbon gum. Addition of eucalyptus oils to chickenfeed con- taining can molasses was effective in repelling the, Plantations of this species in New Zealand have house fly.—Mendes {269), been attacked by scale and the snout beetle, but mostly on unfavorable sites. In South Africa it was The oil is used in India as a mosquito and vermin severely attacked by the snout beetle.—Streets repellent and is an important ingredient of many (374). insecticidal and repellent preparations. The mos- In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, quito repellency is effective for about 1 hour. The with regard to both termite resistance and resist- Zulu used the burning green leaf as a repellent, and ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both in Abyssinia the leaf is used to repel ants.—Watt class 3 (moderately durable) and class 4 and Breyer-Brandwijk (^ii). (nondurable).—Wallis (410), 1,8-Cineole and 1,4-cineole obtained from the leaf EUCALYPTUS WANDOO Blakely. Synonym: E. oil showed slight increases or decreases in tox- redunca. Wandoo. icity to house flies and fruit flies after chlori- In a Usting of Australian timbers by durability, nation.—Dässler (112), with regard to both termite resistance and resist- Many species of this large genus are subject to ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 attack by the defoliating snout beetle Gonipterus (very durable).—Wallis (410), scutellatus and the eucalypt borer Bhoracantha EUGENIA GUSTAVIOIDES F. M. Bailey. Gray satin- semipunctata.—Streets (37i), ash. EUCALYPTUS TERETICORNIS Sm. Synonym: E, In a Usting of Australian timbers by durability, umhellata. Forest red gum. with regard to both termite resistance and resist- This tree was attacked by termites when planted ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 4 in Ghana, but survivors have grown well. In South- (nondurable).—Wallis (410), em Rhodesia it behaves similar to E. EUGENIA JAMBOS L. Rose apple, Malabar plum. camaldulensis (i.e., practically free from pests). In In a listing of trees in descending order of resist- South Africa it is severely attacked by the snout ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood beetle.—Streets (37i), was listed as 22 out of 100 (one of the most In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, susceptible).—Wolcott (419), with regard to both termite resistance and resist- EUGENIA STAHLII (Kiaersk.) Krug et Urban. ance to fungal decay, this wood is Hsted in class 2 Guayabota. (durable).—Wallis (J^IO), In a listing of timbers in descending order of resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this EUCALYPTUS TORELUANA F. V. M. Cadagi. wood was listed 33 out of 100 (very In plantations in Ghana this tree suffered some susceptible).—Wolcott (419), termite damage. In Malaya it was heavily de- EUGENIA SYLVESTRIS Moon ex Wight. foliated by cockchafer and other leaf-eating This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- beetles.—Streets (374), terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. asstta- with regard to both termite resistance and resist- rensis.—Kassab et al. (207), ance to fungal decay, this wood is hsted in class 3 MELALEUCA LEUCADENDRON L. Cajeput. (moderately durable).—Wallis (410), Steam distillation of the leaves from trees grown INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 69
in Ghana yielded essential oil with a cineole content This wood is recorded in Australia as fairly re- of 32.5-34.8 percent. It is reputed to be an effective sistant to termites.—Anonymous {3). insecticide, particularly against bedbugs.—Talalaj (389). NOLANACEAE METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA Gaud. Ohia lehua. In a listing of timbers in descending order of NOLANA Sp. resistance to the termite Cryvtótermes brevis, this Of Epilachnus vigintioctomaculata larvae fed on wood was listed as 52 out of 100 (less suscepti- this plant, 30 percent survived to adulthood; about ble).—Wolcott U19), 50 percent of E, vigintioctopunctata survived.— Buhr (72), MYKCIARIA DELICATULA (DC.) Bg. Camboim Branco. In a listing of timbers in descending order of NYCTAGINACEAE resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this BOUGAINVILLEA Sp. wood was listed as 40 out of 100 (more suscepti- White kerosene oil extracts of fresh petals were ble).— {JfW). more toxic to the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) PIMENTA RACEMOS A (Mill.) T. W. Moore. than a similar concentration of pyrethrum. Dried Synonym: P. acris. Bay rum. petals were less toxic.—Rao (315), In a listing of timbers in descending order of MIRABILIS JALAPA L. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this The odor of the flower (exhaled at night) is said to wood was listed as 71 out of 100 (re- drive away mosquitoes.—Watt and Breyer- sistant).—Wolcott {U9). Brandwijk (ill), PsiDiUM GUAJA VA L. Guayaba. In a listing of timbers in descending order of NYSSACEAE resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood was listed as 32 out of 100 (very suscepti- NYSSA AQUATICA L. Tupelo gum. ble).—Wolcott U19). NYSSA SYLVATICA Marsh, var. BIFLORA (Walt.) Sarg. Swamp blackgum. SYNCARPIA GLOMULIFERA (Sm.) Niedenzu. Syno- nym: S. laurifolia. Australian turpentine. These trees have been seriously infested during The timber is highly resistant to termites and an outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar marine borers.—Streets (37i). (Malacosomxi disstria) in southern Louisiana.— In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, Oliver (291), with regard to both termite resistance and resist- ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 OCHNACEAE (very durable).—Wallis iílO), LoPHiRA ALATA Banks ex Gaertn. f. Ekki, red In a listing of timbers in descending order of iron wood. resistance to the termite Cryptoterm.es brems, this The wood is resistant to, though not immune wood was listed as 59 out of 100 (less from, attack by termites.—Anonymous (3), susceptible).—Wolcott {J^W). The wood is resistant to the termite SYNCARPIA HILLII Bail. Satinay. Reticuliterm.es lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98), ID a listing of Australian timbers by durabiUty, with regard to both termite resistance and resist- OLACACEAE ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 2 (dui-able).-Wallis {ÍIO), XIMENIA AMERICANA L. TRISTANIA CONFERTA R. Br. Brisbane-box, brush The crushed interior of the fruit is applied to box. sores on domestic animals to keep off fleas.—Watt The timber of this tree is fairly resistant to ter- and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). mites and marine borers.—Streets {37JÍ). In a Hsting of Australian timbers by durability, OLEACEAE with regard to both termite resistance and resist- FRAXINUS AMERICANA L. White ash, fraxinus. ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 3 In a listing of timbers in descending order of (moderately resistant).—Wallis QflO), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this 70 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
wood was listed as 27 out of 100 (one of the most ORCHIDACEAE susceptible).—Wolcott {Jfl9), FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR L. European ash. BLÉTIAHYACINTHIANAR. Br. This species is susceptible to attack by the ash Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella budmoth.—Streets (^7^). maculipennis would not feed on this plant even FRAXINUS sp. when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and Water-soluble substances from fresh leaves, Thorsteinson {162). spotted on filter paper, elicited no biting responses from hornworm larvae.—Yamamoto and Fraenkel (Â23), OXALIDACEAE JASMINUM sp. An 11-percent kerosene extract of the flowers OxALis DEPPEi Lodd. I sprayed on rice weevils killed 65 percent in 24 hours Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella and 90 percent in 48 hours.—Rao {816), maculipennis would not feed on this plant even LIGUSTRUM LUCIDUM Ait. f. Glossy privet. when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Thorsteinson {162). shrub failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to lar- vae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. {262). PALMAE LINOCIERA DOMINGENSIS (Lam.) Knobl. Hueso ARECASTRUM ROMANZOFFIANUM (Cham.) Becc. blanco. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of the In a listing of timbers in descending order of plant failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to lar- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this vae or adults of the boll weevil—Matteson et al. wood was listed as 46 out of 100 (more {262). susceptible).—Wolcott {Jfl9). BoRASSUM AETHiopiUM Mart. African fan palm. OLEA AFRICANA Mill. In a listing of timbers in descending order of The timber is resistant to termites.—Watt and resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Breyer-Brandwijk {J^ll). wood was listed as 27 out of 100 (one of the most OLEA CHRYSOPHYLLA Lam. susceptible).—Wolcott {4^19). This wood is reported to be highly resistant to RoYSTONEA BORiNQUENA 0. R. Cook. Royal palm. termites in Kenya.—Anonymous {3). In a listing of timbers in descending order of OsMANTHUs AMERiCANUs (L.) Gray. Devilwood, resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wild olive. wood was listed as 35 out of 100 (very Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this susceptible).—Wolcott {U9). tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. {262). PANDANACEAE PANDANUS LIVINGSTONIANUS Rendle. The timber is resistant to termite attack in ONAGRACEAE Mozambique.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {J^ll). FUCHSIA sp. Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella maculipennis would not feed on this plant even PAPAVERACEAE when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and ARGEMONE ALBA Lestib. Thorsteinson {162). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to OENOTHERA BIENNIS L. Evening-primrose. larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. OENOTHERA LACINIATA Hill. {262). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of these ARGEMONE MEXICANA L. Mexican poppy. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to The bitter purgative oil from the seeds, as well as larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. the latex, of this plant is used by Nigerian tribes to {262). ward off termite attack.—Irvine {186). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 71
White kerosene oil extracts of fresh petals were three known compounds, viz sesamin (A), sesamo- about as toxic to the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) lin (B), and a phytosterol, melting point 134°-136°, as a similar concentration of pyrethrum.—Rao which is inactive biologically. (A) and (B) are (315), synergists and it was shown that the oil contains no Extracts of flowers were not promising against other major active constituent. (B), C20H18O7, melt- beetles, weevils, bruchids, and hairy cater- ing point 94°; is a more potent synergist than (A), pillars.—Rao (316), and although the oil is richer in (A) than in (B), the The plant is used in Nigeria as a termite repellent latter contributes the major share of the activity of and has been used an an insecticide.—Watt and the crude oil. Neither of these two alone is toxic to Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). house flies, but a 1:1 (by weight) mixture of (A) and FUMARIA SCHLEICHERI Soy.-Will. pyrethrins is about 31 times as toxic to them as Acjueous and ether extracts of the flowers of this pyrethrins alone, whereas the quantities of (A) and plant were highly toxic to house flies on contact; (B) needed to synergize pyrethrins to the same extracts of the leaves, stems, and roots were non- level of toxicity are 5:1. Sesamol (C) 3,4- toxic or nearly so.—Srbova and Palaveyeva (363), methylenedioxyphenol, which is a cleavage product of (B) and also occurs as such in sesame oil, is PEDALIACEAE inactive as a synergist. Finally a structure was proposed for (B), which is formally related to (A), SESAMUM ANGOLENSE Welw. but has the extra oxygen atom inserted between The yield of oil is little more than half that of the bicyclic nucleus and one of the two equivalent common sesame, but its high sesamin content (28.4 methylenedioxyphenyl rings in such a fashion as to percent of oil in seed; 9 percent of sesamin in oil) make (B) an ace tal resembling a glycoside.—Beroza offers opportunity for development of the oil as a (i9); Gersdorff et al. (156), pyrethrum synergist.—Watt and Breyer-Brand- Concurrently with this work an improved wijk (ill), method of analysis of sesame oil for its content of A sample of oil from the seeds contained about 9 (A), (B), and (C) was developed and appUed to oil percent of sesamin.—Pearman et al. (303), from 33 strains of S. indicum^ showing 0.340-1.13 This work was done before the synergistic po- percent (A), 0.131-0.589 percent (B), and 0-0.0004 tency of sesamoUn was recognized, and the re- percent (C).—Beroza (50); Beroza and Kinman (55). ported high sesamin content was based on bioassay. The structure of sesamolin referred to here has The oil has therefore been reinvestigated and has been corroborated by the work of several been shown to contain no sesamin at all, but 3.3 laboratories. The systematic name of the compound percent of sesamolin, which accounts for the high is 2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenoxy)-6-(3,4-methyl- synergistic activity, and 3.3 percent of sesangolin, a enedioxyphenyl)--3,7-dioxabicy clo[3.3.0] octane.— new compound that is about equal to sesamin in Beroza (51); Erdtman and Pelchowicz (133), synergistic action, increasing the toxicity of pyre- The epimers, dl-sesamin and dl-asarinin (forms thrins to house flies approximately threefold in an of 2,6-bis-(3,4-methyl en edioxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxa- equiproportional mixture. Sesangolin, C21H20O7, bicy clo[3.3. OJoctane), have been synthesized in- melting point 87°-88° and 101° C. (dimorphous, the dependently by workers in two laboratories.— higher melting form is the stable one), has been Beroza and Schechter (57); Freudenberg and shovm to be 6-methoxysesamin.—Jones et al. (198), Fischer (U6,U7), SESAMUM INDICUM L. Synonym: S. orientalis. Sesamin concentrates were an effective synergist Sesame. for Dilan against DDT-resistant house flies; how- It has been known for some time that sesame oil ever, the residual toxicity of this mixture declined is a synergist for pyrethrins and that sesamin, much more rapidly than that of combinations of CgoHigOe, melting point 122.5° C. is one of the con- Dilan with several synthetic synergists.—Hopkins stituents of the oil responsible for this activity. and Hoffman (Í7P). There were strong indications that the oil contains Epiasarinin, a third diastereomer of sesamin and one or more other active components, but they had asarinin, was prepared by isomerizing them with been neither isolated nor identified. A detailed ethanolic hydrochloric acid. Seven derivatives were study of the oil has led now to the resolution of prepared.—Beroza (52), 72 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DL-sesamin, a pyrethrum Synergist, was numerary molts and died without maturing when synthesized.—Bruchhausen and Lingner (JO), exposed.—Bowers et al. {66), Sesame oil alone did not kill mealybugs, even at An insecticide, dehydrojuvabione, was isolated 4-percent concentration for 96 hours, but in a mix- from wood shavings (2 grams per kilogram of ture with nicotine sulfate (0.15 percent + 1.25 per- wood).—Cemy et al. {80), cent sesame oil) it was quite effective (90- to ABIES CILICICA (Ant. & Kitschy) Carr. Cilician fir. 100-percent kill in 24 hours). In the field the mix- This species is reported to be less susceptible ture gave 97.18-percent control.—Srivastava and than A. nordmanniana to insect attack.—Street^ Awasthi {365), {374), A process for extracting sesamin, sesamolin, and ABIES CONCOLOR (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. Colorado sesamol from sesame oil has been patented. About white fir. Low's white fir. equal amounts of sesame oil and an alkyl nitrile ABIES FRASERI (Pursh) Poir. Fraseras balsam fir. having two to four carbon atoms, such as acetoni- These species are susceptible to attack by trile, are mixed at an optimum temperature of 65° Adelges piceae.—Streets {374), C. for one-half hour, left overnight, and distilled. ABIES GRANDIS (Dougl.) Lindl. Giant fir, lowland The residue contains about 75 percent of the de- fir, grand fir. sired material.—Purdy {308), This tree is comparatively immune from attack The pyrethrin synergists, such as sesamin and by Adelges nusslini.—Streets {374), sesamolin, could be^extracted from sesame oil with ABIES LARix L. butyrolactone at 130° C, cooling to <30°, distilling Extracts were nontoxic to Aedes mosquito the solvent from the lactone layer, and extracting larvae.—Novak {287), the residue with isooctane. The remaining residue ABIES MAGNIFICA A. Murr. Red fir, California red was rich in the synergists. A product having op- fir. timum synergistic activity was obtained when the This species is seldom free from attack by proportion of sesamolin was at least 35 percent and Adelges.—Streets {374), sesamin was 40-60 percent, with the remainder ABIES NORDMANNIANA (Stev.) Spach. Caucasian fatty or waxy compounds.—Tracy {395), fir, Nordmann's fir. The incorporation of 5 percent of sesame oil en- This tree is susceptible to attack by Adelges abled the pyrethrin content of a kerosene spray to nusslini, but less so than Abies alba. It suffers be reduced from 0.1 percent to 0.5 percent without little from A. piceae.—Streets {374)^ marked loss of knockdown of flies in 10 min- ABIES NUMADICA De Lannoy ex Carr. Algerian fir. utes.—Parkin {298). This species is less liable than A. nordmanniana Sesamex enhanced the action of Dilan, pyre- to injury by Adelges nusslini.—Streets {374), thrins, carbaryl, Mobil MCA-600, Pyrolan, Isolan, ABIES PROCERA Rehd. Synonym: A. nobilis. Red HRS 1422, Zectran, diazinon, dimetilan, and lin- fir, noble fir. dane in both susceptible and polyresistant house This tree is liable to injury from Adelges piceae, flies {Musca domestica), Sesamex was a more po- but appears resistant to A. nusslini.—Streets tent Synergist in general than SKF 525- {374). A.—Forgash {U2), ABIES sp. PINACEAE Although high concentrations of a-pinene, jS-pi- nene, terpineol, and limonene were repellent to ABIES ALBA Mill. Synonym: A. pectinata. Euro- scolytus beetles in olfactometric laboratory and pean silver fir, whitewood. field tests, these materials at 2-3 percent were This tree is liable to attack hyAdelges nusslini in attractive. Camphene, bomeol, n-undecane, cedar plantations in Great Britain, but suffers little from oil, dipentene, heptane, methanol, and butanol A, piceae.—Streets {37i), were repellent at all concentrations.—Chararas ABIES BALSAMEA (L.) Miller. Balsam ñr. {84\ A methyl ester of todomatuic acid, designated The resin repelled Hylotrupes abietis beetles.— "juvabione," was isolated from balsam fir bark and Ohnesorge and Serafimovski {289), found to inhibit the maturation of Pyrrhocoris This wood is susceptible to the termite apterus, Last-instar nymphs underwent super- Reticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. {98), INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE UTERATURE, 1954-1971 73
AGATHIS ALBA (Lam.) Foxw. Bindang, island Rhodesia it has no serious pests and the heartwood kauri, East Indies kauri. yields poles that are resistant to borers and not This wood has low resistance to termite attack.— freely attacked by termites, but the sap wood is less Anonymous (11), resistant.—Streets (374). AGATHIS AUSTRALIS Salisb. New Zealand kauri. The timber is similar to that of C. glauca, but not This wood is subject to attack by ter- quite as durable.—Wallis (UO). mites.—Anonymous (7). CALLITRIS GLAUCA R. Brown. Synonym: C. AGATHIS PALMERSTONII F.V.M. Queensland kauri. hugelii. Murray River pine, white cypress pine. AGATHIS ROBUSTA F.M. Bailey. Queensland kauri. In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- In an arrangement of Australian timbers by ance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this wood durability, taking into account resistance to ter- was listed as 71 out of 100 (initially repellent, re- mites and to fungal decay, these woods are listed in maining very resistant).—Wolcott (Jfl9). class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis UIO). The timber is renowned in its native Australia for ARAUCARIA ANGUSTIFOLIA (Bert.) Kuntze. Syno- its high resistance to termite attack.—Streets nym: A. brasiliana. Parana pine. (37JÍ). This wood is susceptible to dry-wood termites.— In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, Anonymous (7). with regard to both termite resistance and resist- In a listing of timbers in descending order of ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this class 1 (very durable) and class 2 (durable).—Wallis wood was listed as 46 out of 100 (more (UO). susceptible).—Wolcott ÍÍ19). CALLITRIS ROBUSTA R. Br. Common cypress pine. Shavings of the wood were neither resistant nor This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- repellent to the termite Reticulitermes lud- terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, fugens.—Martinez (257). Psammotermes fuscofemoraliSy and P. assvaren- In an arrangement of Australian and imported sis.—Kassab et al. (207). timbers by durability, taking into account resist- This tree yields a very useful timber, durable and ance to termites and to fungal decay, this wood is not readily attacked by termites. Planted in Nyasa- listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (ílO). land it provided durable, termite-resistant ARAUCARIA CUNNINGHAMII Sweet. Hoop pine. poles.—Streets (37^). Seedlings of this tree were attacked by termites CALLITRIS spp. in Malaya nurseries.—Streets (37^). The Australian timbers are not attacked by ter- In an arrangement of Australian timbers by mites because of their content of callitrol.—Watt durability, taking into account resistance to ter- and Breyer-Brandwijk (Jill). mites and to fungal decay, this wood is listed in CEDRUS DEODARA (Roxb.) Loud. Deodar. class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (ilO), This wood is recorded from tests in India as re- ARAUCARIA KLINKII Lauterbach. Klinki pine. sistant to termites.—Anonymous (7). In an arrangement of Australian and imported CEDRUS LIBANI Barrel. timbers by durability, taking into account resist- Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens ance to termites and to fungal decay, this wood is larvae.—Novak (287). listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (HO), Wood about 3,000 years old was very resistant to ATHROTAXIS SELAGINOIDES D. Don. King William termites.—Sandermann et al. (331). pine. CHAMAECYPARIS FORMOSENSIS Matsum. In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, In a listing of timbers in descending order of with regard to both termite resistance and resist- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in both wood was listed as 49 out of 100 (initially repellent, class 2 (durable) and class 3 (moderately dur- but more susceptible after 1-year exposure to able).—Wallis^(^iO). air).—Wolcott (Í19). CALUTRIS CALCARATA A. Cunn. ex Mirb. Syno- CHAMAECYPARIS LAwsoNiANA (A. Murr.) Pari. Law- nym: C. endlichen. Black cypress pine. son cypress. The heartwood of this Australian tree is very This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- durable and termite-resistant. Planted in Southern terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, 74 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assua- canthotermes ochraceus y Psammotermes fusco- rensis. The fragrant essential oil makes it repellent femoraliSy and P. assuarensis for 4 months.— to insects.—Streets (874), Kassab et al. (207). In New Zealand the wood is severely attacked by According to Dioscorides, the smoke from the a longhorn borer and a number of defoliating burning cones and twigs of cypress repels insects.—Kassab et al. (207). mosquitoes.—Font Quer (141). CHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS (D. Don) Spach. JuNiPERUS GRACiLiOR Pilger. Sabina. Alaska cedar, yellow cedar. In a listing of timbers in descending order of In a listing of timbers in descending order of resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this wood was listed as 50 out of 100 (less wood was listed as 55 out of 100 (less sus- susceptible).—Wolcott (419). ceptible).—Wolcott (U9), 'JUNIPERUS HISPÁNICA Mill. This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assuaren- Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. as- rensis.—Kassab et al. (207). suarensis.—Kassab et al. (207). The heartwood is susceptible to attack by the JUNIPERUS PROCERA Höchst, ex Endl. East Afri- termite Cryptotermes brevis.—Marchan (255). can juniper, African pencil cedar. The wood is recorded from the West Indies as The heartwood is reported to be immune from susceptible to dry-wood termites.—Anonymous termites.—Anonymous (7). (7). This wood is resistant to the termites CHAMAECYPARIS OBTUSA Sieb. & Zuce. Nasutitermes exitiosus, Coptotermes lacteus, and In a listing of timbers in descending order of C. acinacifermis.—Harrow (171). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this In its native East African highlands this tree is wood was listed as 67 out of 100 (initially repellent susceptible to damage by borers.—Streets (374). and resistant after 1 year).—Wolcott (419). JUNIPERUS Sp. CHAMAECYPARIS THYOIDES (L.) B. S. P. Yellow Although high concentrations of a-pinene, cedar. j8-pinene, terpineol, and limonene were repellent to (See Juniperus virginiana for a study of the ef- scolytus beetles in olfactometric laboratory and fects of cedar chests (of various species) on^the field tests, these materials at 2-3 percent were webbing clothes moth and the black carpet beetle.) attractive. Camphene, borneol, n-undecane, cedar CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA Greene. Synonym: C. oil, dipentene, heptane, methanol, and butanol stephensonii. Arizona cypress. were repellent at all concentrations.—Chararas No pests have been reported from plantations of (84). this species in Southern Rhodesia.—Streets (374). JuNiPERUs VIRGINIANA L. Redcedar. CUPRESSUS LUSITANICA Mill. Mexican cypress, The concentration of cedar oil vapor in a cedar cedar of Goa. chest may range up to 0.6 mg. per liter and this This species in plantations in Kenya is more re- concentration gives on 1-week exposure 91-percent sistant to the timber-borer Oemida gahani than C. mortality of half-grown larvae of the webbing macrocarpa. In Tanganyika the most serious pests clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella). Concentrations are 0. gahani and another cerambycid borer.— of 1-2 mg. per liter are effective in 8-24 hours' Streets (374). exposure.—Huddle and Mills (182). CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA Hartw. Monterey cyp- In a study of the effects of cedar chests on the ress. webbing clothes moth (M) and the black carpet In plantations in Kenya the stem of this tree was beetle (B), chests of this wood (R), of yellow cedar found to be very susceptible to damage by the (Chamaecyparis thyoides) (W), and of South heartwood borer Oemida gahani. In Nigeria it was American cedar (Cedrela odorata) (S) were com- resistant to termites.—Streets (374). pared, using chests of white pine (Pinus strobus) as CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS L. Cypress. controls. There was an inhibitory effect on the Cypress stakes buried in Egyptian soil withstood hatching of the eggs of both species. The reduction attack by the subterranean termites Ana- was to about one-half with M and to about one- INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 75 quarter with B. This result was obtained with R little damage from pests has been recorded.— and S; W was less effective. Young (4 day) M larvae Streets (37J^). were more susceptible than mature ones (21 day), LARIX OCCIDENTALIS Nutt. Tamarack, larch. and these were more susceptible than mature (70 In a Hsting of timbers in descending order of day) B larvae. S caused the highest mortality, but resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this became ineffective after aging 16 months. R was wood was listed as 38 out of 100 (very nearly as effective and showed better keeping qual- susceptible).—Wolcott (il9), ities, becoming almost ineffective against B after 24 Tiie wood is susceptible to termites in the West months. W was inferior to the other woods, and its Indies.—Anonymous (7). effectiveness declined after 16 to 20 months. Ex- LARIX sp. posure of mature larvae of either species had little Although high concentrations of a-pinene, effect on pupation and adult emergence. The only jß-pinene, terpineol, and limonene were repellent to combmation causing significant reduction of these scolytus beetles in olfactometric laboratory and two was R and B. Exposure of newly emerged B field tests, these materials at 2-3 percent were adults did not cause excessive mortality, and al- attractive. Camphene, borneol, 7^-undecane, cedar though there was some mortality with M adults, a oil, heptane, miethanol, and butanol were repellent considerable number of viable eggs were laid.— at all concentrations.—Chararas (8J^), Laudani and Clark (230), The resin repelled Hylotrupes abietis beetles.— This wood is recorded from the West Indies as Ohnesorge and Serofimovski (289), susceptible to dry-wood termites.—Anonymous LiBOCEDRUS DECURRENS Torr. (7). This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- In a listing of timbers in descending order of terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceuSy resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this Psammotermes fuscofemoraliSy and P. assua- wood was listed as 49 out of 100 (more rensis.—Kassab et al. (207), susceptible).—Wolcott ^19), PICEA ABIES (L.) Karst. Synonym: P. The wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- excelsa. Norway spruce. terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceuSy In a study of the biology of Hylobius abietiSy a Psanmotermes fuscofemoraliSy and P. assua- relative of the pine root collar weevil, it was dis- rensis,—Kassab et al. (207), covered that resin, turpentine, and various com- LARIX DECIDUA Mill. Synonym: L. europaea. mercial spruce needle oils w^re repellent and some European larch. even insectiddal. The juice of spruce needles or Plantations of this tree in Great Britain are sub- spruce bark was attractive, and methyl esters of ject to infestations by the larch aphid Adelges long-chain fatty acids were shown to be the com- laricis and the larch casebearer (Coleophora pounds responsible. Methyl linolenate was the best laricella)y but these are normally not serious of of several pure compounds tested as attractants, themselves. They may, however, aggravate the followed by methyl Hnoleate and methyl damage from the fungal disease "larch canker." In oléate.—Hesse et al. (176), New Zealand it is relatively free from pests, but This spruce did not show any repellent effect several defoliators have been reported, and sup- against adults of Pissodes strobi when ground bark pressed trees have been attacked by the wood wasp was placed in a new form of olfactom- Sirex noctilio.—Streets (374), eter.—Anderson and Fisher (25), LARIX EUROLEPIS A. Henry. Dunkeld. Hybrid The soil termite Reticulitermes lucifugens at- larch. tacked this wood more strongly than did R. In Great Britain the pests of this hybrid (of L. flavipesy but the latter showed a lower mortality decidua and L. leptolepis) differ little from those rate.—Schultze-Dewitz (3^2). affecting the latter species.—Streets (37^). Plantations of this tree in New Zealand are se- LARIX LEPTOLEPIS (Sieb. & Zuce.) Gord. Synonym: verely attacked by insect pests, particularly the L. koempferi, Japanese larch. spruce aphid (Elatobium abietinum),—Streets In plantations in Great Britain this tree is less (37Í). subject to attack by the larch canker and the as- In a listing of Australian and imported timbers sociated insects than isL. decidua. In New Zealand by durability, with regard to both termite resist- 76 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE anee and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is caused severe damage in many regions, but on good listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (-4ÍO). sites damage has been light or recovery PICEA ASPERATA Masters. good.—Streets (S7JÍ). This spruce showed no repellency toward adults In a listing of Australian and imported timbers of Pissodes strobi when ground bark was placed in a by durability, with regard to both termite resist- new form of olfactometer.—Anderson and Fisher ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is (25). Usted in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (JflO). PICEA GLAUCA Hort. White spruce. PICEA sp. Spruce. PICEA MARIANA Kuntze. Black spruce. Although high concentrations of a-pinene, These spruces showed repellency toward adults j8-pinene, terpineol, and limonene were repellent to oí Pissodes strobi when ground bark was placed in a scolytus beetles in olfactometric laboratory and new form of olfactometer.—Anderson and Fisher field tests, these materials at 2-3 percent were (25). attractive. Camphene, bomeol, n-undecane, cedar PICEA OBOVATA Ledeb. Siberian spruce. oil, dipentene, heptane, methanol, and butanol This spruce showed no repellency toward adults were repellent at all concentrations.—Chararas of Pissodes strobi when ground bark was placed in a (8J,), new form of olfactometer.—Anderson and Fisher PiNUS ARMANDi Franch. (25). PiNUS BANKSiANA Lamb. PICEA OMARICA Mayr. Omarika spruce. These species are susceptible to the European Omarika is native in the Balkans, but is grown in pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana).—Siegel parts of Germany. It is attacked by several species (SJ^5). of insects in its homeland, but seems not to be very PiNUS CANARiENSis C. Sm. Canary Island pine. susceptible to infestation in Germany. Sap ex- In plantations of this tree in South Africa and pressed from the needles and brushed over the South Australia no significant pests are needles of Picea abies arrested feeding by Gilpinia recorded.—Streets (37J^). hercyniae, G. polytoma, andG. abieticola, whereas PiNUS CARiBAEA Morelet. Honduras pine, Carib- sap from P. abies had no such effect.—Ohnesorge bean pitch pine. and Serafimovski (289). Plantations of this pine in Queensland, Jamaica, In plantations in Great Britain this species seems and Trinidad and Tobago have thus far been free to be little troubled by pests.—Streets (37JÍ). from pests. In nurseries in Sierra Leone the seed PICEA ORIENTAUS (L.) Link. Oriental spruce. must be protected from ants. In South Africa, This tree is said to be more resistant to insect seedlings are attacked by crickets and the trees are attack than P. abies in plantations in Great defoliated from time to time by locusts, but have no Britain.—Streets (37Jf). other serious pests.—Streets (37i). PICEA RUBENS Sargent. Red spruce. PiNUS CEMBRA L. This spruce showed repellency toward adults of This species is resistant to attack by the Euro- Pissodes strobi when the ground bark was placed in pean pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buo- a new form of olfactometer,,—Anderson and Fisher liana).—Siegel (3Jf5). (25). PiNUS CONTORTA Dougl. ex Loud. Beach pine, PICEA SITCHENSIS (Bong.) Carr. Sitka spruce. lodgepole pine. In a listing of timbers in descending order of In plantations of this tree in Great Britain the resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this chief pest is the European pine shoot moth wood was listed as 20 out of 100 (the most suscepti- (Rhyacionia buoliana), which attacks lodgepole ble wood tested).—Wolcott (U9). pine more severely than Scots and Corsican In plantations of this tree in Great Britain the pines.—Streets (37JÍ). aphid Neomyzaphis abietina causes severe defolia- PiNUS couLTERi D. Don. Coulter pine. tion from time to time, but recovery is good except The resin vapor of this pine was toxic to the on dry sites. The bud-feeding sawfly PriMiphora Jeffrey pine beetle (Dendroctonus jeffreyi), of ambigua is found more often on this than on other which it is a host, whereas it was nontoxic to D. species of Picea. In New Zealand it is attacked by monticolae and D. brevicomis, of which it is also the spruce aphid (Elatobium abietinum), which has the host.—Smith (^5^). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE UTERATURE, 1954-1971 77
PiNUS ECHiNATA Mill. Southem yellow shortleaf PiNUS MASSONiANA Lamb. Masson's pine. pine. PiNUSMERKUSiiJungh. & de Vrieses. In a listing of timbers in descending order of No pests are recorded from plantations of these resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this pines in Jamaica.—Streets (37Jf). wood was listed as 55 out of 100 (less PiNus MONTíCOLA Dougl. Western white pine. susceptible).—Wolcott UiP). In a listing of timbers in descending order of PiNUS ELLiOTTii Engelm. Slash pine. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Plantations of this tree in Queensland and South- wood was listed as 55 out of 100 (less em Rhodesia are remarkably free from pests. In susceptible).—Wolcott (UO), South Africa it has suffered little from pests.— The resin vapors were not toxic to the pine bee- Streets {S7Jf). tles Dendroctonus monticolae, D. jeffreyi, and D. In a listing of Australian and imported timbers brevicomis, although it is not a host to the last two by durability, with regard to both termite resist- beetles.—Smith (35i), ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is PiNUS MUGO Turra. listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis {JílO), ^ This species is susceptible to the European pine PiNUS EXCELSA Wall. shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana).—Siegel (3i5), The resin was toxic to Culex pipiens lar- PiNUS MURiCATA D. Don. Bishop pine. vae.—Novak (287), No pests are reported from plantations of this PiNUS FLEXiLis James. species in South Australia, but in New Zealand it is PiNus GRiFFiTHii Pari. rather susceptible to pests. The wood wasp Sirex These species are resistant to attack by the noctilio sometimes causes heavy losses, and a de- European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buo- foliator and a shoot-moth occasion serious dam- liana).—Siegel (3J^5), age.—Streets (374). PiNUS HALEPENSis Mill. Aleppo pine. PiNUS NiGRA Arnold. Synonyms: P. laricio, P. In plantations in South Australia no serious dam- austríaca. Austrian pine. age by pests has occurred to date. In South Africa The only damage reported from plantations of the tree is comparatively resistant to termites and this pine in New Zealand is by occasional attacks of has no serious insect pests.—Streets (S74). Adelges pini on young trees in dry sites.—Streets PiNUS JEFFREYI Grev. and Balf. Jeffrey pine. (374). Th(3 resin vapors were nontoxic to the Jeffrey Although pinidine and another alkaloid (probably pine beetle (Dendroctonus jeffreyi), for which this a-pipecoline) were found in this wood by thin-layer plant is the host. The vapors were toxic to D. chromatography, these alkaloids are not responsi- brevicomiSy for which it is not a host. A hybrid of P. ble for differences in susceptibility to the European jeffreyi and P. ponderosa was toxic to both species pine shoot moth between P. nigra and P. resi- of beetle.—Smith (353,354). nosa.—Siegel (345). PiNUS LAMBERTiANA Douglas. Sugar pine. PiNUS NIGRA var. CALABRiCA (Loud.) Schneid. Wood impregnated with 0.5-percent solutions of No pests have been recorded from plantations of chrysin, a constituent of this plant, repelled attack this tree in South Australia. In southem and east- by Cryptotermes brevis termites for 55 days, but 1 em England it is less liable to insect attack than percent was effective for less than twice as long. Scots pine. In New Zealand the European pine Pinocembrin at 0.5 percent protected wood for 107 shoot moth has caused some forking of the stem and days and 1 percent for 288 days.—^Wolcott (J^17). the wood-wasp Sirex noctilio some mortal- Resin vapors were not toxic to the pine beetles ity.—Streets (374). Dendroctonus monticolaey D. jeffreyi, and D. PiNUS occiDENTALis Sw. West Indian pine, Hai- brevicomis, although it is not a host to the last two tian pine. beetles.—Smith (35JÍ). In a listing of woods in descending order of resist- PiNus LEIOPHYLLA Schlechtend. & Cham. Smooth- ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood leaved pine. was listed as 78 out of 100 (resistant).—Wolcott In plantations in South Africa this tree is se- (419). verely defoliated by Euproctis terminalis No pests have been recorded from plantations of larvae.—Streets (37Jí), this pine in Jamaica.—Streets (374). 78 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
PiNUS PALLASiANA Lamb. The resin vapors were nontoxic to the westem The oleoresin is much more toxic to insects than pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicoms), for which that of P. sylvestris. The oleoresin at low concen- this plant is a host, and toxic to D. jeffreyi, for trations (0.0001-0.006 ml. per square decimeter) which it is not a host. A hybrid of P. Jeffrey i and P. acts upon the middle-aged larvae of the pink flat ponderosa was toxic to both species of bug mainly as a repellent. At concentrations higher beetle.—Smith (853). than 0.006 ml. per square decimeter its toxic effect No pests have been noted from plantations of this increases sharply.—Rudnev and Smelyanets (327). tree in Tasmania and South Australia and no seri- PiNUS PALUSTRis Mill. Southem yellow pine. ous pests in Great Britain. In New Zealand the In a listing of timbers in descending order of wood wasp Sirex noctilio has caused moderate resistance to the termite Cy^ptotermes brevisy this damage, and Hylastes ater, Tortrix spp., and wood was listed as 55 out of 100 (less Adelges pini have caused less damage from time to susceptible).—Wolcott U19). time.—Streets (37i). This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- Trees became infested by the bark beetles Ips terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, confusus and Ips ponderosae. After a few males Psammotermes fuscofemoraliSj and P. assuaren- had been well established, an attractive breeding sis, —Kassab et al. (207). material, which was species specific, was produced No serious pests have been recorded from plan- by male beetles.—Vité and Gara (400). tations of this pine in South Africa. In New Zealand Resin vapor of this pine was toxic to the Jeffrey this species can recover well from even heavy at- pine beetle (Dendroctonus jeffreyi), by which it is tacks of the wood wasp Sirex noctilio.—Streets not attacked, whereas it was not toxic to D. (S7i). monticolae or D. brevicomis, by-which it is attacked.—Smith (854). PiNUS PATULA Schlechten. & Cham. Patula pine. Toxicity of various monoterpene derivatives In plantations of this pine in Jamaica and in of this tree toward the western pine beetle Uganda no pests have been noticed. In Southern (Dendroctonus brevicomis) varied in the order Rhodesia it has thus far been singularly free from limonene > A^-carene > myrcene > ^-pinene =a- pests, although Thrips haernorrhoidalis has caused pinene.—Smith (855). some needle mining in young unthinned stands, and This species of pine is susceptible to attack by the locusts have caused some defoliation, from which European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buo- recovery was rapid. The defoliator Euproctis liana).—Siegel (845). terminalis has occasioned a serious loss of stand in one area of South Africa. In New Zealand it is PiNUS PSEUDOSTROBUS Lindl. Pseudostrobus pine. susceptible to wood wasp attack, especially in Plantations of this pine in South Africa are not crowded stands.—Streets (374). seriously attacked by any pests.—Streets (874)^ PiNus PINASTER Ait. Synonym: P. maritima. PiNUS PUMILÁ Hort. Cluster pine, maritime pine. This species is susceptible to attack by the Euro- No serious damage by insects is recorded in plan- pean pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buo- tations of this pine in Queensland and in South liana).—Siegel (845). Africa. In New Zealand it is susceptible to attack PiNUS RADiATA D. Don. Monterey pine. by a defoliator.—Streets (87Jf). This species is susceptible to the termites PiNUS PiNEA L. Umbrella-pine, stone pine. Nasutitermes exitiosuSy Coptotermes lacteuSy and In Cyprus this pine is attacked by a defoliator, C. acinacefermis.—Harrow (i7i). but usually suffers less than other pines.—Streets In a listing of Australian and introduced timbers (S7Í). by durability, with respect to both termite resist- PiNUS PONDEROSA Dougl. Westem yellow pine, ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is ponderosa pine. listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (410). In a listing of timbers in descending order of Resin vapor from this pine was toxic to the pine resistance to the termite C'injptotermes brems^ this beetles Dendroctonus monticolay D. jeffreyi, and wood was listed as 55 out of 100 (less D. brevicomis y of which it is not a host.—Smith susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). (854). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 79
PiNus RESINOSA Ait. Red pine. needle resin were repellent. The attractant was An ether extract of the bark attracted pine bark extracted with moist ether and proved to be mainly beetles such as Cryphalus fulvus and Myclophilus a mixture of the methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, and piniperda. Attractiveness of the extract resided in linolenic adds. The neutral extract was attractive the crystalline acidic fraction, which was identified at 1:10^ in sugar water, whereas the activities of the as benzoic acid.—Yasunaga et al. (i2í). acids and their methyl esters, respectively, were Young trees in New Zealand plantations have palmitic l:10^ 1:10«; stearic l:10^ l:10^ oleic l:10^ been attacked by aphids, but have recovered when 1:10^«, linoleic 1:10«, 1:W\ and linolenic l:10^ about 10 years old.—Streets i37i). 1:10^^. About 5 x 10^ molecules of methyl linolenate Although pinidine and another alkaloid (probably appear to be attractive to the weevils.—Hesse et a-pipecoline) were found in this wood by thin-layer al. (176). chromatography, these alkaloids are not responsi- Turpentine treated with hydrogen chloride and ble for differences in susceptibility to the European then chlorinated gave a viscous liquid containing 58 pine shoot moth between P. resinosa and P. percent of chlorine that was highly active against nigra.—Siegel (345). flies and potato beetles.—Maier-Bode and Kótz PiNUS RíGIDA Mill. Pitch pine. (250). This species is resistant to attack by the Euro- Chlorination of the camphenic and pinenic frac- pean pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliaym).— tions of Romanian commercial turpentine essence Siegel {3^5). gave insecticides of the ingestion type as active as PiNUS ROXBURGHii Sarg. Synonym: P. longifolia, hndane. Initial turpentine oil and the turpentine Chir pine, long-leaved Indian pine. essence distilled therefrom were chlorinated under Plantations of this pine in South Africa are not, the same conditions, but no insecticidal activity seriously attacked by any pest.—Streets {37^). could be noted.—Bodeo and Koldsy (58). • PiNUS SABiNiANA Dougl. Digger pine. Hylurgops palliotus was strongly repelled by 120 The resin vapor was toxic to the pine beetles mm.^ of a-pinene and slightly repelled by 12 mm.^. Dendroctonus monticolae and D. brevicoTnis and As a 5-percent solution in paraffin, Hylastes ater nontoxic to D. jeffreyi, although the last species is was slightly repelled by the higher concentration not a host to any of these beetles.—Smith (35^), and significantly attracted by the lower.— PiNUS spp. Pines. Perttunen (30J^). Application of turpentine-impregnated diato- Pine sapwood is readily attacked by subterra- maceous earth (the source of the turpentine is not nean termites and is used in tests with soil insec- stated, but was presumably either slash piné^ or ticides as a standard susceptible wood.—Kassab et longleaf pine) to young ears in a cornfield subject to al. (207). a very severe infestation of corn earworms showed Oleoresin exuded from needles was found to be turpentine to possess a promising degree of repel- toxic to sawfly larvae and butterfly caterpillars. lency. The number of fall armyworms was likewise This exudation contains essential oils.—Grimai' skii greatly reduced by this treatment.—Chamberlain (159). (81). ^-Terpineol, a-pinene, A^-carene, and benzoic Several terpenes were derived from turpentine acid were repellent to Blastophagus piniperda bee- and tested for insecticidal properties. The most ef- tles. a-Pinene, A^-carene, and benzoic acid were fective were chlorophene and chlortine-2. The repellent at high concentrations and neutral at low chlorinated products of A^-carene, sylvestrene concentrations. Limonene was at first repellent, dichloride, and several derivatives of dipentane as but soon became neutral.—Kangas et al. (205). well as dipentane dichloride showed hmited insec- Kaempferol was only 15-percent effective against ticidal activities.—Bardyshev and Gusakova (38), the termite Reticuliterrnes lucifugusy whereas The methyl ester of linolenic acid was as attract- pinosylvin monomethyl ether was 78-percent ive to the large brown pine weevil in the field as the effective.—Arndt (29). neutral fraction of the ether extract of pine bark The gypsy moths Lymantria dispar generally and of longer duration.—Kauth and Madel (208). deposit eggs on oak bark. When pine stems were Sap of pine needles and pine bark was very at- sprayed with oak leaf extracts, the females did not tractive to the weevils, but turpentine oil and pine deposit eggs on them.—Adlung (U). 80 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Ethereal oil of pine bark was repellent to Er- regia) from attack for the length of the observation nobius mollis. Coniferous wood became repellent period (3 months).—Wolcott (U9). when treated with oil of turpentine.—Adlung (15). In a listing of Australian and imported timbers Although high concentrations of a-pinene, by durability, with regard to both termite resist- /3-pinene, terpineol, and limonene were repellent to ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is scolytus beetles in olfactometer laboratory and field Hsted in both class 3 (moderately durable) and class tests, these materials at 2S percent were attract- 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (J,10). ive. Camphene, borneol, n-undecane, cedar oil, di- Different terpenic compounds from the oleoresin pentene, heptane, methanol, and butanol were re- were studied for toxicity toward Aradus pellent at all concentrations.—Chararas (8i). cinnamomus and Ips typographus. a-Terpineol The absence of starch, and not the presence of and bomyl acetate were the most toxic, and the extraneous substances, in pinewood is responsible toxicity of terpin diacetate was 10 times higher for its resistance to Lyctus attack.—Khalsa et al. than that of the known insecticide, poly- (209), chloropinene.—Kuznetsov et al. (229). PiNUS STROBUS L. Northein white pine. This species of pine is susceptible to attack by the Chests of the wood were used as checks in a European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buo- study of the effects of cedai' chests on the webbing liana).—Siegel (3i5). clothes moth and the black carpet beetle.—Laudani Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, Haema- and Clark (230). physalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, and When the ground bark was placed in a new form Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the powdered of olfactometer, it showed repellency toward adults leaf were killed in 15, 20, 20, and 30 minutes, of Pissodes strobi, but in the field these trees were respectively.—Reznik and Imbs (319). badly infested. This indicates that although repel- PiNUS TAEDA L. Loblolly pine. lency may be important in determining susceptibil- In a listing of timbers in descending order of ity, other factors must be involved.—Anderson and resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Fisher (25). wood was listed as 22 out of 100 (one of the most Pests in plantations of this tree in New Zealand susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). include cutworms, a scale insect in the nursery, a No pests of importance are recorded from planta- Brionid borer, the wood wasp, and several de- tions of this pine in South Africa, Southern foliators in the forest.—Street (S7Jf). Rhodesia, and South Australia. The tree has PiNUS SYLVESTRis L. Scotch pine. proved singularly free from pests in Fiji. It is the In a listing of timbers in descending order of most susceptible of the "southern pines" to wood resistance to the termite Cr'yptotermes brevis, this wasp attack in New Zealand and should not be wood was listed as very susceptible.—Wolcott thinned during the insect's flight period.—Streets (U19). (37i). Sapwood was very susceptible to attack by the In a listing of Australian and imported timbers termites Reticuliterm.es lucifugus and R. fla- by durability, with regard to both termite resist- vipes.—Becker and Puchett (Í5). ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is The soil termite Reticuliterm.es lucifugus at- listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (ilO). tacked this wood more strongly than did R. Loblolly pine permitted no survival for flavipeSy but the latter showed less mortal- Coptotermes formosanus termites on either oven- ity.—Schultze-Dewitz (3^2). dried or nonoven-dried sawdust.—Smythe and Plantations of this pine in New Zealand are sub- Carter (356). ject to severe attack by the pine aphid, which some- PiNUS THUNBERGIANA FranCO. times causes death of the trees.—Streets (37i). This species is susceptible to attack by the Euro- Immersion for 10 minutes in 0.01-percent solu- pean pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buo- tions of pinosylvin monomethyl ether or dihy- liana).—Siegel (3Jf5). dropinosylvin monomethyl ether, constituents of PsEUDOTSUGA TAXiFOLiA (Poir.) Britton. Syno- the heartwood of Scotch pine, protected samples of nyms: P. menziesii, P. doualasii. Douglas fir, the very susceptible flaml^oyant wood (Delonix Oregon pine. INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE UTERATURE, 1954-1971 81
Although this wood is susceptible to attack by This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- dry-wood termites, the extractive taxifolin is pres- terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, ent in very small amount. A 0.02-percent solution Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assua- impregnated on flamboyant wood repelled attack rensis.—Kassab et al. (207). for 154 days and 0.05 percent for 4 years.—Wolcott No pests are recorded from redwood plantations ai 7). in Great Britain. Pests in New Zealand include the In a listing of timbers in descending order of larva of a longhom beetle that ringbarks young resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this plants, defoliating tortricid moths, and the beetle wood was listed as 55 out of 100 (less Prionoplus reticularisy which attacks the wood of susceptible).—Wolcott iíl9). damaged trees.—Streets (37JÍ). Tlie wood is recorded from the West Indies as The heartwood of this tree is susceptible to at- very susceptible to dry-wood termites.—Anony- tack by the termite Cryptotermes brevis.— mous (7). Marchan (255). T\\e wood is susceptible to the termite In a listing of timbers by durability, with regard Reticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98), to both termite resistance and resistance to fungal No insect pests of economic importance are re- decay, this wood is listed in class 2 (durable). corded from plantations of this tree in Tasmania —Wallis (UO). and Victoria. In New Zealand there are several Both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of redwood minor insect pests, but none has caused any appre- were ineffective against the termite Reticulitermes ciable damage. In Great Britain the aphid Adelges lucifugus.—Arndt (29). cooleyi has caused considerable checks in growth Although redwood sapwood was eaten vora- and loss of stand, as well as distortion of stems, but ciously by Coptotermes formosanus and Reticuli- recovery from such attacks is generally termes flavipes, it permitted no survival and minor good.—Streets (37^). feeding by R. virginicus. It was also moderately In a listing of Australian and imported timbers toxic to R. flavipes, causing about 50-percent by durability, with regard to both termite resist- mortality.—Smythe and Carter (357). ance and resistance to fungal attack, this wood is listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis iílO), TAXODIUM DISTICHUM (L.) Rich. Baldcypress. Douglas-ñr oleoresin and the terpene hydrocar- In a listing of woods in descending order of re- bons (a-pinene, /3-pinene, limonene, camphene, sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this geraniol, and a-terpineol) attracted various bark wood was listed as 79 out of 100 (resistant).— and timber beetles associated with Douglas-fir Wolcott (Jfl9). forests during their flight. In responding to these This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- volatile terpenes the beetles are directed to favora- terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, ble breeding material.—Rudinsky (322). Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assuxir- PsuDOTSUGA TAXiFOLiA var. GLAUCA (Beissn.) ensis.—Kassab et al. (207). Schneid. Synonym: P. menziesii var. glauca. The timber of baldcypress is not susceptible to Colorado blue fír. Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir. insect attack.—Streets (37i). This variety is comparatively resistant to attack THUJA OCCIDENTALIS L. Arborvitae. hyAdelges cooleyi in Gieat Britain.—Streets (37^). Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens SEQUOIA GIGANTEA (Lindl.) Decne. Synonyms: S. larvae.—Novak (287). wellingtonia, Wellingtonia gigantea, Sequoiaden- THUJA PLICATA Donn. Synonym: T. gigantea. dron gigantea. Big-tree, giant sequoia. Western redcedar, giant arborvitae. No pests are recorded from plantations of this This wood is resistant to but not immune from tree in Great Britain.—Streets (37^). damage by termites. The powers of resistance vary SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS (D. Don) Endl. California according to the species of termites.—Anonymous redwood, sequoia. (7). In a listing of timbers in descending order of In a listing of timbers in descending order of resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood was listed as 54 out of 100 (less suscepti- wood was listed as 44 out of 100 (more sus- ble).—Wolcott (J,19). ceptible).—Wolcott (J^19). 82 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- PIPERACEAE terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assuar- PIPER LONGUM L. ensis.—Kassab et al. (207), Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella The tree is particularly free from insect pests in maculipennis would not feed on untreated plants, plantations in Great Britain. Pests in New Zealand but treatment with sinigrin elicited some feeding include the longhorn borer Ambeodontus tristis and response.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162), the defoliator Tortrix excessana^ but damage is PIPER LONGUM L. usually not very heavy.—Streets {STJi). The Synergist sesamin was isolated from the In an arrangement of Australian and imported roots and fruits of this plant.—Atal et al. (32), timbers by durability, taking into account resist- PIPER NIGRUM L. Black pepper. ance to termites and to fungal decay, this wood is Piperettine, isolated from black pepper extracts, listed in class 2 (durable).—Wallis {UO). showed neither knockdown nor toxicity>*to house Various components of the wood were tested for flies, but exhibited a high degree of synergism with their effectiveness (mortality) against the termite pyrethrins. Practically no synergism was shown Reticulitermes flavipes wiüi the following results: with allethrin.—Gersdorff and Piquett (157), Thujic acid, 10 percent; water-soluble fraction of Eating black pepper is supposed to give the acetone, 12 percent; tropalone fraction, 14 percent; human body a mosquito-repellent odor in East a-thujaplicin, 21 percent; jS-thujaplicin, 25 percent; Africa.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk iíll). and neutral ethereal oil, 98 percent.—Arndt (29), Three constituents of pepper (piperine, cha- THUJA sp. vicine, and oleoresin) were tested as insecticides Although high concent;rations of a-pinene, and as synergists with pyrethrins and allethrin j8-pinene, terpineol, and limonene were repellent to against the adult house fly Musca domestica vicimi scolytus beetles in olfactometric laboratory and and larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens. field tests, these materials at 2-3 percent were As insecticides they were much less toxic than attractive. Camphene, borneol, n-undecane, cedar pyrethrins, but they were effective synergists with oil, dipentene, heptane, methanol, and butanol pyrethrins and allethrin.—Matsubara and Tani- were repellent at all concentrations.—Chararas mura (260), m). A gas Chromatographie method was developed for the determination of piperonyl butoxide in the TsuGA CANADENSis (L.) Can. Eastern hemlock. technical product. The procedure is also applicable In a listing of timbers in descending order of to common blends of pyrethrins and piperonyl resistance to the termite Crfjptotermes hrevis, this butoxide.—Miller and Tweet (271), wood was listed as Z'ö out of 100 (very sus- PIPER NOVAE-HOLLANDIAE Miq. ceptible).—Wolcott {U9). The insecticidal compounds N-isobutyl-irans-2, TsuGA HETEROPHYLLA (Raf.) Sarg. Synonym: T. ¿rans-4-decadienamide, fagaramide, and piperine, albertiana. Western hemlock. as well as N-isobutyUrans-2, ¿raris-4-octadiena- Plantations of this conifer in Great Britain have mide, 3, 4-methylenedioxycinnamoly-piperidide, no serious insect pests.—Streets (37^). piperlonguminine, dillapiole, and an isomer of In a listing of Australian and imported timbers piperine (probably chavicine) were isolated from by durability, with regard to both termite resist- extracts of the wood of this tree.—Loder et al. ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is (237), listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (HO). PIPER PEEPULOIDES Royle. Petroleum ether extract of the fruits at 0.125 TsUGA sp. percent and 0.625 percent showed both insecticidal The resin repelled Hylotrupes abietis bee- and larvicidal properties (knockdown within 20-25 tles.—Ohnesorge and Serafimovski (289). minutes and 60- to 100-percent mortality within 24 WiDDRINGTONIA Spp. hours) as sprays with adults of Musca domestica The fragrant wood is an insect repellent because nebulo and larvae and adults oiAedes aegypti. The of a volatile oil present in it.—Watt and Breyer- extract was inactive as a fumigant.—Srivastava Brandwijk(4ii). (368), INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 83
PIPER sp. by durability, with regard to both termite resist- Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity listed in class 3 (moderately durable).—Wallis against larvae or adults of the boll weevil.— (ilO). Matteson et al. (262). DACRYDIUM FI^VNKLINII Hook. f. Huon pine. PIPER UMBELLATUM L. In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, The essential oils of this plant possess strong with regard to both termite resistance and resist- insect-repellent qualities, but the effect only lasts ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 2 1-2 hours, since the oil is quite volatile. The effect (durable).—Wallis HlO). may be prolonged by adding a mixture of glycerol PHYLLOCLADUS RHOMBOIDALIS Rich. Celery-top and alcohol.—Chartol (85), pine. In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, PITTOSPORACEAE with regard to both termite resistance and resist- ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 2 PiTTOSPORUM TOBIRA (Thuub.) Ait. (durable).—Wallis (J^IO). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this PoDOCARPUS MACROPHYLLUS D. Don. Inumaki. shrub failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to lar- The wood, which is well known for its resistance vae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. to termites, has yielded the known bisnorditer- (262). penoid, inumakilactone, melting point 29r-293° C, C22H24O10, and "compound A," melting point PLANTAGINACEAE 286°-292°, C18H24O10, which is also soluble in water. Both compounds, especially inumakilactone, are PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. Ribgrass, buckhom, highly toxic to the Formosan subterranean termite narrow-leaf plantain. (Coptotermes formosanus).—Saeki et al. (328). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extract of this PoDOCARPUs SPICATUS R. Br. Matai, black pine. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to This species is susceptible to the termites larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. Nasutitermes exitiosus, Coptotermes lacteuSy and (262). C. acinacifermis. —Harrow (171). This weed served as principal host of the corn In a listing of Australian and imported timbers root webworm (Crambus caliginosellus) in south- by durability, with regard to both termite resist- em Virginia and appeared to be preferred to ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is com.—Dominick (127). Usted in both class 2 (durable) and class 3 (moder- PLANTAGO sp. ately durable).—Wallis (Í10). Water-soluble substances from fresh leaves, spotted on filter paper, elicited slight biting re- POLEMONIACEAE sponses from homworm larvae.—Yamamoto and PHLOX ADSURGENS Torr. Fraenkel (Í23). Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella PLANTAGO spp. Plantain. maculipennis fed on this plant, but more readily These plants were rejected by the tobacco when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and hornworm Protoparce sexta.—Fraenkel (IM, Thorsteinson (162). PLATANACEAE POLYGONACEAE PLAITVAUS OCCIDENTALIS L. Sycamore. CoccoLOBA GRANDiFOLiA Facq. Moralon. This tree was not infested during an outbreak of In a listing of timbers in descending order of the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) in resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this south Louisiana.—Oliver (291). wood was listed as 66 out of 100 (resist- PODOCARPACEAE ant).—Wolcott (J,19). CoccoLOBA RUGOSA Desf. Ortpgou. DACRYDIUM CUPRESSINUM Solander. Rimu. In a listing of timbers in descending order of In a listing of Australian and imported timbers resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevisy this 84 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
wood was listed as 72 out of 100 (resist- was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti ant).—Wolcott (4iP). mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). CoccoLOBA uviFERA L. Seagrape. CYCLAMEN EUROPAEUM L. Alpine violet. In a listing of timbers in descending order of Filter papers impregnated with 0.5-percent or resistance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this 3-percent solutions of cyclamin, a triterpene sapo- wood was listed as 30 out of 100 (very nin from the tubers of this plant, were toxic to susceptible).—Wolcott {U9). Reticulitermes flavipes termites and greatly in- POLYGONUM AMPHIBIUM L. hibited feeding.—Tschesche et al. (398). About 81 percent of Melanoplus femurrubrum LYSIMACHIA PUNCTATA L. Spotted loose-strife. grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a Aqueous extracts of this plant were nontoxic to diet containing extracts of this plant.—Mulkem house flies, but ether extracts and extracts made and Toczek {280). with buffer solutions (pH 4 or 9) were active on POLYGONUM CUSPIDATUM Sieb. & ZuCC. contact. The ether extract retained its activity for Leaves of this plant were normally accepted for 48 hours after spraying.—Srbova and Palaveyeva feeding by Spodoptera littoralis^—Wadsi et al. (363). iiOô). PRIMULA ELATioR Jacq. POLYGONUM HYDROPIPER L. Filter papers impregnated with 3-percent solu- It is reported'lhat when wounds or sores on tions of the saponin obtained from the roots of this horses are washed with a decoction of this herb, plant were toxic to Reticulitermes flavipes ter- flies avoid them and will not approach and molest mites and inhibited feeding by this insect; 0.05- the animals even in the heat of summer.—Font percent and 0.5-percent solutions were inef- Quer(i^i). fective.—Tschesche et al. (398). RuMEX CRISPUS L. Yellow dock. This plant has been used for destroying para- PROTEACEAE sites. The activity is probably due to chrysophanic acid.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). GREVILLEA ROBUSTA Cunn. Australian silver oak. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this silky-oak grevillea. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to In a listing of timbers in descending order of larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brems y this (262). wood was listed as 21 out of 100 (one of the most Only 36 percent of Melanoplus femurrubrum susceptible).—Wolcott (419). grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a In plantations in Tanganyika, young plants are diet containing extracts of this plant.—Mulkem susceptible to termites, but less so than most and Toczek (280). species of Eucalyptus. The sapwood is not durable RuMEx sp. Sheep sorrel. and is quickly invaded by bostrychid borers and furniture beetles.—Streets (37J^). Adult black vine weevils (Brachyrhinus sul- catus) did not survive to oviposit when fed on leaves of this plant.—Cram imd Pearson (99). PUNICACEAE
TRIPLARIS SURINAMENSIS Chem. PúNICA GRANATUM L. In a Hsting of timbers in descending order of Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this maculipennis would not feed on this plant even wood was listed as 28 out oí' 100 (one of the most when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and susceptible).—Wolcott (Í19). Thorsteinson (162).
PRIMULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE
ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS L. AcoNiTUM FERox Wall. Indian aconite. The plant is repellent to insects.—Watt and An extract prepared by extracting 30 grams of Breyer-Brandwijk iill). dry root with 1 liter of hot water killed 50 percent An alcohol extract of the herb, used as a spray, each of the wheat aphid Ap^is maidis, the mustard INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 85 aphid Siphocoryne indobrasicaey and the radish ascribed to the fixed oil.—Watt and Breyer- aphid Rhopopalosipkum pseudobrassicae when Brandwijk (411). sprayed on the insects. Higher mortahty was ob- DELPHINIUM CHíNENSE Fisch. tainiid with higher concentration. The powdered Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella dry root was dusted on wet foliage and larvae were maculipennis would not feed on this plant even allowed to feed thereon. Over 56 percent of the when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and khmf grsisshopper Hieroglyplus nigrorepletus, the Thorsteinson (162). red pumpkin beetle Anacophora foveicollis, and DELPHINIUM CONSOLIDA L. Forking larkspur. the mustard sawfly Athalia próxima larvae were An alkaloid insecticide extracted from the plant killed, but the toxicity to larvae of the banded showed high toxicity against lice and nits both in blister beetle Mylabis phalerata was very the laboratory and in the field.—Strzelecka and low. —Sriv^stava (368). Wojciskowa (376). An alcohol extract of the roots, used as a spray, The insecticidal properties of this plant reported was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti in the literature were confirmed in tests on house mosifuitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). flies. All parts were active, but the most potent ACONITUM LYCOCTONUM L. extracts were ether extracts of the seeds.—Srbova Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens and Palaveyeva (363). larvae.—Novak (287). DELPHINIUM ORIENTALE J. Gray. Oriental lark- ACONITUM Sp. spur. Notes are given on when to collect the plant and Ether extracts of the seeds of this plant were how to prepare infusions that are poisonous ' to more toxic to house flies than similar extracts oîD. many orchard insects. Spray appUcations of infu- consolida and retained high activity 4 days after sions were particularly effective against the green spraying.—Srbova and Palaveyeva (363). appl<3 aphid.—Koroleva (222). DELPHINIUM STAPHISAGRIA L. Stavesacre. ACTAEA SPICATA L. An alcohol extract of the seeds was less toxic This plant can be used externally in lotions or than sabadilla to lice, but it was more toxic than mixed with unsalted hog fat to cure the mange and veratrum root.—Strzelecka and Wojciskowa (376). kill insects. One must carefully avoid all internal The seeds were formerly used to a considerable use.—Font Quer (Ul)- extent, but only externally against lice.—Font CiMiciFUGA FOETIDA L. Skunk bugbane. Quer a^i). This plant gets both its English and Latin name HELLEBORUS ODORUS Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. (cimex = a bug; fugo = I flee) from its former use in Aqueous extracts of this plant were not toxic Russia and Siberia as an insecticide.—Ingerwersen to house flies either on contact or by oral (185). intake.—Srbova and Palaveyeva (363). CLEMATIS sp. NiGELLA SATIVA L. Small fennel, black cumin. Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella macu- The vapors kill fleas, flies, and mosqui- lipennis would not feed on untreated plants, but toes.—Font Quer (Ul). treatment with sinigrin elicited some feeding It is a common practice in India to scatter the response.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162). seeds between the folds of woolen garments to pro- CONSOUDA REGALIS L. tect them from insect attack. A petroleum ether Benzene and chloroform extracts containing total extract of the seeds, used as a spray, showed low alkaloids of the plant killed 100 percent of lice and toxicity to Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and an al- nits on 2-hour exposure. Extracts containing no cohol extract was nontoxic to these insects and to alkaloids were practically ineffective. In tests with house flies.—Abrol and Chopra (12). lice, delsoline and the amorphous mixture of al- RANUNCULUS ILLYRICUS L. kaloids were 100-percent lethal in a 1:2,000 dilution Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, Hae- (1-hour exposure).—Strzelecka (S75). maphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, and DELPHINIUM AJACIS L. Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the powdered The seeds have been used since antiquity for flowers died in 43, 60, 50, and 60 minutes, destruction of body parasites; the effects were respectively.—Reznik and Imbs (319). 86 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STAPHYSAGRIA sp. flowers were killed in 80, 105, 90, and 120 minutes, Seeds of the plant taken internally repel insects, respectively.—Reznik and Imbs (319). especially mosquitoes and some flies, that alight on GEUM URBANUM L. the skin. The product contains 0.00004 part by Anthonomus rubi showed very low fertility weight of powdered seed and seems to be absorbed when reared on this plant.—Lekic (231). by the tongue and mucous membrane. It is adminis- LICANIA DENSIFLORA Kelinh. Marishiballi. tered every 4 hours the day before exposure and In a listing of timbers in descending order of twice a day during exposure.—Trexler (S97). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this wood was listed as 62 out of 100 (résist- RHAMNACEAE ant).—Wolcott (U9). MALUS sp. Apple. KRUGIODENDRON FERREUM (Vahl) Urban. Palo, Apple trees are rarely attacked by larvae of the Bois de Fer. In a listing of woods in descending order of re- gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar).—Adlung (U). sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Apple trees are reported to be resistant to the woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) and to wood was listed as 83 out of 100 (repellent and very the appje-grass aphid Rhopalosiphum inser- resistant).—Wolcott U19), tum.—Briggs (^<^). MAESOPSIS EMINII Engl. Musizi. PADUS RACEMOSUS Gilib. Synonym: Prunus This wood is reported to be susceptible to ter- padus. European bird cherry. mites in Nigeria and Uganda.—Anonymous (3). Malaria mosquitoes were killed by 60 mg. of fresh RHAMNUS CRENATA Sieb. & Zuce. buds or 80 mg. of kernels in a test tube at a distance Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella of 5 cm. or more. Other mosquitoes, midges, house maculipennis would not feed on untreated plants, flies, and autumn stable flies succumbed in 10 to 40 but treatment with sinigrin elicited some feeding seconds. The bark killed Anopheles^ Culex, and response.—Gupta and Thorsteinson (162). Aedes mosquitoes in 20 minutes. Larvae and males ZiziPHUS sp. oí Ixodes ricinus persulcatus died in 7-10 minutes, Wood about 4,000 years old, found to contain females in 25-30 minutes. The toxicant responsible anthraquinone derivatives, was very resistant to is probably hydrocyanic acid, released from the termites.—Sandermann et al. (331). plant when crushed. Several insects, especially the RHIZOPHORACEAE weevil Furcipes rectirostris, are not affected by this plant and even attack it.—Olenew (290). ANOPYXIS BLAINESNE Engl. Bodioa. PRUNUS AMYGDALUS var. AMARA. Batsch. Bitter This wood is resistant to the termite Re- almond. ticulitermes lucifugiis.—Coudreau et al. (98). A twig of bitter almond kept in a room is said to PoGA OLEASE Pierre. dispel the house fly. When applied to the head, it is This wood is susceptible to the termite Re- said to kill lice.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk ticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. (98). (ill)^ RHIZOPHORA MANGLE L. Red mangrove. PRUNUS CAROLINIANA Ait. In a listing of timbers in descending order of Macerated foliage was effective when used in resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this insect-killing jars. Analysis showed the production wood was listed as 50 out of 100 (less of hydrocyanic acid by macerated foliage, stem and susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). root bark, pericarp of fruit, and seed of the ROSACEAE drupe.—Hall et al. (166). PRUNUS LAUROCERASUS L. FILIPéNDULA HEXAPETALA Gilib. Dropwort. Leaf extracts were nontoxic to Culex pipiens Aqueous extracts of this plant were not toxic larvae.—Novak (287). to house flies either on contact or by oral PRUNUS OCCIDENTALIS SW. Almendron, Cujani. intake.—Srbova and Palaveyeva (363). In a Hsting of woods in descending order of re- Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzeva, Hae- sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this maphysalis punctatüy Rhipicephalus rossicus, and wood was listed as 84 out of 100 (repellent and very Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the powdered resistant).—Wolcott (iW). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 87
The heartwood of this tree is more resistant to timber. Its effectiveness against Buprestidae, the West Indian dry-wood termite Cryptotermes Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, Platypodidae, and brevis than is West Indian mahogany.—Wolcott Scolytidae is doubtful.—Roonwald et al. (321). (US). CEPHAELIS IPECACUANHA (Brot.) A. Rich. PRUNUS PéRSICA (L.) Batsch. Peach. Ipecacuanha. Peaches growing near corn heavily infested with Emetine hydrochloride, fed daily to adult screw- the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) were worm flies (Cochliomyia hominivorax) at 0.01 per- subject to slight attack by migrating caterpillars of cent, caused fecundity to drop to 28 percent ofthat this pest.—Hough (181). of the controls, but the hatchability of the eggs Alcohol extracts of the leaves and the bark, used laid was not affected. If it was fed at 0.025 percent, as s])rays, were nontoxic to house flies and Aedes no eggs were produced. Since it is effective only aegypti mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). following multiple doses, emetine offers no appar- PRUNUS SERóTINA Ehrh. Northern black cherry, ent promise as an insect chemosterilant.—Crystal rum cherry. (107). In a listing of timbers in descending order of COFFEA ARABICA L. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this In a listing of timbers in descending order of wood was listed as 28 out of 100 (one of the most resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this susceptible).—Wolcott (U9). wood was listed as 28 out of 100 (one of the most Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to larvae Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. (262). tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to larvae QuiLLAJA SAPONARIA Molina. Soap bark, Panama or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. (262). wood. CUNNINGHAMIA SINENSIS R. BrOWn. Filter papers impregnated with 3-percent solu- In a listing of timbers in descending order of tions of the saponin obtained from the bark of this resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis y this plant were toxic toReticulitermesflavipes termites wood was listed as 48 out of 100 (more sus- and inhibited their feeding; 0.05-percent and ceptible).—Wolcott (il9). 0.5-percent solutions were ineffective.—Tschesche GENIPA AMERICANA L. Geniporana, jagua. et al. (398). In a listing of timbers in descending order of RiBES sp. Black currant. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Black currant is reported to be resistant to the wood was listed as 34 out of 100 (very sus- gall mite Phytoptus ribis.—Briggs (^<^). ceptible).—Wolcott (il9). ROSA ARKANSANA Port & Coult. GuETTARDA LAEVis Urban. Cucubano. Melanoplusfemurrubrum grasshoppers failed to In a listing of timbers in descending order of reach adulthood when reared on a diet containing resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczek (280). wood was listed as 29 out of 100 (one of the most ROSA sp. susceptible).—Wolcott (419). Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella ma- IxoRA MACROTHYRSA (Teijsm. & Binn.) Moore. culipennis would not feed on this plant even when Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and Thors- species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to teinson (162). larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. RuBus sp. (262). Raspberry plants are reported to be resistant to LAUGERIA RESINOSA Vahl. Aquelon. the rubus aphid Amphorophora rubi.—Briggs (68). In a listing of timbers in descending order of resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this RUBIACEAE wood was listed as 52 out of 100 (less sus- ceptible).—Wolcott (419). ADINA CORDIFOLIA Benth. & Hook. f. MiTRAGYNA ciLiATA Aubrev. & Pellegr. Abura. A 5-percent alcohol extract of the leaves gave Tests in Nigeria indicate that this wood is not complete protection against powderpost beetles, resistant to subterranean termites.—Anonymous Bostrychidae, for 12 months when brushed on (3). 88 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
MiTRAGYNA MACROPHYLLA Hiem. The crushed leaves are scattered under the bed Shavings of this wood were neither repellent nor linen in India to ward off bugs and fleas at night. An resistant to the termite Reticulitermes luci- alcohol extract of the leaves was not toxic to house fugens.—Martinez (257). flies when used as a spray.—Abrol and Chopra (12). NAUCLEA DIDERICHII Merrill. CITRUS AURANTIUM L. This wood is resistant to the termite Reti- Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella culitermes lucifugens.—Coudreau et al. (98), maculipennis would not feed on this plant even RANDIA DUMETORUM Lam. when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and A petroleum ether extract, of the fruit, used as a Thorsteinson (162). spray, showed little toxidty to house flies, but was CITRUS MEDICA var. LIMONUM (Risso) Hook. repellent to Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.—Abrol and Lemon. Chopra (12), An effective germicide with good sporicidal and SARCOCEPHALUS DIDERICHII De Wild. Opepe. fungicidal activities was synthesized from ber- This wood is recorded as resistant to termites in gamot and lemon essential oils, chlorophyllin, and a West Africa.—Anonymous (3), quaternary ammonium compound. The mixture In a listing of timbers in descending order of was called "Bergafill."—Macri et al. (2^- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this CITRUS SINENSIS (L.) Osbeck. Orange. wood was listed as 32 out of 100 (very sus- In a listing of timbers in descending order of ceptible).—Wolcott (U9). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, SARCOCEPHALUS TRILLESII Piene. orange wood was listed as 27 out of 100 (one of the Shavings of this wood were neither repellent nor most susceptible).—Wolcott iíl9). resistant to the termite Reticulitermes luci- EuxYLOPHORA PARAENSis Huber. Brazilian satin- fugens.—Martinez (257). wood. XEROMPHIS NILOTIC A Keay. In a listing of timbers in descending order of It has been said that this plant is used as an resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this insecticide, but this activity has not been con- wood was listed as 68 out of 100 (resist- firmed. —Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). ant).—Wolcott (U9). XEROMPHIS SPINOSA Keay. PAGARA FLAVUM Vahl. Satinwood. In India the bruised fruit is mixed with grain to In a listing of timbers in descending order of preserve the latter from attack by insects. A resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this 10-percent aqueous extract of the root is effective wood was listed as 72 out of 100 (resist- against green scale of coffee.—Watt and Breyer- ant).—Wolcott (419). Brandwijk (ill). PAGARA MACROPHYLLA (Oliv.) Engler. In a listing of woods in descending order of re- RUTACEAE sistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this wood was listed as 85 out of 100 (repellent and very AMYRIS ELEMIFERA L. Torchwood. resistant).—Wolcott (419). In a listing of woods in descending order of re- PAGARA TRINITENSIS (Williams) J. S. Beard. sistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this Bosoo, TEpinet. wood was listed as 100 out of 100 (totally to very In a listing of timbers in descending order of resistant).—Wolcott (JfW). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this BOENNINGHAUSENIA ALBIFLORA Reichb. wood was listed as 74 out of 100 (resist- An alcohol extract of the leaves and the resin ant).—Wolcott (419). from this extract gave no protection from termites PAGARA XANTHOXYLOIDES L. Synonym: Zan- to timbers.—Roonwald et al. (321). thoxylum senegalense. The essential oil extracted from the leaves of The substance that produces a sialagogue effect this plant was a strong repellent to dog fleas and local anesthesia of mucous membranes was (Ctenocephalides canis)^ lasting for about iy2 hours shown to be A^-isobutyl-¿rans-2,¿ra^s-4-decadiena- when spread on the skin. It was nontoxic to the mide.—Bowden et al. (63). subjects, but had a strong disagreeable PuNDERSiANA IFFLAIANA F. V. M. Hickory ash. odor.—Chatterjee et al. (<^^). Cairns hickory. INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 89
In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, were shown to be forms of neoherculin (N- with regard to both termite resistance and re- isobutyl-2,6,8,10-dodecatetraenamide).—Crombie sistance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class and Taylor (106), 2 (durable).—Wallis {UO). RUTA GRAVEOLENS L. Common rue. SABIACEAE Aqueous extracts of this plant were nontoxic to house flies either on contact or by oral MELIOSMA HERBERTI Rolfe. Aguacatillo, Cacao intake.—Srbova and Palaveyeva {863). Bobo. SKIM MIA LAUREOLA Thunb. In a listing of timbers in descending order of Alcohol and ether extracts of the roots, used as resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this sprays, were nontoxic to house flies and Aedes wood was Usted as 38 out of 100 (very sus- aegypti mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12), ceptible).—Wolcott (U9), THAäINOSMA AFRICANA Engl. This plant has been used as a flea and ant repel- SALICACEAE lent by simply throwing the bush into dog kennels PopuLUS ALBA L. White poplar. and chicken runs.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk Poplar stakes buried in Egyptian soil withstood attack by the subterranean termites Anacan- ZANTOOXYLUM ALATUM Roxb. Prickly-ash. thoterm.es ochraceuSy Psammotermes fusco- Locusta migratoria nymphs dusted with the femoraliSy and P. assuanensis for 6 months.— powdered stem bark were knocked down in 1.5-2 Kassab et al. (207). hours, with complete mortality in 24 hours. PopuLUS CANESCENS (Ait.) Sm. Gray poplar. Nymphs exposed to the essential oil of the fruits No specific pests are on record for this tree in lost their sense of orientation in 20 minutes, but Southern Rhodesia.—Streets (374,). showed only 40-percent mortality in 24 hours.— PopULUs DELTOIDES Marsh. Carolina poplar, east- Mathur et al. (259), em cottonwood. The steam-distilled oil from the fruit, sprayed on The only serious pest in plantations of this tree in house flies, caused 90-percent mortality in 24 South Africa is the wood-boring larvae of the moth hours.—Abrol and Chopra (12), Teragra guttifera.—Streets (37i). Spilanthol, a compound displaying strong in- No Melanoplus femurrubrum. grasshoppers sectieidal properties, was isolated from this reached adulthood when reared on a diet containing plant.—Nazir and Handa (285), extracts of this plant.—Mulkem and Toczek (280). ZANTHOXYLUM CLAVA-HERCULIS L. Southern PoPULUS PYRAMIDALIS R. Salisb. prickly-ash. Extracts were nontoxic to Aedes mosquito lar- The structure of the insecticidal component, her- vae.—Novak (287). culin, isolated from the bark was disproved and S ALIX ALBA L. White willow. another insecticidal component named "neohercu- No pests are recorded from plantations of lin" was described.—Crombie (100). this willow^ in the Himachal Pradesh region of dZ-Asarinin, a pyrethrum Synergist derived from India.—Streets (374). this plant, was synthesized.—Bruchhausen and S ALIX BABYLONICA L. Lingner (70), Extracts were nontoxic to Aedes mosquito Four acetylenic amides related to neoherculin larvae.—Novak (287). were synthesized. Their insecticidal activity was SALIX CAERULEA Sm. Synonym: S. alba var. not discussed.—Crombie and Manzoor-i-Khuda caerulea. (105). No pests are recorded from plantations of this ZANTHOXYLUM MARTiNiCENSE (Lam.) DC. tree in the Himachal Pradesh region of In a listing of timbers in descending order of India.—Streets (374), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this SALIX HUMBOLDTIANA Willd. Humboldt's willow. wood was listed as 27 out of 100 (one of the most In a listing of timbers in descending order of susceptible).—Wolcott (^19), resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this ZANTHOXYLUM PIPERITUM DC. wood was listed as 20 out of 100 (one of the most Sanshool I and sanshool II, identified in 1950, susceptible).—Wolcott (419). 90 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
S ALIX NiGRA Marsh. Black ovillo w. BuMELiA TENAX (L.) Willd. Tough buckthorn, This tree has been seriously infested during an ironwood. outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this disstria) in southern Louisiana.—Oliver (291), tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to larvae SALIX spp. or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. (262), Some willows are resistant to Earias Morana^ MADHUCA BETIS Macbride. and this appears to be due to the presence of Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract high concentrations of tannins and organic acids, of the wood and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes catechins, and substances similar to querci- termites killed 80 percent and damaged 20 percent trin.—Kurir (228). of the insects.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330), Only 30 percent of Melanoplus femurrubrum MADHUCA UTILIS (Ridley) Lam. Bitis. grasshoppers reached adulthood when reared on a This timber is sufficiently durable to be safe for diet containing extracts of tltiese plants.—Mulkem use without preservative treatment even when ex- and Toczek (280), posed to termites.—Anonymous (4). SALIX TETRASPERMA Roxb. Egyptian willow. MANILKARA BIDENTATA (A.DC.) A. Chev. Ausubo, Willow stakes buried in Egyptian sou withstood balata. attack by the subterranean termites Anacan- In a listing of timbers in descending order of thotermes ochradeuSy Psammotermes fuscofe- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this moralis, and P. assitarensis for 4 months.— wood was listed as 48 out of 100 (less sus- Kassab et al. (207). ceptible).—Wolcott (Í19), MANILKARA HUBERI (Ducke) Standl. Massaran- SANTALACEAE duba. SANTALUM FREYCINETIANUM (>aud. Sandalwood. In a listing of woods in descending order of re- In a listing of timbers in descending order of sistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this wood was listed as 81 out of 100 (repellent and very wood was listed as 66 out of 100 (resist- resistant).—Wolcott (419), ant).—Wolcott (U9). MicROPHOLis CHRYSOPHYLLOIDES Pierre. Leche Prieto. SAPINDACEAE In a listing of timbers in descending order of CuPANiA AMERICANA L. Guara. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this In a listing of timbers in descending order of wood was listed as 48 out of 100 (more sus- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this ceptible).—Wolcott (il9). wood was listed as 23 out of 100 (one of the most MicROPHOLisGARCiNiFOLiAPierre. Caimitillo verde. susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). In a listing of timbers in descending order of MATAYBA DOMINGENSIS (DC.) Radlk. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this In a listing of timbers in descending order of wood was listed as 37 out of 100 (very sus- resistance to the termite Cryptoterynes brems, this ceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9), wood was listed as 27 out of 100 (one of the most MiMUSOPS HECKELii (A. Chev.) Hutch. & Dalz. susceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9), Makore, baku. This wood is recorded in Nigeria as very re- SAPOTACEAE sistant to termites.—Anonymous (3), ACHRAS ZAPOTA L. MiMUSOPS HEXANDRA Roxb. Wood about 1,000 years old and its ethanolic ex- The wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- tracts were very toxic to tesrmites.—Sandermann terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, et al. (331)\ Sandermann and Funke (331a), Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assuar- BASSIA LONGIFOLIA L. ensis.—Kassab et al. (207), This wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, MiMUSOPS scHiMPERi Hochst. Persee. Psammotermes fuscofemoraliSy and P. assuar- Stakes of the wood buried in Egyptian soil with- ensis.—Kassab et al. (207), stood attack by the subterranean termites Anacan- INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE UTERATURE, 1954-1971 91 thotermes ochraceus, Psammotermes fuscofem- house flies on contact.—SrtTova and Palaveyeva oraliSy and P. assuarensis for 6 months.— (368). Kassab et al. (207). DIGITALIS LANATA Ehrh. PAIJVQUIUM RIDLEYI King & Gamble. Bitis. DIGITALIS PURPUREA L. Foxglove. PALAQUIUM STELLATUM King & Gamble. Bitis. Lanatasaponin, isolated from the seeds of D. ITiese timbers are sufficiently durable to be safe lanata, was toxic to Reticulitermes flavipes ter- for use without preservative treatment even when mites and prevented feeding when tested as a exposed to termites.—Anonymous (^). 3-percent solution on filter paper. Digitonin, from POIJTERIA DEMERARAE Sandw. Asipoko. the seeds ofD. purpurea, was toxic and prevented In a listing of timbers in descending order of feeding at 0.5 percent.—Tschesche et al. (398). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this LINARIA VULGARIS Mill. Butter-and-eggs toadflax. wood was listed as 56 out of 100 (less sus- Extracts of this plant were toxic to house flies on ceptible).—Wolcott U19). contact. Aqueous extracts were inactive, whereas PouTERiA MUL'nFOLORA A. DC. Jacana, acana. extracts made with buffer solutions (pH 4 or 9) and In a listing of timbers in descending order of ether extracts were effective.—Srbova and Pala- resistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this veyeva (363). wood was listed as 46 out of 100 (more sus- PENSTEMON GRANDIFLORUS Eras. ceptible).—Wolcott (Í19), Of Melanoplus femurrubrum grasshoppers reared on a diet containing extracts of this plant, 63 SAURURACEAE percent reached adulthood.—Mulkem and Toczec (280). HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA Thuub. VERBASCUM THAPSIFORME Schrad. Wool mullein. An extract of the dried leaves and stems pre- Ether extracts of all parts of this plant were toxic pared with water saturated with 1 percent of to house flies. The authors cite also an early report o-dichlorobenzene was mixed with 1 percent of pen- that the powdered plant failed to affect mosquito tachlorophenol, 1 percent of DDT, a solution of larvae.—Srbova and Palaveyeva (363). 2-percent creosote oil in pine root oil, and 1 percent VERBASCUM THAPSUS L. Common mullein, flan- of paraffin oil. The formulation was used to combat nel-plant. termites and wood-decaying molds.—Chiyoda and Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Hijikura (92). species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to SAXIFRAGACEAE larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. (262). HEUCHERA SANGUíNEA Engelm. When maxillectomized tobacco hornworm larvae Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella were reared on this plant, growth and reproduction maculipennis would not feed on this plant even were poor, probably because of the low rate of when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and feeding. The plant was not converted into body Thorsteinson (162), matter efficiently.—Waldbauer et al. (Í09). HYDRANGEA sp. Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella ma- SIMAROUBACEAE culipennis would not feed on this plant even when SîMARUBA AMARA Aubl. Marouba, marupa, Bra- it was treated with-sinigrin.—Gupta and Thors- zilian white pine. teinson (162). Plantations of this tree in Trinidad have been PENTHORUM SEDOIDES L. Ditch-stonecrop. attacked by a defoliator, Atteva pustulella. The Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this timber contains a bitter principle obnoxious to in- species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to sects, but is not durable.—Streets (37J^). larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. In a listing of timbers in descending order of (262). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this SCROPHULARIACEAE wood was Usted as 24 out of 100 (one of the most susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). DiGiTAUS AMBIGUA Murr. Yellow foxglove. SiMARUBA MULTIFLORA JUSS. Aqueous extracts of the flowers were toxic to In a listing of timbers in descending order of re- 92 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
sistance to the termite Cryptotermes breviSy this potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata),— wood was listed as 24 out of 100 (one of the most Schreiber (840)^ susceptible).—Wolcott U19), No Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Epilachna vigin- tioctomaculata, or E. vigintioctopunctata larvae SOLANACEAE survived on this plant.—Buhr (72), The fruits of commercial green peppery do not AcNiSTUs ARBORESCENS Schlecht. permit normal ^owth of the larvae of the tobacco This plant was readily accepted by larvae of the hornworm.—Waldbauer et al. (J^09), tobacco hornworm Protoparce sexta, and growth of CESTRUM sp. the larvae was normal.—Yamamoto and Fraenkel CYPHOMANDRA sp. Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Epilachna ATROPA BELLADONNA L. vigintioctomaculata, and E. vigintioctopunctata Atropine, fed tojarvae and adults of the Colorado could not survive to adulthood on these plant potato beetle at 0.4-0.9 percent (concentrations species.—Buhr (72), normally found in the leaves) mixed with potato DATURA ARBóREA L. leaves, caused intestinal epithelial tumors or was This plant was accepted by larvae of the tobacco extremely toxic.—Koch {218). hornworm Protoparce sexta.—Yamamoto and This plant was readily accepted by larvae of the Fraenkel (i23). tobacco hornworm Protoparce sexta.—Yamamoto ' and Fraenkel {Jf2S), In Cuba the giant ant avoids the neighborhood of the plant.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). ATROPA sp. Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Epilachna DATURA FEROX L. vigintioctomaculata, and E. vigintioctopunctata all DATURA INOXIA Mill. survived well on this plant, 70-100 percent reach- These plants were accepted readily by tobacco ing adulthood.—Buhr (72), hornworm larvae.—Yamamoto and Fraenkel (^23), BROWALLIA AMERICANA L. DATURA METEL L. This plant was a good host for the tobacco The leaves of this plant, pulped and mixed with hornworm.—Fraenkel (Ui). clay, are used on floors in West Africa to destroy BROWALLIA DEMISSA L. sand fleas that bore into the feet. The active princi- Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata and ple is hyoscine or scopolamine.—Irvine (186), Epilachna vigintioctomaculata could not survive A preparation of the plant is used on floors to on this plant, but about 50 percent of Epilachna destroy such pests as the Chigae or sand flea.— vigintioctopunctata lived to the adult stage. Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). —Buhr (72), DATURA METELOIDES DC. BRUNFELSIA AMERICANA L. DATURA QUERCIFOLIA H. B. K. This plant appeared to be a good host for the These plants were accepted readily by tobacco tobacco hornworm Protoparce sexta.—Fraenkel hornworm larvae and normal growth followed. (lU). —Yamamoto and Fraenkel (Í23), CAPSICUM ANNUUM L. DATURA STRAMONIUM L . Jimsonweed. Leaves and fruits were acciîpted by larvae of the Water-soluble substances from fresh leaves, tobacco hornworm Protoparce sexta, but growth of spotted on filter paper, elicited biting responses the larvae was slow on leaves and there was a high from hornworm larvae.—Yamamoto and Fraenkel rate of mortality on fruits.—^''amamoto and Fraen- (Í23), kel (i2S). In Southwest Africa a cold infusion of the leaf The plant has been used as an insecticide.—Watt proved effective against plant aphids. A cold infu- and Breyer-Brandwijk (^11), sion of leaf and fruit also is used on sores of cattle Extracts of this plant wei-e nontoxic to Aedes against maggots.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk mosquito larvae.—Novak (287), (m). CAPSICUM spp. Green pepper. The leaves of this plant are a satisfactory food for Capsicum species, except i'or the very youngest the larvae of the tobacco hornworm Protoparce seedlings, are totally resistant to the Colorado sexta.—Waldbauer et al. Cí09), INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 93
DATURA WRIGHTII Hort, ex Regel. bacteria and fungi and also to be insecticidal to This plant was a good host for the tobacco potato bugs.—Ch'eng and Rao {88), horn worm.—Fraenkel {UU), The glycoalkaloid, tomatine, in this plant inhibits DuNALiA AUSTRALis (Griseb.) Sleum. feeding of Colorado, potato beetles {Leptinotarsa Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineatay Epilachna decemlineata) to a very high degree.—Fraenkel vigintioctomaculatay and E. vigintioctopunctata {lU). did not survive to adulthood when reared on this Potato beetles feeding on tomato plants required plant.—Buhr (72). 22.3 days for development to the pupal stage, with FABIANA IMBRICATA R. & P. 77.2-percent mortality. This was due largely to re- Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Epilachna jection of the plant rather than to any toxic vigintioctomaculata, and E. vigintioctopunctata factor.—Sloof and Bongers {3i9), did not survive to adulthood on this plant.—Buhr Unknown inhibitory constituents in tomato {72), leaves prevented egg laying in the diamondback HYOSCYAMUS NIGER L. moth Plutella maculipenniSy even in the presence Spray applications of infusions were particular- of allyl isothiocyanate, which ordinarily stimulates ly effective against aphids on various fruit oviposition.—Gupta and Thorsteinson {163), plants.—Koroleva (222). Water-soluble substances from fresh leaves, This plant was readily accepted by tobacco horn- spotted on filter paper, elicited biting responses worm larvae.—Yamamoto and Fraenkel {JÍ2S), from hornworm larvae.—Yamamoto and Fraenkel JUANULLOA AURANTIACA DC. {Jf2S), Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineatay Epilachna About 77.2-percent mortality of Colorado potato vigintioctomaculata, and E. vigintioctopunctata beetle larvae resulted from feeding on leaves, but could not survive to adulthood on this plant.—Buhr this was apparently due to their rejection of the {72), leaves as food.—de Wilde et al. {US). LY<:IUM HALIMIFOLIUM Mill. Matrimony-vine. Diamondback moth larvae would not feed on this This plant was a satisfactory host for the tobacco plant even when it was treated with sini- horn worm.—Fraenkel {IH)^ grin.—Gupta and Thorsteinson {162), ITie leaves are a satisfactory food for the lar- Tomato leaves are a satisfactory food for the vae of the tobacco hornworm Protoparce larvae of the tobacco hornworm, but green fruits sexta.—Waldbauer et al. {W9). do not permit normal growth.—Waldbauer et al. LYCIUM sp. {W9), Approximately 50 percent of the larvae of Lep- The attractiveness of Í8 tomato varieties to tinotarsa decemlineata fed on this plant reached Drosophila melanogaster was compared and found adulthood. Epilachna vigintioctomaculata and E. to be significantly different. No relationship could vigintioctopunctata both fared better, with 70- to be found between attractiveness and fruit color, 100-percent survival.—Buhr {72), soluble acids, acidity, or firmness.—Stoner and Mason {373), LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM Mill. Tomato. The odor of tomato leaves was attractive to adult A 25-percent dust of tomatine was ineffective Colorado beetles.—de Wilde et al. {il2), against the pea aphid, large milkweed bug, ar- LYCOPERSICON HIRSUTUM Humb. & Bonpl. myworm, and twospotted spider mite. A LYCOPERSICON PERUVIANUM Mill. 50-percent dust at a concentration of 8 pounds per 100 gallons of water killed 58 percent of European LYCOPERSICON PIMPINELLIFOLIUM (Jusl.) Mill. Lycopersicon (CsoHgoOgiN) was isolated from corn borer larvae in 48 hours, but 1 pound per 100 these plants. The fresh leaves contained about 1 gallons was completely ineffective.—Fontaine et al. percent, whereas roots, stems, and fruits had less. (UO)^ The compound was shown to inhibit growth of some The constitution of tomatidine was deter- bacteria and fungi and also to be insecticidal toward mined.—Kuhn et al. {226). potato bugs.—Ch'eng and Rao (^<^). Lycopersicon (CsoHgoOaiN) was isolated from tomato plants. The fresh leaves contained about 1 LYCOPERSICON spp. percent, whereas roots, stems, and fruits had less. The action of 83 alkaloids, saponins, and gly- The compound was shown to inhibit growth of some cosides, mainly from Solanum and Lycopersicon 94 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE species, on larvae of the Colorado potato beetle was tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta). All were tested.—Buhr et al. (73), killed within 2 days.—Parr and Thurston (299). NiCANDRA PHYSALODES Gaertn. Apple-of-Peru. The leaves possess trichomes, which exude Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata did not sticky substances toxic to M. sexta.—Thurston survive on this plant, but whcin larvae of Epilachna (392). vigintioctomaculata and E. vigintioctopunctata PHYSAUS ALKEKENGI L. were placed on it, about 5C' percent survived to This plant was a good host for the tobacco horn- adulthood.—Buhr (72). worm Protoparce sexta.—Fraenkel (IM. The plant was acceptable to the tobacco horn- PHYSALIS HETEROPHYLLA Nees. worm Protoparce sexta after 8 hours of contact. This plant was readily accepted by larvae of the Development of larvae was slow with high mor- tobacco horn worm Protoparce sexta.—Yamamoto tality.—Fraenkel (lU)^ and Fraenkel (Í23). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this The leaves are a satisfactory food for the larvae species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to of P. sexta.—Waldbauer et al. (Í09). larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. PHYSALIS IXOCARPA Brot. Tomatello. (262). This plant appeared to be a satisfactory* host An insecticide highly toxic to house flies and to- for the tobacco horn worm Protoparce sexta.— bacco hornworms has been isolated from fresh Fraenkel (lU). foliage of this plant. Investigation has shown that PHYSALIS VIRGINIANA Mill. Groundcherry. this compound, called nicandrenone, is a conjugated This plant was readily accepted by larvae of the ketone with the formula C34H42O7.—Nalbandov et tobacco homworm Protoparce sexta, and normal al. (283). growth of the larvae followed.—Yamamoto and NiEREMBERGIA HIPPOMANICA MierS. Fraenkel (^23). Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata y Epilachna The plant was a good host for the tobacco hom- vigintioctomaculata y and E. vigintioctcypunctata worm Protoparce sexta.—Fraenkel (Ui), did not survive to adulthood on this plant.—Buhr PHYSOCHLAINA ORIENTALIS G. Don. (72). Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae did not survive PETUNIA HYBRIDA Vilm. Petunia. when fed on this plant, but about 50 percent of This plant was readily acc:epted by the tobacco Epilachna vigintioctomaculata larvae lived to horn worm Protoparce sexta, but the larvae did not adulthood.—Buhr (72). grow and suffered premature death.—Fraenkel SALPICHROA RHOMBOïDES Miers. (lU). Neither Leptinotarsa decemlineata nor Epil- PETUNIA iNFLATA R. E. Fries. achna vigintioctopunctata larvae survived to This species was highly tc^xic to newly hatched adulthood when reared on this plant.—Buhr (72). tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta). All were SALPIGLOSSIS SINUATA R. & P. killed within 2 days.—Parr and Thurston (299). Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Epilachna The leaves possess trid-iomes, which exude vigintioctomaculata and E. vigintioctopunctata sticky substances toxic to M. sexta.—Thurston lived to adulthood.—Buhr (72). (392). SARACHA EDULIS Thell. PETUNIA sp. No Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae survived Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Epilachna on this plant, and less than 30 percent of Epilachna vigintioctomaculata, and E. vigintioctopunctata vigintioctomaculata and E. vigintiocto- did not survive to adulthood on this plant.—Buhr jmnctata lived to adulthood.—Buhr (72). (72). SCHIZANTHUS PINNATUS R. & P. Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella ma- Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Epilachna culipennis would not feed on this plant even when vigintioctomaculata, and E. vigintioctopunctata it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and Thors- did not survive to adulthood on this plant.—Buhr teinson (162). (72).
PETUNIA VIOLáCEA Lindl. ScopoLiA LUCIDA Dun. This species was highly toxic to newly hatched Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae did not survive INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 95
when placed on this plant, but about 50 percent of water-soluble glycoalkaloids, which hydrolize to Epilachna vigintioctomaculata larvae survived to form leptines. The leptine content is sufficient to adulthood.—Buhr (72), explain the resistance of the leaves to adults and SoLANUM ACAULE Bitter. larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata.—Kuhn and The glycoalkaloid solacauline in this plant inhib- Low (225). ited the feeding of larvae of the Colorado potato Solanine was isolated from this plant. The re- beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).—Fraenkel sistance of this species to the Colorado potato bee- (lU). tle is not due lo-solanine, but to other unidentified Acauline, a glycoalkaloid with the formula factors.—Schreiber (340). C43H69NO14, melting point 260°-265° C. (decomposi- The glycoalkaloid a-chaconine in this plant did tion), was isolated from the leaves. It is not as not inhibit the feeding of L. decemlineata.— toxic as demissine, but more toxic than solanidine Fraenkel (144). to Colorado potato beetle larvae, killing some lar- Various Solanum alkaloids (crystallized samples vae and causing delayed development in of solanine, chaconine, leptine I, leptinine I, lep- others.—Schreiber (338), tinine II) were incorporated into the diet of Col- SOLANUM ACULEATISSIMUM Jacq. orado potato beetle larvae. Feeding was discour- The plant was readily accepted by larvae of the aged by all compounds. Beetles resistant to DDT tobacco horn worm Protoparce sexta.—Yamamoto are leSs sensitive to the plant, leptine, and lep- and Fraenkel (Í23). tinines than normal beetles.—Sturckow and Low SoLANUM AURicuLATUM Ait. Fuma bravo. (378). A decoction of the fruit has been used as an Leaf extract preparations of impure leptine I insecticide.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). produced reduction in imbibition of nutrient solu- The glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine in tion and caused increased mortahty of potato this plant do not inhibit feeding of the Colorado leafhoppers (Empoasca fabae).—Dalman (109). potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).— SOLANUM COMMERSONII Dun. ex Poir. Fraenkel (lU). Solanine was isolated from this plant. The re- This plant contains an attractant and is eagerly sistance of this species to the Colorado potato bee- eaten by adults and larvae of L. decemlineata^ but tle is not due to solanine, but to other unidentified they die soon afterward.—Schreiber (34,0). factors.—Schreiber (339). In a listing of timbers in descending order of SOLANUM DEMISSUM Lindl. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this The plant is resistant to Leptinotarsa larvae. In wood was listed as 20 out of 100 (one of the most crosses with S. tuberosum the hybrids are sus- susceptible).—Wolcott (419). ceptible.—Torka (394). SOLANUM AVICULARE Forst. The glycoalkaloid demissine in this plant inhibits The glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine in feeding of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa this plant do not inhibit feeding of the Colorado decemlineata) to a very high degree.—Fraenkel potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).— (144). Fraenkel (lU). Tomatine, fed to larvae and adults of Colorado SoLANUM CALVESCENS Bitter. potato beetles at 0.4- to 0.9-percent mixture in The glycoalkaloid solacauline in this plant inhib- ground potato leaves, caused intestinal epithehal ited the feeding of the Colorado potato beetle tumors or was extremely toxic. Tomatidine and (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).—Fraenkel (U4). various other extracts caused few acute pathogenic SoLANUM CAPSiCASTRUM Link ex Schau. changes in the digestive tract.—Koch (218). This plant was readily accepted by larvae of the SOLANUM DULCAMARA L. Bittersweet. tobacco horn worm Protoparce sexta.—Yamamoto This plant was accepted readily by larvae of the and Fraenkel (423). tobacco horn worm Protoparce sexta.—Yamamoto SoLANUM CAROLiNENSE L. Horse-nettle. and Fraenkel (423). This plant was a good host for the tobacco About 33.7 percent of Colorado potato beetles horn worm Protoparce sexta.—Fraenkel (144). feeding on the leaves died, but this was apparently SoLANUM CHACOENSE Bitter. due to their rejection of the leaves as food.—de The leaves contain considerable amounts of Wilde et al. (413). 96 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Potato beetles feeding on this plant required 19.9 SoLANUM POLYADENiuM Greenm. days for development to the pupal stage, with The glycoalkaloid tetraside in this plant inhibits 33.7-percent mortality.—Slooff and Bongers {SJÍ9), the feeding of the Colorado potato beetle The leaves are a satisfactory food for the larvae (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) to a very high de- of the tobacco hornworm Protoparce sexta.— gree.—Fraenkel (144)- Waldbauer et al. Çi09). S.OLANUM PSEUDOCAPSICUM L. The odor of bittersweet leaves was attractive to This plant was acceptable to larvae of the tobacco adult Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decem- hornworm Protoparce sexta as food.—Yamamoto lineata).—de Wilde et al. (412). and Fraenkel (423). SoLANUM jAMESii Torr. SoLANUM ROSTRATUM Dun. Buffalo-burr. This species is resistant to the potato beetle, but This plant was a good host for the tobacco the factors responsible are not known.—Schreiber hornworm Protoparce sexta.—Fraenkel (144). SoLANUM scHiCKii Juzepczuk & Bukasov. SoLANUM KHASiANUM C. B. Clarke. Solanine was isolated from this plant. The re- This plant was readily acc(îpted by larvae of the sistance of this species to the Colorado potato bee- tobacco hornworm Protoparce sexta,—Yamamoto tle is not due to solanine, but to other unidentified and Fraenkel (423). factors.—Schreiber (339). SOLANUM SODOMEUM L. SOLANUM LUTEUM Mill. The glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine in Nearly all Cobijado potato beetles feeding on the this plant did not inhibit feeding of the Colorado leaves died, but this was ap>parently due to their potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).— rejection of the leaves as food.—de Wilde et al. Fraenkel (144). (413). SOLANUM Spp. Potato beetles feeding on this plant required 24 The structure of solanine was determined.— days for development to the pupal stage, with Kuhn and Low (224). 99.6-percent mortality. This appeared to be due to The structure of tomatidine was deter- a toxic constituent.—Slooff and Bongers (349). mined.—Kuhn et al. (226). SOLANUM MACÓLE BukaSOV. Growth inhibition and mortality of the house fly This species is resistant to Colorado potato bee- Musca vicina were caused by various Veratrum tles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), but the con- and Solanum preparations. The toxicity of ester stituents responsible are not known.—Schreiber alkaloids depends on the intactness of their (340). molecules, decreasing with the age of the larvae SOLANUM MELONGEN A L. Eggplant. and increasing with the number of ester groups in The plant was an acceptable host for larvae of the the molecule.—Bergmann (47). tobacco hornworm Protoparce sexta.—Yamamoto Tomatine was repellent to Colorado potato beetle and Fraenkel (423). larvae.—Buhr et al. (73). The fruits of this plant do not permit normal Solanum chacoense leaves dipped in aqueous growth of P. sexta larvae.—Waldbauer et al. (409). solutions of solanine, chaconine, leptine I, leptinine SoLANUM NiGRUM L. Black nightshade. I and II, demissine, tomatine, and leptine III were The glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine in repellent to Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa this plant do not inhibit feeding of the Colorado decemlineata).—Stúrckow and Low (378). potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).— Filter papers impregnated with 0.5-percent or Fraenkel (144). 3-percent solutions of a-tomatine, a-solanine, The odor of nightshade was attractive to L. ^-solamargine, tomatidine, solanidine, or sol- decemlineata adults.—de Wilde et al. (413). asodine were toxic to Reticulitermes flavipes ter- Water-soluble substances from fresh leaves, mites and inhibited feeding by the insects. spotted on filter paper, elicited feeding responses —Tschesche et al. (398). from tobacco hornworm larvae.—Yamamoto and SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L. Potato. Fraenkel (423). The glycoalkaloid a-chaconine in this plant did The leaves are a satisfactory food for tobacco not inhibit the feeding of the Colorado potato beetle hornworm larvae.—Waldbauer et al. (409). (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).—Fraenkel (144). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 97
About 23 percent of Colorado potato beetles feed- GuAZUMA ULMiFOLiA Lam. West Indian elm. ing on leaves died, but this was apparently due to In a listing of timbers in descending order of their rejection of the leaves as food.—de Wilde et resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this al. (US). wood was listed as 33 out of 100 (very sus- The solanine in this plant inhibits development ceptible).—Wolcott (Í19), of Colorado potato beetle larvae.—Watt and MANSONIA ALTissiMA A. Chev. Mansonia. Breyer-Brandwijk {ill). This wood is reported to be fairly resistant to Potato beetles feeding on leaves of this plant termites in Nigeria.—Anonymous (3), required 17.7 days for development to the pupal The wood is resistant to the termite stage.—Slooff and Bongers {3Jf9), Reticulitermes lucifugus.—Coudreau et al. {98), Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella PTEROCYMBIUM BECCARII K. Schum. Amberoi. maculipennis would not feed on this plant even In a listing of Australian and imported timbers when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and by durability, with regard to both termite resist- Thorsteinson (162), ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is Potato leaves are a satisfactory food for the lar- listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis {ílO), vae of the tobacco horn worm Pro^oparc^ sexta, but PTERYGOTA BEQUAERTII de Wild. P^erygota. slices of the tuber do not permit normal This wood is reported to be susceptible to ter- growth.—Waldbauer et al. (Jf,09), mites in Nigeria.—Anonymous (3), The odor of potato leaves was attractive to STERCULIA CAMPANULATA Wall. Papita. Leptinotarsa decemlineata.—de Wilde et al. (il2), No insect pests have been recorded from plant- STREPTOSOLAN JAMESONII Miers. ings of this tree in India.—Streets {37Í), Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Epilachna STERCULIA CARIBAEAR. Br. Mahoe. vigintioctomaculata, and E. vigintioctopunc- In a Usting of timbers in descending order of tata could not survive to adulthood on this resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this plant.—Buhr (72), wood was listed as 26 out of 100 (one of the most TRECHONAETES SATIVA Miers. susceptible).—Wolcott {U9), No Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae survived STERCULIA FOETIDA L. on this plant, and only 50 percent of Epilachna Both bark and leaf are said to be repellent to vigintioctopunctata reached adulthood.—Buhr insects.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {ill). (72), The seed oil is reported to act as a chemosterilant WiTHANiA SOMNíFERA Dun. for adult female house flies. When flies were fed Neither Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae nor diets containing 2.5 and 5 percent of this oil, no Epilachna vigintioctomaculata larvae survived eggs were produced. The oil is quite stable and is when placed on this plant.—Buhr {72), reported to be edible by humans.—Beroza and The plant has been used as an insecticide.—Watt LaBrecque {56), and Breyer-Brandwijk {Jfll), STERCULIA OBLONGA Mast. Yellow sterculia. The wood is reported to be susceptible to ter- STAPHYLEACEAE mites in Nigeria.—Anonymous {3), TURPINIA PANICULATA Vent. STERCULIA PRURIENS (Aubl.) K. Schum. Maho, In a listing of timbers in descending order of yahu. resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this This wood is recorded from the West Indies as wood was listed as 73 out of 100 (resist- very susceptible to the dry-wood termite Cryp- ant).—Wolcott (iiP). totermes brevis.—Anonymous {3), In a listing of timbers in descending order of STERCULIACEAE resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this DOMBEYA ROTUNDIFOUA Planch. wood was listed as 32 out of 100 (very sus- The wood is termite-proof when seasoned. ceptible).—Wolcott {U9), —Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk {ill), STERCULIA RHINOPETALA K. Schum. Brown ster- FiRMIANA PLATANIFOLIA Schott & Endl. culia. The leaves were normally accepted for feeding by This wood is reported to be resistant to termites Spodoptera littoralis.—Wada et al. (W5), in Nigeria.—Anonymous {3), 98 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TARRIETIA ARGYRODENDRON Benth. Brown tulip Tea fluff obtained as a residual product in the oak. manufacture of tea was tested as a dust or as an In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, aqueous extract at 1 pound per gallon against four with regard to both termite resistance and species of c^aterpillars, five species of beetles, six resistance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in species of aphids, three species of scales and meal- class 3 (moderately durable).—Wallis {UO), ybugs, and two species of mites. Complete mortal- TARRIETIA JAVANICA Blume. ity of all aphids and high mortality of Tetranychus TARRIETIA UTILIS Sprague. mites were obtained, with little or no action on The wood of these species is resistant to the the other insect species. The effect was increased termite Reticulitermes ludfugus.—Coudreau et al. by adding 1 ounce of soap per gallon of water.— (98). Subramanian (379). TRIPLOCHITON SCLEROXYLON K. Schum. Obseche, Filter papers impregnated with 3-percent solu- wawa. tions of thea saponin from the fruits of this plant This wood is reported to be susceptible to ter- were toxic to Reticulitermes flavipes termites and mites iii Nigeria.—Anonymous (3), inhibited feeding by the insect; 0.05-percent and The wood is susceptible to the termite Reti- 0.5-percent solutions were ineffective.—Tschesche culitermes lucifugens.—Coudreau et al. (98). et al. (398). NESOGORDONIA PAPAVERIFERA (A. Chevalier) Capuron. Synonym: Cistanthera papaverifera. Danta. TAMARICACEAE The wood is recorded in Nigeria and French TAMARIX ARTICULATA Vahl. Tamarix. West Africa as resistant to termites.—Anonymous Tamarix stakes buried in Elgyptian soil withstood (3). attack by the subterranes^n termites Anacan- thotermes ochraceus, PsQ/mmotermes fuscofe- moraliSy and P. assvxirensis for 10 months.—Kas- sab et al. (207). THYMELEACEAE GoNYSTYLUS spp. (especially G. bancanus BailL). Ramin, Melawis. These woods are not resistant to termites.— TAXACEAE Anonymous (3). TAXUS BACCATA L. English yew. GoNYSTYLUs WARBURGiANUs Gilg ex Domke. Aqueous extracts of this pilant were not toxic to Ramin. house flies either on contact or by inges- In a listing of Australian and imported timbers tion.—Srbova and Palaveyeva (368). by durability, with regard to both termite resist- Extracts were nontoxic to Aedes mosquito ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is larvae.—Novak (287). listed in class 4 (nondurable).—Wallis (HO). An alcohol extract of the leaves, tested as a spray, was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). TILIACEAE GREWIA POPULIFOLIA Vahl. Ganger, kaladi. Mucilage of the bark is reported to possess pes- TERMINALIACEAE ticidal activity.—Sarkar and Khanna (335). PENTACE BURMANICA Kurz. Thitka. TERMINALIA BELERICA Roxb. This wood is classified from termite-resistance An alcohol extract of the fmit, tested as a spray, tests at Dehra Dun (India) as durable, but liable to was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti slight attack by subterranean termites after 3-4 mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). years.—Anonymous (3). TILIA EUROPAEA L. Synonym: T. vulgaris. Euro- THEACEAE pean lime. CAMELLIA SINENSIS (L.) Kuntze. Synonym: Thea This species of basswood is liable to aphid sinensis. Tea. attack.—Streets (37Í). INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 99
ULMACEAE molytic and carminative action for stomach and CELTIS ADOLPHI-FREDERICI Engl. Celtis. kidney ailments and the powdered fruit as an insec- Tests in Nigeria show that this wood is not re- ticide. The components of the fruit were analyzed sistant to termites.—Anonymous (3). and yielded umbelliferone, oxypeucedanin, isoox- CELTIS LAEVIGATA Willd. Hackberry. ypeucedanin, two unknown furanocoumarins, im- This tree was not infested during an outbreak of peratorin, and flavone glycoside.—Hoerhammer et the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) in ' al. {177). southern Louisiana.—Oliver (291), ^APIüM GRAVEOLENS L. Celery. CELTIS SOYAUXII Engl. Celtis. Colorado potato beetles {Leptinotarsa decem- CELTIS ZENKERI Engl. Celtis. lineata) 2-3 weeks old (but not newly emerged Tests in Nigeria show that these woods are not adults) were slightly attracted by the odor of resistant to termites.—Anonymous (3). celery.—de Wilde et al. {412). PHYLLOSTYLON BRASILIENSIS Cap. San Domingo CARUM CARVI L. Caraway. boxwood. Essential oil on filter paper stimulated feeding of In a listing of timbers in descending order of Papilio ajia.—Fraenkel {U3). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this Extracts 'of the plant were nontoxic to Aedes wood was listed as 39 out of 100 (very sus- mosquito larvae.—Novak {287). ceptible).—Wolcott (U9). CoNiUM MACULATUM L. Conium. ULMUS AMERICANA L. American elm. Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, Haem- This plant was rejected by larvae of the tobacco aphysalis punctata^ Rhipicephalus rossicus, and honiiworm Protoparce sexta.—Fraenkel (Ui). Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the powdered ULIVI US PARVIFOLIA Jacq. leaf died in 30, 30, 40, and 60 minutes, respec- Larvae of the silkworm {Bombyx mori) fed on tively.—Reznik and Imbs {319). leaves of this plant to a high degree and survived CoRiANDRUM SATivuM L. Coriander. fairly well.—Fraenkel (i^^). Essential oil on filter paper stimulated feeding of ZELKOVA SERRATA (Thunb.) Mak. Papilio ajia.—Fraenkel {lí3). Tliis tree can serve as host of the smaller Euro- DAUCUS CAROTA L. Wild carrot. Queen-Annes- pean elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistri- lace. a¿2is).—Dixon {123). This weed is a minor host of the corn root web- worm Crambus clemens in southern Virginia.— Dominick {127). UMBELLIFERAE FoENicuLUM VULGÄRE Mill. Fennel. ANETHUM GRAVEOLENS L. Dill. Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, Haem- species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to aphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, and larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the powdered {262). leaf died in 30, 35, 30, and 45 minutes, respec- Leaf and flower extracts were nontoxic to Culex tively. Exposure to the fresh whole leaf caused pipiens larvae.—Novak {287).
death in 80, 112, 80, and 130 minutes, respec- LEVISTICUM OFFICINALE L. tively.—Reznik and Imbs {319). Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzevi, Haema- ANGELICA ARCHANGELICA L. physalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, and The male Mediterranean fruit fly attractant in Dermacentor marginatus exposed to the powdered the seed oil is believed to be a sesquiterpene con- leaf died in 20, 30, 20, and 30 minutes, respectively. stituting less than 5 percent by weight of the total Exposure to the fresh whole leaf caused death in oil. A rapid empirical color test was devised to 60, 70, 55, and 78 minutes, respectively.—Reznik predict whether a given lot of Angelica seed will and Imbs {319). attract. The intensity of blue is roughly propor- PASTINACA SATIVA L. Parsnip. tional to attractancy. Aged samples are more at- The edible portions of parsnips contain a chemical tractive than fresh samples.—Hall et al. {165). of insecticidal and strong synergistic nature. This ANGELICA SYLVESTRIS L. was isolated and found to be myristicin, which is The root has been used as a medicine with spas- toxic to Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. It is 100 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE present in parsnips at a concentration of 200 AviCENNiA NíTIDA Jacq. Salt pond. p.p.m.—Lichtenstein (232), In a listing of timbers in descending order of An insecticide and strong Synergist was found in resistance to the termite Cryptoterm.es brevis, this parsnip roots and identified as myristicin. It was wood was listed as 23 out of 100 (one of the most quite toxic to Drosophila melanogaster and Musca susceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9), domestica. The extract also acted as a strong AviCENNIA Sp. Synergist with Sevin and with pyrethrum. Myristi- Ethanol extracts of this wood impregnated on cin was also toxic at 0.5 percent to the Mexican filter paper killed 20 percent of Reticulitermes bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis), Aedes aegypti flavipes termites.—Sandermann and Dietrichs mosquito larvae, and the pea aphid (Acrythosiphon (330). pisum).—Lichtenstein and Casida (233). CiTHAREXYLUM FRUTicosuM L. Old woman's bit- PETROSELINUM SATIVUM Hoffm. Parsley. ter. Larvae of the ticks Ixodes redikorzeviy Hae- In a listing of timbers in descending orc^er of TYiaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus rossicus, and resistance to the termite Cryptoterm.es brevis, this Dermacentor marginatus exjposed to the powdered wood was listed as 43 out of 100 (more sus- leaf died in 30, 35, 30, and 50 minutes, respectively. ceptible).—Wolcott (il9). Exposure to the fresh whole leaf caused death in CLERODENDRUM GLABRUM E. Mey. 100, 135, 115, and 150 minutes, respectively.— To prevent development of maggots, blow flies, Reznik and Imbs (319). and other parasites in wounds on animals, the PiMPiNELLA ANisuM L. Anise. Sotha and Swati apply a decoction of the leaf. The Essential oil on filter papei:* stimulated feeding of Lobedu believe the odor of the plant is repellent to Papilio ajia.—Fraenkel (IH)^ beetles.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk iíll). DuRANTA REPENS L. Synonym: D. plumieri. URTICACEAE Duranta. PELLIONIA PULCHRA N. E. Br. An alcohol extract of the berries, used as a spray, Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella was nontoxic to house flies and Aedes aegypti maculipennis would not feed on this plant even mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and GMELINA ARBóREA Roxb. GmeKna, yemane. Thorsteinson (162). Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract URTICA PROCERA Muhl. of this wood and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes Larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) fed to a termites killed 60 percent and damaged 40 percent degree on this plant, but they did not survive.— of the insects.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). Fraenkel (U3)> No pests are recorded from plantations of this tree in Nigeria.—Streets (37Jí). VALERIAN ACE AE GMELINA LEICHARDTII F. V. M. White beech, gray teak. VALERIANA OFFICINALIS L. Valerian. In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, Root extracts were nontoxic to larvae of Culex with regard to both termite resistance and pipiens.—Novak (287). resistance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in VALERIANELLA RADIATA (L.) Dufr. class 2 (durable).—Wallis (UO). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this LANTANA CáMARA L. species failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella mac- larvae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. (262). ulipennis would not feed on this plant even when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and Thorstein- son (162). VERBENACEAE Petroleum ether and alcohol extracts of the leaves and alcohol extracts of the roots, all tested as ALOYSIA TRIPHYLLA (L'Her.) Britt. sprays, were nontoxic to house flies and Aedes A 2-percent emulsion of the volatile oil, used as a aegypti mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). spray, killed 90 percent of the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii). Higher concentrations severely scorched LANTANA sp. the plant.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). An 11-percent kerosene extract of the flowers INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 101
sprayed on rice weevils killed 20 percent in 24 hours susceptible flamboyant wood (Delonix regia) for and 80 percent in 72 hours.—Rao (313). over IVa years against attack by the West Indian LiPPIA CITRIODORA H. B. K. dry-wood termite Cryptotermes brevis. Another Two-percent emulsions of Lippia oil killed more sample, treated with a 1-percent solution of the than 90 percent of the mite Tetranychus telarius compound, was not attacked for 6 years.—Wolcott , and more than 90 percent of the aphid Aphis (il9). gossypii in 24 hours. At 1 percent, more than 67 In a listing of Australian and imported timbers percent of the mites and nearly 93 percent of the by durability, with regard to both termite resist- aphids were killed. Concentrations higher than 2 ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is percent severely scorched the plants.—Irvine listed in class 1 (very durable).—Wallis (ílO). (186). Various components of teakwood showed the fol- LiPi»iA OATESii Rolfe. lowing effectiveness against the termite Reti- This plant has been used in Northern Rhodesia as culiterm.es flavipes: Anthraquinone, 74 percent; 1, a mosquito repellent, especially when the leaves 4-dihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone, 81 percent; are bruised.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (4-11). 2,3-dimethylallylnaphthoquinone, 83 percent; lapa- PETíTIA DOMINGENSIS Jacq. Fiddlewood, Capá chol, 84 percent; dehydro-a-lapachone, 87 percent; Blanco. tectoquinone, 89 percent; deoxylapachol, 90 per- Ir a listing of timbers in descending order of cent; p-naphthoquinone, 93 percent; and resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevisy this lapachonone, 95 percent.—Arndt (29). wood was listed as 51 out of 100 (less sus- VITEX AGNUS-CASTUS L. Chaste-tree. ceptible).—Wolcott (Í19). Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this TEC TONA GRANDIS L. f. Teak. shrub failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to lar- Tliis wood is resistant to, but not immune from, vae or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. termites.—Anonymous (3). (262). F Iter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract VlTEX ALTISSIMA L. of the wood and exposed to Reticulitermes ßavipes The wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- termites killed 50 percent of the insects and dam- terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceuSy aged the rest. Tectoquinone and lapachol from this Psammotermes fuscofemoraliSy and P. assuar- wood were repellent to R, lucifugens and were ensis.—Kassab et al. (207). responsible for the resistance of the wood to the termite.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). ViTEX COFASSUS Reinw. ex Blume. New Guinea Ir a listing of woods in descending order of resist- teak. In a listing of Australian and imported timbers ance to the termite Cryptotermes hrevis, this wood by durability, with regard to both termite resist- was Hsted as 80 out of 100 (repellent and very resistant).—Wolcott (U9). ance and resistance to fungal decay, this wood is Tlie heartwood of teak has strong resistance to Hsted in class 2 (durable).—Wallis (UIO). insects and fungi because of the toxic substance ViTEX DiVARiCATA ■ Sw. Lizardwood, black fid- tectoquinone. This chemical is very repellent to dlewood. dry-wood termites and subterranean ter- In a listing of timbers in descending order of mites.—Rudman et al. (323). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevisy this Tliis Indonesian wood was resistant to 21 species wood was listed as 42 out of 100 (more sus- of termites.—Becker (Jf6). ceptible).—Wolcott (J^19). Tlie wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- ViTEX NEGUNDO L. Indian privet. terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, A 10-percent alcoholic solution of the petroleum Psammotermes fuscofemoralis, and P. assuaren- ether extract of the leaves, used as a spray on sis.—Kassab et al. (207). house flies, caused 68-percent knockdown in 40 Besides tectoquinone, there are several other an- minutes and 70-percent mortality in 24 hours. Al- thraquinones that are probabley minor factors in cohol extracts of the bark and roots, respectively, resistance.—Rudman and Gay (325). caused 18-percent and 20-percent knockdown, and Immersion for 10 minutes in a 0.5-percent solu- 20-percent and 22-percent mortality.—Abrol and tion of tectoquinone protected a sample of the very Chopra (12). 102 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ViTEX PACHYPHYLLA Baker. wood was listed as 44 out of 100 (more sus- Filter paper impregnated \dth an ethanol extract ceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9). of the wood and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes VocHYsiA MELiNONii Beckman. Wane kwarie. termites killed 40 percent of the insects and injured In a listing of timbers in descending order of the remainder.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this ViTEx PARViFLORA Baker. wood was listed as 71 out of 100 (resistant).—' The wood is reported to be resistant to the sub- Wolcott (1,19). terranean termites Anacanthotermes ochraceus, VocHYSiA spp. Quaruba. Psammotermes fuscofemoraliSy and P. assuaren- These woods are recorded as susceptible to sis.—Kassab et al. (207). dry-wood termites in the West Indies.— VlTEX PUBESCENS Miq. Anonymous (3). Filter paper impregnated \dth an ethanol extract VocHYsiA TETRAPHYLLA (G. F. W. Mey.) DC. Ste- of this wood and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes balli. termites killed 20 percent and damaged 10 In a listing of timbers in descending order of percent.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this VlTEX Sp. wood was listed as 56 out of 100 (less sus- Filter paper impregnated \dth an ethanol extract ceptible).—Wolcott (1,19). of the wood and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes termites killed 80 percent and damaged the ZINGIBERACEAE remainder.—Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). ALPINIA AFFICINARUM Hance. Galangal. VITACEAE The undiluted essential oil of the rhizomes sprayed on house flies caused 90-percent knock- CiSSUS RHOMBIFOLIA Vahl. down in 20 minutes and complete mortality in 24 Larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella hours. Five- and 10-percent alcoholic solutions of maculipennis would not feed on this plant even the oil caused 40-percent and 70-percent knock- when it was treated with sinigrin.—Gupta and down and 42-percent and 72-percent mortality, Thorsteinson (162). respectively.—Abrol and Chopra (12). VOCHYSIACEAE A space spray of the petroleum ether extract of the rhizomes tested on house flies at a concentra- QuALEA ALBiFLORA Warm. Mandioqueira, gron- tion of 5 percent in kerosene caused 88-percent foloe. knockdown in 10 minutes and complete mortality in In a listing of timbers in descending order of 24 hours. A benzene extract was much less resistance to the termite Cnjptotermes breviSy this effective.—Dixit and Perti (120). wood was listed as 42 out of 100 (more sus- CURCUMA LONGA L. Tumeric. ceptible).—Wolcott (419). Tumeric is used in India as an ant QuALEA DiNizii Ducke. Wirsiwirsi, kwahe. repellent.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1,11). In a listing of timbers in descending order of A 5-percent kerosene space spray of the pe- resistance to the termite Criiptotermes brevis, this troleum ether extract of the rhizomes tested on wood was listed as 46 out of 100 (more house flies caused 74-percent knockdown in 10 susceptible).—Wolcott (il9). minutes and 75-percent mortaUty in 24 hours. An QuALEA sp. Appelquah. alcohol extract was completely ineffective.—Dixit In a listing of timbers in descreasing order of and Perti (120). resistance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis y this CURCUMA sp. wood was listed as 57 out of 100 (less sus- Insect repellent formulations consisting of oil of ceptible).—Wolcott (Jfl9). Acorus and oil of Curcuma (1:1) (A) and oil of VocHYSiA HONDURENSis Sprague. Yemeri. Acorus and synthetic pine oil (B) compared favora- This wood is recorded in British Honduras as bly with dimethyl phthalate in their repellent action susceptible to termites.—Anonymous (3). against mosquitoes. The time of protection for VocHYSiA MAXIMA Ducke. Quaruba, Cedro rana. these formulations was 239-245 minutes for di- In a listing of timbers in descending order of methyl phthalate and 282 and 280 minutes for A and resistance to the termite Crijptotermes brevis y this B, respectively. Synthetic pine oil can be incorpo- INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS—A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1954-1971 103 rated in dimethyl phthalate (1:1) with advantage. Indies as "practically immune" from the dry-wood Oil of Curcuma (1:1) stains the skin.—Dixit et al. termite Cryptotermes brevis.—Anonymous (3). (121). Filter paper impregnated with an ethanol extract ZiNGiBER OFFICINALE Rosc. Ginger. of the wood and exposed to Reticulitermes flavipes Tlie ingestion of ginger in East Africa is said to termites killed 100 percent of the insects.— give the body an odor repellent to mos- Sandermann and Dietrichs (330). quit<)es.—Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). In a Usting of woods in descending order of resist- Plant extracts were nontoxic to Aedes lar- ance to the termite Cryptotermes brevis, this wood vae.—Novak (287), was listed as 100 out of 100 (totally to very A 5-percent kerosene spray of the petroleum resistant).—Wolcott (J^19). ether extract of the rhizomes tested on house flies Cotton plants imbibing alcoholic extracts of this caused no knockdown in 10 minutes and only tree failed to exhibit repellency or toxicity to larvae 27-percent mortality in 24 hours.—Dixit and Perti or adults of the boll weevil.—Matteson et al. (262). (120). GuAiACUM SANCTUM L. Lignum vitae. The heartwood is recorded as "practically im- ZYGOPHYLLACEAE mune" from the dry-wood termite Cryptotermes brevis.—Anonymous (3). BALANITES MAUGHAMII Sprague. PEGANUM H áRMALA L. Syrian rue. The fruits are lethal to various mollusks, fish, Four harman alkaloids isolated from the seeds of and tadpoles, but Culex mosquito larvae are unaf- this plant were ineffective as contact insecticides, fected except at very high concentrations (1:1,000), but were active in vapor form to mosqui- and mosquito pupae are not affected.—Watt and toes'.—Schipper and Volk (337). Breyer-Brandwijk (ill). A petroleum ether extract of the seed, used as a GuAiACUM OFFICINALE L. Lignum vitae. spray, was weakly toxic to Aedes aegypti Heartwood of this tree is recorded from the West mosquitoes.—Abrol and Chopra (12). UNIDENTIFIED PLANTS
The following common, local, or native names CARABEEN. have not been identified botanically. In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, BROWN BLOODWOOD. with regard to both termite resistance and resist- In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 2 with regard to both termite resistance and resist- (durable) and is therefore different from yellow ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 carabeen (see Sloanea woollsii) and red carabeen (very resistant).—Wallis (J^IO). (Geissois benthami).—Wallis (410). BROWN TOURIGA. In a listing of Australian timbers by durability, COMEJEN-RESISTANT. with regard to both termite resistance and resist- The heartwood of this tree is very resistant to ance to fungal decay, this wood is listed in class 1 attack by the termite Cryptotermes brevis.— (very durable).—Wallis (J^IO). Marchan (255). 104 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REFERENCES
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(400) VITE, J. P., and GARA, R. I. (412) WILDE, J. DE, HILLE, K., LAMBERS-SUVERKROPP, 1962. VOLATILE ATTRACTANTS FROM PONDEROSA R., andTOL, A. VON. PINE ATTACKED BY BARK BEETLES (COLEÓP- 1969. RESPONSES TO AIR FLOW AND AIRBORNE TERA: SCOLYTIDAE). Boyce Thompson Inst. PLANT ODOUR IN THE COLORADO BEETLE. Contrib. 21: 251-274. Netherlands Jour. Plant Path. 75: 5a-57. (401) VOORHOEVE, A. G. (413) SLOOF, R., and BONGERS, W. 1965. UBERIAN HIGH FOREST TREES. 416 pp. 1960. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FEEDING AND OVI- Wageningen. POSITION PREFERENCE IN THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (LEPTINOTARSA DECEM- (402) WADA, K., MARUMO, S., and MUNAKATA, K. UNEATA SAY). Ghent Meded. Landbouw- 1966. AN INSECTICIDAL ALKALOID, COCCULOU- DINE, FROM COCCULUS TRILOBUS DC. Tetra- hogesch. Opzoekingsstn Staat 34: 1340-1345. hedron Let. 42: 5179-5184. (414) WOLCOTT, G. N. 1950. THE TERMITE RESISTANCE OF PINOSYLVIN, (403) . MARUMO, S., and MUNAKATA, K. STILBENE, AND OTHER NEW INSECTICIDES. 1967. AN INSECTICIDAL ALKALOID, COCCULOU- Puerto Rico Univ. Jour. Agr. 34: 33^-342. DINE, FROM COCCULUS TRILOBUS DC. PT. II. THE STRUCTURE OF COCCULOUDINE. Agr. (415) and Biol. Chem. 31: 452-460. 1953. STILBENE AND COMPARABLE MATERIALS FOR DRY-WOOD TERMITE CONTROL. Jour. . MARUMO, S., and MUNAKATA, K. (404) Econ. Ent. 46: 374-375. 1968. AN INSECTICIDAL ALKALOID, COCCULOU- DINE, FROM COCCULUS TRILOBUS DC. Agr. (416) and Biol. Chem. 32: 1187-1189. 1954. TERMITE DAMAGE AND CONTROL OF FACTORS IN THE UTIUZATION OF TIMBER IN THE CARIB- (405) . MATSUI, K., ENOMOTO, Y., and others. BEAN AREA. Puerto Rico Univ. Jour. Agr. 38: 1970. INSECT FEEDING INHIBITORS IN PLANTS. PT. 115-122. I. ISOLATION OF THREE NEW SESQUITERPE- NOIDS IN PARABENZOIN TRILOBUS KAKAI. (417) Agr. and Biol. Chem. 34: 941-945. 1955. ORGANIC TERMITE REPELLENTS TESTED AGAINST CRYPTOTERMES BREVIS WALKER. (406) and MUNAKATA, K. Puerto Rico Univ. Jour. Agr. 39: 115-149. 1967. AN INSECTICIDAL ALKALOID, COCCULOU- DINE, FROM COCCULUS TRILOBUS. I. THE (418) ISOLATION AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF 1956. THE INSECTS OF "ALMENDRON"—PRUNUS OC- COCCULOUDINE. Agr. and Biol. Chem. 31: CIDENT ATIS SW. Puerto Rico Univ. Jour. Agr. 336-^39. 40: 203-204. (407) and MUNAKATA, K. (419) 1968. NATURALLY OCCURRING INSECT CONTROL 1957. INHERENT NATURAL RESISTANCE OF WOODS CHEMICALS. ISOBOLDINE, A FEEDING IN- TO THE ATTACK OF THE WEST INDIAN DRY- HIBITOR, AND COCCULOUDINE, AN INSEC- WOOD TERMITE, CRYPTOTERMES BREVIS TICIDE IN THE LEAVES OF COCCULUS TRILO- WALKER. Puerto Rico Univ. Jour. Agr. 41: BUS DC. Jour. Agr. and Food Chem. 16: 471. 259^11. 120 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
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Abelia grandiflora, 15 negundo, 4 AIZOACEAE, 4 Abies alba, 72 pennsylvanicum, 4 Albarco, 41 balsamea, 72 rubrum, 4 Albizia anthelmintica, 42 di idea, 72 sp., 4 falcata, 42 concolor, 72 ACERACEAE, 4 ferruginea, 42 fraseri, 72 Acerares viridißora, 10 Zeöbe/c, 42 grandis, 72 Achillea millefolium, 18 procera, 42 /aria?, 72 Ac/zras zapota, 90 sp., 42 magnifica, 72 Achyranthes japónica, 4 Albizzia, 42 nobilis, 72 philoxeroides, 4 Alchomea latifolia, 29 nordmanniana, 72 Acnida cannabina, 4 Aider, 11 numadica, 72 Acnistus arborescens, 92 Oregon, 11 pectinata, 72 Aconite, Indian, 84 red, 11 procera, 72 Aconitic acid, 13, 47 white, 18 sp., 72 Aconitum ferox, 84 Aleurites fordii, 29 A¿)r¡¿s precatorius, 41 lycoctonum, 85 montana, 29 Abura, 87 sp., 85 Alfalfa, 47 Abutilón indicum, 55 Acon¿s calamus, 8 ALISMATACEAE, 4 pictum, 55 sp.,9 Allamanda violácea, 7 Acacia acuminata, 41 Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, 42 Allegheny spurge, 15 arabic var. nilotica, 41 Acíaea spicata, 85 Alligatorwood, 59 arubica, 42 Actinostemon concolor, 29 Allium cepa, 52 benthamii, 41 Adhatoda vasica, 3 sativum, 52 caffra, 41 Adina cor difolia, 87 schoenoprasum, 53 cyanophylla, 41 Aescin, 37 Allyl isothiocyanate, 48, 93 dealbata, 41 Aesculus hippocastanum, 37 Almacigo, 14 decurrens, 41 octandra, 37 Almendron, 86 decurrens var. dealbata, 41 pavia, 37 Almond, bitter, 86 famesiana, 41 sylvatica, 37 Indian, 18 giraffae, 42 Afara, 18 Alnus incana, 11 homalophylla, 42 Affinin, 21 oregona, 11 /coa, 42 Aflatoxin, 2 rubra, 11 meamsii, 42 Afzelia, 42 sp., 11 melanoxylon, 42 " Afzelia africana, 42 Alona wood, 59 mgrescens, 42 bijuga, 46 Aloysia triphylla, 100 nilotica subsp. indica, 42 bipindensis, 42 Alpinia offidnarum, 102 pennata, 42 caudata, 42 Alstonia boonei, 7 torilis, 42 pachyloba, 42 congensis, 7 Acacia, Egyptian, 41 palembanica, 46 scholaris, 7 yellow, 42 quÁinzensis, 42 Altemanthera philoxeroides, 4 Acalypha indica, 29 AGARICACEAE, 2 Althea, 56 sp., 29 Agathis alba, 73 Alyssum, hoary, 24 virginica, 29 australis, 73 A??mm¿a muscaria, 2 Ácana, 91 palmerstonii, 73 pantherina, 2 ACANTHACEAE, 3 robusta, 73 spp., 2 Acapu-of-Brazil, 52 Agauria salidfolia, 28 Amaranth, 49 Acauline, 95 Agrave americana, 4 AMARANTHACEAE, 4 Acer barbatum, 4 Agba, 46 Amarillo, 18 flmdanum, 4 Aguacatillo, 40, 89 AMARYLLIDACEAE, 4
121 122 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Amberoi, 97 rose, 68 European, 70 Ambrette, 56 wilde mammee, 36 false prickly, 9 Ambrosia trífida, 19 Apple-of-Peru, 94 hickory, 88 5-Aminomethyl-3-hydroxyisoxazole, 2 Aquelon, 87 mountain, 67 Ammonium nitrate, 48 AQUIFOLIACEAE, 8 New South Wales, 26 Ammophila hreviligulata, 32 Arabinose, 10 prickly-, 89 Amorpka canescens, 43 ARACEAE, 8 silvertop, 67 fruticosa, 43 Arachis hypogaea, 43 southern prickly-, 89 Ampelamus albidus, 10 Aralia nudicaulis, 9 white, 69 Amyris elemifera, 88 spinosa, 9 Asipoko, 91 ANACARDIACEAE, 4 ARALIACEAE, 9 Aspergillus flavus, 2 Anacardic acid, 5 Araticum, 7 ochraceus, 2 Anacardium excehsum, 4 Araucaria angustifolia, 73 Aspidosperma australe, 7 occidentale, 4 brasiliana, 73 excelsum, 7 sp., 5 cunninghamii, 73 peroba, 7 Anacyclin, 19 klinkii, 73 Aspidospermine, 7 Anacyclus pyrethrum, 19 Arborvitae, 81 As¿6r ericoides, 19 Anagallis arvensis, 84 giant, 81 reticulatus, 20 Anamirta cocculus, 60 Arbutus, trailing, 28 white heath, 19 Ancoumia blaineana, 14 Arcimm minus, 19 Athrotaxis selaginoides, 73 Andaman padauk, 50 Arctostaphylos pungens, 28 Atriplex arenaria, 17 Andira inermis, 43 uva-ursi, 28 Arropa belladonna, 92 surinamensis, 43 Arecas¿n¿m romanzofßanum, 70 sp., 92 Andrachne ovalis, 29 Are?mna caroliniana, 16 Atropine, 92 Andropogon gerardi, 32 Argemone alba, 70 Australian blackwood, 42 Anethum graveolens, 99 mexicana, 70 Ausubo, 90 Angelica archangelica, 99 Arisaenm triphyllum, 9 Avena sativa, 33 sylvestris, 99 Aristolochia clematitis, 10 Avenacoside A, 33 Angelin, 43 durior, 10 Avenacoside B, 33 Angélique, 45 nmcrophylla, 10 Avicennia nitida, 100 Anise, 100 sip/io, 10 sp., 100 Anisoptera polyandra, 27 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 10 Avocado, 40 spp., 27 Arjuna, 18 Ayan, 45 Anjan, 46 Armomcia rusticana, 24 Azadirachta indica, 57 Annona cherimola, 6 Aroba, 29 A2;a¿6a sp., 28 muricata, 6 Aroeira bugre, 5 reticulata, 6 Aroma, 41 ßaeiii, 42 senegalensis, 6 Arrowhead, 4 Baccharis halimifolia, 20 sqvximosa, 6 Artemisia abrotanum, 19 Bacu, 41 tripétala, 6 absinthium, 19 Bagtikan, 27 ANNONACEAE, 6 campestris, 19 Baikaea plurijuga, 43 Anonaine, 6 frígida, 19 Baku, 90 Anopyxis blainesne, 86 glauca, 19 Balanites maughamii, 103 Antennaria plantaginifolia, 19 ludovicíana, 19 Balanocarpus heimii, 27 Anthémis arvensis, 19 monosperma, 19 Balata, 90 nobilis, 19 vulgaris, 19 Balau, 27 tinctoria, 19 Artocarpus altilis, 61 Balsa, 13 Anthraquinone, 86, 101 integer, 61 Balsam, 44 Antiaris, 61 integrifolius, 61 BALSAMINACEAE, 10 Antiaris africana, 61 Arundinaria tecta, 33 Bamboo, 33 welwitschii, 61 Asarinin, 71, 89 Ecuadorean giant, 33 Antidesma platyphyllum, 29 Asarone, 9 Tulda, 33 Apamate, 12 Asarum canadense, 10 Bambusa bambos, 33 Apium graveolens, 99 europeaum, 10 tuldoides, 33 APOCYNACEAE, 7 reflexum, 10 vulgaris, 33 Apocynum. cannabinum, 7 ASCLEPIADACEAE, 10 Banak, 63 Appelquali, 102 Asclepías amplexicaulis, 10 Banati, 17 Apple, 86 syríaca, 10 Bangalay, 63 custard, 6 tuberosa, 10 Barberry, Japanese, 11 May, 11 viridiflora, 10 Baresfoot, 22 pitch, 36 Ash, alpine, 64 Barley, 34 INDEX 123
Baromalli, 13 Birsama abyssinica, 60 spp., 25 Barringtonia racemosa, 41 Bitis, 90, 91 ßreadfruit, 61 Breu vermelho, 14 Basil, 38 Bittersweet, 95 Basralocus, 45 Bitterweed, 21 Broccoli, 24 Bassia longifolia, 90 Blackbutt, 67 Bromv^ sp., 33 Brosimum paraense, 61 Basswood, 30 Western Australian, 67 Broussonetia kazinoki, 61 Batai, 42 Black-eyed-susan, 22 Bay ram, 69 Blackgum, swamp, 69 papyrifera, 61 Bayabonda, 50 Blackheart, 52 Browallia americana, 92 Beach grass, 32 Bladder campion, 16 demissa, 92 Beach-health, 17 Bletia hyacinthiana, 70 Brown barrel, 64 bloodwood, 103 Bean, black, 44 Bloodwood, 50, 65 calabar, 49 brown, 103 mallet, 63 common, 49 red, 65 touriga, 103 Brunfelsia americana, 92 green, 49 Blue devil, 14 Brussels sprouts, 24 kidney, 49 sailors, 20 Bearberry, common, 28 Blueberry, highbush, 29 Buchenavia capitata, 18 Beauoeria bassmna, 2 Blueweed, 14 Buckeye, painted, 37 tenella, 2 Blumea lacera, 20 red, 37 Bebe. 50 Bodioa, 86 yellow, 37 Beech, 31 Boenninghausenia albiflora, 88 Buckhom, 83 Myrtle, 31 Bois Cochon, 15 Buckthorn, tough, 90 New Zealand silver, 31 de Fer, 86 Buffalo-burr, 96 Tasmanian, 31 Bollywood, 39 Bugbane, skunk, 85 Bulbostylis stenophyllus, 26 white, 100 BOMBACACEAE, 13 Beefwood, 16 Bombacopsis quinata, 13 Bulbul, 42 Begonia pearcei, 11 BORAGINACEAE, 13 Buniielia tenax, 90 BEGONIACEAE, 11 Borassum aethiopium, 70 Burclover, 47 Beilschmiedia péndula, 39 Bomeol, 72, 74, 75, 80, 82 Burgrass, 33 Belian, 39 Bomyl acetate, 80 Burro, 55 Bellflower, tall, 15 Bosoo, 88 Bur sera simaruba, 14 BURSERACEAE, 14 Benzoic acid, 79 Boswellia dalzielii, 14 2-Benzoxazolinone, 35 Botseed, 43 Bussea massaiensis, 43 BERBERIDACEAE, 11 Baugainvillea sp., 69 Butea monosperma, 43 Berberís aristata, 11 Bouncing-bet, 16 Butterfly weed, 10 thunbergii, 11 Boutelaua gracilis, 33 Butternut, 38 Bergafill, 38, 88 Bowdichia nitira, 43 tree, 16 Bergamot, 38, 88 Box, Brisbane, 69 Butterweed, 21 Berlinia, 43 brush, 69 Buttonwood, 18 Berlinia acuminata, 43 flooded, 66 Butyric acid, 47 grandiflora, 43 gum-topped, 65 BUXACEAE, 15 Berteroa incana, 24 red, 67 Buxus sempervirens, 15 Byrsonima spicata, 55 Betaine, 47 yellow, 66 Betula alba, 11 Boxwood, San Domingo, 99 alleghaniensis, 11 West Indian, 12 Cabbage, 24 skunk, 9 mgra, 11 Bracaatinga, 48 platyphylla, 11 Brachylaena hutchinsii, 20 Cabo de Hacha, 60 Cacaillo, 28 sp., 11 Brachystegia boehmii, 43 Cacalia elliottii, 20 tauschii, 11 eurycoma, 43 BETULACEAE, 11 leonensis, 43 Cacao, 28 Bidens pilosa, 20 nigerica, 43 Bobo, 89 CACTACEAE, 15 Bignonia capreolata, 12 spicaeformis, 43 BIGNONIACEAE, 12 Brassica caulorapa, 24 Cadagi, 68 Caesalpinia platyloba, 43 Big-tree, 81 júncea, 24 pulcherrima, 43 Bindang, 73 nigra, 24 Caimitillo verde, 90 Bintangor, 36 olerácea, 24 Birch, 11 olerácea var. acephala, 24 Cajeput, 68 River, 11 olerácea var. capitata, 24 Calamene, 9 West Indian, 14 olerácea var. gemmifera, 24 Calamavilfa longifolia, 33 Callilepis laureola, 20 white, 11, 26 olerácea var. itálica, 24 Callitris calcarata, 73 yellow, 11 sp.,24 124 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
endlichen, 73 Carapa guianensis, 57 of Goa, 74 glauca, 73 nicaraguensis, 57 pencil African, 74 hugelii, 73 procera, 58 red, 58, 74 robusta, 73 Caraway, 99 South American, 58 spp., 73 3-Carboxy-a-hydroxy-a-methyl-2-pyri- Spanish, 58 CaUitrol, 73 dine-butyric acid, 17 Calophyllum, 36 western red, 81 3-Carboxy-a-methyl-2-pyridinebutyric white, 12 beach, 36 acid, 17 yellow, 74 bush, 36 Cardamine hirsuta, 24 Cedrela australis, 58 Calophyllum brasiliense, 35 Cardinalwood, 61 fissilis, 58 inophyllum, 36 Cardol, 5 mexicana, 58 kajewskii, 36 A^-Carene, 78, 79 odarata, 58 luddum, 36 Carex lupulina, 26 serrata, 58 spp., 36 Carimbo, 59 toona, 58 Calotropis gigantea, 10 Cariniana pyriformis, 41 Cedro espino, 13 procera, 10 Caroba, 12, 58 macho, 30, 57 sp., 10 Caopia, 37 rana, 102 Calpocalyx klainei, 43 i8-Carotene, 47 toona, 58 Calpumia intrusa, 43 Carpetweed, 4, 61 Cedras deodara, 73 subdecandra, 43 Carrot, wild, 99 libani, 73 Calyptranthes condnna, 63 Carthamus tinctorius, 20 Ceiba pentandra, 13 Camboim branco, 63, 69 Carum carvi, 99 CELASTRACEAE, 16 Camellia sinensis, 98 Carya glabra, 37 Celery, 99 Comomile, field, 19 spp., 37 Celtis, 99 German false-, 22 Caryocar brasiliense, 16 golden, 19 Celtis adolphi-frederid, 99 CARYOCARACEAE, 16 laevigata, 99 Campanula americana, 15 CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 16 soyauxii, 99 CAMPANULACEAE, 15 Caryophyllus aromaticus, 16 zenkeri, 99 Campelia zanonia, 18 Cashew, 4 Cenchrus tribuloides, 33 Camphene, 33, 72, 74, 75, 80-82 Casia amarilla, 44 Cenicero, 49 Camphor-tree, 39 Cassia alata, 44 Centaurea maculosa, 20 Camphorwood, Borneo, 27 botrya, 44 Century plant, 4 East African, 40 fistula, 44 Cephaelis ipecacuanha, 87 Campnosperma spp., 5 ocddentalis, 44 Canarium, African, 14 Ceratopetalum apetalum, 25 siamea, 44 Cerbera thevetia, 8 Indian, 14 sp., 44 Cestrum sp., 92 Canarium commune, 14 Cassia, ringworm, 44 Cevadine, 54 euphyllum, 14 Cassytha dliolata, 39 a-Chaconine, 95, 96 relutinum, 14 Castanea dentata, 31 schjuueinfurthii, 14 Chamaecyparis formosensis, 73 sativa, 31 lawsoniana, 73 Candle wood, 14 sp., 31 nootkatensis, 74 Cane, small, 33 Castanospermum australe, 44 obtusa, 74 Canna flaccida, 15 Castorbean, 30, 50 thyoides, 74 indica, 15 Casuarina equisetifolia, 16 Chaste-tree, 101 Canna, golden, 15 fiíuseriana, 16 Chavicine, 82 Cannabis sativa, 61 CASUARINACEAE, 16 Cheesewood, white, 7 CANNACEAE, 15 Catalpa, 12 Chengal, 27 Cantleya comiculata, 37 Northern, 12 CHENOPODIACEAE, 17 Caobanillo, 51 Catalpa longissima, 12 Caopia, 37 Chenapodium ambrosioides, 17 sp., 12 botrys, 17 Capa Blanco, 101 spedosa, 12 Cherimoya, 6 CAPPARIDACEAE, 15 spp., 12 Cherry, bird, European, 86 Capparis spp., 15 Catechin, 90 black, northern, 87 CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 15 Catfoot, 21 rum, 87 Capsicum annuum, 92 Catnip, 38 Chestnut, 31 spp., 92 Catostemma commune, 13 American, 31 Carabeen, 103 Caulophyllum thaüctroides, 11 red, 25 Chewstick, Waika, 37 Cecropia peltata, 61 Chickpea, 44 yellow, 28 Cedar, Alaska, 74 Caracoli, 47 Chickrassia tabularis, 58 Australian, 58 Chickrassy, 58 Caracolillo, 32, 60 Central American, 58 Chicory, 20 INDEX 125
Chilcuague, 21 Cocculolidine, 60 CRASSULACEAE, 24 Chilcuan, 21 Cocculus indiens, 60 Cratoxylon arborescens, 36 Chinaberry, 59 trilobus, 60 glaucum, 36 Chittagong, 58 Cockroach plant, 7 Cross vine, 12 Chive, 53 Coffea arabica, 87 Crotalaria júncea, 44 Chlorophene, 79 Cohosh, blue, 11 Crotón glandulosUs, 29 Chlarophora excelsa, 61 Colchicine, 53 tiglium, 29 regia, 62 Colchicum autumnale, 53 CRUCIFERAE, 24 tin doria, 62 Coleus sp., 38 Cryptocarya mandioccana, 39 Chlorophorin, 61 Columbo, 32 Cucubano, 87 Chloroxylon smetenia, 58 COMBRETACEAE, 18 Cucumber, 25 Chlortine-2, 79 Combretodendron africanum, 18 Cucumis sativus, 25 Chondria armata, 3 Combretum apiculatum, 18 sp., 25 Choumoellier, 24 Comejan-resistant, 103 Cucúrbita maxima, 25 Christmas berry, 5 Commelina diffusa, 18 sp., 25 Chrysanthemum balsamita, 20 COMMELINACEAE, 18 CUCURBITACEAE, 25 leucanthemum, 20 Commiphora abyssinica, 14 Cucurbitacin, 25 roseum, 20 africana, 14 Cudrania javanensis, 62 sp., 20 COMPOSITAE, 18 triloba, 62 Chn^sin, 77 Coneflower, American, 21 Cudweed, purple, 21 Chr;Cinnamomum camphora, 39 Copaiba balsam tree, 44 Curcuma longa, 102 micranthum, 39 Copaifera offidnalis, 44 sp., 102 zeylanicum, 39 palustris, 44 Currant, black, 87 Cinnamon, 39 Cordia alliodora, 13 Cutanbu, 7 Cirsium arvense, 20 goeldiana, 13 Cut-rail, 64 undulatum, 20 hypoleuca, 14 CYCADACEAE, 26 Cissus rhomhifolia, 102 Coreopsis, tall, 20 Cyclamen europaeum, 84 CISTACEAE, 17 Coreopsis tripteris, 20 Cyclamin, 84 Cistanthera papaverifera, 98 Coriander, 99 Cycloeucalenol, 60 Citharexylum fndicosum, 100 Coriandrum sativum, 99 Cylicodiscv^ gabunensis, 44 Citronella, 33 Corkwood, 13 Cymbopogon dtratus, 33 Citr-ullus vulgaris, 25 Com, 34 marginatus, 33 Citrus aurantium, 88 CORNACEAE, 24 nardus, 33 medica var. lim,onum, 88 Cornus amomum, 2Â Cynoglossum offidnale, 14 sinensis, 88 stolonifera, 24 Cynometra alexandri, 44 Clammy weed, 15 Corylus americana, 11 inaequifolia, 44 Cleístanthus collinus, 20 sp., 11 CYPERACEAE, 26 Clematis sp., 85 Costmary, 20 a-Cyperone, 26 Cleome serrulata, 15 Costus, 22 Cyperus rotundus, 26 Clerodendrum glabrum, 100 Coton marian, 56 shweinitzii, 26 Clethra alnifolia, 17 Cotton, 55 strigosus, 26 CLETHRACEAE, 17 Thurber, 56 Cyphomandra sp., 92 Clover, Egyptian, 51 Cotton weed, 4 Cypress, 74 Clusia rosea, 36 Cottonwood, eastern, 89 Arizona, 74 Cyvcus benedictus, 20 Cotylobium melanoxylon, 27 bald, 81 Coachwood, 25 spp., 27 Lawson, 73 Cobana, 51 Coumarin, 36, 47 Mexican,'74 Coccoloba grandifolia, 83 Crabgrass, 33 Monterey, 74 rugosa, 83 Crabwood, 58 spurge, 30 uvifera, 84 Crappo, 57 Cyrilla racemiflora, 26 126 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CYRILLACEAE, 26 wallichii, 45 Duranta, 100 Cytisine, 51 Dianthus sp., 16 Duranta plumieri, 100 DIAPENSIACEAE, 26 repens, 100 Dacrydium cupressinum, 83 DICHAPETALACEAE, 26 Durian, 13 franklinii, 83 Dichapetalum symosum, 26 i>wno spp., 13 Dacryodes excelsa, 14 Dichrostachys cinérea, 45 Dutchmans-pipe, 10 Dactylis glomerata, 33 Dicorynia guianensis, 45 Z)i/em costulata, 7 Dactylocladus stenostachys, 57 Didymopanax morototoni, 9 Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum, 33 Digitalis ambigua,, 91 Dahlia sp., 21 EBENACEAE, 28 lanata, 91 Ebenholz, 28 Dahoma, 49 purpurea, 91 Dahoon, 8 Ebony, African, 28 Digitaria sanguinalis, 33 Ceylon, 28 Daisy, oxeye, 20 Digitonin, 91 Indian, 28 Dalbergia latifolia, 44 Dihydropinosylvin monomethyl ether, 80 sissoo, 44 Eburnamine, 7 l,4-Dihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone, Ecdysterone, 3 stevensonii, 44 101 Dandelion, 23 Echinacea angustifolia, 21 2,4-Dihydrox3^-7-mothoxy-l ,- Echinacein, 21 Daniellia klainei, 44 4-benzoxazin-3-one, 35 Echium vulgäre, 14 Pö'm, 44 4,7-Dihydroxy-4(l-acetoxypropyl)-6- oliven, 44 Eclipta alba, 21 (2-methyl-3-butenyl)-S-(2-methyl- Eggplant, 96 thurifera, 44 butyryD-coumarin, 36 Danta, 98 Ekki, 69 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-< l-acetoxypropyl)-6- ELAEAGNACEAE, 28 Daruhalad, 11 (a-methyl-2-butenyl)-8-(4-methyl- DATISCACEAE, 26 Elaeagnus umbellata, 28 valeryD-coumarin, 36 ELAEOCARPACEAE, 28 Datura arbórea, 92 Dill, 99 /erox, 92 Elaeodendron xylocarpum, 16 DiUapiole, 82 Elder, marsh, 22 inoxia, 92 Dimethyl phthalate, 102 me^e/, 92 Elephantopus elatus, 21 2,3-Dimethylallylnaphthoquinone, 101 meteloides, 92 Elm, American, 99 Dioscorea batatas, 26 Spanish, 13 quercifolia, 92 hispida, 26 West Indian, 97 stramonium, 92 DIOSCOREACEAE, 26 umghtii, 93 Elymus canadensis, 33 Diospyros crassiflora, 28 Emetine, 87 Daucus carota, 99 ebenum, 28 Dedaru, 37 Endospermum formicarium, 30 melanoxylon, 28 medullosum, 30 Deerberry, 29 sp.,28 Dehydro-a-lapachone, 101 Entada phaseolides, 45 virginiana, 28 Entandrophragma angolense, 58 Dehydrojuvabione, 72 Dipentene, 72, 74-76, 80, 82 Delonix regia, 44 cylindricum, 58 Diplorhynchus angustifolia, 7 i¿¿iZe, 58 Delphinium ajacis, 85 Diplotropis purpurea, 45 Enterolobium cyclocarpum, 45 chinense, 85 DIPSACACEAE, 27 consolida, 85 Entomophthora apiculata, 2 Dipsacus ladniatus, 27 corónala, 2 orientale, 85 DIPTEROCARPACEAE, 27 staphisagria, 85 ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE, 2 Dipterocarpus spp., 27 Eperuafalcata, 45 Delsoline, 85 Dipterx odorata, 45 DEMATIACEAE, 2 grandiflora, 45 Disanthus cercidifolia, 37 Epiasarinin, 71 Demissine, 95, 96 Disperma sp., 4 Deodar, 73 Epigaea repens, 28 Distemonanthus benthamianus, 45 EQUISETACEAE, 2 Deoxylapachol, 101 Ditch-stonecrop, 91 Dems elliptica, 45 Equisetum hyemale, 2 Dock, yellow, 84 kansanum, 2 uliginosa, 45 Dogfennel, 21 Desmodium racemosum, 45 Eragrostis pilosa, 33 Dolichos pseudopachyrhizus, 45 ERICACEAE, 28 Destruxin A, 2, 3 Dombeya rotundifolia, 97 Destruxin B, 2, 3 Erigeron annuus, 21 Domoic acid, 3 canadensis, 21 Detarium senegalense, 45 Dorstenia contrajerva, 62 Determa, 40 quercifolius, 21 Dracocephalum parviflorum, 39 Erima, 26 Devils-walkingstick, 9 Dracontomelon niarigiferum, 5 Devilwood, 70 ERIOCAULACEAE, 29 Dropwort, 86 Enocaulon decangulare, 29 Dhup, white, 14 Dryobalanops aromática, 27 Dhurrin, 34 Erlöse ma psoraleoides, 45 lanceolata, 27 Erythrina senegalensis, 45 Dialium patens, 45 obloiigifolia, 27 platysepalum, 45 Erythrophleine, 46 Dunalia australis, 93 Erythrophleum áfricanum, 46 INDEX 127
guiñéense, 46 robusta, 67 laevigata, 62 laboucherii, 46 rostrata, 64, 67 pumila, 62 ERYTHROXYLACEAE, 29 saligna, 67 retusa, 62 Erythroxylon areolatum, 29 scabra, 67 sycamorus, 62 Eschweüera corrugata, 41 siderophloia, 67 mghtiana, 62 sagotiana, 41 sieberiana, 67 Fiddle wood, 101 Eserine, 49 sp., 68 black, 101 Esia 18 tereticornis, 68 Fig, 62 Espave, 4 torelliana, 68 Indian, 15 Eucalyptus acminioides, 68 triantha, 68 strangling, 36 astiingenSy 63 umbellata, 68 tree, 62 botryoides, 63 viminaliSj 68 wild, 62 brocwayi, 63 wandoo, 68 wild, 62 Eue omis undulata, 53 calophylla, 64 Filipéndula hexapetala, 86 camaldulensis, 64 Eugenia gustavioides, 68 Fir, Algerian, 72 citriodora, 64 jambos, 68 balsam, 72 cladocalyx, 64 stahlii, 68 blue, Colorado, 81 cloeziana, 64 sylvestris, 68 Caucasian, 72 consideniana, 64 Euonymus europaeus, 17 cilician, 72 corymbosa, 65 japonicus, 17 Douglas, 80 corynocalyXy 64 Eupatorium compositifolium, 21 Rocky mountain, 81 crebra, 64 coronopifolium, 21 European silver, 72 deglupta, 64 moci6/a¿í¿m, 21 Eraser's balsam, 72 diversicolor, 64 serotinum, 21 giant, 72 eugenioides, 67 Euphorbia cyparissias, 30 grand, 72 fastigiata, 64 lathyris, 30 lowland, 72 gigantea, 64 nerifolia, 30 Noble, 72 globulus, 64 poinsettiana, 30 Nordmann's, 72 gomphocephala, 65 serpene, 30 red, 72 goniocalyx, 65 sp., 30 California, 72 grandis, 65 splendens, 30 white, Colorado, 72 giimmifera, 65 tirucalli, 30 EUPHORBIACEAE, 29 Low's, 72 gunii, 65 Firmiana platanifolia, 97 hemiphloia, 65 Eusideroxylon zwageri, 39 leucoxylon, 65 Euxylophora paraensis, 88 FLACOURTIACEAE, 31 longifolia, 65 Evening-primrose, 70 Flamboyan, 44 macarthuri, 65 Evodiopanax innovans, 9 Flame-tree, 44 macrorrhyncha, 65 Exacum sp., 32 Flannel-plant, 91 maculata, 65 Flax, linseed, 54 macúlala var. citriodora, 64 Fabiana imbricata, 93 Fleabane, 21 maidenii, 66 FAGACEAE, 31 Canadian, 21 marginata, 66 Fagara fiavum, 88 Flindersiana ifflaiana, 88 melanophloia, 66 macrophylla, 88 Floatingheart, yellow, 61 wMiodora, 66 trinitensis, 88 Flowering-moss, 26 micrococera, 66 xanthoxyloides, 88 Fluggea virosa, 30 microcorys, 66 Fagaramide, 82 Fly agaric, 2 microtheca, 66 Fagraeafragrans, 54 Foeniculum vulgäre, 99 mv£lleriana, 66 gigantea, 54 Foxglove, 91 multifora, 67 Fagus sp., 31 yellow, 91 naudinianay 64 sylvatica, 31 Foxtail, giant, 34 obliqvxiy 66 Fennel, 99 Frankincence tree, 14 ovata, 66 small, 85 Fraxinus, 69 paniculatay 66 Fenugreek, 51 Fraxinus americana, 69 patens, 67 Fern, cinnamon, 3 excelsior, 70 pilularis, 67 fiddle-heads, 3 sp., 70 polyanthemoSj 67 flowering, 3 Freijo, 13 propinqiuiy 67 royal, 3 Froelichia floridana, 4 punctata, 67 Ficîis carica, 62 Fuchsia sp., 70 redunca, 68 elástica, 62 Fuirena squarrosa, 26 regnanSy 67 erecta, 62 Fuma bravo, 95 resinifera, 67 /lÎT^a, 62 Fumeria schleichen, 71 128 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Galacturonic acid, 25 lawn, 35 Gynandropsis pentaphylla, 15 Galangal, 102 Gray box, 65 Gypsophila paniculata, 16^ Galba, 36 Greenheart, 40 Gallberry, large, 8 Hakia, 12 Haa, 29 Gamagrass, 34 Grevillea robusta, 84 Hackberry, 99 Ganger, 98 Grevillea, silky-oak, 84 Haiowaballi, 15 Ganoderma luddum, 3 Greuna populifolia, 98 HALORRHAGIDACEAE, 37 Garlic, 52 Gronfoloe, 102 HAMAMELIDACEAE, 37 Gedu Nohor, 58 Groundcherry, 94 Hame, 29 Geissois benthami, 25 Guaba, 46 Hampea sp., 13 Genipa amerÎQana, 87 Guadua latifolia, 33 Haplocidine, 7 Geniporana, 87 Guaiacum officinale, 103 Haplocine, 7 GENTIANACEAE, 32 sanctum, 103 Haplophytine, 7 GERANIACEAE, 32 Guama, 46 Haplophyton cimicidum, 7 Geraniol, 81 Guanacaste, 45 Hardwickia binata, 46 Geranium sp., 32 Guara, 90 Hari-giri, 10 Geronggang, 36 Guaraguao, 59 Harman, 103 GESNERIACEAE, 32 Guarea, black, 59 Haw, possum, 16 Geum urbanum, 86 white, 59 swamp, 16 Giam, 27 Guarea cedrata, 59 Hazel, American, 11 Gidgee, 42 glabra, 59 Hederá helix, 9 Gilibertia trífida, 9 guxira, 59 a-Hederin, 10 Ginger, 103 thompsonii, 59 Hedgemustard, 24 wild, 10 trichilioides, 59 Helenium amarum, 21 Ginkgo biloba, 32 Guayaba, 69 tenuifolium, 21 Ginkgo tree, 32 Guayabon, 18 Helianthus annuus, 21 GINKGO ACE AE, 32 Guayabota, 68 petiolaris, 21 Gliricidia maculuta, 46 Guazuma ulmifolia, 97 strumosus, 21 sepium, 46 Guelder-rose, 16 Heliopsin, 21 Glucoconainigrin, 25 Guettarda laevis, 87 Heliopsis helianthoides, 21 Glucoerucin, 25 Guibourtia demeusei, 46 longipes, 21 Glucohurolin, 25 Gum, blue, southern, 64 scabra, ^1 Gluconapin, 25 Sydney, 64, 67 Helio trie acid, 14 Gluconasturtiin, 25 Tasmanian, 64 Helio tridine, 14 Glucose, 25 cider, 65 Heliotrine, 14 Glucotropaeolin, 25 flooded, 65 Heliotropium europaeum, 14 Glycine soja, 46 giant, 67 Hellebore, European white, 54 Glycyrrhiza glabra, 46 gray, 67 Helleborus odorus, 85 lepidota, 46 hog, 37 Hemerocallis dumortierii,, 53 Glycyrrhizin, 46 lemon-scented, 64 Hemlock, eastern, 82 Gmelina, 100 maiden, 66 western, 82 Gmelina arbórea, 100 Mann, 68 Hemp, Indian, 7 leichardtii, 100 mountain (gray), 65 water, 4 Gnaphalium obtusifolium, 21 Murdanao, 64 Hemp weed, climbing, 22 purpureum, 21 red, 37, 64 Herb Paris, 53 Goatsbeard, 23 forest, 68 Hercules-club, 9 Goebelia pachycarpa, 51 Murray, 64 Herculin, 89 Golden club, 9 river, 64 Hemandia sonora, 37 Goldenrod, 22 ribbon, 68 HERNANDIACEAE, 37 Gonystylus spp., 98 river, 64 Heuchera sanguínea, 91 warburgianus, 98 rose, 65 Hevea brasiliensis, 30 Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum, saligna, 67 2-Hexenal, 32 46 spotted, 65 2-Hexenol, 63 Gossypium herbaceum, 55 sugar, 64 3-Hexenol, 63 hirsutum, 55 swamp, 66 Hibiscus abelmoschus, 56 thurberi, 56 Tupelo, 69 escidentus, 56 Gossypol, 55, 56 yellow, 65 rosa-chinensis, 56 Goupia glabra, 17 Gunnera perpensa, 37 spp., 56 GR AMI NE AE, 32 Gurjun, 27 syriacus, 56 Granadino, 18 GUTTIFERAE, 35 tiliaceus, 56 Grass, brome, 33 Gymnosporia senegalensis, 17 Hickory, cairns, 88 INDEX 129
pignut, 37 coriácea, 8 Joe-pye-weed, 21 Hieradum pilosella, 21 nítida, 8 Jongkong, 57 venosum, 22 opaca, 8 Juanulloa aurantiaca, 93 Hill toon, 58 Ilomba, 63 JUGLANDACEAE, 37 HIPPOCASTANACEAE, 37 Impatiens biflora, 10 Juglans dnerea, 38 Hippomane mandnella, 30 capensis, 10 nigra, 38 Hog plum, 6 sultani, 10 regia, 38 Holorrhena antidysenterica, 7 Imperatorin, 99 Jundani, 42 Holly, 8 índigo, false, 43 Juniper, East African, 74 Homalium foetidurriy 32 Indigofera sp., 46 Juniperus gradlior, 74 racemosum, 32 tinctoria, 46 hispánica, 74 Honeysuckle, 16 Indole-3-acetonitrile, 24 procera, 74 tnampet, 15 Inga, 46 sp., 74 Honeyvine, 10 Inga laurina, 46 virginiana, 74 Hop, 62 vera, 46 Juvabione, 72 Hopea helfen, 27 Intsia bijuga, 46 nutans, 27 palembanica, 46 Kabukalli, 17 semicuneata, 27 Inumaki, 83 Kaempferol, 79 spp., 27 Inumakilactone, 83 Kainic acid, 3 Hop hornbeam. Eastern, 12 Ipecacuanha, 87 a-Kainic acid, 3 Honieum sp., 34 Ipil, 46 Kakeralli, black, 41 Hon^e-nettle, 95 Ipomoea hederacea, 23 Wena, 41 Horseradish, 24 purpurea, 23 Kaladi, 98 Horse weed, 21 sagittata, 24 Kalanchoe somaliensis, 2A Hou bark, broad-leaved, 67 Iroko, 61 Kale, 24 gray, 66 Ironwood, 46, 90 Kalopanax septemlobus, 10 narrow-leaved, 64 Borneo, 39 Kapur, 27 red, 67 red, 69 Karada, 20 silver-leaved, 66 Isoboldine, 60 Karanjin, 50 Houndstongue, common, 14 N-lsobuty\-trans-2,trans-4- Karri, 64 Houttuynia cordata, 91 decadienamide, 82, 88 Kashiwa, 31 Hububali, 5 N-lsóbuty\-trans-2,ds-6,trans-S- Kaunghmu, 27 Hudsonia tomentosa, 17 decatrienamide, 21 Kauri, Past Indies, 73 Hueso blanco, 70 N-Isobutyl-2,6,8,10-dodecatetraenamide. island, 73 prieto, 8 89 New Zealand, 73 Hurniria balsamifera, 37 N-lsobuty\-trans-2,trans-A- Queensland, 73 HUMIRIACEAE, 37 octadienamide, 82 Kekatong, 44 Humulus japonicus, 62 Isoeburnamine, 7 Keladan, 27 Inpulus, 62 Isooxypeucedanin, 99 Kempas, 46 Hura crepitans, 30 Iva frutescens, 22 Kentucky bluegrass, 34 Hydnocarpus vÁghtiana, 32 imbricata, 22 Keranji, 45 Hydrangea sp., 91 Ixora macrothyrsa, 87 Keretiballi, 40 Hydrogen cyanide, 34, 86 Keruing, 27 Hydroxyecdysterone, 3 Jacana, 91 Khaya anthotheca, 59 Hydroxywilfordic acid, 17 Jacapa, 8 grandifolióla, 59 Hyeronima caribea, 30 Jacaranda semiserrata, 12 ivorensis, 59 dusioides, 30 Jacareuba, 35 nyasica, 59 laxiflora, 30 Jack-in-the-box, 37 senegalensis, 59 Hymenaea courharil, 46 Jack-in-the-pulpit, small, 9 Koa, Hawaiian, 42 Hyoscine, 92 Jack tree, 61 Kohb-abi, 24 Hyoscyamus niger, 93 Jagua, 87 Kokko, 42 HYPERICACEAE, 37 Jak, 61 Konara, 31 Hypericum perforatum, 37 Jalap, wild, 11 Koompassia excelsa, 46 Hyptis spidgera, 38 Jarrah, 66 malaccensis, 46 Hyssop, 38 Jasminum sp., 70 Korina, 18 Hyssopus offidnalis, 38 Jatropha curcas, 30 Krabak, 27 Jelutong, 7 Krujgiodendron ferreum, 86 Ibotenic acid, 2 Jequirity, 41 Kurokai, 14 ICACINACEAE, 37 Jhand, 50 Kutchla, 54 Idigbo, 18 Jimsonweed, 92 Kwalie, 102 Ilex cassine, 8 Jina, 46 Kwila, 46 130 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
LABIATAE, 38 Licorice, 46 Macrosporim sp., 2 Lactuca sativa, 22 Lignum vitae, 103 Madera, 46 LAMINACEAE, 39 Ligularia tussilaginea, 22 Madhuca betis, 90 Lanatasaponin, 91 Ligustrum lucidum, 70 utilis, 90 Lantana cámara, 100 Lilac, Persian, 59 Maesopsis eminii, 86 sp., 101 LILIACEAE, 52 Maga, 13 Lapachol, 12, 101 Lilium longiflorum, 53 Magnolia portoricensis, 55 Lapachonone, 12, 101 Lily-of-the-valley, 53 spendens, 55 Larch, 75 Limba, 18 MAGNOLIACEAE, 54 European, 75 Lime, European, 98 Maho, 97 hybrid, 75 Limonene, 72, 74-76, 78-82 Mahoe, 56, 97 Japanese, 75 LINAGEAE, 54 Mahogany, African, 59 Larenjeira, 29 Linaria vulgaris, 91 American, 60 Larix deddvxi, 75 Linodera domingensis, 70 bean, 42 eurolepiSy 75 Linoleic acid, 79 big-leaf, 59 europaea, 75 Linolenic acid, 79 brush, 25 kaempferi, 75 Linum usitatissimum, 54 Budongo, 58 leptolepis, 75 Lippia citriodora, 101 dry zone, 59 occidentalism 75 oatesii, 101 Dundas, 63 sp., 75 Liquidambar styradflua, 37 Dutch, 63 Larkspur, forking, 85 Liriodendron tulipifera, 55 Honduras, 60 oriental, 85 Lithraea brasiliensis, 5 Philippine, 27 Lauan, 27, 28 Litsea reticulata, 39 red, 67 red, 27 Lizardwood, 101 southern, 63 Laugeria resinosa, 87 Loasa sp., 54 swamp, 67 LAURACEAE, 39 LOASACEAE, 54 West Indian, 60 Laurel, Alexandrian, 36 Lobelia decurrens, 15 white, 68 amarillo, 40 Lobeline, 15 Maidencane, 34 avispillo, 40 Locust, black, 50 Maize, 34 geo, 40 West Indian, 46 Makino, 9 Indian, 18 LOGANIACEAE, 54 Makore, 90 sabino, 55 Lonicera sempervirens, 15 Malas, 32 Laurus nobilis, 39 sp., 16 Malay padauk, 50 Leatherwood, 26 Lophira alata, 69 Malic acid, 47 Leche prieto, 90 Lophopetalum wightianum, 17 MALPIGHIACEAE, 55 Lechea villosa, 17 LORANTHACEAE, 54 Malu^ sp., 86 LECYTHIDACEAE, 41 Louro abacate, 40 MALVACEAE, 55 Lecythis paraensis, 41 Tamancao, 40 Mamani, 51 LEGUMINOSAE, 41 Vermelho, 40 Mameigin, 36 Leiophyllum buxifolium, 29 Louseberry, 17 Mamey, 36 Lemon, 88 Lovoa, 59 Mamey in, 36 Lemongrass, 33 Lovoa klaineana, 59 Mammea africana, 36 Lens esculenta, 47 Loxopterygium sagotti, 5 americana, 36 Lentil, 47 Luff a acvtangula, 25 Manchineel, 30 Lepidium flavum, 2A Lydum halimifolium, 93 Mandioqueira, 102 L'Epinet, 88 sp., 93 Mangifera indica, 5 Leptine, 95, 96 Lycopersicon, 93 salmonensis, 5 Leptinine, 95, 96 Lycopersicon esculentum, 93 Mango, Indian, 5 Lespedeza bicolor, 47 hirsutum, 93 Manilkara bidentata, 90 Letterwood, 52 peruvianum, 93 huberi, 90 Lettuce, 22 pimpinellifolium, 93 Mansonia, 97 Leucas áspera, 38 spp., 93 Mansonia altissima, 97 cephalotes, 38 Lyonia mariana, 29 Maple, Florida, 4 martinicensis, 38 Lysiloma latisiliqua, 47 moose wood, 4 Levisticum officinale, 99 Lysimachia punctata, 84 red, 4 Liabum pallatangense, 22 southern sugar, 4 Liatris punctata, 22 Maakia amurensis, 47 striped, 4 squxirrosa, 22 Maakinine, 47 Mara, 42 Libocedrus decurrens, lb Macassar, 28 Mararión, 5 Licania densiflora, 86 Madura aurantiaca, 62 Maranta bicolor, 56 Licaria cayiella, 39 pomífera, 62 MARANTACEAE, 56 INDEX 131
Marble tree, 16 Merawan, 27 rubra, 63 Margosa, 57 Merbau, 46 sp., 63 Marishiballi, 86 Mersawa, 27 spp., 63 Marjoram, wild, 38 Mesquite, 50 Mufumbi, 58 Markhamia lanata, 12 Messmate, gympie, 64 Mugwort, common, 19 stipulata, 12 New South Wales, 64 Muhimbi, 44 Marouba, 91 Queensland, 64 Muhuhu, 20 Marram, 32 red, 67 Mulberry, 63 Marri, 64 Mesua férrea, 36 Dyer's, 62 Manipa, 91 6-Methoxy-2(3)-benzoxazolinone, 35 paper, 61 Masa, 15 Methyl lin oléate, 75 white, 63 Massaranduba, 90 linolenate, 75, 79 Mullein, common, 91 Mastic-tree, 5 oléate, 75 wool, 91 Matai, 83 palmitate, 79 Muninga, 50 Matayba domingensis, 90 salicylate, 8 Mu-oil tree, 29 Matricaria chamomilla, 22 stéarate, 79 Musanga emithii, 63 Matrimony-vine, 93 0-Methyleburnamine, 7 Muscat, nut, 16 MauHcio, 55 3,4-Methy lenedioxycinnamoy 1- Musennin, 42 Mayñower, 12, 28 piperidide, 82 Musizi, 86 Meadowgrass, 34 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenol, 71 Mustard, 24 Medicago dliaris, 47 6-Methylenedioxyphenol, 71 Myall, 41 sativa, 47 Methyleugenol, 33 Myrcene, 78 sativa var. Labrador, 47 Metopium toxiferum, 5 Myrciaria delicatula, 69 spp., 47 Metrosideros polymorpha, 69 Myrianthus arboreus, 63 tianschanica var. agropyretoretorum, Mezilaurus itauba, 39 MYRISTICACEAE, 63 47 Micropholis chrysophylloides, 90 Myristicin, 100 Melcleuca leucadendron, 68 gardnifolia, 90 Myrrh, 14 MELASTOMATACEAE, 57 Mikania scandens, 22 MYRTACEAE, 63 Melawis, 98 Milk bush, 8 Melia azadirachta, 57 Milkweed, 10 Nakai, 9 azedarach, 59 green, 10 Nami, 26 MELIACEAE, 57 Milne-Redhead, 48 p-Naphthoquinone, 101 MEIJANTHACEAE, 60 Mimosa bracaatinga, 48 Nauclea diderichii, 88 Meliatin, 59 Mimusops heckelii, 90 Nectandra coriaceae, 40 Melilot, 48 hexandra, 90 saligna, 40 Melilotas alba, 47 schimperi, 90 sintenissii, 40 altissima, 47 Mint, 38 sp., 40 dentata, 47 Mirabilis jalapa, 69 Neem, 57 elegans, 47 Mitragyna dliata, 87 Neesia spp., 13 indica, 47 macrophylla, 88 Negelia hyadnthi, 32 infesta, 47 Moca, 43 Nemoca, 40 itálica, 48 MOLLUGINACEAE, 61 Neoherculin, 21, 89 macrocarpa, 48 Mollugo vertidllata, 4, 61 Neorautanenia fidfolia, 48 messanensis, 48 Momordica charantia, 25 pseudopachyrrhiza, 48 neapolitana, 48 foetida, 25 Nepeta cataría, 38 ojficinalis, 48 schimperiana, 25 Nepetalactone, 38 polonica, 48 Monarda sp., 38 Nerium indicum, 7 segetalis, 48 MONILIACEAE, 2 odorum, 7 spp., 48 Monkey cola, 58 oleander, 8 speciosa, 48 pistol, 30 Nesogordonia papaverifera, 98 suaveolens, 48 pot, 41 Neuz Moscada, 40 sulcata, 48 Montezuma opedorissima, 13 Niacin, 35 táurica, 48 Montillo, 28 Nicandra physalodes, 94 ivolgica, 48 Mora, 48 Nicandrenone, 94 Meliosma herberti, 89 Mora excelsa, 48 Nierembergia hippornanica, 94 MENISPERMACEAE, 60 gongprijpii, 48 Nigella sativa, 85 Menthü arvensis, 38 Morabukea, 48 Nightshade, black, 96 piperita, 38 MORACEAE, 61 Nim, 57 Menthofuran, 38 Moralon, 83 Niove, 63 MENYANTHACEAE, 61 Morning-glory, 23, 24 Nolana sp., 69 Mei-anti, 27, 28 Moms alba, 63 NOLANACEAE, 69 132 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Nothofagus cunninghamii, 31 lemongrass, 33 PANDAN ACE AE, 70 menziesii, 31 spindle, 17 Pandanus livingstonianus, 70 Nut, Barbados, 30 turpentine, 11 Panicum hemitomon, 34 purging, 30 Okan, 44 virgatum, 34 NYCTAGINACEAE, 69 Okra, 56 Pantherine, 2 Nymphoides peltata, 61 Okwen, 43 PÀPAVERACEAE, 70 Nyssa aqimtica, 69 OLACACEAE, 69 Papita, 97 sylvatica var. biflora, 69 Old woman's bitter, 100 Parabenzoin tribolium, 40 NYSSACEAE, 69 Oldman, 19 Parashorea malaanonan, 27 Olea africana, 70 plicata, 27 Oak, 33 chrysophylla, 70 spp., 27 blackjack, 31 OLE ACE AE, 69 Paratecoma peroba, 12 bluejack, 31 Oleander, common, 8 Parillin, 54 brown tulip, 98 Indian, 7 Paris quadrifolia, 53 canon, 31 yellow, 8 Parochetus communis, 48 cherrybark, 31 Oleanic acid, 10 Paronychia herniarioides, 16 chestnut, 31 Oleanolic acid, 38 Parsley, 100 Haitian, 12 Oleic acid, 79 Parsnip, 99 Japanese, 31 Olive, black, 18 Parthenium integrifolium, 22 pedunculate, 31 wild, 70 Paspalum urvillei, 34 red, 31 Oltu tozu, 20 Pastinaca sativa, 99 southern, 31 ONAGRACEAE, 70 Patchouly, 38 silver, Australian, 84 Onion, 52 Pattern wood, 7 Spanish, 31 Ononis adenotricha, 48 Pau d'Arco, 13 swamp chestnut, 31 Onosmodium occidentale, 14 Rozo, 48 Tasmanian, 64, 66, 67 Oospora destructor, 3 Pea, common, 49 turkey, 31 Opepe, 88 green, 49 water, 31 Opuntia humifusa, 15 Peach, 87 white, 31 Orach, seabeach, 17 Peanut, 43 willow, 31 Orange, 88 Pear, prickly, 15 Oat, 33 osage, 62 PEDALIACEAE, 71 Obseche, 98 Orchardgrass, 33 Peganum harmala, 103 OCHNACEAE, 69 ORCHIDACEAE, 70 Pelargonium sp., 32 Ochroma lagopus, 13 Origanum vulgäre, 38 Pellionia pulchra, 100 pyramidalis, 13 Ormosia krugii, 48 Pellitory, 19 Ocimum americanum, 38 Orontium aquxiticum, 9 Peltandra virginica, 9 basilicum, 38 Ortegon, 83 Peltogyne lecointei, 48 suave, 38 Osajin, 62 porphyrocardia, 49 viride, 38 Osmanthus americanus, 70 pubescens, 49 Ocotea acutangula, 40 Osmunda dyuiamomea, 3 spp., 49 arechavaletae, 40 regalis, 3 Peltophorum ferrugineurn, 49 canaliculata, 40 OSMUNDACEAE, 3 pterocarpum, 49 leucoxylon, 40 Ostrya virginiana, 12 villosum, 49 moschata, 40 Oxalic acid, 32 Penstemongrandifl(yrus, 91 ovalifolia, 40 OXALIDACEAE, 70 Pentace burmanica, 98 rodiaei, 40 Oxalis deppei, 70 Penthorum sedoides, 91 rubra, 40 Oxeye, 21 Penyau, 28 spathulata, 40 Oxypeucedanin, 99 Peperoynia sp., 82 sp., 40 Pepper, black, 82 usambarensis, 40 Pachyrrhizus erosus, 48 green, 92 wachenheimii, 40 Pachysandra procumheyis, 15 tree, 5 Octomeles sumatranus, 26 Padus racemosus, 86 Peppermint, 38 Odoko, 32 Palaquium ridleyi, 91 Peritre del pais, 21 Odontonychia erecta, 16 stellatum, 91 Peroba rosa, 7 Oerwthera biennis, 70 Palm, fan, African, 70 Persea americana, 40 ladniata, 70 royal, 70 Persee, 90 Ogea, 44 PALMAE, 70 Persimmon, common, 28 Ohia lehua, 69 Palmitic acid, 79 Petalostemum villosum, 49 Ohnara, 31 Palo, 48, 86 Petitia do7ninge7isis, 101 Oil, birch tar, 11 Palosapis, 27 Petroselinum sativum, 100 cedar, 82 Panama wood, 87 Petunia, 94 INDEX 133
hyhrida, 94 lodgepole, 76 palustris, 78 inflata, 94 long-leaved Indian, 79 patula, 78 sp., 94 maritime, 78 pinaster, 78 violácea, 94 Masson's, 77 pinea, 78 Phaseolus spp., 49 Monterey, 78 ponderosa, 78 vulgaris, 49 Murray River, 73 pseudostrobus, 78 Phenyl isothiocyanate, 24 Oregon, 80 pumila, 78 4-Phenyl-5,7-dihydroxy-8-isopentenyl-6- Parana, 73 radiata, 78 isovaleryl-coumarin, 36 Patula, 78 resinosa, 79 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate, 24 pitch, 79 rigida, 79 Philodendron sp., 9 Caribbean, 76 roxburghii, 79 Phlox absurgens, 83 ponderosa, 78 sabiniana, 79 Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, 83 Pseudostrobus, 78 spp., 79 Phyllostylon brasiliensis, 99 red, 79 strobus, 80 Physalis alkekengi, 94 scotch, 80 sylvestris, 80 hetiTophylla, 94 slash, 77 taeda, 80 ixocarpa, 94 smooth-leaved, 77 thunbergiana, 80 vinfiniana, 94 stone, 78 Pin weed, 17 Physochlaina orientalis, 94 southern, 78 a-Pipecoline, 77, 79 Physistigma venenosum, 49 sugar, 77 Piper longum, 82 PhysDStigmine, 49, 54 umbrella, 78 nigrum, 82 Piceo aöies, 75 West Indian, 77 novae-hollandiae, 82 asperata, 76 western yellow, 78 peepuloides, 82 excelsa, 75 white, Brazilian, 91 sp., 83 glauca, 76 northern, 80 umbellatum, 83 mañana, 76 western, 77 PIPERACEAE, 82 obovata, 76 yellow shortleaf, 77 Piperettine, 82 oni/irica, 76 a-Pinene, 72, 74-76, 78-82 Piperine, 82 orientalis, 76 iS-Pinene, 72, 74-76, 78, 80-82 Piperlonguminine, 82 rubens, 76 Pinidine, 77, 79 Pipewort, 29 sitchensis, 76 Pinocembrin, 77 Piptadenia africana, 49 sp., 76 Pinosylvin monomethyl ether, 79, 80 rigida, 49 Piercitoxin, 60 Pinus armxindi, 76 Piqui, 7 Pienja, 37 austríaca, 77 Piratinera guianensis, 63 Pimenta acris, 69 banksiana, 76 Pisie, blakka, 40 racemosa, 69 canariensis, 76 harde, 40 Piminnella anisum, 100 caribaea, 76 Pistacia lentiscus, 5 PINACEAE, 72 cembra, 76 Pisum sativum, 49 Pine, Aleppo, 77 contorta, 76 Pithecolobium jupunba, 49 Australian, 16 coulteri, 76 racemosum, 49 Austrian, 77 echinata, 77 saman, 49, 50 beach, 76 elliottii, 77 PITTOSPORACEAE, 83 Bishop, 77 excelsa, 77 Pittosporum tobira, 83 black, 83 flexilis, 77 PLANTAGINACEAE, 83 Canary Island, 76 griffithii, 77 Plantago lanceolata, 83 celery-top, 83 halepensis, 11 sp., 83 Chir, 79 jeffreyi, 11 spp., 83 cluster, 78 lambertiana, 11 Plantain, 83 coulter, 76 laricio, 11 narrow-leaf, 83 cypress, black, 73 leiophylla, 11 PLATANACEAE, 83 common, 73 longifolia, 79 Platanus occidentalis, 83 white, 73 maritima, 78 Plathymenia reticulata, 49 digger, 79 massoniana, 11 Platonia insignis, 36 Haitian, 77 merkusii, 11 Platymisdum trinatatis, 49 Honduras, 76 montícola, 11 ulei, 49 hoop, 73 mu^o, 11 Plectranthus spp., 38 Huon, 83 muricata, 11 Pleurothyrium cuneifolium, 40 Jeffrey, 77 nigra, 11 Pluchea purpurascens, 22 King William, 73 nigra var. calabrica, 11 Plum, Malabar, 68 Klinki, 73 occidentalis, 11 Poa annvxi, 34 loblolly, 80 pallasiana, 78 pratensis, 34 134 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Pochote, 13 Pseudotsuga douglasii, 80 Ragweed, great, 19 PODOCARPACEAE, 83 menziesii, 80 Rain tree, 50 Podocarpus macrophyllus, 83 menziesii var. glauca, 81 Raisin, wild, 16 spicatus, 83 taxifolia var. glauca, 81 Ramin, 98 Podophyllotoxin, 11 Psidium guajava, 69 Randia dumetorum, 88 Podophyllum peltatum, 11 Psorospermum baumii, 37 RANUNCULACEAE, 84 Poga olease, 86 Pterocarpus angolensis, 50 Ranunculus illyricus, 85 Pogostemon patchouly, 38 dalbergioides, 50 Raspberry-jam tree, 41 Poinciana regia, 50 draco, 50 Ratibida columnaris, 22 Poinsettia pulcherrima, 30 indicus, 50 Rattlesnakeweed, 22 Poison wood, 5 santalinus, 50 Rauwolfia natalensis, 8 Polanisia graveolens, 15 Pterocymbium beccarrii, 97 serpentina, 8 POLEMONIACEAE, 83 bequaertii, 97 tetraphylla, 8 Polychloropinene, 80 Pterygota, 97 Red mangrove, 86 Polycodium floridanum, 29 Pulicaria vulgaris, 22 Sanders, 50 POLYGONACEAE, 83 Puni, 49 willow kinnikinnik, 24 Polygonatum officinale, 53 Púnica granatum, 84 Redcedar, 58, 74 Polygonum amphihium, 84 PUNICACEAE, 84 Red-osier, 24 cuspidatum, 84 Purge, Allegheny, 15 Redtop, tall, 34 hydropiper, 84 Purging tree, 29 Redwood, 59 Polymnia uvedalia, 22 Purpleheart, 49 California, 81 POLYPODIACEAE, 3 Purslane, sea, 4 Zambesi, 43 Polypodium vulgäre, 3 Pussy toes, 19 Reserpine, 8 Pomiferin, 62 Pycnanthus angolensis, 63 Resistance factor A, 35 Pongamia glabra, 50 kombo, 63 RHAMNACEAE, 86 Poplar, Carolina, 89 Pyilonine, 47 Rhamnus crenata, 86 gray, 89 Pyinkado, 52 Rhizophora mangle, 86 white, 89 Pyxidanthera barbulata, 26 RHIZOPHORACEAE, 86 yellow, 55 Pyxie, 26 Rhododendron canadense, 29 Poppy, Mexican, 70 RHODOMELACEAE, 3 Populus alba, 89 Rhodora, 29 canescens, 89 Qualea albiflora, 102 Ä/iws glabra, 5 deltoides, 89 dinizii, 102 typhina, 5 pyramidalis, 89 sp., 102 viminalis, 5 Portia tree, 56 Quaruba, 102 Äiöes sp., 87 Potato, 96 Queen-Annes-lace, 99 Ribgrass, 83 Poui, pink, 13 Queens delight, 31 Ricinus communis, 30, 50 rosy, 13 Quercetin, 55, 56 Rimu, 83 Pouteria demerarae, 91 Quercitrin, 90 Robinia pseudoacacia, 50 multiflora, 91 Quercus alba, 31 Roble, 49 Prairie-dock, 22 chrysolepis, 31 Rollinia salicifolia, 7 Primula elatior, 84 cinérea, 31 Äosa arkansana, 87 PRIMULACEAE, 84 dentata, 31 sp., 87 Privet, glossy, 70 falcata, 31 ROSACEAE, 86 Indian, 101 fálcala var. pagodaefolia, 31 Rosarypea, 41 Progoitrin, 25 glandulifera, 31 Rosemary, 39 4-n-Propyl-5,7-dihydroxy-6-isopentenyl- incana, 31 Rosewood, Honduras, 44 8-isovalerylcoumarin, 36 laevis, 31 Indian, 44 Prosopis africana, 50 macrocarpa, 31 New Guinea, 50 juliflora, 50 marilandica, 31 Yama, 49 spidgeixL, 50 michauxii, 31 Rosmarinus officinalis, 39 PROTEACEAE, 84 mongólica, 31 Rotenone, 45, 48 Protium decandrum, 14 nigra, 31 Roystonea borinqu^na, 70 heptaphyllum, 14 phellos, 31 Rubberplant, 62 Prunus amygdalus var. amara, 86 prinus, 31 RUBIACEAE, 87 caroliniana, 86 robur, 31 Rubus sp., 87 laurocerasus, 86 rubra, 31 Rudbeckia serótina, 22 occidentalis, 86 spp., 32 Rue, common, 89 padus, 86 virginiana, 32 Syrian, 103 pérsica, 87 Quillaja saponaria, 87 Rumex crispus, 84 serótina, 87 Quinine, wild, 22 sp., 84 INDEX 135
Rush, sweet, 8 Satinay, 69 Shorea negronsensis, 27 sweetflag, 8 Satin wood, 88 robusta, 27 Ruta graveolens, 89 Brazilian, 88 sp., 27 RUTÀCEAE, 88 Ceylon, 58 spp., 27 Rutin, 55, 56 Satureja alpina, 39 stenoptera, 28 hortensis, 39 Silène cucubalus, 16 Sabadilla, 53 SAURURACEAE, 91 Silphium terebinthinaceum, 22 SABIACEAE, 89 Saussurea lappa, 22 Silverballi, 40 Sabina, 74 Savory, alpine, 39 brown, 39 Sacciolepis striata, 34 summer, 39 white, 40 Safflower, 20 SAXIFRAGACEAE, 91 yellow, 40 Saffron, meadow, 53 Scabrin, 21 Silver-gray wood, Indian, 18 Sagittaña falcata, 4 Schinus molle, 5 SIMAROUBACEAE, 91 SALICACEAE, 89 terebinthifolius, 5 Simaruba amara, 91 Salie, 15 Schizanthus pinnatus, 94 multiflora, 91 Salix alba, 89 Schizomeria ovata, 26 Sindora, 51 alba var. caerulea, 89 Schoenocaulon officinale, 53 Sindora spp., 51 baby Iónica, 89 Scirpus robustus, 26 Siris, 42 caenilea, 89 Sclerocarya caffra, 5 white, 42 hurnboldtianay 89 Sclerolobium melinonii, 50 Sissoo, 44 nigra, 90 Scopolamine, 92 Sisymbrium officinale, 25 spp., 90 Scopolia ludda, 94 Skimmia laureola, 89 tetrasperma, 90 Scottellia coriácea, 32 Sloanea berteriana, 28 Salpichroa rhomboïdes, 94 Scouring-rush, common, 2 ivollsii, 28 Salpiglossis sinuata, 94 SCROPHULARIACEAE, 91 Smilax aristolochiaefolia, 54 Salt pond, 100 Seagrape, 84 Snakeroot, 10 reedgrass, 34 Sealing-wax tree, 50 Snakewood, Surinam, 49 Salt mead owgrass, 34 Sea-myrtle, 20 Soap bark, 87 Salvia repens, 39 Seaweed, 3 Soap wort, 16 verticillata, 39 Selangan, 27 Solacauline, 95 Saman, 49, 50 Senecio cineraria, 22 Solamargine, 95, 96 Sanwnea saman, 50 kaempferi, 22 SOLAN ACE AE, 92 Sand spurrey, 16 Sepetir, 51 Solanidine, 95 Sandal wood, 90 Sequoia, 81 Solanine, 95-97 red, 50 giant, 81 Solanum acaule, 95 Sandbox, 30 Sequoia gigantea, 81 aculeatissimum, 95 Sandbur, 33 sempervirens, 81 auriculatum, 95 Sand myrtle, 29 sequoiadendfon gigantea, 81 aviculare, 95 Sand-spur, 33 wellingtonia, 81 calvescens, 95 Sand wort, pinebarren, 16 gigantea, 81 capsicastrum, 95 Sangre, 50 Seraya, white, 27 carolinense, 95 a-Sanshool, 21, 89 Serayah, 27, 28 chacoense, 95 Santa Maria, 35 Serrette, 55 commersonii, 95 SANTALACEAE, 90 Sesame, 71, 72 demissum, 95 Santalum freycinetianum, 90 Sesamex, 72 dulcamara, 95 Sapele, 58 Sesamin, 32, 71, 72 jamesii, 96 SAPINDACEAE, 90 Sesamol, 71, 72 khasianum, 96 Sapitim ellipticum, 30 Sesamolin, 71, 72 luteum, 96 laurocerasum, 30 Sesamum angolense, 71 macóle, 96 Sapo blanco, 29 indicum, 71 mélangent, 96 Saponaria offidnalis, 16 orientalis, 71 nigrum, 96 Saponin, 10, 16, 45, 87, 98 Sesangolin, 71 polyadenium, 96 Saponin C, 10 Sesbania sesban, 51 pseudocapsicum, 96 SAPOTACEAE, 90 Sesuvium portulacastrum, 4 rostratum, 96 Sapupira, 43 Setaria magna, 34 schickii, 96 Saracha edulis, 94 Sheoak, Western Australian, 16 sodomeum, 96 Sarcocephalus diderichii, 88 Shikimic acid, 47 spp., 96 tuberosum, 96 trillesii, 88 Shinners, 20 Sarsaparilla, wild, 9 Shiromodiol acetate, 40 Solasodine, 96 Sarsaparilloside, 54 monoacetate, 40 Solasonine, 96 Satinash, gray, 68 Shisham, 44 Solidago graminifolia, 22 136 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
missouriensis, 22 messmate, 66 Tauroniro, 37 rigidxiy 23 red, 65 Tavemon, 47 Solomonsect, 53 white, 67 TAXACEAE, 98 Sop, sour, 6 yellow, 66, 68 Taxifolin, 81 Sophora chryscyphyllata, 51 Strophanthus hispidus, 8 Taxodium distichum, 81 pachycarpa, 51 Strychnos nux-vomica, 54 Taxus baccata, 98 tomentosa, 51 Succinic acid, 47 Tea, 98 Sorghum, 34 Sumac, smooth, 5 Teak, 101 Sorghum dochna, 34 staghom, 5 gray, 100 vulgäre, 34 Sunflower, 21 New Guinea, 101 Sorocea ilidfolia, 63 Sunn-hemp, 44 Rhodesian, 43 Sorrel, sheep, 84 Suradan, 30 Tecoma indica, 13 Southernwood, 19 Swallowwort, 10 Tectona grandis, 101 Soybean, 46 Swamp sepetir, 44 Tectoquinone, 101 Spartina cynosuroides, 34 Smartzia leiocalycina, 51 Tembusu, 54 patens, 34 madagascariensis, 51 Terentang, 5 pectinata, 34 Sweetclover, 47 Terminalia alata, 18 Specularia perfoliata, 15 Swertia caroliniensis, 32 amazonia, 18 Spergularia rubra, 16 Swietenia macrophylla, 60 arjuna, 18 Spilanthes mauritiana, 23 mahagoni, 60 belerica, 98 spp., 23 Switch-cane, 33, 34 bialata, 18 Spilanthol, 23, 89 Sycamore, 62, 83 buceras, 18 Spindle, 17 Sylvestrene dichloride, 79 catappa, 18 Spirostachys africanus, 30 Symphonia globulifera, 37 coriácea, 18 Spondias mombin, 6 Symphoricarpos occidentalis, 16 crenulata, 18 Spotted loose-strife, 84 Symplocarpus foetidus, 9 ivorensis, 18 Spruce, 76 Synxiarpia glomulifera, 69 superba, 18 black, 76 hillii, m tomentosa, 18 Norway, 75 laurifolia, 69 TERMINALIACEAE, 98 Omarika, 76 Terpin diacetate, 80 oriental, 76 Tabebuia capitata, 12 Terpineol, 72, 74-76, 79-81 red, 76 flavescens, 12 Tetragastris balsamifera, 15 Siberian, 76 ipe, 12 hostmannii, 15 Sitka, 76 pallida, 12 Thamnosma africana, 89 white, 76 pentaphylla, 13 Thart, 65 Squash, butternut, 25 rosea, 13 r/iea sinensis, 98 Squaw-huckleberry, 29 serratifolia, 13 THEACEAE, 98 Stagger-bush, 29 Tabonuco, 14 Thespesia populnea, 56 Stahlia monosperma, 51 Tagetes glandulifera, 23 Thevetia peruviana, 8 STAPHYLEACEAE, 97 minuta, 23 Thionimone, 57 Staphysagria sp., 86 Tallowwood, 66 Thistle, Canada, 20 Staudtia stipitata, 63 Tamarack, 75 Thitka, 98 Stavesacre, 85 TAMARICACEAE, 98 r/iwja gigantea, 81 Stearic acid, 79 Tamarind, 51 occidentalis, 81 Steballi, 102 Tamarindus indica, 51 plicata, 81 Sterculia, brown, 97 Tamarix, 98 sp., 82 yellow, 97 Tamarix articulata, 98 Thujaplicin, 82 Sterculia campanulata, 97 Tanacetum vulgäre, 23 Thujic acid, 82 caribaea, 97 Tannin, 56 Thundergod vine, 17 foetida, 97 Tansy, common, 23 Thyme, 39 oblonga, 97 Tápana, 30 THYMELEACEAE, 98 pruriens, 97 Tapang, 46 Thymus marshalliamics, 39 rhinopetala, 97 Tapinhoam, 39 sp., 39 STERCULIACEAE, 97 Tapirira marchanda, 6 Tilia europaea, 98 Stereospermum sv^veoleiis, 12 Tapsava, 63 vulgaris, 98 Stillingia, 31 Taraxacum officinale, 23 TILIACEAE, 98 Stillingia sylvatica, 31 Tarchonanthus camphoratus, 23 Toadflax, butter-and-eggs, 91 Stinking Roger, 23 Tarrietia argyrodendron, 98 Todomatuic acid, 72 Stout wood, 7 javanica, 98 Tola, white, 46 Streptosolan jamesonii, 97 utilis, 98 Tomatello, 94 Stringybark, gum-top, 64 Tatabu, 45 Tomatidine, 95, 96 INDEX 137
Tomatine, 93, 95, 96 ULMACEAE, 99 pubescens, 102 Tomato, 93 Ulmus americana, 99 sp., 102 Tonka-bean, 45 parvifolia, 99 Vochysia hondurensis, 102 Toona sinensis, 60 UMBELLIFERAE, 99 maxima, 102 Torchwood, 88 Umbelliferone, 21, 99 melinonii, 102 Tostado, 32 Umiri, 37 spp., 102 Totacorin, 26 n-Undecane, 72, 74-76, 80, 82 tetraphylla, 102 Touch-me-not, spotted, 10 Unióla laxa, 34 VOCHYSIACEAE, 102 VouacapouTurmeric, 102 altissiina, 101 spinosa, 88 Turnip, 24 cofassus, 101 Ximenia americana, 69 wild, 9 divaricata, 101 Xi/Zia dolabriformis, 52 Turpentine, 79, 80 negimdo, 101 xylocarpa, 52 Australian, 69 pachyphylla, 101 Xysnmlobium stellatum, 10 Turpinia paniculata, 97 parviflora, 102 undulatum, 10 138 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 461, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Yahu, 97 Yew, English, 98 Zelkova serrata, 99 Yam bean, 48 Zingiber officinale, 103 Yarrow, common, 18 Zamia sp., 26 ZINGIBERACEAE, 102 Yaruru, 7 Zanthoxylum alatum, 89 Zizaniopsis miliacea, 35 Yedra, 62 clava-herculis, 89 Ziziphus sp., 86 Yemane, 100 martinicense, 89 Zollemia guianensis, 52 Yemeri, 102 piperitum, 89 Zoysia, 35 Yerba-de-tago, 21 senegalense, 88 Zoysia japónica, 35 Yertchuk, 64 Zea mays, 34 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 103
■U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975 C)—530-284