DOCSLIB.ORG

COMMUNALISM in EGYPTIAN POLITICS: the Experience of the Copts,1918-1952

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
COMMUNALISM in EGYPTIAN POLITICS: the Experience of the Copts,1918-1952 COMMUNALISM In EGYPTIAN POLITICS: The Experience of the Copts,1918-1952 BY Barbara Lynn Carter Thesis submitted in completion of requirements for the P hD degree in P o l it ic s, School of Oriental and African St u d ie s, University of London December 1382 ProQuest Number: 10672743 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672743 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT This thesis explores a particular experiment in political accommodation between the Muslim majority and Coptic minority in Egypt between 1918 and 1952. The Egyptians then seized the opportunity presented by a changing political system to restructure the governing arrangements between Muslims and Copts and involve the latter more fully in the political process. Many hoped to see the collaboration of the 1919 revolution spur the creation of both a new collective Egyptian identity and a state without religious bias. Traditional ways of governing, however, were not so easily cast aside, and Islam continued to have a political role. Some Egyptians held tenaciously to the traditional arrangements which had both guaranteed Muslim primacy and served relatively well to protect the Copts and afford them some autonomy. Differences within the Coptic community over the wisdom of trusting the genuineness and durability of Muslim support for equality were accented by a protracted struggle between reforming laymen and conservative clergy for control of the community. The unwillingness of all parties to compromise hampered the ability of the community both to determine and defend its interests. The Copts met with modest success in their attempt to become full Egyptian citizens. As one example, their influence in the Wafd, the pre­ eminent political party, was very strong prior to and in the early years of the Constitutional Monarchy. As a second, their formal representation was generally adequate and, in some Parliaments, better than adequate. However, this very success produced a backlash which caused many Copts to believe, by the 19L0 s, that the experiment had failed: political activity had become fraught with risk for them. Coptic complaints about Muslim intolerance abounded and reflected the broad criticisms levelled at minority behaviour by Muslims. At the close of the monarchy, equality and shared power seemed notions as distant as in the disheartening years before the revolution. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND ABBREVIATIONS 6 INTRODUCTION: A. The Problem 7 B, The Setting 9 1. The Traditional Position of the Copts and 9 Other Non-Muslims 2. Population, Culture and Religious Divisions 13 a) Coptic Catholics 17 b) Coptic Protestants 18 3. The Historical Background 19 CHAPTER ONE: COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION 31 A. The Church 31 1. The Majlis Milll’s Struggle for Power 33 2. Patriarchal Elections U5 3. Summary 50 B. The Coptic Press 55 1. Migr 56 2. Al-Wafan 60 3. Al-Manara al-Misriyya 62 C. Voluntary Associations 62 1. Non-Political 62 2. Political 66 CHAPTER TWO: THE BRITISH, THE COPTS ANDTHE 70 NATIONALIST MOVEMENT A. British-Copt Relations before the 1919 Revolution 70 B. Zaghlul, the Formation of the Wafd and the 72 1919 Revolution C. Divide and Rule 83 D. Anglo-Egypt!an Treaty Negotiations 93 1. Independence and the Reserved Point for 93 the Protection of Minorities 2. The Politics of Treaty Negotiations 100 E. Conclusion 105 CHAPTER THREE: THE LIMITS OF THE POLITICAL COMMUNITY 107 AND EGYPT’S NATIONAL IDENTITY A. Religion and the Political System 107 B. Theories of History and National Unity 116 1. Egyptianism 117 2. Mediterraneanism 127 3. Arabism 130 Marxism 139 C. An Historiography of Copt-Muslim Relations 1^5 4 Page CHAPTER FOUR: REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS 1**9 A. The Legal Frame-work: The Egyptian Constitution ll*9 1. Civil Rights 1^9 2. Catch 22: Islam, the Religion of State 152 3. The Representation of Minorities in 157 Parliament B. Coptic Political Representation, 19^2-1952 169 1. The Chamber of Representatives I69 2. The Senate 175 3. Local Councils 179 k . The Quality of Coptic Representation l8l 5. Coptic Expectations and Demands 185 CHAPTER FIVE: THE COPTS AND PARTY POLITICS 187 A. The Wafd I87 B. The Liberal Constitutional Party 219 C. The Palace 222 D. The Satdist Party 227 E. The Wafdist Bloc 228 CHAPTER SIX: THE COPTS AND THE STATE 239 A. The Issue of Inequality 239 1. The Economy 239 2. The Civil Service 2^3 a) Coptic Cabinet Ministers 257 3. Religious Instruction in State Schools 26l B. Issues of State Control 273 1. Personal Status Jurisdiction 2rjk 2. Government Limitations on the Freedom of Belief 287 C. One Response to Pressure: Conversion 288 D . Summary 290 CHAPTER SEVEN: ETHNICITY AND RELIGION IN THE STRUGGLE 292 FOR POWER A. The Religious Idiom and Party Politics 292 B. Religious Appeals and the Palace 298 C. Elections 301 D. Communal Violence and the Role of 317 the Muslim Brethren E . Summary 328 CONCLUSION: "RELIGION IS GOD'S AND THE HOMELAND 329 THE PEOPLE'S" BIBLIOGRAPHY 3^5 INTERVIEWS 363 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to record here my gratitude for the help, kindness and hospitality offered by so many Egyptians during my two-year stay in their country. I want principally to thank Mirrlt Butrus Ghali, Director of the Coptic Archaeological Society, and his cousin, the historian, ’Ibrahim 'Amin Ghali. Both gave freely of their time and knowledge. Others who suffered my questions with patience and interest include Louis ^Awad, Iris Habib al-Masri, 'Afaf Mahfuz, and Sac d Fakhrl ^Abd al-Nur. I would also here express my appreciation for the financial help of three institutions, the American Research Center in Egypt, the School of Oriental and African Studies, and the American Friends Service Committee. Each of these institutions funded parts of this research and without their support this thesis would not have come to fruition. My greatest thanks are reserved for my supervisor, Professor P.J. Vatikiotis, who has mastered the art of giving advice over great distances. His cheerfulness in the face of a several years' barrage of complaining, confused, anxious and speculative letters has remained undaunted, as has his willingness to help. At this point, his patience and endurance with this particular project are exceeded only by the author's, and it is with some relief that the latter is finally able to release him from the burden of further support. NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND ABBREVIATIONS Arabic words have been transliterated largely according to the Cambridge University system. Two exceptions should be noted. A few Coptic names , which are not of Arabic origin and which appear obscure in proper transliteration, have been rendered, for the ease of the reader, in a more recognizable form. The main examples here are the names of three great churchmen: Sergius, Makarios and Cyril (or Kirillos). In addition, some Egyptian place names, which have long been familiar to the English-speaking world, have been left in their standard form. These names include Cairo, Alexandria, Suez, Damietta and Luxor. Various source abbreviations have been used in the footnotes, and these are explained below: Egyptian Archives CAS Coptic Archaeological Society, Cairo CCEH Centre for Contemporary Egyptian History and Documentation (Markaz Watha1iq wa Ta'rikh Misr al-Mucasir), Dar al-kutub, Cairo F = File Cabinet D = Drawer Chamber Debates Madabit Majlis al-Nuwwab, Parliament Library, Cairo. DM Dar al-Mahfu?at, Citadel, Cairo. DW Dar al-Watha'iq, Citadel, Cairo. PPF Palace Press Files, CCEH, Dar al-kutub, Cairo Senate Debates Madabit Majlis al-Shuyukh, Parliament Library, Cairo. Foreign Archives CMS Church Missionary Society, London. LD Lampson/Killearn Diaries, Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, Oxford University. PHS Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia 7 INTRODUCTION A. The Problem In a polity whose raison d ’etre was the perfection of a society in which Muslims could fulfil their religious obligations, the place of indigenous non-Muslims posed both theoretical and practical problems. How should such a polity deal with those who had been exposed to Islam and yet declined to accept its manifest truth? There were too many non-Muslims and they performed functions, particularly in Egypt, that were too critical to the well-being of the state to be either forcibly converted en masse or exterminated. Religion was therefore made a political, social and economic determinant; it set an individual’s status, friend­ ships, tax, entitlement to government benefits, code of law and sometimes even profession and living quarters. Non-Muslims were not citizens in the full sense because loyalty to the State and to the State's religion were inextricable.^ They were not trust­ worthy, and therefore Muslims required some protection from them. Although with time an extensive body of literature pertaining to religious minorities in the Islamic lands developed, the position of minorities was firmly fixed neither in theory nor in fact; it was time and place specific. Of course, there were similarities; the public did have an idea about the appropriate place for minorities, and this idea helped set regulations and perpetuate attitudes. Still, there was some flexibility in this 1, See Albert Hourani, A Vision of History: Near Eastern and Other Essays, Beirut, 1961, p.T^.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Egypt's Presidential Election
    From Plebiscite to Contest? Egypt’s Presidential Election A Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1 Political Rights and Demands for Reform................................................................................ 2 Free and Fair? ................................................................................................................................ 4 From Plebiscite to Election: Article 76 Amended............................................................... 4 Government Restrictions and Harassment........................................................................... 5 Campaign Issues........................................................................................................................ 6 Judicial Supervision of Elections............................................................................................ 8 Election Monitoring ...............................................................................................................10 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Political Parties and Candidates............................................................................................11 Introduction On September 7, Egypt will hold its first-ever presidential election, as distinct from the single-candidate plebiscites that have so far
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship of Yahweh and El: a Study of Two Cults and Their Related Mythology
    Wyatt, Nicolas (1976) The relationship of Yahweh and El: a study of two cults and their related mythology. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2160/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] .. ýýý,. The relationship of Yahweh and Ell. a study of two cults and their related mythology. Nicolas Wyatt ý; ý. A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy rin the " ®artänont of Ssbrwr and Semitic languages in the University of Glasgow. October 1976. ý ý . u.: ý. _, ý 1 I 'Preface .. tee.. This thesis is the result of work done in the Department of Hebrew and ': eraitia Langusgee, under the supervision of Professor John rdacdonald, during the period 1970-1976. No and part of It was done in collaboration, the views expressed are entirely my own. r. .e I should like to express my thanks to the followings Professor John Macdonald, for his assistance and encouragement; Dr. John Frye of the Univeritty`of the"Witwatersrandy who read parts of the thesis and offered comments and criticism; in and to my wife, whose task was hardest of all, that she typed the thesis, coping with the peculiarities of both my style and my handwriting.
    [Show full text]
  • In Ancient Egypt
    THE ROLE OF THE CHANTRESS ($MW IN ANCIENT EGYPT SUZANNE LYNN ONSTINE A thesis submined in confonnity with the requirements for the degm of Ph.D. Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civiliations University of Toronto %) Copyright by Suzanne Lynn Onstine (200 1) . ~bsPdhorbasgmadr~ exclusive liceacc aiiowhg the ' Nationai hiof hada to reproduce, loan, distnia sdl copies of this thesis in miaof#m, pspa or elccmnic f-. L'atm criucrve la propri&C du droit d'autear qui protcge cette thtse. Ni la thèse Y des extraits substrrntiets deceMne&iveatetreimprimCs ouraitnmcrtrepoduitssanssoai aut&ntiom The Role of the Chmaes (fm~in Ancient Emt A doctorai dissertacion by Suzanne Lynn On*, submitted to the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto, 200 1. The specitic nanire of the tiUe Wytor "cimûes", which occurrPd fcom the Middle Kingdom onwatd is imsiigated thrwgh the use of a dalabase cataloging 861 woinen whheld the title. Sorting the &ta based on a variety of delails has yielded pattern regatding their cbnological and demographical distribution. The changes in rhe social status and numbers of wbmen wbo bore the Weindicale that the Egyptians perceivecl the role and ams of the titk âiffefcntiy thugh tirne. Infomiation an the tities of ihe chantressw' family memkrs bas ailowed the author to make iderences cawming llse social status of the mmen who heu the title "chanms". MiMid Kingdom tifle-holders wverc of modest backgrounds and were quite rare. Eighteenth DMasty women were of the highest ranking families. The number of wamen who held the titk was also comparatively smaii, Nimeenth Dynasty women came [rom more modesi backgrounds and were more nwnennis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim Prospects for a Liberal Egypt by Eric Trager
    MENU Policy Analysis / Articles & Op-Eds The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim Prospects for a Liberal Egypt by Eric Trager Aug 23, 2011 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Eric Trager Eric Trager was the Esther K. Wagner Fellow at The Washington Institute. Articles & Testimony The iconic youths of Egypt's Tahrir Square revolution are now deeply divided among nearly a dozen, often indistinguishable political parties, while the Muslim Brotherhood is seizing the momentum. he protesters who led Egypt's revolt last January were young, liberal, and linked-in. They were the bloggers T who first proposed the demonstrations against Hosni Mubarak on Twitter; the Facebook-based activists who invited their "friends" to protest; and Wael Ghonim, the 30-year-old Google executive who, after Egypt's state security agency detained him for 12 days, rallied the crowds to hold Tahrir Square. Far from emulating Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, they channeled Thomas Paine, calling for civil liberties, religious equality, and an end to Mubarak's dictatorship. Their determination, punctuated by the speed of their triumph, fueled optimism that the long-awaited Arab Spring had finally sprung -- that the Middle East would no longer be an autocratic exception in an increasingly democratic world. The political transition following their revolt, however, has dulled this optimism. The iconic youths of Tahrir Square are now deeply divided among nearly a dozen, often indistinguishable political parties, almost all of which are either too new to be known or too discredited by their cooperation with the previous regime. Concentrated within the small percentage of Internet-using, politically literate Egyptians, their numbers are surprisingly small.
    [Show full text]
  • The Writers in the Alley: State Legitimacy and Literature in Nasser‘S Egypt, 1952-1967
    THE WRITERS IN THE ALLEY: STATE LEGITIMACY AND LITERATURE IN NASSER‘S EGYPT, 1952-1967 by Alan Lensink Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2011 © Copyright by Alan Lensink, 2011 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled ―The Writers in the Alley: State Legitimacy and Literature in Nasser‘s Egypt, 1952-1967‖ by Alan Lensink in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Dated: August 8, 2011 Supervisor: _________________________________ Readers: _________________________________ _________________________________ ii DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DATE: August 8, 2011 AUTHOR: Alan Lensink TITLE: The Writers in the Alley: State Legitimacy and Literature in Nasser‘s Egypt, 1952-1967 DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: Department of History DEGREE: MA CONVOCATION: October YEAR: 2011 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. I understand that my thesis will be electronically available to the public. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author‘s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the thesis (other than the brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged. _______________________________ Signature of Author iii Soli Deo gloria iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……....… ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Some Thoughts on Religious Change at Deir El-Medina
    SOME THOUGHTS ON RELIGIOUS CHANGE AT DEIR EL-MEDINA Cathleen Keller University of California, Berkeley It gives me very great pleasure to contribute ticular, have met with some success: Baraize’s to a volume in honor of Richard Fazzini, a excavations in the Ptolemaic temple area;5 the fellow Egyptomania enthusiast and aficionado of clearance of the “oratorio” sacred to Ptah and ancient Thebes. I feel reasonably certain that Meretseger;6 Davies’ investigation of the “high the characters mentioned in this paper, though place,” situated above the path between Deir el- residents of the Western Side, were as familiar as Medina and the Valley of the Kings,7 and the he with the Temple of Mut at Karnak. Italian, German and French excavations of the The title of Keith Hopkins’s recent work on village itself, have yielded up some in situ ma- the religions of the Hellenistic Mediterranean, A terial.8 In addition to general surveys of reli- World Full of Gods,1 aptly describes the religious life gious cult and practice at Deir el-Medina,9 reli- of the workmen of Deir el-Medina as well. From gious studies of the Deir el-Medina “pantheon” the inception of the study of this organization, have frequently focused on individual deities, no- the votive monuments of the sdm.w-#sˇ m s.t-M3#.t tably the deified Amenhotep I10 and Ahmose- ¯ have attracted the attention of scholars.2 The Nefertari11 and Meretseger.12 Others, however, re- sheer quantity of the monuments, as well as the main understudied, including Hathor, the dedica- variety of the deities depicted3 (a list that includes tee of Deir el-Medina’s major sanctuary, and her divinities of both indigenous and foreign origin), interaction with her local sister-divinities, such as has led to their being used to illustrate general Meretseger and Henutimentet.
    [Show full text]
  • News Coverage Prepared For: the European Union
    News Coverage Prepared for: The European Union Date 13 November 2011 Nobody’s Unpredictable Thematic Headlines Domestic Scene: Affirming State Sovereignty through Law “New York Post”: Egyptians Fear Bombing Mosques or Churches Delays Elections CBE: Money of the Mubaraks Never Entered Egypt Salafists: To Stand Harshly Against Anyone Calling For SCAF’s Stepdown Administrative Court Decides: No NDP Remnants Thousands of Copts Spent a Night of Prayers Click to add text here El-Selmi: MB Agreed On the Same Document Before Washington Post: Security Broke Down Since Mubarak Ouster Lawsuit against NDP Remnants Security Expert: Pipeline Explosion Disaster To All Egyptian Government Refuses to Reveal Smuggled Accounts Madi: El-Selmi’s Document Does Not Represent the People Anti-Political Corruption Law within Hours Elections 1st Test for Post-Revolution State TV 2 Thematic Headlines Domestic Scene: Amr Shobki: Fears over Islamist Dominance of Parliament Exaggerated Elections Updates Elections Updates NAC: No Military Trial for Civilians A Million Man Demonstration against El-Selmi’s Document Al-Fangary: No Compensation for RevolutionClick Victims to add text here Demonstrations against SCAF Affirming State Sovereignty through Law Proceedings of Litigation against Court Panel Examining Recusal of Mubarak Trial’s Judge. Thousands of Copts Spent a Night of Prayers Lawyers and Judges Crisis Could be Renewed Copts Pray for Egypt at St. Simon Monastery Judges Meet to Declare Return of Work in Courts Latest Opinion Poll Reveals Egyptian Political Attitudes
    [Show full text]
  • •C ' CONFIDENTIAL EGYPT October 8, 1946 Section 1 ARCHIVE* J 4167/39/16 Copy No
    THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S GOYERNMENT •C ' CONFIDENTIAL EGYPT October 8, 1946 Section 1 ARCHIVE* J 4167/39/16 Copy No. LEADING PERSONALITIES IN EGYPT Mr. Bowker to Mr. Bevin. (Received 8th October) (No. 1051. Confidential) 53. Ibrahim Abdul Hadi Pasha. Sir, Cairo, 30th September, 1946 54. Maitre Abdel Hamid Abdel Hakk. With reference to Mr. Farquhar's despatch 55. Nabil Abbas Halim. No. 1205 of-29th August, 1945, I have the honour 56. Maitre Ahmed Hamza. to transmit a revised list of personalities in Egypt. 57. Abdel Malek Hamza Bey. I have, &c. 58. El Lewa Mohammed Saleh Harb Pasha. JAMES BOWKEE. 59. Mahmoud Hassan Pasha. 60. Mohammed Abdel Khalek Hassouna Pasha. 61. Dr. Hussein Heikal Pasha. Enclosure 62. Sadek Henein Pasha. INDEX 63. Mahmoud Tewfik el-Hifnawi Pasha. 64. Neguib el-Hilaly Pasha. I.—Egyptian Personalitits 65. Ahmed Hussein Effendi. 1. Fuad Abaza Pasha. 66. Dr. Tahra Hussein. 2. Ibrahim Dessuki Abaza Pasha. 67. Dr. Ali Ibrahim Pasha, C.B.E. 3. Maitre Mohammed Fikri Abaza. 68. Kamel Ibrahim Bey. 4. Mohammed Ahmed Abboud Pasha. 69. Mohammed Hilmy Issa Pasha. 5. Dr. Hafez Afifi Pasha. 70. Aziz Izzet Pasha, G.C.V.O. 6. Abdel Kawi Ahmed Pasha. 71. Ahmed Kamel Pasha. 7. Ibrahim Sid Ahmed Bey. 72. ,'Lewa Ahmed Kamel Pasha. 8. Murad Sid Ahmed Pasha. 73. Ibrahim Fahmy Kerim Pasha. 9. Ahmed All Pasha, K.C.V.O. 74. Mahmoud Bey Khalil. 10. Prince Mohammed All, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. 75. Ahmed Mohammed Khashaba Pasha. 11. Tarraf Ali Pasha.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 582.97 K
    Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality Volume 12 - Dec 2015 - No 2 - Pages: (51 : 78) King Farouk and the Wafd’s Relations with the United States After the 1952 Revolution (1952-1957) Noha Osman Azmy Associate Professor, Tourism Guidance Department, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Sadat City University Abstract: King Farouk was deposed and forced to leave Egypt after the 1952 Revolution. Under the demand of the political purification, the Wafd party was dissolved and its leaders were imprisoned or kept under house arrest. The year 1955 marked the first contact between the Farouk and Wafd with the United States. The tense relation between US and Nasser that year gave hope for both to return to power with US support. The study depended on the US State Department documents to represent these connections and to show the American opinion with it. Unlike the previous studies, the study approved that the first contact of Farouk to the US was in 1955 not in 1956; in which he commented on the Middle East situation, the US’s role in depositing him and described the new regime in Egypt. The Wafd also tried to gain the US support to return to power through two different approaches. One was ready to deal with Nasser but with parliamentary life depending on the Wafd’s popularity; the second was to depose Nasser and replace him with Naguib with the return of the Wafd party to the political scene. The study concluded that these connections reflected the deep ideological difference between Farouk and Wafd and showed that the US’s foreign policy was determined by its interest which was not anymore with either the Wafd or Farouk.
    [Show full text]
  • Clientelism and the Copts: an Examination of the Relationship Between the Egyptian Church and State
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-2006 Clientelism and the Copts: An examination of the relationship between the Egyptian Church and state. Derek Brian Barker University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Barker, Derek Brian, "Clientelism and the Copts: An examination of the relationship between the Egyptian Church and state." (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7065. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7065 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. CLIENTELISM AND THE COPTS: AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EGYPTIAN CHURCH AND STATE by Derek Brian Barker A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research through Political Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2006 © 2006 Derek Brian Barker Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monthly-March 2012 English
    issue number 116 |March 2012 WAGE HIKE LEBANON AIRPORTS “the monthLy” interviews: RITA MAALOUF www.iimonthly.com • Published by Information International sal RENT ACT TWELVE EXTENSIONS AND A NEW LAW IS YET TO MATERIALIZE Lebanon 5,000LL | Saudi Arabia 15SR | UAE 15DHR | Jordan 2JD| Syria 75SYP | Iraq 3,500IQD | Kuwait 1.5KD | Qatar 15QR | Bahrain 2BD | Oman 2OR | Yemen 15YRI | Egypt 10EP | Europe 5Euros March INDEX 2012 4 RENT ACT 7 GLC AND BUSINESS OWNERS LOCK HORNS WITH NAHAS OVER WAGE HIKE 10 ElECTIONS 2013 (2) 12 WILL LEBANON OPERATE FOUR AIRPORTS OR ONLY ONE? 14 IDAL 16 THOUSANDS OF MOBILE PHONE LINES AT THE DISPOSAL OF SECURITY FORCES P: 21 P: 4 17 REOPENING OF BEIRUT Pine’s FOREST 18 VITAMINS & SUPPLEMENTS: DR. HANNA SAADAH 19 PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IMPOTENCE ON MEN IN THE MIDDLE EAST: MICHEL NAWFAL 20 ALF, BA, TA...: DR. SAMAR ZEBIAN 21 INTERVIEW: RITA MAALOUF P: 12 23 TORTURE - IRIDESCENCE 24 NOBEL PRIZES IN PHYSICS (2) 39 Mansourieh’s HIGH-VOLTAGE POWER 28 THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT LINES ASSOCIATION (INMA) 40 JANUARY 2012 TIMELINE 30 HOW TO BECOME A CLERGYMAN IN YOUR RELIGION? 43 EgYPTIAN ELECTIONS 31 POPULAR CULTURE 47 REAL ESTATE PRICES IN LEBANON - 32 DEBUNKING MYTH #55: DREAMS JANUARY 2012 33 MUST-READ BOOKS: CORRUPTION 48 FOOD PRICES - JANUARY 2012 34 MUST-READ CHILdren’s bOOK: CAMELLIA 50 VENOMOUS SNAKEBITES 35 LEBANON FAMILIES: HAWI FAMILIES 50 BEIRUT RAFIC HARIRI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT - JANUARY 2012 36 DISCOVER LEBANON: CHAKRA 51 lEBANON STATS 37 CIVIL STRIFE INTRO |EDITORIAL ASSEM SALAM: THE CUSTODIAN OF VALUES The heart aches proudly when you see them, our knights when the demonstrators denounced the Syrian enemy: of the 1920s and 30s, refusing to dismount as if they “Calls for Lebanon’s independence from the Syrian were on a quest or a journey.
    [Show full text]
  • Illuminating the Path of Darkness
    ILLUMINATING THE PATH OF DARKNESS: Social and sacred power of artificial light in Pharaonic Period Egypt This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Meghan E. Strong Girton College University of Cambridge January 2018 Illuminating the path of darkness: social and sacred power of artificial light in Pharaonic Period Egypt Meghan E. Strong ABSTRACT Light is seldom addressed in archaeological research, despite the fact that, at least in ancient Egypt, it would have impacted upon all aspects of life. When discussing light in Egyptology, the vast majority of scholarly attention is placed on the sun, the primary source of illumination. In comparison, artificial light receives very little attention, primarily due to a lack of archaeological evidence for lighting equipment prior to the 7th century BC. However, 19th and 20th century lychnological studies have exaggerated this point by placing an overwhelming emphasis on decorated lamps from the Greco-Roman Period. In an attempt to move beyond these antiquarian roots, recent scholarship has turned towards examining the role that light, both natural and artificial, played in aspects of ancient societies’ architecture, ideology and religion. The extensive body of archaeological, textual and iconographic evidence that remains from ancient Egypt is well suited to this type of study and forms three core data sets in this thesis. Combining a materials- based examination of artificial light with a contextualized, theoretical analysis contributes to a richer understanding of ancient Egyptian culture from the 3rd to 1st millennium BC. The first three chapters of this study establish a typology of known artificial lighting equipment, as well as a lexicon of lighting terminology.
    [Show full text]