Research Areas in Space
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Report of the Commission on the Scientific Case for Human Space Exploration
1 ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY Burlington House, Piccadilly London W1J 0BQ, UK T: 020 7734 4582/ 3307 F: 020 7494 0166 [email protected] www.ras.org.uk Registered Charity 226545 Report of the Commission on the Scientific Case for Human Space Exploration Professor Frank Close, OBE Dr John Dudeney, OBE Professor Ken Pounds, CBE FRS 2 Contents (A) Executive Summary 3 (B) The Formation and Membership of the Commission 6 (C) The Terms of Reference 7 (D) Summary of the activities/meetings of the Commission 8 (E) The need for a wider context 8 (E1) The Wider Science Context (E2) Public inspiration, outreach and educational Context (E3) The Commercial/Industrial context (E4) The Political and International context. (F) Planetary Science on the Moon & Mars 13 (G) Astronomy from the Moon 15 (H) Human or Robotic Explorers 15 (I) Costs and Funding issues 19 (J) The Technological Challenge 20 (J1) Launcher Capabilities (J2) Radiation (K) Summary 23 (L) Acknowledgements 23 (M) Appendices: Appendix 1 Expert witnesses consulted & contributions received 24 Appendix 2 Poll of UK Astronomers 25 Appendix 3 Poll of Public Attitudes 26 Appendix 4 Selected Web Sites 27 3 (A) Executive Summary 1. Scientific missions to the Moon and Mars will address questions of profound interest to the human race. These include: the origins and history of the solar system; whether life is unique to Earth; and how life on Earth began. If our close neighbour, Mars, is found to be devoid of life, important lessons may be learned regarding the future of our own planet. 2. While the exploration of the Moon and Mars can and is being addressed by unmanned missions we have concluded that the capabilities of robotic spacecraft will fall well short of those of human explorers for the foreseeable future. -
Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere-Mesosphere (ITM) Mapping Across Temporal and Spatial Scales a White Paper for the NRC Decadal
Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere-Mesosphere (ITM) Mapping Across Temporal and Spatial Scales A White Paper for the NRC Decadal Survey of Solar and Space Physics Andrew Stephan, Scott Budzien, Ken Dymond, and Damien Chua NRL Space Science Division Overview In order to fulfill the pressing need for accurate near-Earth space weather forecasts, it is essential that future measurements include both temporal and spatial aspects of the evolution of the ionosphere and thermosphere. A combination of high altitude global images and low Earth orbit altitude profiles from simple, in-the-medium sensors is an optimal scenario for creating continuous, routine space weather maps for both scientific and operational interests. The method presented here adapts the vast knowledge gained using ultraviolet airglow into a suggestion for a next-generation, near-Earth space weather mapping network. Why the Ionosphere, Thermosphere, and Mesosphere? The ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere (ITM) region of the terrestrial atmosphere is a complex and dynamic environment influenced by solar radiation, energy transfer, winds, waves, tides, electric and magnetic fields, and plasma processes. Recent measurements showing how coupling to other regions also influences dynamics in the ITM [e.g. Immel et al., 2006; Luhr, et al, 2007; Hagan et al., 2007] has exposed the need for a full, three- dimensional characterization of this region. Yet the true level of complexity in the ITM system remains undiscovered primarily because the fundamental components of this region are undersampled on the temporal and spatial scales that are necessary to expose these details. The solar and space physics research community has been driven over the past decade toward answering scientific questions that have a high level of practical application and relevance. -
Glossary Terms
Glossary Terms € 1584 5W6 5501 a 7181, 12203 5’UTR 8126 a-g Transformation 6938 6Q1 5500 r 7181 6W1 5501 b 7181 a 12202 b-b Transformation 6938 A 12202 d 7181 AAV 10815 Z 1584 Abandoned mines 6646 c 5499 Abiotic factor 148 f 5499 Abiotic 10139, 11375 f,b 5499 Abiotic stress 1, 10732 f,i, 5499 Ablation 2761 m 5499 ABR 1145 th 5499 Abscisic acid 9145 th,Carnot 5499 Absolute humidity 893 th,Otto 5499 Absorbed dose 3022, 4905, 8387, 8448, 8559, 11026 v 5499 Absorber 2349 Ф 12203 Absorber tube 9562 g 5499 Absorption, a(l) 8952 gb 5499 Absorption coefficient 309 abs lmax 5174 Absorption 309, 4774, 10139, 12293 em lmax 5174 Absorptivity or absorptance (a) 9449 μ1, First molecular weight moment 4617 Abstract community 3278 o 12203 Abuse 6098 ’ 5500 AC motor 11523 F 5174 AC 9432 Fem 5174 ACC 6449, 6951 r 12203 Acceleration method 9851 ra,i 5500 Acceptable limit 3515 s 12203 Access time 1854 t 5500 Accessible ecosystem 10796 y 12203 Accident 3515 1Q2 5500 Acclimation 3253, 7229 1W2 5501 Acclimatization 10732 2W3 5501 Accretion 2761 3 Phase boundary 8328 Accumulation 2761 3D Pose estimation 10590 Acetosyringone 2583 3Dpol 8126 Acid deposition 167 3W4 5501 Acid drainage 6665 3’UTR 8126 Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) 167 4W5 5501 Acid (rock or mine) drainage 6646 12316 Glossary Terms Acidity constant 11912 Adverse effect 3620 Acidophile 6646 Adverse health effect 206 Acoustic power level (LW) 12275 AEM 372 ACPE 8123 AER 1426, 8112 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 4997, Aerobic 10139 11129 Aerodynamic diameter 167, 206 ACS 4957 Aerodynamic -
First Results from the Solar Mesosphere Explorer
N_A_ru_RE_v_o_L_JOS_I _SEPTE__ MB_E_R_I_98_3 ---------- NEWSANDVIEWS------------------15 and changes in environmental variables demonstrating the complementarity of the getic particles - caused by a solar proton (such as food density) are well known. two approaches. 0 event4, for example. The largest event in Previously, comparative studies and op the current solar cycle occurred on 13 July timality theory have addressed rather dif 1982, and the notable decrease of ozone ferent kinds of ethological issue. The ap Paul H. Harvey is a lecturer in the School of concentration it caused was measured by plication of optimal foraging models to Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, SME. Proton events of this kind inject large data on interspecies differences in territory BrightonBN19RH, andGeorginaM. Mace is a research associate at London Zoo and at the numbers of high-energy protons into the size may throw light on the precise form of Department of Anthropology, University Col middle atmosphere, changing the concen cross-species relationships, as well as lege ofLondon, London WCIE 6BT. trations of ionized hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, and thus the ozone destruction rate and density. SME's near-infrared Atmospheric chemistry spectrometer observed ozone depletion reaching 70 per cent at 65° latitude, 78 km altitude, on the morning side and 10-20 per First results from the cent on the afternoon side. All the observations, including those of Solar Mesosphere Explorer the proton event, have been satisfactorily from Guy Brasseur compared with a particularly elaborate two-dimensional model which takes into THE first results from the Solar Meso foreseen by the Chapman theory in 1930, account most chemical reactions related to sphere Explorer (SME), a satellite designed and show that atmospheric temperature is the mesosphere and the fundamental specially to study atmospheric ozone, are the principal cause of changes in ozone dynamical mechanisms5•6 • now becoming available (Geophys. -
Space) Barriers for 50 Years: the Past, Present, and Future of the Dod Space Test Program
SSC17-X-02 Breaking (Space) Barriers for 50 Years: The Past, Present, and Future of the DoD Space Test Program Barbara Manganis Braun, Sam Myers Sims, James McLeroy The Aerospace Corporation 2155 Louisiana Blvd NE, Suite 5000, Albuquerque, NM 87110-5425; 505-846-8413 [email protected] Colonel Ben Brining USAF SMC/ADS 3548 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB NM 87117-5776; 505-846-8812 [email protected] ABSTRACT 2017 marks the 50th anniversary of the Department of Defense Space Test Program’s (STP) first launch. STP’s predecessor, the Space Experiments Support Program (SESP), launched its first mission in June of 1967; it used a Thor Burner II to launch an Army and a Navy satellite carrying geodesy and aurora experiments. The SESP was renamed to the Space Test Program in July 1971, and has flown over 568 experiments on over 251 missions to date. Today the STP is managed under the Air Force’s Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) Advanced Systems and Development Directorate (SMC/AD), and continues to provide access to space for DoD-sponsored research and development missions. It relies heavily on small satellites, small launch vehicles, and innovative approaches to space access to perform its mission. INTRODUCTION Today STP continues to provide access to space for DoD-sponsored research and development missions, Since space first became a viable theater of operations relying heavily on small satellites, small launch for the Department of Defense (DoD), space technologies have developed at a rapid rate. Yet while vehicles, and innovative approaches to space access. -
Industry at the Edge of Space Other Springer-Praxis Books of Related Interest by Erik Seedhouse
IndustryIndustry atat thethe EdgeEdge ofof SpaceSpace ERIK SEEDHOUSE S u b o r b i t a l Industry at the Edge of Space Other Springer-Praxis books of related interest by Erik Seedhouse Tourists in Space: A Practical Guide 2008 ISBN: 978-0-387-74643-2 Lunar Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlement on the Moon 2008 ISBN: 978-0-387-09746-6 Martian Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlement on Mars 2009 ISBN: 978-0-387-98190-1 The New Space Race: China vs. the United States 2009 ISBN: 978-1-4419-0879-7 Prepare for Launch: The Astronaut Training Process 2010 ISBN: 978-1-4419-1349-4 Ocean Outpost: The Future of Humans Living Underwater 2010 ISBN: 978-1-4419-6356-7 Trailblazing Medicine: Sustaining Explorers During Interplanetary Missions 2011 ISBN: 978-1-4419-7828-8 Interplanetary Outpost: The Human and Technological Challenges of Exploring the Outer Planets 2012 ISBN: 978-1-4419-9747-0 Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of a Commercial Astronaut Corps 2012 ISBN: 978-1-4614-0519-1 Pulling G: Human Responses to High and Low Gravity 2013 ISBN: 978-1-4614-3029-2 SpaceX: Making Commercial Spacefl ight a Reality 2013 ISBN: 978-1-4614-5513-4 E r i k S e e d h o u s e Suborbital Industry at the Edge of Space Dr Erik Seedhouse, M.Med.Sc., Ph.D., FBIS Milton Ontario Canada SPRINGER-PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION ISBN 978-3-319-03484-3 ISBN 978-3-319-03485-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03485-0 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013956603 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. -
The American Space Exploration Narrative from the Cold War Through the Obama Administration1
The American Space Exploration Narrative from the Cold War through the Obama Administration1 Dora Holland2,3 and Jack O. Burns4,5 1 To appear in the journal Space Policy. 2 International Affairs Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 3 Current mailing address: 11161 Briggs Court, Anchorage, AK, 99516. 4 Center for Astrophysics & Space Astronomy, Department of Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 5 Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D. Holland), [email protected] (J. Burns) 2 Abstract We document how the narrative and the policies of space exploration in the United States have changed from the Eisenhower through the Obama administrations. We first examine the history of U.S. space exploration and also assess three current conditions of the field of space exploration including: 1) the increasing role of the private sector, 2) the influence of global politics and specifically the emergence of China as a global space power, and 3) the focus on a human mission to Mars. In order to further understand the narrative of U.S. space exploration, we identify five rhetorical themes: competition, prestige, collaboration, leadership, and “a new paradigm.” These themes are then utilized to analyze the content of forty documents over the course of space exploration history in the U.S. from eight U.S. presidential administrations. The historical narrative and content analysis together suggest that space exploration has developed from a discourse about a bipolar world comprised of the United States and the Soviet Union into a complicated field that encompasses many new players in the national to the industrial realms. -
The Strutjet Rocket Based Combined Cycle Engine A. Siebenhaar And
J The Strutjet Rocket Based Combined Cycle Engine A. Siebenhaar and M.J. Bulman GenCorp Aerojet Sacramento, CA And D.K. Bonnar Boeing Company Huntington Beach, Ca TABLE OF CONTENTS 1C) In_.roduc_o;', 2 0 Struuet t n_ine 2.1 FIo_ Path Description 2.2 Engine Architecture 2.2.1 FIo_path Elements 2.2.2 Turbo Machine D . Propellant Supply & Thermal Management 2.2.3 Engine C)cle 2.2.4 Structural Concept 2.3 Strutjet Operating Modes 2.3.1 Ducted Rocket Mode 2.3.2 Ramjet Mode 2.3.3 Scramjet Mode 2.3.4 Scram Rocket and Ascent Rocket Modes 2.4 Optimal Propulsion System Selection 2.4.1 Boost Mode Selection 2.4.2 Engine Design Point Selection 2.4.3 Ascent Rocket Transition Point Selection 3.0 Strutjet Vehicle Inte_ation 3.1 Strutjet Reference Mission 3.2 Engine-Vehicle Considerations 33 Vehicle Pitching Moment 3.4 Engine Performance 3.5 Reduced Operating Cost Through Robustness 3.6 Vehicle Comparisons 4.0 Available Hydrocarbon'and Hydrogen Test Data and plan_d Future Test Activities 4.1 Storable Hydrocarbon System Tests 4.2 CD'ogenic H.xdrogen System Tests 4.3 Planned Flight Tests 5.0 Maturit2. Of Required Su'utjet Technologies 6.0 Summar) and Conclusions 7.0 References J List of Tables 1. Comparison of Rocket and Strut.let Turbopumps 2. Sensitixitx to Engine Robustness 3. Vehicle Design Features and System Robustness 4. All-Rocket Vehicle Mass Breakdown 5. Strutjet Vehicle Mass Breakdown 6. Design Parameters for the All-Rocket and the RBCC-SSTO Vehicle 7. -
Jaxa Today 10.Pdf
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency April 2016 No. 10 Special Features Japan’s Technical Prowess Technical excellence and team spirit are manifested in such activities as the space station capture of the HTV5 spacecraft, development of the H3 Launch Vehicle, and reduction of sonic boom in supersonic transport International Cooperation JAXA plays a central role in international society and contributes through diverse joint programs, including planetary exploration, and the utilization of Earth observation satellites in the environmental and disaster management fields Contents No. 10 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Special Feature 1: Japan’s Technical Prowess 1−3 Welcome to JAXA TODAY Activities of “Team Japan” Connecting the Earth and Space The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is positioned as We review some of the activities of “Team the pivotal organization supporting the Japanese government’s Japan,” including the successful capture of H-II Transfer Vehicle 5 (HTV5), which brought overall space development and utilization program with world- together JAXA, NASA and the International Space Station (ISS). leading technology. JAXA undertakes a full spectrum of activities, from basic research through development and utilization. 4–7 In 2013, to coincide with the 10th anniversary of its estab- 2020: The H3 Launch Vehicle Vision JAXA is currently pursuing the development lishment, JAXA defined its management philosophy as “utilizing of the H3 Launch Vehicle, which is expected space and the sky to achieve a safe and affluent society” and to become the backbone of Japan’s space development program and build strong adopted the new corporate slogan “Explore to Realize.” Under- international competitiveness. We examine the H3’s unique features and the development program’s pinned by this philosophy, JAXA pursues a broad range of pro- objectives. -
Annual Report 2017 - 2018 Annual Report 2017 - 2018 Citizens’ Charter of Department of Space
GSAT-17 Satellites Images icro M sat ries Satellit Se e -2 at s to r a C 0 SAT-1 4 G 9 -C V L S P III-D1 -Mk LV GS INS -1 C Asia Satell uth ite o (G S S A T - 09 9 LV-F ) GS ries Sat Se ellit t-2 e sa to 8 r -C3 a LV C PS Annual Report 2017 - 2018 Annual Report 2017 - 2018 Citizens’ Charter of Department Of Space Department Of Space (DOS) has the primary responsibility of promoting the development of space science, technology and applications towards achieving self-reliance and facilitating in all round development of the nation. With this basic objective, DOS has evolved the following programmes: • Indian National Satellite (INSAT) programme for telecommunication, television broadcasting, meteorology, developmental education, societal applications such as telemedicine, tele-education, tele-advisories and similar such services • Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite programme for the management of natural resources and various developmental projects across the country using space based imagery • Indigenous capability for the design and development of satellite and associated technologies for communications, navigation, remote sensing and space sciences • Design and development of launch vehicles for access to space and orbiting INSAT / GSAT, IRS and IRNSS satellites and space science missions • Research and development in space sciences and technologies as well as application programmes for national development The Department Of Space is committed to: • Carrying out research and development in satellite and launch vehicle technology with a goal to achieve total self reliance • Provide national space infrastructure for telecommunications and broadcasting needs of the country • Provide satellite services required for weather forecasting, monitoring, etc. -
Small Satellite Launchers
SMALL SATELLITE LAUNCHERS NewSpace Index 2020/04/20 Current status and time from development start to the first successful or planned orbital launch NEWSPACE.IM Northrop Grumman Pegasus 1990 Scorpius Space Launch Demi-Sprite ? Makeyev OKB Shtil 1998 Interorbital Systems NEPTUNE N1 ? SpaceX Falcon 1e 2008 Interstellar Technologies Zero 2021 MT Aerospace MTA, WARR, Daneo ? Rocket Lab Electron 2017 Nammo North Star 2020 CTA VLM 2020 Acrux Montenegro ? Frontier Astronautics ? ? Earth to Sky ? 2021 Zero 2 Infinity Bloostar ? CASIC / ExPace Kuaizhou-1A (Fei Tian 1) 2017 SpaceLS Prometheus-1 ? MISHAAL Aerospace M-OV ? CONAE Tronador II 2020 TLON Space Aventura I ? Rocketcrafters Intrepid-1 2020 ARCA Space Haas 2CA ? Aerojet Rocketdyne SPARK / Super Strypi 2015 Generation Orbit GoLauncher 2 ? PLD Space Miura 5 (Arion 2) 2021 Swiss Space Systems SOAR 2018 Heliaq ALV-2 ? Gilmour Space Eris-S 2021 Roketsan UFS 2023 Independence-X DNLV 2021 Beyond Earth ? ? Bagaveev Corporation Bagaveev ? Open Space Orbital Neutrino I ? LIA Aerospace Procyon 2026 JAXA SS-520-4 2017 Swedish Space Corporation Rainbow 2021 SpinLaunch ? 2022 Pipeline2Space ? ? Perigee Blue Whale 2020 Link Space New Line 1 2021 Lin Industrial Taymyr-1A ? Leaf Space Primo ? Firefly 2020 Exos Aerospace Jaguar ? Cubecab Cab-3A 2022 Celestia Aerospace Space Arrow CM ? bluShift Aerospace Red Dwarf 2022 Black Arrow Black Arrow 2 ? Tranquility Aerospace Devon Two ? Masterra Space MINSAT-2000 2021 LEO Launcher & Logistics ? ? ISRO SSLV (PSLV Light) 2020 Wagner Industries Konshu ? VSAT ? ? VALT -
Redalyc.Status and Trends of Smallsats and Their Launch Vehicles
Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management ISSN: 1984-9648 [email protected] Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço Brasil Wekerle, Timo; Bezerra Pessoa Filho, José; Vergueiro Loures da Costa, Luís Eduardo; Gonzaga Trabasso, Luís Status and Trends of Smallsats and Their Launch Vehicles — An Up-to-date Review Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, vol. 9, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2017, pp. 269-286 Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço São Paulo, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=309452133001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative doi: 10.5028/jatm.v9i3.853 Status and Trends of Smallsats and Their Launch Vehicles — An Up-to-date Review Timo Wekerle1, José Bezerra Pessoa Filho2, Luís Eduardo Vergueiro Loures da Costa1, Luís Gonzaga Trabasso1 ABSTRACT: This paper presents an analysis of the scenario of small satellites and its correspondent launch vehicles. The INTRODUCTION miniaturization of electronics, together with reliability and performance increase as well as reduction of cost, have During the past 30 years, electronic devices have experienced allowed the use of commercials-off-the-shelf in the space industry, fostering the Smallsat use. An analysis of the enormous advancements in terms of performance, reliability and launched Smallsats during the last 20 years is accomplished lower prices. In the mid-80s, a USD 36 million supercomputer and the main factors for the Smallsat (r)evolution, outlined.