Regulation of Ict-Based Broadcasting in the Digital Age: A
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REGULATION OF ICT-BASED BROADCASTING IN THE DIGITAL AGE: A CASE OF ZAMBIA By Elvis Besa A Thesis Submitted to the University of Zambia in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Engineering in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Policy, Regulation and Management The University of Zambia Lusaka 2019 COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced or stored in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the author or the University of Zambia. Elvis Besa © 2019 i DECLARATION I Elvis Besa, the undersigned hereby declare that this dissertation represents my own work and has never been submitted for any other qualification at this or any other University or Institution. All sources that I have used or quoted have been acknowledged by complete references. Author: Elvis Besa Signed:…………………………… Date:……………………………... I, DR D. E BANDA, having being the supervisor hereby declare that supervised this dissertation is the true work for the undersigned student herein called Elvis Besa and has not been submitted for any assessment or any other purposes in any other institution. All sources that have been used or quoted have been acknowledged by complete references. SUPERVISOR: DR D. E. BANDA Signed:…………………………… Date:……………………………... ii APPROVAL This dissertation of Elvis Besa is approved as fulfilling the partial requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Engineering in ICT Policy, Regulation and Management by the University of Zambia (UNZA). Examiner 1 ………………………… Signature:……….. Date:……………… Examiner 2 ………………………… Signature:……….. Date:……………… Examiner 3 ………………………. Signature:……….. Date:……………… Chairperson ………………………… Signature:……….. Date:……………… Board Examiner Supervisor ………………………. Signature:……… Date:……………… iii ABSTRACT Zambia has experienced significant change in the broadcasting sector due to technological advancements while the regulatory framework that was framed in analogue age has remained unchanged. Therefore, ICT-based broadcasting remain largely unregulated. This study focuses on how to regulate ICT-based or digital broadcasting in the digital age in Zambia and investigate the regulations in broadcasting. This dissertation reviewed the research objectives through an extensive study of relevant literature on broadcasting and regulation, and the implementation of empirical research by Survey with the sample size of 120 selected purposively from a population of 300, coupled with data collection and analysis of empirical data. Evolutionary Model was used as a theoretical framework because the study involve interactions of evolving technologies, services, policies, regulatory frameworks, markets and institutional systems in a digital ecosystem that requisite a more vast and robust theoretical framework to appropriately interrogate the study. The findings shows that Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV) has the highest penetration rates at 76.34%, followed by satellite TV at 23.60%; digital subscription broadcasting market in Zambia has been monopolised at 53%; and that the existing broadcasting regulatory framework is rated as average at 50.8%. The findings also reveals that among the various types of regulation, Content type is highly preferred 84.2% followed by functionality at 58.3%. Further, as regards features of regulatory models, the findings shows that Structure, Infrastructure, Access and Distribution aspects are generally mildly regulated. Meanwhile, the Conduct aspect of regulatory models is lowly regulated on one hand and Content is generally highly regulated on the other hand. Further, the research revealed that existing broadcasting regulations are enshrined in analogue broadcasting; the separation of the broadcasting regulator (IBA) and telecommunications regulator (ZICTA) has created inefficiencies in the regulation of ICT- based broadcasting in a converged environment because of disparate regulations applied to inter-connected elements of the digital ecosystem; the process of drafting the laws to enactment often take a long time thereby negatively affecting effectiveness of the regulatory framework in the sight of fast-paced technological advancements, convergence and dynamic markets. Key words: Broadcasting, Content, Convergence, Functionality, Framework, Model, Regulation, Technology. iv DEDICATION To my wife, thank you for your understanding, support and encouragements; to my son, you give me reasons to believe and work hard; to my family for your belief in me. I am eternally grateful to God for all of you. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am sincerely grateful to everyone who has contributed to this work. Therefore, I am greatly indebted to the following people without whom this accomplishment would not have been possible. I would first like to thank my supervisor Dr. Danny Eliya Banda for his unceasing guidance and inspiration for the door to his office was always open whenever I had a challenge or had some question(s) about my research. He consistently allowed the study to be my own work, while steering me in the right direction whenever he thought I needed it, which anchored me firmly. I express my gratitude to Dr. Erastus Mwanaumo, Dr. Simon Tembo and Mr. Habeenzu for their guidance and encouragement which were usually timely. I acknowledge all my respondents for their cooperation and interest in the study. I also wish to express my gratitude to Topstar Communications, Muvi Television (TV), Kwese TV, Staff of Journalism Department at Evelyn Hone College, Zambia Institute of Mass Communication (ZAMCOM) and the Manager – Engineering Services Mr. Nkaka at Zambia National Broadcasting Cooperation (ZNBC) for their invaluable support. In addition, I am grateful to Dr. Haamusokwe Basil, Mr. Fidelis Muzyamba, Mr. Erastus Mambwe and students at the Department of Mass Communication for your assistance and support. I am grateful to the Director General of the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) Ms. Josephine Mapoma for her encouragement and for believing in me. I also wish to thank the Director – Standards Licensing and Compliance Mr. Eustace C. Nkandu, and the Management and Staff at the IBA for your support. Finally, I must express my profound gratitude to my parents and to my wife for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. Special thanks to my son Bukata for understanding and being patient with me for enduring all those times I had to be away from him because of working on this research. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................ i DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... ii APPROVAL................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION ...............................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... vi ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................1 Background to the Study ...................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................6 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................8 Research Questions ...........................................................................................8 Significance of the study ...................................................................................8 Scope of the study .............................................................................................9 Organisation of the Dissertation ....................................................................... 10 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................... 12 vii CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................ 14 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 14 History of Broadcasting ................................................................................... 14 Radio Broadcasting ......................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Analogue Radio ........................................................................................ 15 2.2.2 Digital Radio ............................................................................................ 15 Digital Radio Broadcasting Systems ................................................................ 16 2.3.1 In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) .................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Digital