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Internet Beiträge Zur Ägyptologie Und Sudanarch 9481_BIOR_2006_5-6_01 12-01-2007 13:35 Pagina 463 479 BOEKBESPREKINGEN — FARAONISCH EGYPTE 480 FARAONISCH EGYPTE exactes des personnages représentés3, les stèles relevant avant tout d’une tradition religieuse. La prégnance des croyances FITZENREITER M. — Genealogie — Realität und Fiktion funéraires et du modèle osirien invite parfois à rester prudent von Identität.IBAES (Internet Beiträge zur Ägyptologie sur les interprétations à adopter pour certaines expressions de und Sudanarchäologie vol. 5). Golden House Publica- filiation. Dans ce modèle, la restauration par le fils des monu- tion, Londen, 2005. (29,5 cm XIV, 206). ISBN 0- ments du père (et des autres ancêtres) prend évidemment une 9547218-8-8. £ 25,-. place importante. Le cas fort intéressant de Djéhoutynakht fils de Téti, gouverneur du XVème district de Haute Égypte L’ouvrage présenté ici est la version imprimée des actes (Deir El-Barsha) à la Première Période Intermédiaire est étu- d’un colloque des 4 et 5 juin 2004, publiés également sur diée par M. De Meyer (p. 125-135). L’auteur présente les Internet. On ne peut que se réjouir de cette publication parce nouvelles données fournies par les fouilles de L’Université qu’elle assure la pérennité des articles ainsi rassemblés, ce catholique de Louvain sur le site4. Les neuf textes de restau- que ne permet malheureusement pas toujours la mise en ligne ration dont ce nomarque est l’auteur, répartis dans autant de sur le web. Cet ouvrage revêt un intérêt particulier parce qu’il tombes et deux nécropoles, montrent l’insistance à se ratta- s’agit tout simplement d’une des premières tentatives de ras- cher à une lignée, non pas familiale, puisque la généalogie sembler les données pour une analyse de la notion de généa- du personnage n’est pas connue, mais en rapport avec la logie en Égypte ancienne. Certes, quelques remarques avaient charge qui l’occupe. Si Djéhoutynakht se réfère à ses prédé- été publiées ça et là1, mais elles avaient l’inconvénient de ne cesseurs remontant jusqu’à la fin de l’Ancien Empire, sans porter que sur des périodes limitées ou sur des aspects très d’ailleurs y effectuer la moindre restauration semble-t-il, c’est particuliers de la question. Avec ce recueil, les égyptologues avant tout à des fins de propagande et de légitimation de son bénéficient maintenant d’un outil majeur pour l’analyse du pouvoir de nomarque. Ici déjà, on remarque que le roi n’est fait généalogique2. Chaque article y présente les caractéris- plus le point de référence; c’est la lignée, réelle ou fictive qui tiques du fait généalogique pour une période donnée à tra- prend le relais dans le processus de légitimation du pouvoir vers une documentation spécifique. N’étant pas spécialiste, des fonctionnaires régionaux, ce phénomène se réitérant nous ne saurions nous prononcer en détail sur les articles de durant les autres «Périodes Intermédiaires». Martin Fitzen- Manfred Kropp, Michael Zach, Martin Stohwasser, Claus reiner développe ensuite une étude du contexte social des Schönig concernant la transmission des listes et généalogies stèles familiales de l’Ancien Empire au Nouvel Empire (p. des rois éthiopiens, les généalogies de Jésus dans les évan- 69-96). Lui aussi remarque la difficulté récurrente à identi- giles et les généalogies fictives transmises par une encyclo- fier des liens familiaux précis, qui montre que la notion de pédie turque du XIème siècle. Ces contributions montrent que famille en Égypte n’était pas ce qu’elle est dans notre société la problématique généalogique ne se limite pas au champ occidentale. D’un autre côté, la fonction de ces objets offre égyptologique, mais englobe au contraire l’ensemble des une clé d’interprétation: sacralisant les liens familiaux, elle périodes historiques. C’est surtout à partir des autres contri- sont des références communes à des individus parfois sans butions que l’égyptologue pourra tirer des enseignements de lien réel autre que celui qui les lie avec le propriétaire. Le et sur l’analyse généalogique. groupe familial égyptien était donc très large à la fois agna- Dès l’introduction (p. 1 à 10), Martin Fitzenreiner met en tique et cognatique5. C’est sans doute pour cette raison que avant l’importance de l’étude du fait généalogique pour la le choix du successeur dans la fonction paternelle n’était pas compréhension des évolutions sociales des civilisations systématiquement le fils aîné comme le révèle l’analyse de anciennes. La référence généalogique, qu’elle soit réelle ou certaines sections d’un «Manuel du temple» par J. F. Quack fictive, correspond en effet à la définition d’une place de l’in- (p. 97-102)6. La fonction sacerdotale était transmise au fils dividu dans la société. Ce faisant, l’étude des évolutions du aîné de manière préférentielle, mais pas uniquement, la com- fait généalogique dans la diachronie permet de mieux saisir pétence personnelle constituant un autre critère possible. K. la structure sociale d’un État et ses mutations éventuelles. Il Jansen-Winkeln (p. 137-145) présente quant à lui une ana- est donc à noter que certains de ces articles laissent une part lyse du développement des généalogies à l’époque tardive. non négligeable à l’analyse anthropologique, à commencer Cependant, on ne peut souscrire sans réserves à la théorie de par celui de O. Briese (p. 11-20.), qui s’attache à exposer les l’origine libyenne de ces généalogie longues. Elle apparais- liens entre mythes fondateurs et généalogies. sent certes au moment où des chefs d’origine libyenne mon- La présentation que fait Wolfram Grajetzki (p. 57-68) des tent sur le trône pharaonique, mais elles n’ont-elles pas plu- données généalogiques des nomarques de la Première Période tôt pour origine les changements socio-économiques de la fin Intermédiaire permet de nuancer l’idée selon laquelle les du Nouvel Empire? La mise en place des lignages et sa mani- généalogies n’apparaîtraient qu’à la fin du Nouvel Empire. festation dans des énoncés généalogiques semble découler L’auteur met en évidence la volonté politique des gouver- tant de l’hérédité croissante des fonctions que de l’affaiblis- neurs de Meir des XIème et XIIème dynasties de se relier à leurs sement de l’autorité royale: on tient sa fonction de ses prédécesseurs en remontant jusqu’à la IVème dynastie. D’un ancêtres et moins de la faveur du roi. Ce phénomène n’a, me autre côté, étudiant quelques stèles familiales du Moyen Empire, Grajetzki signale la difficulté à reconstituer les liens 3) On comparera avec l’avis similaire de A. Spalinger, RdE 32, 1980, p. 95-116, étudiant la famille tentaculaire de la reine Noubkhâes. 1) Notamment M. L. Bierbrier, Late New Kingdom Egypt, Warminster, 4) Cf. H. O. Willems et alii, MDAIK 60, 2004, p. 237-283. 1973, p. xiii-xvi, et D. Franke, Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen, 1983, p. 159- 5) C’est à dire indifférenciée: C. Levi-strauss, Les structures élémen- 174 et D. Henige, JEA 67, 1981, p. 182-184 et J. Elias, Coffin Inscription in taires de la parenté, Paris, 1967, p. 120-124; Ch. Ghasarian, Introduction Egypt after the New Kingdom: a Study of Text Production and Use in Elite à l’étude de la parenté, Paris, 1996, p. 64-66 et A. Forgeau, dans A. Bur- Mortuary Preparation, UMI, Chicago, 1993, notamment p. 20-44. guière et alii, Histoire de la famille, Paris, 1986, p. 135-162. 2) Auquel il faudra adjoindre le tout récent recueil M. Campagno (éd.), 6) Pour une présentation générale de ce papyrus, cf. J. Quack, BSFE Studies on Kinship and State in Ancient Egypt, Buenos Aires, 2006. 160, 2004, p. 9-25. 9481_BIOR_2006_5-6_01 12-01-2007 13:35 Pagina 464 481 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXIII N° 5-6, september-december 2006 482 semble-t-il, rien à voir avec l’ethnicité des dirigeants. Étant nswt) 10. Si ces idées semblent bien argumentées, on retirera donné que la plupart des généalogies longues sont le fait de de la lecture l’impression que la documentation est quelque prêtres thébains non Libyens et que les généalogies concer- peu surinterprétée. Étant donné son caractère à la fois lacu- nant ces derniers sont datables de l’extrême fin de la période, naire et obscure11, il semble un peu hasardeux de s’en ser- ils ont bien peu de chance d’en être à l’origine7. La réappa- vir pour prouver la matrilinéarité de la succession koushite12. rition dans cette période troublée de l’attachement généalo- L’originalité du culte dynastique des Lagides13, connu par gique est plus probablement liée à la constitution de lignages les listes d’ancêtres divinisés et par les titres des prêtres-épo- dont la structure est de plus en plus patrilinéaire, apparition nymes, est mise en évidence par F. Herklotze (p. 155-164). qui découle de la crise de l’État centralisé ramesside. Le cas Ce culte, qui allie des éléments égyptiens et grecs se met en de la famille de Ammon de Panopolis, étudié par Frank Feder place progressivement à partir de Ptolémée II Philadelphe (p. 103-107), montre que malgré les changements socio-poli- (prêtres-éponymes), mais des évolutions sont perceptibles tiques importants, cette solidarité familiale pesait encore lourd encore sous Ptolémées IV Philopator (apparition des listes dans les stratégies des élites égyptienne à la fin de l’époque royales dans les temples)14. Surtout, il s’agit essentiellement romaine. de la célébration d’une lignée de couples roi-reine15. Si La légitimation de l’autorité par la référence familiale ou quelques individus isolés et n’ayant pas réellement régné généalogique est moins utilisée par le pharaon, qui, en tant comme Ptolémée Eupatôr, Ptolémée Néos Philopatôr ou que fils et héritier des dieux, n’a que rarement besoin d’une Cléopâtre IV16 y sont intégrés, ce n’est que pour des raisons légitimité terrestre.
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