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Political Opposition in an Authoritarian Context a Historical Reconstruction of the Moroccan Left from Independence to the Present Day

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Political Opposition in an Authoritarian Context a Historical Reconstruction of the Moroccan Left from Independence to the Present Day Corso di Laurea magistrale in Lingue, economie e istituzioni dell’Asia e dell’Africa mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Political opposition in an authoritarian context A historical reconstruction of the Moroccan left from independence to the present day Relatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Barbara de Poli Correlatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Maria Cristina Paciello Laureando Daniele Paolini Matricola 874978 Anno Accademico 2019/2020 وطن المرء ليس مكان وﻻدته ولكنه المكان الذي تنتهي فيه كل محاوﻻته للهروب نجيب محفوظ Home is not where you were born; home is where all your attempts to escape cease. Naguib Mahfouz TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ................................................................................................................................................... المقدمة INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 5 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................ 14 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 14 2. THE FRENCH PROTECTORATE ........................................................................................... 14 3. THE FRENCH LEFTIST IN MOROCCO ................................................................................ 18 4. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STRUGGLES BETWEEN 1956 AND 1965 .............................. 20 4.1 The role of the Monarchy ..................................................................................................... 20 4.2 The National Union of the Popular Forces ........................................................................... 22 4.3 Al-Mahdī bin Barka .............................................................................................................. 25 4.4 The UNFP and Ḥassan II: from the political fight to the abduction of bin Barka ................ 29 5. POLITICAL DISSENT DURING THE YEARS OF LEAD ..................................................... 35 5.1 The USFP and the “option démocratique” ........................................................................... 35 5.2 The PPS and the far-left movements .................................................................................... 39 6. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 40 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................... 42 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 42 2. RISE AND FALL OF SOCIALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST ................................................ 43 3. THE MOROCCAN LEFTIST IN THE 1990s ........................................................................... 46 3.1 The 1993 and 1996 constitutions .......................................................................................... 46 4. THE AL-YŪSŪFI GOVERNMENT ......................................................................................... 50 4.1 The outcome of the 1997 elections ....................................................................................... 50 4.2 The King’s strategy ............................................................................................................... 52 4.3 A weak government .............................................................................................................. 54 4.4 The cooptation of the USFP ................................................................................................. 58 5. THE LEGACY OF THE ALTERNANCE GOVERNMENT ................................................... 59 5.1 The crisis of the party ........................................................................................................... 59 5.2 The USFP in the last decade ................................................................................................. 61 6. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 66 CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................ 71 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 71 2. PARTI DE L’AVANT-GUARDE DÉMOCRATIQUE ET SOCIALISTE (PADS) ................. 71 3. CONGRÈS NATIONAL ITTIHADI (CNI)............................................................................... 74 4. PARTI SOCIALISTE UNIFIÉ (PSU) ....................................................................................... 76 4.1 History and founding acts of the party ................................................................................. 76 4.2 The leaders ............................................................................................................................ 78 4.2.1 Muḥammad bin Sa‘īd Ayt Īddar and Muḥammad Mujāhid .................................................. 78 4.2.2 Nabīla Munīb ......................................................................................................................... 79 4.3 Being leftist today ................................................................................................................. 80 5. FÉDÉRATION DE LA GAUCHE DÉMOCRATIQUE (FGD) ................................................ 85 5.1 The 2007 elections ................................................................................................................ 85 5.2 The political and economic environment behind the foundation of the FGD ...................... 87 5.3 The Statute of the FGD ......................................................................................................... 93 5.4 The political document ......................................................................................................... 95 5.5 ‘Umar Balāfrīǧ and the Clarté, Ambition, Courage movement ............................................ 97 5.6 The 2016 elections ................................................................................................................ 99 5.7 The electoral program ........................................................................................................... 99 5.8 The outcome of the elections .............................................................................................. 103 6. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................ 108 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 108 2. ILĀ AL-AMĀM AND ABRAHĀM SERFĀTĪ ...................................................................... 108 3. FOUNDATION OF THE PARTY AND THE EARLY YEARS ............................................ 111 4. THE 2007 ELECTIONS AND THE FIGHT AGAINST THE MAKHZEN ........................... 116 5. ANNAHJ ADDIMOCRATI AND THE 20 FEBRUARY MOVEMENT ............................... 121 6. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ..................................................................................................... 125 7. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 128 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................. 131 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................ 136 NOTE ON THE TRANSCRIPTION OF ARABIC TERMS In the following pages, I will adopt a scientific transcription for the Arabic terms. Nevertheless, an exception will be made for the place names, for the proper names in quotations, and for the quoted authors both in the foot-step notes and within the text. For few other Arabic terms, such as “Makhzen” or “Annahj Addimocrati”, I chose to use the French transcription, as it is widely used in Morocco as well. المقدمة اخترت موضوع هذه اﻷطروحة في نهاية السنة اﻷولى من درجة الماجستير في جامعة كا فوسكاري في البندقية. بين فبراير ومايو 2019، أتيحت لي الفرصة ﻷخذ دورة حول تاريخ الشرق اﻷوسط والتي أعطتني نظرة عميقة وأصيلة على التاريخ السياسي للمغرب. في نهاية الفصل الدراسي ، وبفضل مساعدة مشرفتي ودعمها ، اﻷستاذة باربرا دي بولي ، قررت أن أركز بحثي على تطور اﻷحزاب السياسية اليسارية في المغرب من اﻻستقﻻل إلى يومنا هذا. تتألف اﻷطروحة من أربعة فصول وتتبع التطور التاريخي والملف اﻷيديولوجي لﻷحزاب اﻻشتراكية الرئيسية في المغر ب. منذ فترة ما بعد اﻻستقﻻل، مثلت اﻷحزاب اليسارية في المغرب قوى المعارضة الرئيسية التي تقف ضد الحكم اﻻستبدادي للملكية المغربية. من جرا ء ذلك، وقع المئات من المقات لين اليساريين ضحية لﻻضطهاد السياسي، وكانت جميع هذه اﻷحزاب هدفا لمحاوﻻت اﻻستيﻻء من قبل الملك. من خﻻل إعطاء صوت للناس المضطهدين والمهمشين والقتال من أجل عملية حقيقية للديمقراطية، تمكن المقاتلون اﻻشتراكيون دائ ًما من التأثير على ال بيئة اﻻجتماعية السياسية المحل ية، وبالتالي يشكلون موضو ًعا رائعًا يستحق الدراسة.
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