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THE Devalomem A; NATEONALSSM AMONG the Mwmx 925091.55 (191449.36)

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THE Devalomem A; NATEONALSSM AMONG the Mwmx 925091.55 (191449.36) THE DevaLomem a; NATEONALSSM AMONG THE mwmx 925091.55 (191449.36) Thai: for Fm Degree oi" M. A. MICHKSAN STATE COLLEGE Abdufla M. Lufiiyya 1954 meme This is to certify that the thesis entitled THE DV‘J'r'lVTFMT CF T'TI“ ICI'ALIS AT CITE "NFL E1};1TIAL~.‘ ' t’flzuno, lSJTL-IQBO presented by Abdull a Lu ’0 f' i yjfa has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for I". A. degree in High OI"V Major professor Date 0-169 OVERDUE FINES: 25¢ per day per item BEIURNING LIBRARY MATERIALS: Place in book return to remove 0"” x I!” , . 4 charge from circulation records mm m UNIVERSITY 7 _ .' If“. .m 'r 7' j . 1?}{EL :L5,\f 1. 031.1le r Pp i.L--_'.‘J i c r I h [—4 (1914-1936) by ABD‘LLA M. LUTFIYEA *- 13. THC: 3 Submitted to the LChCCl cf f- ._. T— ,3 . .19 S“ of hichigan :tete College of Agriculture A plied :cience in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of L:LI.T;;T‘.;;1 OF LETS De ertment of History 1954 Agproved m6} W N 51 war I. ' - v ‘:.‘,‘ ’ r" 7‘ pr; ILVAXAJKJ ,-', .LJ .44 p.141»; J. The author w'sres to express his sincere thanks to Dr. Arthur ?. Adams unier whose direction and super- vision and unfailing interest this work was undertaken. l f) D I 0”. O *3 :3. £1. ’1 O "3 0 F4) F}. C t O ('1‘ *‘5 C}. H. Ho ('1' m H) CD (D D D ”—3 '5 (3 l’ O ’1 C0 .r i "5 i 7 S c<; (Tl. offering helpful suggestio.s and eesistence; to hrs. I’ P. Alubowicz, the Reference Librarian at hichigen State Colleqe and the rest of the Library staff and the staff of the University of Michigan Library for their constent help in securine the documcrhsand books needed for this investigation; and to my brother, Issa M. Lutfiyya, who secured for me all the books which I needed from the Near Test. Cf t". (D r in *1 C) H o The to kgrcund of hatinnalisi H Definition H mfic‘ ‘- ,". -' - Vihc‘: 0 .L.;_ I _ a Lab- ‘ C :13 . m". ice , ~uez ; ceral ". , . ... (\3 my tr. ~, ' ’13- ~ ' i—-’ 0 .L.-C.J \.’ {3)1.‘VLI1Ut1(‘n o e o o c a e o o o «J [..J 3‘ The :ritish Occugation . C) *UHHflCJUHD htcllectual Fevolution . (01" POD II. herld Tar I 2nd Its Influence tn the avnloo- Lent of letionalism in glpt DJ 01 l. The Effects of the ar an LZtlQn lien . Fr] (fl 9?) 3. b;'d LLHhIOLl . ... hf) ‘. 31-.ef- al-‘asri enfi the 1319 Eationelist b Fsvolt . \ C)“: L. The gnglc-E;Jitian he: tieticne Leading to the rroclicv“tion cf the Miggti-n Inieksir deuce in IQIZ . III. Islam and Lby,tian La+ianliSfl A. Ju‘el dl-Jin el— f;h::i anf L~itien A?L10Hfili$fl . 5. Muh:fi .d 'sbdu E’c ;;;ti:h lationalism . C. Ihe Soqnencement of ieli‘io—roliticel IV. The Infiegenderce and fteh h. The :olitical iarties in igyyt . B. heticnalism end the cudgn froolcm . C. Latiozelism vs. nutccracy . D. Safiret-Jhamberl:in Yogctiation: . V. The making of the 1933 Iroety A. The Iefflist CLV-FCMEnt and the gsseebly “1115' o o o o o o e o o o o o o o o o o E. Lehmud‘s Lictatorship eufl ths ;h*lo- léygtian h‘grtieticns . CS.’713 Dictatorshi- cfi“ Isma'il.i;i§£i rasha . D. The Re m toration of u~rlienenterv and Ctn- m ti' (i' icnel hlfe to 'Lyft . ,2 T «in «1,0. an *3 . & r1 VI. 3 ncl sion ehd :umnery 1.2;. g‘iildi” I o o o o o o o e o o o o o o o o o UT: .“.;_.“endix II o o o . o . o . o o c o Cl) L_:ufidiA III . 0} O) HHJFJF’ LL;EEdiX IV . OEUTND—J ((7) H «a THE DEVELOPMLLT OF .LTICYALIEM AMCTG HT EGYPTIAN PEOPLES (1914— 9:0) Chapter I .\ :P‘V‘.f’1f7 ‘T r.‘ -.l_.\ 01.1 \T I‘ “l'nT 3- .' T Tfi‘?‘ .- Li‘s 53 V .— BizustILLL‘ . T -xg‘L.L."..‘«~...v...LJ.L~—an- The word nationalism first atteareo in Zuropean lan- gue gas in about the early part of the nineteenth century. This term was cerived from the word nation, which, from the (D eventeenth century onward, has been used to describe the a), 0 ”J n D 3 0 1 ff) h CH H. 8. (1' b.) ct 0 (i <1 L *3 9’0) $1 H HJ t" (‘1’ (‘1‘ H "5 ”D V) [—1 I m f“'3 {.5 tl‘ :3 0 15‘ LB "3 "5 (D “’4 r \o ".... sad to define a group of yerscns soéaxinu a cor on lan- 110 D :__,) (I '1) OJ O (‘1’ C‘ t' d O C '3} 0 U. w (1 Ho '3 :3 Q O (‘ '3 (”is Rationalicm durin, the ei;h eenth and nineteenth cen— turies acquired many rcenin s and rifle c<tnct4tiors It people had of the historical crocees through nhicn the various states were develdped into n ticnal units. It also descrioed the coliticel olilcs thi‘e which fcrjei the heck— ;round of a national state anc the Conscioue nee Oi nation— ... .1 ty. It hes been further tutldyod to si. la nify a political ’Jo (0 Hunt [[1 ve ien nt accomccnjin the awakening or “tr thenin C3 rtionel consciousness, as, when we speak of “German ne .tion— .3 & L) alismvor “npyction nation-:1ism.x1 Etill furthrr, netionelism 2. is understood as e concert describin; e stete of mind in which the mamhers of e netionel stete ere extremely patriotic, and exoress an elwost fenetiCel loyelty for their netionel state. In this study the historicel develtpment of Egypt, from an Ottoman colony to a sovereign independent stete shall be discussad it 0 some len th. At the same time tie political philosoohies which were the bese for the develop- ment, and the implementation of these ideals by the nation- elist leaders of Lgypt shall also be treetci here. "Nation- alism" to this group of netionelist leaders often meent patriotism to their state of 73ypt for which they held the highest allegiance. gvptiens beceme conscious of their nation- elity end their belonging to each other, they began to consider any foreigner who interfered in their effei "5 83531“. intruder to be resisted. Then beLcn tn \D strUggle to secure ”E yot for the 2:”otiens.” The :riti I h, who occupied 7s7ot since 1914, were comcletely different from the Egyptiens; they spoke differently, wrote differently, worsnipei diffe ently, end enterteined different velues end conceptions over then end their country. They wanted an independent netionel state under Egyptian rule. Irior to the HensleOnic invasion, stit vcs under vu- ule, but ectuslly tn: g3£1UK€S controlled the country. When Rope leon invaded Egyet, Lurkei, hopin; that her ellicnce with cther EOV9' would save the Lrovinces of the Rear Jest from French dcminstion, allied hirself with P crest ’N criteln. ‘ 0 (I oonoined the ottomnns x eno a the a -ritish were sole to defeat ”rpoleon s for”es, and in 1102 he signed the reetr the French evacuate; igypt completely. ihcrtly there- so withdrew their troons unhemmed ‘511, a generel with the Turkish forces in Egy,t, wee enbitious to rule. He knew the fellehin heted both the Turns end the Kshloxes for eXploiting the country, but he was convinced that the ignorant, one res d and un'disc i- plined messes could never be strong encn: h to free themselves. Realizing thst th gosition of the Turks in gyet was three- tened by the Memlukes, he decided to utilize this rivalry to nis adventa;e. Hoping thet the tTO gowers would destroy one .1The Hemlukes were oricm inelly a grooo of slaves who served the early me ters of Lgygt (lie lstcmit s). They were trusted end given high positions in goverircnt Then the Fetemite power deterioreted, the TJUlok who then occouisfl the high offices of the government end who were very oros erou shy then fcr:ed the rict‘crc+ic class, end, in f ct, PLlEd ovie r Es ypt. 2The states of the h ewe Kno‘n to us todev were hut smell orovince s ’ men ;£QLlI€T'th8n. "Z ”inhsmmed 'Ali was born in 1769 et Cevelle, smell mecedoni:n port on the Aeoean see now under Greece. H (003 ceme of poor carentege and we es bron eht up es an orphan b. \‘ the Leyor of his Q" home team. He worked ior a French toes qcc o m»-rchent, honsieur Leon, until he was enlisted in the Tornish army in 17 ’ 4. another, 'Ali instigated war between them. First, he aided the Mamlukes until their position was secure. Then, in 1803, he massacred the surprised Mamluke leaders in their homes, killed as many as possible and forced the rest to leave Cairo. Next, he urged the Egyptians to rise against the Turkish Governor, Khursid Pasha. After the people demonstrated in the streets and demanded the Fasha's return home, 'Ali began to support the Egyptians openly. In 1805, the leaders of the country chose him to be Governor of Egypt.4 Khursid Pasha, however, refused to relinquish his position. 'Ali armed his followers with the weapons available to him as a Turkish general, and under pressure, the Turkish Government, in July, 1805, ordered Khursid Pasha's withdrawal from Egypt and officially requested Muhammad 'Ali to take his place.
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