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Comparing Historical and Modern Methods of Sea Surface Temperature
EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access Instrumentation Instrumentation Methods and Methods and Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Open Access Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Discussions Open Access Open Access Hydrology and Hydrology and Earth System Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Ocean Sci., 9, 683–694, 2013 Open Access www.ocean-sci.net/9/683/2013/ Ocean Science doi:10.5194/os-9-683-2013 Ocean Science Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Open Access Open Access Solid Earth Solid Earth Discussions Comparing historical and modern methods of sea surface Open Access Open Access The Cryosphere The Cryosphere temperature measurement – Part 1: Review of methods, Discussions field comparisons and dataset adjustments J. B. R. Matthews School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Correspondence to: J. B. R. Matthews ([email protected]) Received: 3 August 2012 – Published in Ocean Sci. Discuss.: 20 September 2012 Revised: 31 May 2013 – Accepted: 12 June 2013 – Published: 30 July 2013 Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) has been obtained 1 Introduction from a variety of different platforms, instruments and depths over the past 150 yr. -
Glossary Terms
Glossary Terms € 1584 5W6 5501 a 7181, 12203 5’UTR 8126 a-g Transformation 6938 6Q1 5500 r 7181 6W1 5501 b 7181 a 12202 b-b Transformation 6938 A 12202 d 7181 AAV 10815 Z 1584 Abandoned mines 6646 c 5499 Abiotic factor 148 f 5499 Abiotic 10139, 11375 f,b 5499 Abiotic stress 1, 10732 f,i, 5499 Ablation 2761 m 5499 ABR 1145 th 5499 Abscisic acid 9145 th,Carnot 5499 Absolute humidity 893 th,Otto 5499 Absorbed dose 3022, 4905, 8387, 8448, 8559, 11026 v 5499 Absorber 2349 Ф 12203 Absorber tube 9562 g 5499 Absorption, a(l) 8952 gb 5499 Absorption coefficient 309 abs lmax 5174 Absorption 309, 4774, 10139, 12293 em lmax 5174 Absorptivity or absorptance (a) 9449 μ1, First molecular weight moment 4617 Abstract community 3278 o 12203 Abuse 6098 ’ 5500 AC motor 11523 F 5174 AC 9432 Fem 5174 ACC 6449, 6951 r 12203 Acceleration method 9851 ra,i 5500 Acceptable limit 3515 s 12203 Access time 1854 t 5500 Accessible ecosystem 10796 y 12203 Accident 3515 1Q2 5500 Acclimation 3253, 7229 1W2 5501 Acclimatization 10732 2W3 5501 Accretion 2761 3 Phase boundary 8328 Accumulation 2761 3D Pose estimation 10590 Acetosyringone 2583 3Dpol 8126 Acid deposition 167 3W4 5501 Acid drainage 6665 3’UTR 8126 Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) 167 4W5 5501 Acid (rock or mine) drainage 6646 12316 Glossary Terms Acidity constant 11912 Adverse effect 3620 Acidophile 6646 Adverse health effect 206 Acoustic power level (LW) 12275 AEM 372 ACPE 8123 AER 1426, 8112 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 4997, Aerobic 10139 11129 Aerodynamic diameter 167, 206 ACS 4957 Aerodynamic -
The Unnamed Atlantic Tropical Storms of 1970
944 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW Vol. 99, No. 12 UDC 551.515.23:661.507.35!2:551.607.362.2(261) “1970.08-.lo” THE UNNAMED ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS OF 1970 DAVID B. SPIEGLER Allied Research Associates, Inc., Concord, Mass. ABSTRACT A detailed analysis of conventional and aircraft reconnaissance data and satellite pictures for two unnamed Atlantic Ocean cyclones during 1970 indicates that the stqrms were of tropical nature and were probably of at least minimal hurricane intensity for part of their life history. Prior to becoming a hurricane, one of the storms exhibited characteristics not typical of any of the recognized classical cyclone types [i.e., tropical, extratropical, and subtropical (Kona)]. The implications of this are discussed and the concept of semitropical cyclones as a separate cyclone category is advanced. 6. INTRODUCTION ing recognition of hybrid-type storms provides additional support for the recommendation. During the 1970 tropical cyclone season, tn7o storms occurred that were not given names at the time. The 2. UNNAMED STORM NO. I-AUG. Q3-$8, 6970 National Hurricane Center (NHC) monitored their prog- ress and issued bulletins throughout their life history but A mell-organized tropical disturbance noted on satellite they mere not officially recognized as tropical cyclones of pictures during August 8, south of the Cape Verde Islands tropical storm or hurricane intensity. In their annual post- in the far eastern tropical Atlantic, intensified to ti strong season summary of the hurricane season, NHC discusses depression as it moved westmarcl. On Thursday, August 13, these storms in some detail (Simpson and Pelissier 1971) some further intensification of the system appeared to be but thej- are not presently included in the official list of taking place while the depression was about 250 mi 1970 tropical storms. -
Automated Underway Oceanic and Atmospheric Measurements from Ships
AUTOMATED UNDERWAY OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS FROM SHIPS Shawn R. Smith (1), Mark A. Bourassa (1), E. Frank Bradley (2), Catherine Cosca (3), Christopher W. Fairall (4), Gustavo J. Goni (5), John T. Gunn (6), Maria Hood (7), Darren L. Jackson (8), Elizabeth C. Kent (9), Gary Lagerloef (6), Philip McGillivary (10), Loic Petit de la Villéon (11), Rachel T. Pinker (12), Eric Schulz (13), Janet Sprintall (14), Detlef Stammer (15), Alain Weill (16), Gary A. Wick (17), Margaret J. Yelland (9) (1) Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2840, USA, Emails: [email protected], [email protected] (2) CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, AUSTRALIA, Email: [email protected] (3) NOAA/PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA, Email: [email protected] (4) NOAA/ESRL/PSD, R/PSD3, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3328, USA, Email: [email protected] (5) USDC/NOAA/AOML/PHOD, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA, Email: [email protected] (6) Earth and Space Research, 2101 Fourth Ave., Suite 1310, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA, Emails: [email protected], [email protected] (7) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission UNESCO, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE, Email: [email protected] (8) Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, NOAA/ESRL/PSD, 325 Broadway, R/PSD2, Boulder, CO 80305, USA, Email: [email protected] (9) National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK, Emails: [email protected], -
Radiation and Climate
m ^ <(. -Zc'.^.^Z l INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF WORLD METEOROLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC UNIONS ORGANIZATION RADIATION AND CLIMATE SECOND WORKSHOP ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BASELINE SURFACE RADIATION NETWORK (Davos, Switzerland, 6-9 August 1991) NOVEMBER 1991 WCRP-64 WMO/TD-No. 453 ) i t 'I The World Climate Programme launched by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) includes four components: The World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme The World Climate Applications and Services Programme The World Climate Impact Assessment and Response Strategies Programme The World Climate Research Programme The World Climate Research Programme is jointly sponsored by the WMO and the International Council of Scientific Unions. I NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organizaüon concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authoriues, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This report has been produced without editorial revision by the WMO Secretariat. It is not an official publication and its distribution in this form does not imply endorsement by the Organization of the ideas expressed. R. t; TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. l. OBJECTIVES OF WORKSHOP l 2. REPORTS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY STUDIES 2 3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DETERMINATION OF BASIC BSRN PARAMETERS AND BSKN OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES 8 '9^ 3.l Instruments and methods 8 •i:'K.'"- 3.2 Calibration procedures 11 3.3 Data acquisition 12 3.4 Measurement uncertainty techniques 13 3.5 Preparation of operations manual for the BSRN 13 4. -
Section 5 Development of and Studies with Regional and Smaller-Scale
Section 5 Development of and studies with regional and smaller-scale atmospheric models, regional ensemble forecasting Verification of mesoscale forecasts by a high resolution non-hydrostatic model at JMA Kohei Aranami and Tomonori Segawa Numerical Prediction Division, 1-3-4 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8122, Japan E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 1 Introduction etary boundary layer is reduced to be half of 10km- Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started op- NHM. The horizontal mixing length is reduced to erating a mesoscale numerical weather prediction the same value of that of vertical. system for disaster prevention in March 2001 us- The Kessler-type conversion threshold from con- ing a hydrostatic model (MSM) with a horizon- vective condensate to precipitation is increased tal resolution 10 km. A non-hydrostatic model and life times of deep and shallow convection are (JMANHM, Saito et al., 2006, hereafter 10km- changed in the Kain Fritsch cumulus parameteri- NHM) has been operating since September 2004 zation scheme (Kain and Fritsch, 1993) that affects with the same horizontal resolution. The horizon- greatly the accuracy of precipitation forecasts. tal resolution is planned to be enhanced to 5 km 3 Verification results (5km-NHM) in March 2006 on the new computer In this section, the performance of 5km-NHM is system of JMA. shown in terms of statistical verification scores in 2 Specifications of 5km-NHM comparison with 10km-NHM for the period of June In this section, the specifications which are to July in 2004 and January to February in 2005. -
The Aerograph Will Be Mailed the First of September
Before I get started with whatever it is I am going to say, I have an important bit of information for you. "AFTER TALKING WITH JIM STONE AND GETTING CONCURRENCE FROM THE PRESIDENT, THERE IS GOING TO BE A CHANGE IN THE DATES FOR THE AUGUST AEROGRAPH. SINCE INPUT WAS DUE BY JULY 15TH AND THE REUNION WON'T BE OVER TILL JULY 24TH, THE DATES FOR THE AUGUST AEROGRAPH WILL BE MOVED FORWARD ONE MONTH. I WILL NEED YOUR INPUT BY AUGUST 15TH AND THE AEROGRAPH WILL BE MAILED THE FIRST OF SEPTEMBER. THIS WILL ACCOMMODATE BEING ABLE TO PRINT THE MINUTES FROM THE EXECUTIVE AND GENERAL MEETINGS OF THE 19TH REUNION." ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- In the last issue I said I would be in my new office and would have looked up and different subjects that we have asked for articles on, and print them in this issue. Well, I was partly right. I did get the office built in the garage but, for what-ever reason, I haven't gotten to the past issues to check on subject material. IT WILL BE IN THE MAY ISSUE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- It seems as though everyone is asking for money these days, and NWSA is right in their pitching. Jim Stone has an article asking for a small donation to pay for the new computer the association just purchased for the Secretary/Treasurer. Jim mentioned in this issue that these donations are tax deductible. President Roby mentioned in his article that, due to low interest rates, we might be limited in our giving of scholarships this year. -
Lidar Supplied to Brazil Calibrating the Italian Air Force Brewer Network
News Letter 8 Lidar supplied to Brazil Calibrating the Italian Air Force Brewer Network LAS helps to improve Water Management in Australia A Special Sun Tracker Application in the Arctic Exciting Things coming Are you the next Kipp & Zonen award winner? up this Spring Every year, during the EMS Meeting, we grant the award to an outstanding research paper on Boundary Layer Following the article on the development of the new Meteorology by a young aspiring scientist. Go to our CNR 4 net radiometer in the previous newsletter, I am newspage on www.kippzonen.com for more information. happy to confirm that it is now available for ordering. The interest from customers is very promising and we have high expectations. Read all about the light weight, optional integrated ventilation, standard PT-100 and Content April 2009 thermistor temperature sensors, and other innovative features, on page 3 or the CNR 4 product page at www.kippzonen.com. P2: Ben’s Column Exciting Things coming up this Spring You will have seen our completely new website last year and we are continuing to improve it and add extra functionalities. For P3: News update example, we recently launched a new tool to speed up product CNR 4 Net Radiometer inquiries and quotation requests. Future possibilities include AMS 2009 in Phoenix sub-sites focussed on specific markets and language options. Lidar supplied to Brazil Behind the scenes, we have also made some changes and you P4: Calibrating the Italian Air Force Brewer Network may have noticed the benefits already. We have completed the integration of a new ERP system that allows us to plan production P5: Kipp & Zonen LAS helps to improve and manage logistics better. -
Measuring Routines of Ice Accretion for Wind Turbine Applications
Measuring routines of ice accretion for Wind Turbine applications The correlation of production losses and detection of ice Viktor Carlsson Viktor Carlsson Ht 2009 Master thesis, 30 hp Master of Science programme in Engineering Physics, 180 hp Master thesis in engineering physics 2010-11-18 Abstract Wind power will play a major role in the future energy system in Sweden. Most of the major wind parks are planned to be built in sites where the cold climate and atmospheric icing can cause serious problems. This underlines the importance of addressing these issues. The major cause of these problems is in-cloud icing of the rotor blades due to super cooled liquid droplets of clouds. The droplets freeze upon impact with the rotor blade and form hard rime ice. This rime ice causes disruption in the aerodynamics that leads to production losses, extra loads on the rotor blades and when the ice is shed it poses a safety risk to people in the near environment. This master thesis focuses on how to measure the accretion of ice and the correlation between measured ice and production losses of two wind parks in northern Sweden. The results show a good correlation between the ice accretion on a stationary sensor and the production loss from a wind turbine. In most icing events the icing of the sensor and large production losses from the wind turbine correlated clearly. Attempts to quantify the production losses at a certain ice rate measured with the stationary sensors was done, however no clear results was produced. The reason for this is that the wind turbines often stop completely during an icing event and that the time series analyzed was too short to be able to quantify the losses at certain wind speed and ice rates. -
Best Practices Handbook for the Collection and Use of Solar Resource Data for Solar Energy Applications: Second Edition
Best Practices Handbook for the Collection and Use of Solar Resource Data for Solar Energy Applications: Second Edition Edited by Manajit Sengupta,1 Aron Habte,1 Christian Gueymard,2 Stefan Wilbert,3 Dave Renné,4 and Thomas Stoffel5 1 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2 Solar Consulting Services 3 German Aerospace Center (DLR) 4 Dave Renné Renewables, LLC 5 Solar Resource Solutions, LLC This update was prepared in collaboration with the International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme: Task 46 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Technical Report NREL/TP-5D00-68886 December 2017 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Best Practices Handbook for the Collection and Use of Solar Resource Data for Solar Energy Applications: Second Edition Edited by Manajit Sengupta,1 Aron Habte,1 Christian Gueymard,2 Stefan Wilbert,3 Dave Renné,4 and Thomas Stoffel5 1 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2 Solar Consulting Services 3 German Aerospace Center (DLR) 4 Dave Renné Renewables, LLC 5 Solar Resource Solutions, LLC Prepared under Task No. SETP.10304.28.01.10 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/TP-5D00-68886 Golden, CO 80401 December 2017 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. -
The International Maritime Meteorological Archive (IMMA) Format
The International Maritime Meteorological Archive (IMMA) Format Shawn R. Smith1, Eric Freeman2,3, Sandra J. Lubker4, Scott D. Woodruff2,5, Steven J. Worley6, William E. Angel2, Dave I. Berry7, Philip Brohan8, Zaihua Ji6, Elizabeth C. Kent7 1Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA 2 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Asheville, USA 3STG. Inc., Asheville, USA 4 Formerly NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, USA 5 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, USA 6National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, USA 7National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Southampton, UK 8Met Office, Exeter, UK (DRAFT) Updated Report (15 September 2016) 1 Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3 Background ........................................................................................................... 4 Original IMMA0 format structure ........................................................................... 6 Original IMMA0 format implementation ................................................................. 7 Format Modifications Resulting in IMMA1 ............................................................. 9 References ......................................................................................................... 12 Supplement A: Existing Formats and Codes ..................................................... -
Weather Station XET C3VP
GPM Ground Validation Environment Canada (EC) Weather Station XET C3VP Introduction The GPM Ground Validation Environment Canada (EC) Weather Station XET C3VP dataset consists of surface meteorological data collected at the Environment Canada (EC) XET station at the Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments (CARE) during the Canadian CloudSat/CALIPSO Validation Project (C3VP) field campaign. The campaign took place in southern Canada in support of multiple science missions, including the NASA GPM mission, in order to improve the modeling and remote sensing of winter precipitation. The XET C3VP dataset file includes temperature, pressure, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, solar radiation, grass temperature, soil temperature, snow depth, sunshine, and precipitation measurements from October 4, 2006 through March 31, 2007 in ASCII-csv format. Citation Rodriguez, Peter. 2020. GPM Ground Validation Environment Canada (EC) Surface Meteorological Station C3VP [indicate subset used]. Dataset available online from the NASA Global Hydrology Resource Center DAAC, Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/GPMGV/C3VP/METSTATION/DATA201 Keywords: NASA, GHRC, EC, C3VP, CARE, XET, air temperature, air pressure, wind speed/direction, relative humidity, solar radiation, sunshine, soil temperature, grass temperature, snow depth, precipitation Campaign The Global Precipitation Measurement mission Ground Validation (GPM GV) campaign used a variety of methods for validation of GPM satellite constellation measurements prior to and after launch of the GPM Core Satellite, which launched on February 27, 2014. The instrument validation effort included numerous GPM-specific and joint agency/international external field campaigns, using state of the art cloud and precipitation observational infrastructure (polarimetric radars, profilers, rain gauges, and disdrometers).