1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 11961 ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESO­ S. 759. An act for the relief of Sadako SENATE Suzuki Reeder; LUTION SIGNED DURING AD­ S. 865. An act for the relief of Wieslawa VVEDNESDAY,JULY 5,1961 .JOURNMENT Barbara Krzak; Under authority of the order of the S. 921. An act for the relief of Martha (Legislative day of Monday, July 3, 1961) Uchacz Barras; Senate of June 29, 1961, the President S. 1093. An act for the relief of Sze-Foo The Senate met at 12.o'clock meridian, pro tempore, on June 30, 1961, signed Chien; and was called to order bY. the Honor­ the following enrolled bills and joint S. 1619. An act to authorize adjustments in able EDMUND S. MusKIE, a Senator from resolution, which had previously been accounts of outstanding old series currency. the State of Maine. signed by the Speaker of the House of and for other purposes; Representatives: S. 1922. An act to assist in the provision The Reverend Frederick Brown Harris, of housing for moderate and low income D.D., offered the following prayer: S. 1748. An act to provide for the in­ families, to promote orderly urban develop­ creased distribution of the CoNGRESSIONAL ment, to extend and amend laws relating to Almighty God, Thou hast made us in RECORD to the Federal Judiciary; housing, urban renewal, and community fa­ Thy image. That is the awesome S. 1922. An act to assist in the provision cilities, and for other purposes; and of housing for moderate and low income thought that haunts and inspires all our s. 2154. An act to amend Public Law 85- mortal days. Yet it has pleased Thee families, to promote orderly urban develop­ 626, as amended by Public Law 86-542, relat­ ment, to extend and amend laws relating ing to dual rate contract agreements. to hide from us a perfect understand­ to housing, urban renewal, and community ing-we see but as in a glass darkly. facilities, and for other purposes; And so mystery and unc-ertainty meets S. 2083. An act to correct a technical in­ EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED us at every turn. accuracy in the Act of May 19, 1961 (Public Yet we walk an unknown way in a Law 87-36); As in executive session, sure faith in goodness and justice and S. 2154. An act to amend Public Law 85- The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ truth-the unshakable belief that in 626, as amended by Public Law 86-542, re­ pore laid before the Senate messages lating to dual rate contract agreements; the final reckoning even the gates of H.R. 6027. An act to improve benefits un­ from the President of the United States hell cannot prevail against that holy der the old-age, survivors, and disability in­ submitting sundry nominations, which Trinity and of virtues and verities. surance program by increasing the minimum were referred to the appropriate com­ In the strength of that creed, to wait­ benefits and aged widow's benefits and by mittees. ing problems and to demanding duties, making '8.dditional persons eligible for bene­ (For nominations this day received, Thy servants return to this place· of gov­ fits under the program, and for other pur­ see the end of Senate proceedings.) poses; and ernance from a national celebration H.J. Res. 465. Joint resolution making con­ which is tied to our tenderest memo­ tinuing appropriations for the fiscal year MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE ries-a revered day observed now with 1962, and for other purposes. more denials of freedom than the world A message from the House of Repre­ has ever known. sentatives, by Mr. Maurer, one of its Again we have listened joyfully and MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT­ reading clerks, announced that the gratefully to the peals of a liberty bell APPROVAL OF BILLS House had passed the following bills and ringing clear and confident in our own joint resolution, in which it requested Messages in writing from the Presi­ the concurrence of the Senate: hearts. With contrition for our failures dent of the United States were com­ and witn Jt humility which our own im­ municated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, H.R. 5852. An act to provide for the free perfections keep ·from prideful boasting, one of his secretaries, and he announced entry of a towing carriage for the use of we would lift our heartfelt plea: "Amer­ the University of Michigan; that the President had approved and H.R. 5963. An act to amend the General ica, America, God mend thine every signed the following acts: Bridge Act of 1946 with respect to the verti­ fiaw." On June 29, 1961: cal clearance of bridges to be constructed With the bells of freedom still ring­ S. 32. An act for the relief of Jeno Becsey; across the Mississippi River; ing in this blessed land, solemnize us S. 68. An act for the relief of Kay Addis; H.R. 7678. An act to amend the Tariff Act with the assurance that our free world S. 70. An act for the relief of Mah Ngim of 1930 to provide for the free importation holds the sanctuary of the hope of men Hay (Joe Mah); of wild animals and wild birds which are for freedom on this earth, against the s. 71. An act for the relief of Mah Ngim intended for eXhibition in the United States; forward drive of ruthless power. It is Bell (Bill Mah) ; and S. 186. An act for the relief of Dr. William H.J. Res. 225. Joint resolution to grant the in that holy crusade we march in Thy Kwo-Wei Chen; consent of Congress to the Delaware River strength. _ S. 219. An act for the relief of Dr. Nobutaka Basin compact and to enter into such com­ In the Redeemer's name. Amen. Azuma; pact on behalf of the United States, and for S. 268. An act for the relief of Hok Yuen related purposes. Woo; The message also announced that the S. 395. An act for the relief of Fausto DESIGNATION OF ACTING Lavari; House had agreed to the following con­ PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE S. 400. An act for the relief of Mrs. Keum current resolutions, in which it requested the concurrence of the Senate: r The legislative clerk read the follow­ Ja Asato (Mr. Thomas R. Asato); S. 441. An act for the relief of Rodopi H. Con. Res. 307. Concurrent resolution ing letter: Statherou (Statheron); and U.S. SENATE, providing for additional copies of a publica­ S. 610. An act to strengthen the domestic tion entitled "Soviet Total War-Historic PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE, and foreign commerce of the United States Mission of Violence and Deceit," 85th Con­ Washington, D.C., July 5, 1961. by providing for the establishment of a gress, 1st session; To the Senate: U.S. Travel Service within the Department of H. Con. Res. 308. Concurrent resolution Being temporarily absent from the Senate, Commerce. providing for additional copies of parts 1, 2, I appoint Han. EDMUND S. MusKIE, a Senator On June 30, 1961: and 3 of hearings entitled "Communist from the State of Maine, to perform the S. 146. An act to extend and increase the Training Operations-Communist Activities duties of the Chair during m> absence. special milk program for children; and Propaganda Among Youth Groups'.'; CARL HAYDEN, s. 277. An act for the relief of Erica Barth; H. Con. Res. 309. Concurrent resolution President pro tempore. S. 452. An act for the relief of Nellie V. providing for additional copies of hearings Lohry; entitled "The Northern California District of Mr. MUSKIE thereupon took the chair s. 485. An act for the relief of Charles the Communist Party-Structure-Objec­ as Acting President pro tempore. Edward Pifer; tives-Leadership"; S. 707. An act to provide transportation on H. Con. Res. 310. Concurrent resolution Canadian vessels between ports in south­ providing for additional copies of a study eastern Alaska, and between Hyder, Alaska, entitled "Legislative Recommendations by THE JOURNAL and other points in southeastern Alaska, and House Committee on Un-American Activ­ On request of Mr. METCALF, and by between Hyder, Alaska, and other points in ities-Subsequent Action Taken by Congress the United States outside Alaska, either di­ or Executive Agencies-A Research Study by unanimous consent, the reading of the rectly or via a foreign port, or for any part Legislative Reference Service of the Library Journal for Thursday, June 29, 1961, of the transportation; of Congress"; and Monday, July 3, 1961, was dispensed S. 746. An act for the relief of Yee Mee H. Con. Res. 311. Concurrent resolution with. Hong; providing for additional copies of House 11962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 5 Document 336, 86th Congress, 2d session, en­ printed for the use of the Committee on The concurrent resolution Communism-Volume I, the Communist The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ compact on behalf of the United States, and for related purposes; to the Committee on Ideology," was referred to the Committee . pore-laid before the Senate the following the Judiciary. on Rules and Administration, as follows: letters, which were referred as indicated: Resolved by the House of Representatives REPORT ON NUMBER OF OFFICERS ON DUTY (the Senate concurring), That there be . WITH HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTIONS printed thirty thousand additional copies of ARMY AND ARMY GENERAL STAFF REFERRED House Document 336, Eighty-sixth Congress, A letter from the Secretary of the Army, The concurrent resolution (H. Con. second session, entitled "Facts on Commu- transmitting, pursuant to law, a report on -nis:rn:--Volume I, The Communist Ideology" the number of officers on duty with Head­ Res. 307) providing for additional copies of which :fifteen thousand copies shall be for quarters, Department of the Army and Army of a publication entitled "Soviet Total the use of the Committee on Un-American General Staff, as of March 31, 1961 (with an War-Historic Mission of Violence and Activities and fifteen thousand copies shall accompanying report); to the Committee on Deceit," 85th Congress, 1st session, was -be prorated to the Members of the House of Armed Services. referred to the Committee on Rules and Representatives for the duration of the REPORT ON PRIME CONTRACT AWARDS TO SMALL Administration, as follows: ; Eighty-seventh Congress after which time . AND OTHER _BUSINEI?S FIRMS Resolved by the House of Representatives the unused balance shall revert to the Com­ - A letter from the Assistant Secretary of (the Senate concurring), That there be mittee on .Un-American Activities. Defense, Installations and Logistics, trans• 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 11963 mitting, pursuant to law, a report on Army, to amend titles I and II of the Immigration deceptive nature written in clever language, Navy, and Air Force prime contract awards and Nationality Act, and for other purposes and are phrased in such manner as to lead to small and other business firms, dated (with accompanying papers): to the Com­ prospective students and purchasers of said April 1961 (with an accompanying report); mittee on the Judiciary. courses to believe that they wm be guaran­ to the Committee on Banking ·and Currency. INTERIM REPORT OF FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSE• teed a job or position upon the completion REPORT OF CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD VELT MEMORIAL COMMISSION of such courses; and "Whereas many employers, managers of A letter from the Chairman, 'civil Aero­ A letter from the Chairman, Franklin Del­ corporations, and government administra­ nautics Board, Washington, D.C., transmit­ ano Roosevelt Memorial Commission, Wash­ tors prefer to do their own training and edu­ ting, pursuant to law, a report of that Board, ington, D.C., transmitting, pursuant to law, cation of prospective employeees and many covering the fiscal year 1960 (with an ac­ the fifth interim report of that Commission of the courses sold by said correspondence companying report); to the Committee on (with an accompanying report); to the Com­ schools are useless, and the public is en­ Commerce. mittee on Rules and Administration. titled to protection against such solicitors REPORT ON EXAMINATION OF ECONOMIC AND and their representations; and TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FOR IRAN "Whereas some of the highest courts of A letter from the Comptroller General of PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS the States have held that said solicitors of the United States, transmitting, pursuant to Petitions, etc., were laid before the correspondence schools and other business law, a report on examination of economic and Senate, or presented, and referred as in­ colleges cannot be regulated and cannot be technical assistance program for Iran, In­ compelled to furnish bonds or other guar­ ternational Cooperation Administration, De­ dicated: antees for the performance of said contracts partment of State, fiscal years 1956-60 (with By the ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ and for the suppression of fraud because an accompanying report); to the Committee pore: said regulations on the part of the individual on Government Operations. A joint resolution of the Legislature of the States constitute and become an undue REPORT ON REVIEW OF SELECTED ACTIVITIES OF State of California; to the Committee on burden on interstate commerce, and such BUREAU OF THE BUDGET Commerce: a holding has lately been issued in the "ASSEMBLY JOINT RESOLUTION 35 form of an opinion by the Supreme Court A letter from the Comptroller General of of North Carolina: Now, therefore, be it the United States, transmitting, pursuant to "Resolution relative to Pacific shipbuilders "Resolved by the senate (the house of law, a report on review of selected activities "Whereas there has been introduced into representatives concurring): of the Bureau of the Budget, Executive Office the 87th Congress of the United States H.R. "SECTION 1. The General Assembly of North of the President, fiscal year 1960 (with an 213, the purpose of which is to repeal the 6- Carolina does hereby memorialize the Con­ accompanying report); to the Committee on percent construction bid differential for Pa­ gress of the United States, the Members of Government Operations. cific coast shipbuilders; and the U.S. Senate from North Carolina, and REPORT ON REVIEW OF PROGRESS PAYMENTS "Whereas this bid differential is still es­ the Members of the House of Representa­ MADE ON SELECTED SHIP CONSTRUCTION CON­ sential and necessary to offset the freight tives of the Congress from North Carolina TRACTS differential which Pacific coast shipyards to enact suitable legislation which will sup­ A letter from the Comptroller General of must pay in transporting steel from the east plement and aid the various States in the the United States, transmitting, pursuant to coast; and regulation of solicitors of correspondence law, a report on the review of progress pay­ "Whereas the Pacific coast shipya,rds have schools and other business schools and col­ ments made on selected ship construction a wartime production record of which they leges whose solicitors are engaged in inter­ contracts awarded and administered by the are justifiably proud; and state commerce to the end that the people Department of the Navy, dated June 1961 "Whereas our voters cannot risk the loss and citizens of the various States are pro­ (with an accompanying report); to the Com­ of the highly skilled labor pool of ship­ tected from deceptive advertising and from mittee on Government Operations. builders on the west coast in the event their fraudulent schools. The General Assembly of North Carolina further memorializes and NEGOTIATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF SELECTED services are again needed in time of war or national emergency: Now, therefore, be it requests the Honorable Luther Hodges, Sec­ CONSTRUCTION AND -TECHNICAL SERVICE CON­ retary of Commerce, to use his best efforts TRACTS "Resolved by the Assembly and the Senate of the State of California (jointly), That the to the end that such legislation be enacted A letter from the Deputy Director for Con­ Legislature of the State of California hereby by the Congress. gressional Relations, International Coopera­ memorializes the Congress and President of "SEC. 2. Upon adoption of this resolution, tion Administration, Washington, D.C., trans­ the United States to do all that is necessary a copy thereof shall be mailed by the sec­ mitting, for the information of the Senate, to defeat H.R. 213 and any other bill or action retary of state to the President of the U.S. a copy of a letter written by the Deputy which would deprive the Pacific coast of this Senate and the Speaker of the House of Director for Operations, International Coop­ equitable and necessary 6-percent construc­ Representatives of the Congress of the United eration Administration, dated June 16, 1961, tion bid differential on shipbuilding; and be States, and a copy shall also be mailed by addressed to the Comptroller General of the it further the secretary of state to each Member of United States, relating to a report of the "Resolved, That the chief clerk of the as­ the Congress from the State of North Caro­ Comptroller General on a review of nego­ sembly is directed to transmit suitably pre­ lina and to the Honorable Luther Hodges, tiation and administration of selected con­ pared copies of this resolution to the Presi­ Secretary of Commerce. struction and technical service contracts, dent and Vice President of the United States, "SEC. 3. This resolution shall become effec­ International Cooperation Administration, ·the President pro tempore of the U.S. Sen­ tive on its adoption. transmitted to the Senate on March 30, 1961 ate, the Speaker of the House of Representa­ "In the general assembly read three times (with an accompanying paper); to the Com­ tives, and to each Senator and Representa­ and ratified, this the 22d day of June 1961. mittee on Government Operations. tive in this State's delegation to the Congress "W. LUNSFORD CREW, DETERMINATIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CoN- of the United States." "President of the Senate, pro tempore. "JOSEPH M. HUNT, Jr., STRUCTION PAYMENTS DUE THE UNITED A joint resolution of the Legislature of STATES the State of North Carolina; to the Com­ "Speaker of the House of Representa­ A letter from the Secretary of the Interior, mittee on Commerce: tives." transmitting, pursuant to law, determina­ A resolution of the Senate of the State of tions relating to construction payments due "RESOLUTION 69 California; to the Committee on Agriculture the United States for the period 1963 through "Joint resolution memorializing the Con­ and Forestry: gress of the United States, the Members 1967 from the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation "SENATE RESOLUTION 201 and Drainage District, Wellton-Mohawk Di­ of the Congress from the State of North vision, Gila project, Arizona; to the Commit­ Carolina and the Secretary of Commerce "Resolution relative to farm program tee on Interior and Insular Affairs. to enact suitable legislation to regulate "Whereas the proposed Agricultural Act GRANTING OF MINERALS ON CERTAIN LANDS IN correspondence schools and their solicitors of 1961, H.R. 6400 by Mr. CooLEY, of North MONTANA TO CERTAIN INDIANS as to their activities in the several States Carolina, and S. 143 by Senator ELLENDER, of Louisiana, is essentially based upon the A letter from the Assistant Secretary of the "Whereas there are many business schools and correspondence schools whose principal same sound principle of farmer self-help Interior, transmitting a draft of proposed leg­ that has been so successful in California's islation to grant minerals, including oil, gas, offices and places of business are located in the various States of this Nation and whose own widespread program of marketing agree­ and other natural deposits, on certain lands ments; and in the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reserva­ solicitors or agents are engaged in the busi­ tion, Mont., to certain Indians, and for other ness of going from State to State in the "Whereas the act recognizes that our purposes (with an accompanying paper); to solicitation of students to attend said busi­ .abundance should be used to improve the the Committee on Interior and Insular Af­ ness schools and colleges and in the solicita­ diets and health of children and needy per­ fairs. tion of students to purchase various courses sons in the United States and to strengthen of study; and the cause of democracy throughout the AMENDMENT OF TITLES I AND II OF IMMIGRA­ . "Whereas magazines of national circula­ world; and TION AND NATIONALITY ACT tion, as well as many newspapers having a "Whereas the act seeks to improve our stew­ A letter from the Secretary of Commerce, wide coverage, are filled with advertisements ardship of the land through strengthening transmitting a dr~ft o~ proposed legis.Jation as to such colleges, some pf whic~ are of a the system of democratically administered, 11964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 5 independent soU conservation districts which Whereas In this short period of time more Vatican; that the benefits therefrom, not has changed the face of the farming areas of than 30 advertising panels have been set up the imputed religious involvements, serve the Nation over the past 30 years; and to enforce these advertising codes in cities the ends of man, we, therefore, boldly re­ "Whereas the act intends also to conserve all across the Nation; and solve: we establish diplomatic relations with human resources on the land by strength­ Whereas the great majority of the more .the Vatican State to better serve our own ening the famlly farm and· the cooperative than 180 advertising clubs in all of the towns national destiny. organizations of family farmers and by offer­ and cities of the country have appointed 5. Whereas our impressionable younger ing an opportunity to marginal farmers and local ethics committees to educate their citizens are an easy prey of those- who wal­ young farm people to upgrade their skills membership in the principles of truth and low and flood the market with obscene liter­ and their properties in the great tradition of good taste in advertising; and ature, salacious magazines, immoral movies, the Farmers Home Administration; and · Whereas as a result of all of this tremen­ and vicious TV prograxns, we, therefore, ser1- "Whereas the act, through its provisions ·dous effort an improvement in the quality ously resolve: such mediums must be super­ for the use of a variety of economic devices, of advertising has already taken place and vised by stringent and competent law en­ suitable to differing situations which may has been officially noted by leaders in Gov­ forcement. arise in various crops, rather than by set ernment, and in the advertising industry as 6. Whereas juvenile delinquency is tortur­ and rigid formulas, affords farmers the op­ well; and ing the soul of our Nation and is casting a portunity to improve their position with Whereas the promise of increased person• horrible blemish on our enviable way of life, little, if any, retail price increases and at no .nel and of organizational and procedural re· we, therefore, solemnly resolve: there be net cost to the Public Treasury; and forms in the Federal Trade Commission and made available for our youth sufficient "Whereas it appears that programs under the Federal Communications Commission wholesome programs conducive to its eradi­ the act will be developed, administered, ~and ·suggest the strong possibility that greater cation from our national scene. advised upon by democratically elected efficiency-and effectiveness can be achieved by 7. Whereas the choice cl an education in committees of working farmers, subject to both of these important agencies of Gov­ a free society is fully consonant with our the sound principle of legislative review: ernment within their pr~sent framework and constitutional concept of equal rights and Now, therefore, be it without the employment of extreme regula­ privileges; that education has reached oner­ "Resolved by the Senate of the State of tory methods: Now, therefore, be it ous levels in qualified, nonprofit private California, That Representative CooLEY and Resolved, That it is the sense of this 1961 schools because of insufficient funds, a sit­ Senator ELLENDER are congratulated upon Convention of the Actvertising Federation of uation which should be the concern of all, their drawing of an act which should long America that in view of the earnest and we, therefore, humbly resolve: in the name stand as a landmark in national farm policy, .effective campaign of self-regulation which of our Founding Fathers, a system of national and the California delegation to Congress ·the advertising industry has voluntarily and State support be mandated to alleviate is urged to give their strong support to the undertaken and has so successfully advanced the burdens of such schools. act in committee, and the Congress of the no additional governmental controls or re­ 8. Whereas the New World was discovered, United States is urged to pass it with the -strictions are warranted at this time. explored, colonized, and settled by Christians sound agricultural and public policy princi­ dedicated to religious freedom, we, therefore, ples embodied in it left unimpaired; and justifiably resolve: in the name of liberty, be it further ITALIAN AMERICAN WAR VETERANS persecution in any form be soundly pro­ "Resolved, That the secretary of the senate RESOLUTIONS tested and freedom of belief vigorously pro­ is directed to transmit copies of this reso­ _moted in the Western Hemisphere. . . lution to the President and Vice President Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, the 9. Whereas it is true all men are created of the United States, the Speaker of the Italian American War Veterans of the equal and endowed with certain inalienable House of Representatives, to each Member United States, Inc., adopted a series of rights; that it is an undeniable historic of Congress from California, and to the strong and patriotic resolutions at their ~ fact the greatness of a nation is preserved chairman and members of the House and only where there is one class of citizenship Senate Agricultural Committees, and the annual convention in Little Falls, N.Y. regardless of race, color, or creed, we. there­ Secretary of Agriculture." The work of this fine organization is well fore, reflectively resolve: an enlightened pro­ known and I am sure the resolutions ex­ gram of civil rights be prudently enforced. pressing their opinions on matters of 10. Whereas we are shamefully faced with SELF-REGULATION OF ADVERTIS­ national importance will be of interest organized crime, corruption, graft, and evils ING INDUSTRY-RESOLUTION to my colleagues. which beset law and order, we, therefore, ·vehemently resolve: there be a relentless Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, there Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ prosecution of the laws for the protection was forwarded to me an important reso­ sent for these resolutions to be printed of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. lution by the officers of the Advertising in the RECORD. Federation of America. It will be re­ There being no objection, the resolu­ membered that the subject of advertis­ tions were ordered to be printed in the EXECUTIVE REPORT OF A ing has been rece1vmg considerable RECORD, as follows: COMMITTEE notice and attention. We, the members of the Department of _ As in executive session, I ask that the resolution, which was ·New York, Italian American War Veterans The following . favorable report of a forwarded to me, be printed in the ·Of the United States, Inc., in convention as­ nomination was submitted: ·sembled June 16- 18, 1961, at the city of RECORD following my remarks and that By Mr. AIKEN (for Mr. PASTORE), from the it be appropriately referred. Little Falls, N.Y., do hereby adopt the reso­ lutions hereafter set forth and direct dis­ ·Joint Coriunlttee on Atomic Energy: RESOLUTION OF THE ADVERTISING FEDERA­ tribution hereof to our national convention Gerald-Johnson, of California, to be Chair­ TION OF AMERICA and to the following named: President of the man of the Military Liaison Committee to Whereas it is generally recognized that United States, U.S. Senate and House of the AtoqJ.ic Energy Commission. self-regulation in the interest of truth and .Representatives, Governor of the State of good taste in advertising is the best, most New York, New York State Senate and As­ effective, and most economical method of im­ sembly. BILLS AND JOINT ~ESO.LUTIONS proving the quality of advertising in this 1. Whereas it is clear we are the prime INTRODUCED country; and t arget of communism; that peaceful coexist­ Bills and joint resolutions were intro­ Whereas it is generally recognized that ence is a dream; that nothing is depraved further governmental control, constituting which promotes communism, we, therefore, duced, read the first time, and, by unani­ as it does a diminution of that liberty which highly resolve: we intensify our efforts .mous consent, the second time, and re­ is the symbol of our Nation, should only against global communism. ferred as follows: be employed where self-regulation has been 2. Whereas it was sensible policy to oppose By Mr. KEATING: ignored or hns failed after fair trial; and admission of Red China to the United Na­ S. 2195. A bill for the relief of the Lewis Whereas in the past 18 months all seg­ tions; that there is a movement to reverse Invisible Machine Stitch Co., Inc., now ments of the advertising industry h ave joined .our stand without moral substance, we, known as Lewis Sewing Machine Co.; to the in a massive campaign of self-regulation and . therefore, most sincerely resolve: we strong­ Committee on the Judiciary. self-policing and in the development and ly reaffirm our position against the seating By Mr. YARBOROUGH: enforcement of codes applicable to their par"­ of Communist China in that august body. S. 2196. A bill for the relief of Chin Yung ticular fields of advertising; and 3. Whereas we expectantly face a vast space Kao; to the Committee on the Judi~iary. Whereas all o:! the great national organi­ age; that the forces of evil are trying to blot By Mr. HUMPHREY (for himself, Mr. zations of advertising have unanimously sup­ ·out our very existence, we, therefore, prayer­ MANSFIELD, Mr. McCARTHY, Mr. BUR­ ported and promulgated these codes, and fully resolve: our policies at home and DICK, Mr. METCALF, Mr. YOUNG Of advertisers, media, and advertising agencies abroad be attuned to the end we merit and North. Dakota, Mr. MuNDT, and Mr. have sworn to observe them and have ad­ ·justify our leadership in the free world and WILEY): vanced their effectiveness by the dedicatfon gain the universal respect of all peoples. S. 2197. A b1Il to amend section 107(a) (3) of their skills, their labor, and thetr wealth-; 4. Whereas it is undisputed there are 4'7 of the Soil Bank Act, as amended; to the and nations maintaining r~presentation at the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 11965 (See the remarks of Mr. HuMPrJR]!jY when- committee. Conservation reserve pay­ - DESIGNATION OF PATRIOTIC he introduced the above bnl, .which appear ments on such land would be reduced by EDUCATION WEEK- under a separat.e h~adJ ng.) . the committee's appraised value of the By Mr. HUMPHREY: . grazing or hay. · · · - · Mr. CASE of New Jersey. Mr. Presi­ s. 2198. a· bili !or the relief of Lise Marie . Mr. President, the prompt passage :of ~ dent, I introduce, for appropriate refer­ Berthe Marguerite De Simone; ·to the· Com- this measure is required to ·help alleviate ence, a joint' resoiution designating the mittee on the Judiciary. ~ the grave hardship so many farmers are 8-day period beginning on the 12th day By Mr. CASE of New Jersey: :facing due to the ·devastating ·drought. in October of each year as Patriotic Ed­ S.J. Res.114. Joint resolution proposing an I hope and pray that this bill will be ucation Week. This measure, Mr. Pres­ amendment to the Constitution of the United states relating to the election of President quickly considered, passed, and signed ident, is similar to Senate Joint Resolu­ and Vice ·President; and into law. tion 91, which I introduced in the 1st s.J. Res. 115. Joint resolution designating , I am not sure that the.bill would meet session of the 86th Congress. It is a the 8-day period beginning on the 12th day all the requirements. Very frankly, I companion measure to House Joint Res­ of October of each year as "Patriotic Educa- have had to prepare the bill by remote olution 458, introduced recently by Rep­ tion week"; to the Committee on the Judi- control. Like many other Senators, as resentative FRELINGHUYSEN, of New ciary. I said, I went home over the weekend. Jersey's Fifth District. {See the remarks of Mr. CAsE of New Jer- I have asked the Department of Agricul­ This joint resolution would authorize sey when he introduced the last above-men-_ ture for technical assistance in designing and request- the President to is~ue an­ tioned joint resolution, which appear under. the bill. nually a proclamation inviting the a separate heading.) · What I want done, and what I am sure American people to observe Patriotic my colleagues wish to have done, is to Education Week in schools and other AMENDMENT OF SECTION 107(a) (3) :temove the ironical situation in which suitable places, with appropriate cere­ monies and activities. Patriotic Educa­ OF SOIL BANK ACT, REL~TING there is in one county or in an area of a tion Week would begin each year. on Co­ TO GRAZING ON CERTAIN LANDS State drought that is destroying all. val­ ues, compelling farmers to sell their lumbus Day and end-with the aniversary Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, on crops, cattle, livestock, and poultry at of the· British surrender' to our revolu­ behalf of myself, the Senators from forced sales, while at the same time, in tionary forces at·Yorktown. This seems Montana [Mr. MANSFIELD and Mr. MET-. a most appropriate period, Mr. President, ~nother area 50 miles away, by an acci-· cALF], the Senators_from l'q'orth _Dakota in which to call attention to our Nation's dent of nature, there ·is some good hay on rich historical heritage. . . [Mr. BURDICK and Mr. YOUNG], plY col-· land that the Government has rented league, the jUI).ior Senator from Mim1,e..- . \mder the conservation reserve program.· . The ACTING .. PRESIDENT pro, sota [Mr. McCARTHY], the Senator from It seems to me we ought to have tempore. The joint resolution will be South Dakota [Mr. MUNDT], and the enough sense to make-that hay available received and appropriately referred. Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. WILEY], I at a cost that is reasonable or modest, or, The joint res.qlution (S.J. Res. 115). introduce a bill to authorize the Depart­ if conditionS would-m-ake it possible, to designating the 8-day period begi~in{{ ment of Agriculture to permit grazing of permit the- bringing of the cattle into on the 12th day of October of each year. or the removal of hay from conserva­ the conservation reserve acres for a lim­ as ·Patriotic · Education ·week, intro­ tion reserve acreage areas adjacent to or ited period of time under the control of duced by Mr. CAsE of New Jersey, was nearby designated disaster areas. the ASC county committee. That is the received, read twice by 1ts t1tle, and re­ As my colleagues know, last week on farm committee that knows the situation ferred to the Committe,e on the Judi­ June 29 the President signed into law in the particular area. ciary. s. 2113 (Public Law 87-62) to .qelp bring A similar bill will be introduced in the relief to the farmers who have been so other body. hard hit by the drough~ jn the uppe~ I appeal to both the Senate Com­ U.S. DISARMAMENT AGENCY FOR Midwest. This bill ~uth9rized the Secre-: mittee on Agriculture and Forestry, WORLD PEACE AND SECURITY­ tary of Agriculture to permit the harye~t.o: and to the similar committee in the ADDITIONAL COSPONSORS OF ing of hay on conservation reserve acre­ f{ouse, for prompt .action, because pas­ BILL age in designated disaster are_as. The bill sage· of the bill 3 weeks from now would Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I I offer tpday would expand this author~ do -no good. It would do no good to ity to include conservation reserv~ acre~ ask unanimous consent that the names talk about this program sometime later of the senior Senator from New Jersey age nearby the disaster areas. _ . in August. By that time a good pro-: To explain the purpose of the bill, I portion of the cattle in the States of [Mr. CASE], and the junior Senator from should like to say that it is one thing, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota; Oregon [Mrs. NEUBERGER], be added· as as we have done,· to permit hay t9 be and ·northern and western Minnesota, cosponsors to S. 2180, a bill to ·establish taken from so·n bank acres or conserva~ will be liquidated.r The farmers will be a U.S. Disarmament·: Agency for World tion reserve acres in areas that are through. The cost. to the Government Peace and Security, which I introduced drought stricken if there is · any hay. in loss of revenue will be fantastic, and on June 29 on behalf of myself and other But right now there is a premium on hay the cost to the communities will be be­ Senators. in these drought areas, and the farmer~ yond calculation. .r The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ in those areas are paying ·a premium · The small business people in these pore. Without obj_ectlon, it is so or­ price. It seems to me that since the parts of the Midwest· are suffering today. dered. Government has already rented vast Delegations from those areas have been areas of land in the conservation reserve calling on me. !'have received telegrams program, ther.e migJ::t~ be, as my ,bill and telephone calls appealing to me, as EXTENSION OF SALINE WATER would permit, haying or grazing on some I know other Senators have been ap­ CONVERSION PROGRAM-ADDI­ of the conservation reserve acres nearby pealed to also, to get something done. I TIONAL COSPONSORS OF BILL or adjacent to the drought areas in order feel a special sense of responsibility be­ Under authority of the order of the to alleviate the feed storage problem. cause this administration has made very Senate of June 27, 1961, the names of It is understood that the Department strong commitments to the farm people Senators Moss, McGEE, YARBOROUGH', proposes to operate under this authority of this land, and I know it will want to SMITH of Massachusetts,. NEUBERGER, in the same manner it is presently oper­ )teep them. ating within present ·designate4 disaster CARROLL, LONG Of Missouri, ENGLE, CASE The ACTING PRESIDENT protem­ of So-ath Dakota, GRUENING, WILLIAMS areas. Operations would be conducted pore. The bill will be received and ap­ under the direction of State and county propriately referred. of New Jersey, FONG, ~nd JACKSON were ASC committees. Hay removal or graz­ The bill on June 27_. fair value established by the county and Forestry. · 1961 • . CVII--757 11966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 5 NOTICE OF RECEIPT OF NOMINA­ say in fairness, as I heard the speech of extent with members of the appropriate TION BY COMMITTEE ON FOR­ Senator BRIDGES, I did not consider that congressional committees-the Foreign EIGN RELATIONS he charged Senator MANSFIELD with Relations Committee and the Armed weakness, but rather praised him for Services Committee-and with the lead­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, as his patriotic initiative, although disa­ ers of both the Republicans and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign greeing with him on the details of his Democrats, to create the kind of biparti­ Relations, I desire to announce that to­ speech. san policy which we enjoyed at the time day the Senate received the nomination There being no objection, the edito­ when Senator Vandenberg was serving in of deLesseps S. Morrison, of Louisiana, rials and the articles were ordered to be the Senate. to be the representative of the United printed in the RECORD. I make these suggestions for several States of America on the Council of the (See exhibit 1.) reasons. I know the country is becom­ Organization of American States. Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I repeat ing increasingly aware of the dangers In accordance with the committee today my suggestion that such a com­ which it may face before the year is out. rule, this pending nomination may not mittee be formed and I hope my sugges­ I think it is necessary, in this situation, be considered prior to the expiration of tion will be considered and acted upon to have the greatest possible unity and 6 days of its receipt in the Senate. by the President and Secretary of State. support behind the President of the When I made the suggestion in the United States. Such unity and support ENROLLED BILLS PRESENTED Senate I said that it was not my purpose will be better achieved if our people be­ at that time to discuss the substance of lieve that the advice of those who have The Secretary of the Senate reported our Berlin policy, but rather a means to known the most about these problems that on June 30, 1961, he presented to provide unified support for it, and to in­ and have dealt with them for years is the President of the United States the sure full consideration of every aspect of sought and considered on every aspect following enrolled bills: the issue. of the Berlin and German issues. 8.1748. An act to provide for the increased All of us know that our policy is based distribution of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Second, the people should know that to the Federal judiciary; on two very firm principles. One is that the responsible members of committees S. 1922. An act to assist in the provision of the United States is in Berlin as a matter of the House and of the Senate, those housing for moderate and low income fam­ of right under the quadripartite agree­ dealing with foreign relations and the ilies, to promote orderly urban develop­ ment with the Soviet Union, and cannot armed services, have been informed as ment, to extend and amend laws relating to be ousted from its position by any uni­ fully as they can be of these problems housing, urban renewal, and community fa­ lateral decision by the Soviet Union. and of our policies. cilities, and for other purposes; The second basic principle is that we S. 2083. An act to correct a technical in­ I close by making another comment. accuracy in the Act of May 19, 1961 (Public have committed ourselves to the defense I have stated what I believe to be the Law 87-36) ; and of the people of West Berlin, and, of basic principles upon which our policy s. 2154. An act ·to amend Public Law 85- course, we adhere to that position. must be based. Yet I think every aspect 626, as amended by Public Law 86-542, re­ But I believe it is absolutely necessary of our policy about Germany and Berlin lating to dual rate contract agreements. that in the days ahead the President ought to be considered and reviewed in have behind him the unified support of the days ahead. This does not contem­ the Congress and of the people of the ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI­ plate any appeasement. It means that United States, of whatever party and our Government performs its highest CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE whatever section. My point in suggest­ function when it considers all the possi­ RECORD ing the appointment of a consultative bilities which can be undertaken to pre­ On request, and by unanimous con­ committee broadly representative of the serve our basic principles and yet avoid, sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc., United States, with members who have if we can honorably do so, outright con­ were ordered to be printed in the REc­ dealt face to face with the problems of fiict-confiict which could develop into ORD, as follows: Berlin and Germany, and are of broad a thermonuclear war. By Mr. WILEY: political experience, was to build the We know, for example, that East Ger­ Excerpts from radio broadcast by himself unity which I think we shall need in­ many now checks, to some degree, upon over station WGM, Chicago, relating to the creasingly in the days ahead. traffic which moves to the civilian popu­ challenges confronting the country. I suggested among those who might lation of Berlin. If Mr. Khrushchev does be considered for appointment such men make a peace treaty with East Germany, as Gen. Lucius Clay, who was High Com­ FORMULATION OF POLICY IN which he can do any time he desires, missioner for our country when Germany then the question of access into West REGARD TO BERLIN was still under military occupation. He Berlin will arise. It very well might be Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, a few was in Germany at the time of the air­ that he would say to us, "You can deal days ago I made a suggestion in the lift, which broke the Berlin blockade. with Eastern Germany about access Senate that the President of the United I also mentioned Mr. John McCloy, who rights." Then the question would arise States or the Secretary of State consid­ now is engaged in the problems of dis­ as to whether we would deal with East er the appointment of a committee, armament, but who, succeeding General Germany; or, if we did deal with East which might be called a consultative Clay, had great experience at first hand Germany, whether it be possible then committee, to work under the Secretary with the issue of Berlin and of Ger­ to secure any reasonable response upon of State in the formulation of policy re­ many. I also suggested the two Ambas­ our means of access which we hold as garding the Berlin crisis. sadors who followed, Dr. Conant and Mr. a matter of right by the quadripartite I have been interested to note that a David Bruce, and the two Secretaries of agreements, to which Russia was a party. number of newspapers have commented State who dealt for years with these I think it would be much better, before editorially and favorably on my sugges­ problems, Mr. Acheson and Mr. Herter. we come to such a point, to continue to tion and a number of political writers, I note that former Secretary of State talk to Soviet Russia, as we have been including Mr. Arthur Krock, of the New Acheson is consulting with the President talking to her for years about our rights York Times, have written articles in re­ and with the Secretary of State. I am of access-and Russia confirmed the gard to it. very glad to know this is true, because right of access in 1949-and to ascertain I ask unanimous consent to have some I have the highest regard, as I believe what ideas Russia has now about our of the editorials and articles printed in everyone.else who knows him does, for his the body of the RECORD at the conclusion service, his judgment, his patriotism, his rights of access if she should make a of this statement. great ability, and his courage. But I be­ treaty with East Germany. I think it An editorial appearing in the Houston lieve that it would be helpful if others would be much better to discuss this Post on June 23, 1961; an article by Ar­ with similar experience were brought matter with Soviet Russia before it thur Krock, of the New York Times on into consultation. makes a treaty with East Germany, if June 23; and an editorial from the Lou­ Further, I believe it would be helpful it does make one, than to be faced later isville Courier-Journal on June 23. in developing unity of purpose, and con­ with the question of determining whether I think the comments in the Louisville fidence, if the President and the Secre­ we will discuss our rights with East Ger­ Courier-Journal are sound. But I must tary of State were to advise to the fullest many. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 11967 I make this statement because I be­ Differences of views within the Western ultimate decision] by a unified Congress and lieve the administration owes every duty alliance, within the administration in Con­ a unified country." This is indispensable to the country, to the maintenance of gress, among other political leaders of the and is strongest when it is voluntary and not country and among the American people as a forced submission to an official fait ac­ our rights in Germany and the rights a whole apparently help to explain the lack compli. of the people of Berlin, to keep the mat­ of firmness in the cases of Laos and CUba. That was the spirit of Senator MANSFIELD's ter open, by discussions before a crisis Because of the importance of the stakes, this highly visionary suggestion that a free city arises. kind of disunity would be infinitely more made of both the Berlins, its independence To summarize, I make my suggestions: dangerous in the case of Berlin. guarded by an intern a tiona! treaty to which First, that the President and Secre­ Within this context and background, the the U.S.S.R. was signatory, and access to it tary of State bring into consultation proposal advanced by Senator JOHN SHER­ guarded by international arms, might be a MAN CoOPER, of Kentucky, in a Senate speech negotiable alternative. It is wholly likely, as men of broad political and practical ex­ Wednesday, that the administration name a his Senate critics predicted, that the U.S.S.R. perience with the problems of Berlin and nonpartisan panel of six experts to study would then use its familiar tactics to try to Germany. the German situation and to help it in secur­ communize and thus make short shrift of Second, that the President consult ing a united position, is a sane and sound this "freedom," as the West defines it. But it fully with Republican leaders and Re­ proposal. It should be accepted and acted is not improbable that, if no alternative to publican members of the Foreign Rela­ upon promptly by the President. the East-West status quo is found, the seeds tions Committee and the Armed Services At the very least, both political parties of war wm sprout the day the U.S.S.R. is would know what the position of the United ready. And, in view of the military fact that Committee, as well as the Democratic States is, and the President would know their West Berlin could not be successfully de­ leaders and members, in order to achieve positions. Ultimately, the decision on Berlin fended by the West if the Soviet armed forces a real bipartisan position. must be made by the President, and once mean business, its free inhabitants and their Third, that the United States keep he has made it, it must be backed by the cities would be immediate casualties. open the channels of communication entire Nation. He can help to insure that To mention such a fact is denounced by with Soviet Russia rather than postpone unity and support by acting along the lines many as appeasement. But it is one of those discussion until some crisis would place Senator CooPER sugges~d. the American people have a right to know. This right is emphasized by the other fact us in the position where we would either [From the New York Times, June 23, 1961] that their Government, not they, agreed to have to refuse to discuss our rights of ac­ A SENATE DEBATE IN THE HIGHEST INTEREST in wartime secrecy, if it did not originate, the cess to Berlin with East Germany or have (By Arthur Krock) monstrous zoning of Germany which set to discuss it with East Germany. Berlin 110 miles within the Russian zone and I want to be sure, as I am sure all of WASHINGTON, June 22.-To search for an thereby created the perilous problem which alternative by which war could be averted, could involve them in the horrors of thermo­ us do, that there is the fullest possible without sacrificing the honor or the treaty support behind the President of the nuclear war. obligations of the United States, is the high­ This is the possibility which led Senator United States, because he must speak est duty of statesmanship. When the threat CooPER not only to term Senate discussion for all of us, in every crisis facing our from a status quo to which such an alter­ inevitable and correct, but to make his own country. native might be found is nuclear war, the proposal. It was that "men who have spe­ I make these suggestions so that there obligation of Government is even more de­ cific and practical knowledge of the issues, will be rallied behind the President the manding. But it was for suggesting a who have dealt with them face to face, and specific plan to solve the Berlin crisis, and are broadly representative of our country" fullest support of both parties and of the a plan out of line with the U.S. policy, that people of the United States and to as­ (he mentioned several) should assist the Senator MANSFIELD is being criticized. President and the Secretary of State in re­ sure that our positions have received the The premise of his critics is that because viewing every aspect of the problem, includ­ fullest and best consideration. MANSFIELD is the majority leader of the ing all possible ways of easing it. ExHmiT 1 Senate the Kremlin will take his public and Maybe it can't be eased. But to search detailed proposal of a possible Berlin policy [From the Houston Post, June 23, 1961] i:ntensively for it, as MANSFIELD was, isn't alternative as a semiofficial hint the United appeasement. SENATOR COOPER MAKES SOUND SUGGESTION States is preparing to retreat from the pros­ FOR ACHIEVING U.S. UNITY ON BEBLIN pect of a showdown; that, therefore, Premier [From the Courier-Journal, June 23, 1961] Although there is a possibility that Soviet Khrushchev will decide he needs only to Premier Nikita Khrushchev is practicing stand firm on his demands to attain them OUR POLICY, NoT RussiA'S, MAY BE BASED ON what has come to be known as "brinksman­ in full without any risk of war. In view of BLUFF ship," the possib111ty that he will follow the fact that the Kremlin made this miscal­ It is particularly valuable for a Republican through on his threats to precipitate a Berlin culation before, and had to be corrected by leader so respected as Senator JOHN SHERMAN crisis later this year connot be discounted the allled Berlin airlift, it is entirely pos­ CoOPER to speak up on a possible approach to for a moment. He not only may follow sible that MANSFIELD's critics are right on the Berlin problem. There is danger of a through, despite the grave risks of a nuclear that point. But it is not sufficiently conclu­ complete political freeze on the subject. war, but he could get himself in a corner sive to serve as a silencer of the Senate de­ When Senator MIKE MANSFIELD was bold where it would be impossible for him to back bate on the Berlin issue in its constitutional enough to sugg~st that all of Berlin be made down. foreign policy role. a free city under United Nations protection. What Khrushchev does almost certainly This week Senator CooPER of Kentucky, he was denounced by Senator STYLES BRIDGES will depend on what he thinks he has a fair made an impressive comment to that e1Iect, as an advocate of weakness. Nobody likes to chance of being able to get away with with­ accompanying it with a highly constructive be charged with appeasement on such a sub­ out a war, and that in turn depends upon proposal. After reviewing the basic posi­ ject. Yet many people, including Democrats the stand taken by this country and its al­ tions of the United States and the U.S.S.R., as well as Republicans, have convinced them­ lies, and most particularly the United States. as recently restated by the President and selves that it is unpatriotic even to talk about The plain fact is that there are grave Premier Khrushchev, he said to the Senate: ways of extricating ourselves from the dan­ doubts in both this country and Western Eu­ "It is inevitable and correct that this gerous Berlin deadlock. Senator MANSFIELD rope about just how firm a stand the Ken­ issue must be debated in the Congress. warns against this tendency to "equate all nedy administration will take. These doubts [Several Senators) have presented views, change with defeat or retreat." are reasonable and understandable as a re­ alike in their patriotic purpose, but neverthe­ There may be some value in a proposal by sult of the handling of the Laos and Cuban less far apart concerning the policy this Senator JACOB JAVITS. He wants Congress to problems. The failure to back up strong Government should undertake. As the de­ go on record as reiterating our pledge to words with resolute and positive action un­ bate proceeds, it is possible that we wm have protect the freedom of the 2 million West doubtedly has encouraged Khrushchev. This a polarization of views in the Congress--one Berliners against any threat. But President offsets any declarations by President Ken­ to hold without deviation the position the Kennedy undoubtedly gave that message to nedy that there will be no retreat at Berlin. United States has asserted in the past, and Premier Khrushchev at their Vienna meeting. It is of the utmost and most crucial im­ the other to find an alternative." Those who insist on absolute rigidity in portanc& that all doubts as to what the Because, he continued, the German and our ·Berlin policy are not serving the best in­ United States and the West will do if Khru­ Berlin issues are "dangerous and most critical terests of the Berliners or. of ourselves. They shchev acts in Berlin be eliminated as quick­ ones that confront our Nation, with the are staking our national future on a perilous ly and as effectively as possible. But before possibility of • • • a thermonuclear war," gamble. They assume that Mr. Khrushchev this can be done, a decision must be made the American people who would be among is not really serious about his threats to Ber­ on the position to be taken. Once made, those cast into this incinerator of civilization lin, because he issued an ultimatum some 30 there can be no wavering. But the decision must, like Congress, previously be assured months ago and has not yet carried it out. must be one which will have the support that "the best consideration has been given They believe that we can fritter away yet an­ of all the American people and their leaders, by the administration to every aspect of the other 6 months, as we have frittered away the and they must be willing to ·back it to the issue." This, he satd, will enable the Presi­ past 30, without proposing any new initia­ hilt. dent to rely on that "full support (of his tive whatever on Berlin. 11968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 5 These patriotic citizens are gambling on Committee on Foreign Relations, before status quo. The essence of Mr. FuLBRIGHT's the idea that Khrushchev is really bluffing on this body last week. plea is for greater ·strength-but strength Berlin, and that we can call his bluff by In the speech the Senator from and action in keeping with a free .society. standing pat and asserting our rights. He does ngt accept the thesis that :•fire Arkansas [Mr. FuLBRIGHT] called upon spread by communism can only be fought SOVIET CONFIDENCE HAS INCREASED the Nation to take a long and hard look effectively with fire." Communist lies, sub­ They fail to recognize that the Soviet Union at its policy positions around the world version, political murders and the subjuga­ has grown more confident of its strength without panicking at every little "dis­ tion of free peoples do not call for free-world since 1958. There is still good reason to be­ combobulation" which happens to occur programs of the same character. lieve that the Russians would prefer to avoid Nor can -the United States have it both a nuclear war, as long as they can make on the periphery of the cold war. It was an extremely useful and helpful set of ways. It cannot hold the confidence and progress toward their world goals through respect of mankind as the champion of free­ political and economic pressure. But it is comments. dom, human rights and social progress and at the Soviets, and not ourselves, who are now The judgment of the speech on the the same time compete with the Soviet Un­ in position to practice the dangerous art of part of the editorial staff of the news­ ion in imposing its way of life on other peo­ brinkmanship. It is they who are likely to paper likewise, I think, commands the ples. There should be no disposition on the force our hand in Berlin, instead of our forc­ respect and interest of this body, and I part of any self-respecting country to race ing theirs. ask unanimous consent that the editorial with the Soviet Union on its own course. Our final Berlin policy cannot be based be printed in the RECORD. Rather, the race should be in terms of the on a bluff, then. And isn't it so based at the values long ago established and still cher­ moment? Clearly, we have no solid agree­ There being no objection, the editorial ished by freemen. Senator FULBRIGHT has ment with our allies. President de Gaulle was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, given us a timely and effective reminder that is reported as seeing no real reason not to as follows: the first obligation both of the Government negotiate with the Government of East Ger­ RAISING OUR SIGHTS and of individual citizens is to keep the many, though the West Germans angrily re­ Senator FuLBRIGHT's call for a longer view American participation in the hlstoiic strug­ ject such action because to them it means of American foreign policy was addressed to gle on a high plane of ethics and humani­ recognition of a contemptible puppet re­ the rank and file of citizens as well as to tarianism. gime. The British are plainly unenthusias­ policymaking officials. What he asks is that tic about forcing the issue of a German treaty the Nation, as such, think seriously of its to the point of nuclear war. posture before the world in the light of the FCC STUDY OF THE TELEVISION Our own Berlin policy has other built-in basic values in our Western civilization. He INDUSTRY weaknesses. Would Senator BRIDGES, for in­ sees the struggle between communism and stance, vote for a declaration of war against Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, I should the free world entering a critical phase. But like to invite the attention of my col­ the Soviet Union over such an issue as this is no occasion for shock, confusion, or whether or not we should have dealings the wringing of hands over peripheral events leagues to a column published in the with the Communist government of East that the United States cannot control. His Saturday morning Washington Post and Germany? This is vast oversimplification plea is fo:?: adherence to sound principles Times Herald, written by Lawrence Lau­ of the whole German problem, to be sure. without erratic diversions to counter every rent, the television and radio writer for But it is the aspect which the Soviets will gesture and sally from Moscow. the newspaper. In the column Mr. Lau­ insist on presenting to public opinion in Mr. FuLBRIGHT recognized that it is easier America and the rest of the world. rent discusses an incident which occurred to prescribe a policy of wisdom, judgment, in the wake of the FCC hearings on pro­ PAINTING OURSELVES INTO A CORNER and consistency than to apply that policy graming in New York. The burden of The vital point is that, in Kennedy's words, to many varied and bewildering situations. Nevertheless, it is good to evaluate hasty the discussion centers around the testi­ we must not "fear to negotiate or negotiate mony of some of the leading luminaries out of fear." If we make it an unpatriotic responses to provoking events in the light act even to debate the Berlin problem, we of long-range objectives. The Senator is in the television business, those actively are painting ourselves into a corner from right in saying that we need to develop a participating in programs-individuals which there is no escape short of war or "national style" as well as specific initia­ such as Bill Goodson and David utter humiliation. There is little doubt that tives and responses, and this national style Susskind, to name two. the whole American people would accept ought to be consistent with the principles The point of comment in the column even the horrible choice of war under such which shape the American way of life. has to do with the real and implied circumstances. But surely we must try to By "national style" the chairman of the avoid leaving ourselves with only such dread­ Senate Foreign Relations Committee means threats to those television personalities ful alternatives. the U.S. performance in World War II, the who dared to testify and to raise ques­ Senator CooPER is not proposing any par­ saving of Greece and Turkey from Com­ tions about the way the industry was ticular pattern for a Berlin settlement. He munist conquest, the Marshall plan, OECD, being operated at the moment. A cita­ only urges the appointment of a committee the aid given to the underdeveloped coun­ tion was made from the industry's offi­ of experts on Germany, to advise the Presi­ tries, the establishment of NATO and a host cial magazine, Broadcasting, of the dent and the State .Department. The group of related policies in which the United States assertion that some of the witnesses in would be nonofficial and nonpartisan. He has asserted leadership ·to protect the inde­ the FCC hearings held in New York suggests such people as John J. McCloy, pendence and improve the living conditions might find it difficult to do business, to Lucius Clay. and James A. Conant, plus two of free peoples. What Senator FULBRIGHT former Secretaries of State of different par­ seemed to be saying is that these trunklines find outlets for their talents hereafter, ties, Dean Acheson and Christian A. Herter. of American policy ought not to 'be com­ because they criticized the industry It would be wise to add a few younger men, promised or jeopardized by questionable itself. whose contacts with Germany are immedi­ ventures designed to counteract tactical Fortunately a member of the FCC ately up to date. maneuvers on the part of the Communist study staff, Mr. Ashbrook P. Bryant, It sounds very noble to talk of standing powers. Let us not be thrown off the beam, served notice to all members of the in­ fast in Berlin. We will and must stand fast, he urged in effect, by Cuba, Laos, and the Soviet cosmonaut. dustry, at whichever end of the line they in the sense of refusing to surrender the may be operating, that the FCC itself West Berliners to the mercies of the Com­ There is a great deal of wisdom in the munists. But a nation can be firm without Senator's thesis: will be deeply concerned if instances being utterly rigid, and without locking it­ "It is not our affluence, or our plumbing, should ever occur in which the partici­ self into a straitjacket at a time of national or our clogged freeways that grip the imag­ pants in television programs are threat­ peril. Senator CooPER's moderate proposal ination of others. Rather it is the values ened with having programs canceled or may at least make it respectable to talk about upon which our system is built. These with a refusal to sign contracts for the Berlin policy without being branded an ap­ values imply our adherence not only to future because they dare to speak their peaser. liberty and individual freedom, but also to minds before an official Government international peace, law and order, and con­ structive social purpose. When we depart hearing. AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY from these values we do so at our peril. If I think this body should applaud Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, first. I we are faithful to our own values, while fol­ Ashbrook Bryant for making the Com­ lowing an intelligent, courageous and con­ mission's position clear. I wish to add wish to invite attention to an editorial sistent line of policy, we are likely to find entitled "Raising Our Sights" published my voice, as a member of the Subcom­ a high measure of the support we seek mittee on Communications of the Com­ in the Washington Post and Times abroad. But if we fail our own values and Herald for Saturday, July 1. It deals ideals, ultimately we shall have failed our­ mittee on Commerce of the Senate. I with the very illuminating speech made selves." know the Congress, in addition to the by the junior Senator from Arkansas We do not find in the speech any com­ FCC, will be very much interested in the [Mr. FuLBRIGHT], the chairman of the placency or any lame acceptance of the attitude of the industry in regard to the 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 11969 television investigations, hearings, and livelihoods into their hands when they came measure he has taken and the effort he has enlightenments taking place at the pres­ down here." made to determine the tastes, needs and de­ ent time. For once, the FCC refused to sit still while sires of his community and the manner in threats were made. Once the meekest which he proposes to meet those needs and Whatever else occurs, in the public in­ agency in the Federal Establishment, the desires." terest it is imperative and important that FCC found its courage only after being bat­ The importance of last week's decision is any knowledgeable individual connected tered by scandals. Since March 1960, under underscored in the current edition of Tele­ with any of the communications media of Chairman Frederick W. Ford and now under vision Digest: this country at all times shall have com­ Newton N. Minow, the FCC has declined to "Remember the name 'Suburban.' It plete freedom to speak, without fear of play its familiar role of cheerleader to the could become celebrated in broadcast-reg­ retribution or the threat of a job or broadcast business. ulation history. In a significant decision of a new contract. When Thursday's hearing was completed, last week, the FCC turned down the FM FCC Network Study Chief Ashbrook P. Bry­ application of Suburban Broadcasters for Because of the little "fuss" raised ant had a softly worded, "big stick" state­ Elizabeth, N.J., on the ground that it had already, I think the industry should ment to make. He said: done nothing to seek out the programing stand on notice that there will be many "I am authorized by the Commission to needs of its proposed service area. This watchful eyes observing the future con­ state that it is confident that the testimony 'seek out' concept is the touchstone of the duct of contracting and talent arrange­ given here will not be the basis for any FCC's new philosophy." ments in the television industry. actions which would adversely affect the There are enormous implications in the Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ professional careers or future activities or decision. Until recently, station operators sent to have printed in the RECORD the these witnesses. could expect automatic, pro forma, renewal "It is perhaps unnecessary," Bryant con­ of their licenses every 3 years. Last year, Laurent column to which I referred, and tinued, "to add that retaliatory action the FCC began checking the station's per­ also a second column by Mr. Laurent against witnesses in a hearing such as this formance against the programing promises published this morning, which reveals would hardly comport with the responsibili­ made by the station in its application. the stiffening of the backbone of the ties assumed by the Commission licensees." If the Suburban decision withstands as­ Commission in reviewing new applica­ The implication was plain. Witnesses ap­ saults in the Federal courts, the FCC will tions for licenses in the communications pearing at the request of the Federal Gov­ have one more measure of how well the li­ field, in which it is stated that the Com­ ernment are not to be threatened, no matter cense holder is serving his community. The­ mission is now setting up firmer stand­ how slyly, nor are they to be coerced. oretically, each renewal is a new application ards and requiring stronger evidence of Bryant added: "We think it is clear that for a broadcast license and, thus, the FCC those who have criticized the current net­ will want to know if the broadcaster has conduct in the public interest. work program fare have not spoken out of made an effort to learn what his community There being no objection, the articles direct economic self-interest, because it wants and needs. And, furthermore, what were ordered to be printed in the REc­ would appear that all of them are still suc­ has been done to meet these wants and ORD, as follows: cessfully engaged in their professional pur­ needs. (From the Washington Post and Times suits. Rather, we believe that they have The responsible broadcaster will not lose Herald, July 1, 1961] testified out of their concern for its present a single wink of sleep over the developments. status." The fast-buck operator, hoping to get a FCC STUDY CHIEF HAD THE LAST WORD station for a quick sale, or the man who (By Lawrence Laurent) (From the Washington Post and Times owns several stations and mimeographs the When the television industry gets itself Herald, July 5, 1961] schedule for all of them from one central in trouble, a situation that is not exactly REJECTION OF LICENSE POSES PROGRAM office, will have problems. uncommon, there are two standard lines PoLicY Commissioner Ford didn't take part in the of defense. The first is the argument that 4 to 2 decision. He was out of town, fulfill­ "this is a very young business, making the (By Lawrence Laurent) ing a longstanding speaking engagement. mJstakes 0f the young.~· An embattled Chairman of the Federal Those who voted in favor of denying the li­ The other defense-in the wake of scan­ Communications Commission once described cense were Chairman Newton N. Minow and dals about payola, plugola, and some strange the issuance of broadcast licenses as "a kind Commissioners Robert T. Bartley, Robert Em­ business combinations-is "these are long­ of Oklahoma land rush. About all we can met Lee and T. A. Craven. In the minority established business practices, which have do under the law," he explained, "is to say were Rosel H. Hyde and JohnS. Cross. never before been questioned." what's available and then hand out the After several weeks of hearing these alter­ licenses." nate themes played before the Legislative He was referring, of COU!se, to those avail­ THE BERLIN POWDER KEG Oversight Committee last year Representa­ able radio frequencies and TV channels for tive JOHN E. Moss, Democrat, of California, which there is only one applicant. In such Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, yester­ exploded: "I have never seen such a young, cases, traditionally, the applicant had to day the American people celebrated the immature business with so many old, long­ meet only the minimum requirements of anniversary of the Declaration of Inde­ established bad habits. This is like hearing American citizenship, financial responsi­ pendence. This is a unique document in a man claim he's_ suffering from infantile bility, technical ability, and good character. senility." What about the applicant's broadcast the annals of mankind and its seemingly It was· the infantilism that showed up schedule? never ending struggle for freedom. A during the past 2 weeks as a Federal Com­ "Well," said an FCC Commissioner, "if he handful of colonials, determined to be munications Commission panel heard testi­ doesn't play the 'Old Gray Mare' 24 hours free, when they signed the Declaration mony in New York City. Some of the most a day, it is none of our business." of Independence said: creative men in television came before the (Things are different when there are two And for the support of this declaration, FCC's network study staff to tell how TV or more applicants. Each tries to prove the with a firm reliance on the protection of di­ might be improved. "public interest" will be served best by giv­ vine providence, we mutually pledge to each One industry reaction came in a scarcely ing the license to him. The result of com­ other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred veiled threat that appeared in Monday's petitive struggle, theoretically, is that the honor. issue of Broadcasting magazine. "Some wit­ best-qualified applicant will make the great­ nesses ir current FCC hearings on TV prac­ est number of promises, and ultimately the Mr. President, the 1960's are dark days tices," the magazine reported, "may have community will be benefited. When John and full of trouble for the cause of man's lots of cajoling to do when they try to re­ c. Doerfer was FCC Chairman he estimated freedom. The free peoples of West Ber­ sume doing business with individuals and that "about 70 percent" of the TV licenses lin face a grave danger. The menace organizations against whom they have testi­ had been given to noncompetitive appli­ fied. cants.) which communism poses to them rep­ "Even such reluctant witnesses as Bill Last week, the FCC in a historic 4 to 2 deci­ resents in a larger sense an unmistakable Goodson (of the Todman-Goodson panel sion turned down an uncontested applica­ challenge to America and to the free show empire) finally testified that talent tion by Suburban Broadcasters for an FM world. agencies like MCA demand 'right to sell' (frequency modulation) radio station in An excellent and thought-provoking program rights in return for supplying tal­ Elizabeth, N.J. That was a complete reversal editorial was published in California, in ent. Similarly, Producer David Susskind, of traditional policy, but it wasn't totally the Oakland Tribune, the assistant pub­ having blasted practically every broadcast­ unexpected. lisher of which is our former distin­ ing institution in sight, may find it difficult What went into effect for the first time guished colleague from California, Wil­ to find a friendly port in which to do was a philosophy enunciated in- July 1960, business." by then Chairman Frederick W. Ford. That liam F. Knowland. The editorial says, On Thursday, Robert Montgomery was was supplemented by rulemaking procedures in part: even more specific. He said he believed wit­ that began last February. This approach Nothing will impress Khrushchev and his nesses at the hearings "had taken their requires an applicant to tell the FCC "the presidium more than the certain knowledge 11970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 5 that we. have determined to preserve this the calculated risks involved and the poten­ ture. I understand that he has ordered isla.nd of freedom, that we understand the tial costs. We will not fire unless fired upon, that procedure. In fact, he has acted calculated risks involved and the potential but if our garrison and the free city of Berlin already in the State of North Dakota costs. is attacked by Communist forces, East Ger­ man, or Soviet, the Communists must know and will take similar action in other The American people are united, Mr. that we will fight with all the weapons a.nd areas. President, in these sentiments. We in­ all of the power of a free people determined There can and should. be a morato­ tend to remain so. We are in Berlin un­ to remain free. This resolve was so clearly rium on Farmers Home Administration der an agreement entered into by the enunciated in the Declaration of Independ­ loans in the disaster areas. I wonder victorious Allies, including the Union of ence in these words: how many Senators know that auction Soviet Socialist Republics. Nothing the "And for the support of this Declaration, barns are operating 24 hours a day in with a firm reliance on the protection of Soviet premier may do with respect to divine providence, we mutually pledge to some of the Midwestern States. Cattle entering into a separate treaty of peace each other our lives, our fortunes, a.nd our are being sold for whatever the auction­ with the East German Communist satel­ sacred honor." eers can get for them. The auctioneers lite can alter the rights or the responsi­ are operating around the clock. When bilities we have, together with our British cattle are sold off a ranch or a farm, it and French allies, in occupying West DROUGHT IN THE MIDWEST is a tragic loss to the owner, because it Berlin today, which, incidentally, is an Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, takes a great deal of time to rebuild a occupation the West Berliners ardently over the past weekend I journeyed to herd. Therefore, it seems to me that a desire to continue. my home State of Minnesota, and ac­ moratorium on such loans would be very Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ companying me was my administrative important, so that farm owners will not sent that the text of the editorial, en­ assistant, Mr. Connell. He traveled in be compelled to make sacrificial sales-­ titled "The Berlin Powder Keg," be many of the areas of my State, and I sales at low prices under distressed printed in the RECORD. visited with many of the farm leaders, conditions. There being no objection, the editorial those who are responsible for our agri­ There also should be and will be a was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, cultural program in Minnesota and in moratorium on Commodity Stabiliza­ as follows: the neighboring States of South Dakota tion Service farm-storage facilities THE BERLIN POWDER KEG and North Dakota. loans. Those are loans which are made Will the lights be going out in Berlin be­ I am sure the Senate is fully aware to farmers for storage on the farm. It fore the year 1961 passes into history on De­ of the fact that a serious major drought seems to me that the Government would cember 31? is underway in approximately the east­ be well advised to extend for at least 1 In Washington, Moscow, Bonn. Paris, a.nd em two-thirds of Montana, most of year a moratorium on the payment of London the implications of the Khrushchev any of those loans. thinly veiled u~timatum 1s better understood North Dakota, the western half of South than it is away from the capital cities. Dakota, and the northern half of Minne­ Then there ought to be the freezing Before we hardly know it summer will pass. sota. In fact, today the Governor of of Government grain storage in the into fall and the preparations for Christmas Minnesota asked the Secretary of Agri­ drought and disaster areas to conserve with its message of "Peace on earth, good culture to include 11 more counties in the feed for stock later this year. I no­ will to men" will be subverted by the rulers Minnesota in the drought disaster area. ticed this morning that the Secretary of the Kremlin determined to force a show­ has indicated that that will be done. In down even at the calculated risk of war. Mr. President, this drought in certain They anticipate that their will and iron parts of the Nation is of very serious con­ other words, he has indicated that the nerve will outlast what they consider ..the sequence. In western South Dakota feed grains in storage and on location in decadent West" and will result in an abject there has been a drought for 3 or 4 years. the drought and disaster areas ought surrender by the North Atlantic Powers. A friend of mine, who has a farm in net to be removed from those areas, be­ Despite· the Munich-minded men in our the western part of that State, called me cause if the feed grains are removed or own country and among some of the allied at my home on Saturday, pleading for transported, shipping costs and other nations there can be no surrender of the immediate action on a certain matter, expenses would be added. free people of Berlin without destroying the morale of freemen everywhere to resist Com­ with respect to which I shall introduce Then there should be an emergency munist tyranny. These are the stakes Mos­ a measure today. When I said to him ACP, which is the agricultural conserva­ cow is playing for and determined to win. that the Congress had passed legislation tion practices program, in an attempt to The supply of "little surrenders" has been which permitted the taking of hay from put the drought counties back in shape exhausted by the stalemate in Korea, the the soil bank acres in the disaster areas, for production next year. I am examin­ farce at Geneva, the o:trer of payment of trac­ he said, "Senator HUMPHREY, there is Ing into the law, but it is my recollection tor blackmail to Castro, and the backdown, no hay. The legislation which has been that the Secretary of Agriculture or the after brave words, in Laos. On the issue of Berlin the chips are down passed may be of help in some places, Department has the authority to make a.nd the sooner 180 million Americans face but we have not had any rain in this available under an ACP program cer­ up to these facts the more likely our Nation area of any consequence for 3 or 4 years tain sums of money for placing the land is to survive and with us a free world of free­ and there is no hay. There is no grain." that is under drought conditions back men. Mr. President, a number of things can into usable land for productive purposes. At a.n early date the wives and children be done and are being done. I have For example, weed control would be in­ of our combat ready forces in the isolated asked the Secretary of Agriculture to cluded, as well as summer fallow prac­ garrison of Berlin should be withdrawn for prepare a statement--which I am sure tices to preserve moisture, and possibly no nonresident women and children should be available as possible hostages to commu­ he is now doing-to indicate what the the planting of some covering which can nism. Department of Agriculture is doing to be turned under. These practices I be­ It will soon be time for our forces a.nd the alleviate the conditions of economic lieve ought to be examined into immedi­ city of Berlin to "strip for action." No non­ hardship. ately. I use this occasion in the Senate essential personnel or nonproductive work­ For example, the Congress has passed to call upon the Department of Agri­ ers should be left there to be furnished S. 2113, introduced by the Senators from culture to do so. food, fuel, and clothing by airlift or other­ North Dakota [Mr. YOUNG and Mr. BUR­ Finally, there are emergency low in­ wise. DICK], to permit the harvesting of hay terest, about 3 percent, loans through As a completely surrounded outpost of freedom neither the token forces there nor and grazing on conservation reserve the Farmers Home Administration. the courageous civll1ans of Berlin could long acres in the areas which have been de­ Those low-interest loans would give hold out against a. massive Soviet or East clared to be drought areas. The Presi­ farmers an opportunity to get some German Communist effort to take the city. dent signed the legislation only last Sat­ extra credit. This point in the program But neither was the Alamo, Fort Sumter, or urday. I believe it is Public Law 87-62. is particularly important for county Corregidor able to hold out against the over­ The legislation is now at work, and a feeders, dairy farmers, cattle farmers, whelming odds against those garrisons. The certain amount of help is coming be­ forces which won the initial struggle lost the as well as others. But farmers need three wars against us. cause of it. loans if they are not to be forced to sell But nothing will impress Khrushchev and There is also the possibility of the use their livestock at a concessional price. his presidium more than the certain knowl­ of diverted acres under the feed-grain I am hopeful that emergency loans, of edge that we have determined to preserve legislation, which program is within the course, will be made available, and I this island of freedom, that we understand jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agricul- understand that they are to be. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 11971 IMPORTATION OF SUGAR FROM return for our purchase of some of their from the United States than we import sugar. They came to the Department of from Fiji. THE FIJI ISLANDS AND EXPORT Agriculture with this proposal and were OF WHEAT FLOUR REQUIRE­ We have never sold any flour to Fiji told that there was no authority to make before. U.S. flour costs considerably MENTS TO THE FIJI ISLANDS this kind of an arrangement. Subsequently, Brazil bought a large quantity of wheat more than Australian flour, which Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, it from Communist Russia to fill their needs-­ Fijians have been using. But if we has come to my attention that the Fiji the first such purchase they have ever made. Americans will import as little as seven­ Government has offered to purchase­ It is in order to authorize the President to tenths of 1 percent of our sugar imports for dollars-as much as 50 percent of make this kind of a transaction that this this year from Fiji, Fiji will buy as much their annual wheat flour requirements language has been placed in the amendment. as one--half of their total flour imports from the United States, if our Govern­ Congress has wisely provided the ex­ from us, for dollars. This sounds like ment will permit the Fiji Government to ecutive branch of the Government with a good deal to me. export into the Unite~ States less than authority to utilize American sugar al­ Fiji has long been a stanch friend 1 percent of the sugar we plan to pur­ locations to develop more customers for of the United States. These islands are chase from foreign sources in 1961. American agricultural commodities. And a vital base for the Western World in I direct the attention of the Senate to I hope the ad'ministrators of the Sugar .the Pacific; and under the ANZUS Pact, this unique offer, because this sounds Act will utilize their new authority, in we share responsibility for the security like a sensible deal to me; and I hope accordance with the intent of Congress. of Fiji. The port at Suva was a revic­ the executive departments will give In fact, the Fiji offer would be a good tualling base for the Anzac Naval ·Force Fiji's offer every consideration, because · place to start; for, as the Good Book says, and for American convoy's during World the principle involved is significant. "A little child shall lead them." War II, under U.S. co~mand. The air­ For many months, some of us in the It could well be that the little country port at Nandi is .an important crossroads Congress have been urging the adminis­ of Fiji could open a new vista of op­ for international air travel and com­ merce in the Pacific. trators of the Sugar Act to utilize our portuJl,ities for selling ~ore U.S. agri­ ex-quota sugar allocations to develop cultural commodities. There are many good reasons why the additional exports of American agri­ United States should consider Fiji's ap­ The proposition made by the Fiji Gov­ plication for a very small part of the cultural commodities. ernment is as follows: Just this past March, the Congress in­ Cuban sugar allocation during the Cas­ The Fiji Government agrees to purchase tro emergency-flour offer or no. And cluded new language in the Sugar Act, for dollars through ordinary commercial providing that "special consideration channels a minimum of 5 million pounds now, with this commendable offer to shall be given to countries of the West­ of U.S. wheaten flour for spread shipment purchase for dollars 5 million pounds ern Hemisphere and to those countries during the next .6 months. This offer is con­ of flour from American millers during purchasing U.S. agricultural commodi­ ditional on the U.S. Government allocating the next ·6 months, it seems to me that ties." Fiji the right to import into the United the administrators of the Sugar Act During the debate in the H9use, the States of America under the U.S. Sugar Act, should give this little country special distinguished chairman of the Commit­ 15,000 short tons raw sugar during the same consideration. 6-month period. Payment for flour will be I understand that there are still some tee on Agriculture [Mr. CooLEY] was made in U.S. dollars. The first shipment of questioned about the meaning of this Fiji sugar up to a full cargo· could be pro­ 200,000 tons of sugar te be allocated in new I_>rovision: 'gramea for delivery at east coast U.S. refiner­ 1961. I hope the administrators will let Fiji have an allocation of 15 of those w~at ' is n;teant by the r~quire·ment that ies in July 1961. If the United States of consideration is to be given those countries America is interested the Fiji Government 200. Our American wheat farmers need purchasing U.S. agricultural commodities? would be prepared to increase purchases of new customers; and if, by their example, Does this mean that we will limit our ex­ U.S. flour pro rata with increase of United little Fiji leads the way to bigger and quota sugar purchase's to those countries States ex-qu·ota sugar allocations up to 30,- better markets for u.s: agricultural com­ which are our best customers? 000 tons of sugar. modities, the .American farmer will never The Fiji purchases of flour from the United Chairman CooLEY's response was: States of America represent the opening of forget this historic breakthrough. No; it does not. Here again, this provi­ new trade with the United States of America. sion must be read in the light of the over-· The Fiji Government underst~nds this pro­ CONDITIONS· IN POLAND riding purpose of the act which is to pro­ posal is unique and hopes this opportunity vide us with adequate sugar supplies. It to move additional American agricultural Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I have would obviously be silly to require that commodities at full commercial market received a very startling letter from Vin­ those in charge of obtaining this sugar prices for dollars will be given your sympa­ cent B. Welch, a very prominent lawyer should go down the foreign trade list and thetic and special consideration. here in the city of Washington, who tells first try to obtain sugar supplies from those Mr. President, I commend the people about a visit he made into a country countries which the statistics show have of Fiji for this offer. No one knows that, I must say, we thought was al­ purchased the most agricultural commodi­ ties from us. This is not the intent of this better than I how difficult it is to alter most solidly pro-Western. In the letter provision. On the contrary, the intent is established channels of international he states: that the administrators of the Sugar Act trade. Not only Government officials but Because you may not have been fully ap­ will use this authority when they find an importers and bankers and trade asso­ prised of the true conditions and attitudes opportunity to move additional American ciations are involved; and, in the case of in Poland, and because as a Senator your agricultural commodities on a quid pro quo Fiji, this proposition had to be cleared votes on matters such as foreign aid and na­ basis in obtaining our ex-quota sugar and . through the British Foreign Office, the tional defense must be based upon an in­ will give special consideration to such London Board of Trade and Whitehall formed and considered judgment upon all proposals. the available facts, I am taking the liberty It is likely that this authority will not itself. Fiji wants to sell some of their of sending you a copy of the article to help be used very frequently but, on the other sugar in the United States during the you in forming your judgment on these hand, the committee wants the President to Cuban emergency; and they will break matters. have this authority, if there is an opportu­ down trade barriers, cut through red­ nity to use it and an indication of congres­ tape, and change their buying habits if The article by this distinguished law­ .yer, Vincent B. Welch, of Washington, is ~Jional approval of this type of transaction. necessary to sell us some sugar. It is anticipated that this consideration The principle involved in the Fiji offer something that causes one to stop, look, will come into operation only when some and listen. country which has some sugar it would like is far more important than the quantity I ask unanimous consent that the ar­ to sell the United States comes in with a of flour and sugar involved. Fiji has ticle be printed in the RECORD following specific proposal to take U.S. agricultural only 365,000 people. It. is not a rich my remarks, and I also ask that the ar­ commodities in return for our purchase of country. Their total purchases are ticle then be referred to the Committee their sugar. It is an order to give the Presi­ small, compared to big countries. But dent the authority which those administer­ on Foreign Relations. ing the program said he did not have last they buy over 95 percent of their tobacco I may say I have caused copies of the year when they turned down some proposals from the United States. They buy air­ letter to be forwarded to the hierarchy which were made on exactly this basis. For craft engines, lubricating oil, photo­ here in the city, asking their reaction to example, last year, Brazil was willing to take graphic equipment from us. In total it, but I feel it is a matter of such conse­ a very substantial quantity of our wheat in trade, Fiji imports about $1 million more quence that the Committee on Foreign 11972 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE · July 5 Relations should have the matter before I can assure you, should be regarded as pure_ nism in Poland if the people-live in a state it, and, if necessary, have Mr. Welch ap­ propaganda and rubbish. of po.verty and fear. One of .the principal pear before the committee and give his The assumption that the Polish people in­ reasons is that the people are thoroughly personal viewpoint and reaction from dividually like the people of the West, or at convinced that international communism least don't dislike them, 1s completely in will eventually dominate the world, and in his spending time in Poland. error. They thoroughly despise us, particu­ their minds it is only a question of how soon The ACTING PRESIDENT protem­ larly the Americans. Based on my experi­ this will happen. In short, they want to pore. Without objection, the article will ence, an American traveling around Poland be on the winning and not the losing side, be printed in the RECORD, and referred alone, not accompanied by party-trained believing that they will somehow benefit to the Committee on Foreign Relations. guides, is subjected to hostile glares and ;from this position and that their living con­ even to physical shoving around. For in-. ditions w111 be superior to those of the peo­ BEHIND THE IRON CURTAIN stance, porters carrying suitcases into hotels ple in the conquered Western World. In (By Vincent B. Welch) often purposely bang them against an Amer­ addition, they believe that the Western The purpose of this article is to awaken ican's heels. Even if some of the Polish peo­ World has much of the wealth today in life you to some of the everyday facts about in­ ple did want to try to understand the people and that somehow, when this is seized, it ternational communism a.s it exists today in from the West who visit Poland, they are will be distributed to their advantage. But the satellite nations and to scare the day­ barred by law from speaking with them, un­ whatever the reasons are, it is manifest that lights out of you with respect to the possl­ less they are assigned or specifically per­ as· a people they have become converted to b111ty of world. engulfment by this octopus, mitted to do so. The failure to abide by this communism. Therefore, it would appear to unless the Western World, led by the United regulation almost inevitably means subse­ be utterly ridiculous for the Western World States, does something and does something quent interrogation and possible punish­ to engage in a game of giveaway to people fast to stop it. ment. I personally made a concerted effort who are on the other side and thoroughly This summer, together with a client of to get some Polish people to talk with me dislike us, such as this country's recent mine of Pollsh descent, I spent 10 days one evening at a restaurant-night club in $130 million so-called economic gift to Po­ behind the Iron Curtain, in Poland. What which there were approximately 200 Polish land which can only go in one way or I saw ha.d an effect on me that I hope this people. My efforts for 3 or 4 hours resulted another right into the party coffer. article will have on you: I atarted out on in one person grunting some kind of a hello, If communism means what we saw in this trip as a. complacent American: over­ and he had obviously had too much to drink. Poland, it means a division of most of the stuffed, like most Americans, with the mate­ The fact is they don't like us, and even if wealth among something less than 2 percent rial things of life, myopic because of my they might if they had the opportunity to of the population, comprised mostly of top closeness to my own work and a. busy sched­ know us as individuals, they aren't going to party members and officials. The rest of the ule, only vaguely fam111ar with the activ· get that opportunity anyway. nation shares what is left., but it is. d111lcult lties of the Communist world in recen,t years, With respect to living conditions, over 90 to share on any acceptable or tolerable basis and only mildly curious to view personally percent of the Polish people live in relative virtually nothing. This isn't what interna­ this somewhat interesting political creature. poverty. Their average monthly take-home tional communism purports to be, but what Within 48 hours I ha.d seen all that I needed pay (approximately 950 zlotys} is so low that it certainly is in practice. The party builds to see to scare me virtually to death, and I it wouldn't cover the cost of two pairs of modern buildings for the party but virtually think the only reason I stayed there for 8 shoes, even discounting the more basic ne­ no houses or apartments for the people, and more days was that I was in somewhat of a. cessities of survival, such as a place to live the people themselves can't afford to build state of hynotized amazement. and something to eat. It takes 3 to 4 months! them. A recent photograph 1n one of the In recent years, friends of mine have pay to buy a cheap suit of clothes. We gave most prominent American newspapers pur­ visited Russia and its satellite nations, in­ a Polish friend an old wornout suit, and his ported to show a typical modern Warsaw cluding Poland, as typic·al American tourists tears of thankfulness said an awful lot. He office building.· The catch was that this was and have returned to tell me about their proudly wore it every day during the re­ the Communist Party Headquarters, and it's interesting trips and the good times they mainder of our visit. The people are allo­ the only building like it in Warsaw. ha.d. I only wish they had had an oppor­ cated 9 square meters of living space Life is a constant turmoil in Poland. · For tunity to be, as I was, in the company of apiece, if you can call the hovels in which instance, in Polish restaurants I saw every­ an individual who not only himself speaks they live living space. A typical bathroom where people constantly tapping their feet fiuently, as fiuently as he speaks English, also serves as the kitchen and isn't as large and drumming the table tops with their all Slavic languages, including Russian and as the smallest American bathroom. Most fingers, whispering among themselves but Polish, but also had several non-Communist of what we would regard as the necessities careful never to talk to strangers, furtively friends in Poland who could reveal some of of living are unavailable, even if the money glancing around as though they expected at the true facts about Poland today. I wish could be found with which to buy them. any moment what they~e been afraid of for that those American tourists had stayed at For' example, we searched for hours in War­ ·years. Waiters in restaurants trembled so hotels which Americans don't frequent and saw before we could locate a can of grape­ much that they often couldn't pour coffee had spent the majority of their time learn­ fruit juice. It was a. rusty, beat-up article in my cup without spilling some inta the ing, as we did, what really goes on behind the which would never be on the shelf of a store saucer. Iron Curtain, rather than wasting their time in the United States of America. The As one individual told us, you can't lrive and money on guided tours, which have only ·price was approximately double its cost in Poland for 2 years without having a. ner­ the dual purpose of extracting American in America, which perhaps explains its vous breakdown. It is a common experience currency and deceiving the Western World. lack of supply, since the Polish people for people to hear a knock on the door down If they had been. fortunate enough to have simply can't afford to buy it. Meatless the hall of their apartment house in the visited the Communist satell1te nations in Mondays and innumerable horsemea.t shops -middle of the night, then departing foot­ this fashion, they would have long ago felt further mustrate the lack of basic food sup­ steps, and later, the next day or so, suddenly compelled to write such articles as this plies in the country. · realize that their neighbor is no longer themselves, and I wouldn't find myself driven With respect to their attitude toward around. But no one dares ask where he by the urgency of the situation to try to communism, ·over 90 percent of the Polish went, even J:f he is never seen again. They help wake up America.. · · people are Communists or Communists in know, however, that he has either been ex­ In the past I have read many stories about sympathy, through dedication, brainwash.;. terminated or sent to a work camp. Poland which were written by visitors to that ing, or abject fear. The young people are Spies spy on spies, who spy on the rest country, including skilled newspaper re­ virtually all dedicated Communists-or Com­ of the people. Members of fam111es spy porters~ but nothing in those articles did munists in spirit, simply because that's all on the rest of their family. This was forci­ anything to disturb me particularly. I don't they have ever been taught. For 15 · years, bly brought home to me by the experience know what Poland they were describing, but Russia has seen to it that the young have of a Polish acquaintance of ours who went they couldn't have seen the same country I had ari opportunity to learn only commu­ t_o Poland this. summer to visit his family did. If we were to believe such stories, as nism and its alleged benefits. ·The middle­ for 3 months. By coincidence, he returned well as Communist propaganda, we would aged Polish people havec been brainwashed to New York on the same plane with us, conclude the following: (a) communism and thoroughly so. This has resulted in and he informed us that the reason for hasn't done Poland any particular harm; their conversion to communism by the mil­ cutting his vacation short was that he had (b) in reality, communism has done Poland lions or their submission to and compliance found out on the preceding day that his some good, and Poland is now enjoying a with communism through terror. Only brother was the spy assigned to his own degree of prosperity; (c) on the interna­ among the old does any trace of the old family. His staring straight ahead for 9¥2 tional political plateau, Poland leans neither Poland exist, and only in this group is there hours on the return fiight without saying to the East nor to the West, or, perhaps, only much opposition to communism. The com­ a word to anyone said a lot more than words slightly to the East; (d) the Polish people munistic theory in this iristance. fG that it could ever have. . like or at least don't dislike the people of the makes no difference how the old people feel Roman Ca,tholicism, which some years ago West; and (e) in the event of international because they will soon be dead, and, there­ was a paten~ anticommunistic force in conflict between the East and the West. fore, they will soon be no problem, or that Poland, is being gradually. but definitely Poland . c~mld be counted on _to _rise up in any event they would be relatively value-­ suppressed. . The Catholic churches are being against communism or at least to be of defi­ less to the West in an international conftict. heavily taxed~ with the obviaus objective of n!te advantage to the West by organizing a It might be asked why there has. been closing tQ.em~ . A monastery which we visited strong underground movement. Such ideas, such a high degree of conversion to commu.. outside of Warsaw received an arbitrary 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 11973" order to close down within 30 days. Not More than 50 o! the higher Polish Army ·and sonality in such a way that he recalls to· many years ago, the churches were crowded Navy officers have been deprived of their mind my meeting with the great author literally every hom· of the day. During week commands this year. Gradually the Polish. days now they are practically empty and Army is becoming completely Russian-· around a blazing fire in the lodge at Sun on Sundays only half full, with those at­ dominated. Valfey, Idaho. tending being- mostly old people. Eventu­ This complete change in Poland, with its There was a magnitude of mind and ally, if the party officials ~re successful in enslaving of the masses, has been accom­ body about. this man that John ·crosby their plans, and they probably will be, there plished in the past 15 years, and, to a has expressed as follows: won't be any churches open in Poland. large extent, it was accomplished early in It was a little like meeting Plato. So great Although most visitors to Poland don't this period. However, communism swept was his renown that you expected a statue, realize it, their hotel rooms are bugged and through East Germany in a faster period of something of marble or bronze, not :flesh and their telephones are tapped, and thoroughly time. To my absolute amazement, I learned blood. trained party agents are assigned to follow during the latter part of my trip, which was virtually their every movement. The only spent in East Berlin and West Berlin, that Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ time a visitor can or should talk freely is on the East German people are more dedicated sent to have a portion of the column by the sidewalk some distance from his hotel to communism than are the Russians. In Mr. Crosby printed in the RECORD. when he is certain that no one is within lis­ the Communist world, the East Germans are tening distance. To seek information about considered comparable to the Red Chinese There being no objection, the excerpt the Communist world or the Communist way in their dedication to communism, and from the article was ordered to be printed of living which might be of some advantage Russia is as much afraid of a premature in the RECORD, as follows: to the West is one of the most dangerous international move on their part as on the THIS Is THE WORD FOR HIM things a visitor can do. I hadn't been in part of the Red Chinese. Is. the same thing (By John Crosby) Warsaw 24 hours before the agent assigned going to happen in the rest of Europe, in to me made the first direct and open con-· Africa, in what remains of the free Orient, in I didn't know Ernest Hemingway very well, tact. A whisper in my ear by an old Polish Cuba, and in parts or all of Central and but the circumstances of our first meeting man of the word "policja" (police) put me South America? are characteristic of the man. I had been in on guard in my subsequent conversations If this all sounds a little cloak-and-dag­ Venice only a few hours and I stopped for with this individual. The agent knew my gerish, let me add that all of the basic lunch at Harrys Bar and Grill, a watering whereabouts at all times, and if I failed to facts recited herein have been confirmed hole made famous by Hemingway's worst keep an appointment with him at a particu­ by American intelligence sources. And to book, "Across the River and Into the Trees." lar place and time, within 15 minutes there­ quote American intelligence sources further, * * * My wife pointed to a man seated all after he would appear where I was, com­ conditions in other satellite nations are by himself in a corner reading a newspaper, pletely unannoyed at my standing him up. I worse. "That's Ernest Hemfngway," she said. purposely did this several times to test his If the people of the free world could only This seemed altogether unlikely. Heming­ actions. Turning over the name, address, see all of this or understand. it-, the problem way had just been severely injured in an telephone numper, and picture of this indi­ of the conquest of the remainder of the airplane accident in Africa and, although it vidual to Army Intemgence upon my return world by international communism would looked like him, I doubted that he was gave me at least some sense of satisfaction. not exist. But they don't see it; and they in Venice. * * * I was emboldened to go To illustrate further the efficiency of their won't see it; and, therefore, like myself be­ over and ask him if he were Ernest Heming­ surveillance system, one evening we were ex­ fore my trip to Poland, they won't under­ way. He looked up with a pleased smile. posed to communistic propaganda ad stand it. "Sit down," he said. "Have some wine." nauseam by two individuals, one a writer I don't know what ought to be done now He adored recognition and later, after he and one a dentfst. Incidentally, the writer about the Communist threat to the world, grew the beard, he became just about the only 2 days bef"ore fn our presence at the but I'm going to try to find out. and you most recognizable celebrit-y anywhere on monastery was telling anticommuntstic jokes should too. I am certain that an increased earth. and laughing uproariously at any funny re­ military budget is imperative, but this would * marks about communism. Angrlly, and with appear to be only part of the solution. I But what a man he was. We in America insulting remarks, we finally left these two am also personally convinced that educating don't appreciate our heroes. It's part of individuals only to be called 2 days later by the American people to this immediate threat our national cultural inferiority complex the dentist and pleasantly invited to dinner. is eve::1 more important. There must be that we are the last to recognize what giants I wondered why we were receiving this pleas­ some people in the United States who know our writers are. Or were. ant invitation in the light of our attitude what we ought to do. and there must be Hemingway shook the earth. The French, when we last left them, until it was revealed some statesmen in the United States who can the Italians, the Germans, and even the during the latter part of the conversation lead us to do it. English-though English writers seemed to that they knew we had been to the U.S. Em­ Every April 15, when I pay the balance on have resisted him somewhat-wrote sen­ bassy the day before and precisely with whom my Federal income tax for the preceding tences differently after Hemingway. You we had talked for several hours. calendar year, like n.early every other Ameri­ could not, as a writer, read Hemingway and Private professional practice of any kind can I grumble and rant and rave about high come away totally unchanged ~ His impact is at a virtual standstill. As an attorney, I taxes, unnecessary Government spending, on style permeated to the bones. And in an was naturally interested in the practice of and so forth. Personally, I would be de­ languages. law in Poland. I discussed this with an anti­ lighted if the Federal Government would I remember watching Picasso on NBC's Communist attorney in Warsaw, who some substantially increase my annual income "Wisdom.. series climb a stepladder and slash years ago had a thriving legal practice, one tax, along with the taxes for every other at a white wall with a black penc11, creating which he stated was now virtually non­ American, and spend every cent in an effort a line of sheer aggressive self-confidence. existent. He pointed out that it is an obvi­ to defeat international communism. If that Hemingway wrote sentences the way Picasso ous waste of time for an attorney to defend left me penniless, at least I'd be a relatively drew a line; they marched, those sentences, an alleged criminal when the individual has happy man-at least a free poor man and not with a sculptural and terribly deceptive sim­ been adjudged guilty and the sentence pre­ a poor man who would have to live virtually plicity, with a musical inner harmony that scribed before the trial event starts. When I 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 52 weeks a had rightness about them as if they couldn't inquired about such matters as the negotia­ year, in an atmosphere of fear, approaching, possibly be written any other way, as if God tion of contracts, he stated that you don't at times, sheer terror-. had carved them out of stone, a sort of per­ negotiate contracts in Poland-you sign them manent enrichment of the universe. It•s as drafted by the party officials. From the foregoing, you must now realize that I am not a professional writer. But, sometimes forgotten that the Nobel Prize The so-called October era in Poland, that for once in my life, I wish I were, because was given to Hemingway not for content but little elbow room the Polish people won then I would be better able to express what I for his shattering impact on the world's because of their determination during and have tried to say here. and I would surely be style. after the June 1956, bread and freedom able to convince you, too, to become an anti­ Still, style is just the outer cloak of inner revolt of the Polish workers, is definitely Communist missionary, as I have. conviction. You can't divorce style from at an end. Gomulka has returned to the content; the one, and the other went to­ fold and to the orthodox communistic think­ gether, as inseparable as hydrogen and oxy- ing and doing. He has denounced the West . gen in the air, in Hemingway's prose. Much in no uncertain terms. He was the first to ERNEST HEMINGWAY has been written about Hemingway's death congratulate Khrushchev on his stand at Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President wish, love of death, and all that. I don't the summit and sided with him through the the literary world has lost its great know. I think Hemingway loved life, every Polish press in a subsequent violent denun­ Hemingway. agonizing breath of it, and that this crept ciation of the West, particularly the United The literature and culture of America into his prose and is preserved there for all Stat~. Recent United Nations votes only future generations to see. serve to confirm this fact. has been enriched and enhanced by his When Hemingway wrote of waking up in The control of the Polish Army is in the writings. the morning in his Midwest boyhood. of hands of a former Soviet officer, Gen. Joseph John Crosby, well-known columnist. of striding into a cold trout stream in the hot Urbanowicz, who claims to be a Pole from the New York Herald Tribune, has cap­ sunlight and of catching and cooking and Latvia, but informed sources know better. tured the impact of the Hemingway per- eating a trout, I could feel the sunlight and 11974 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 5 taste the trout and the goodness of life. And ees have been added at the rate of more The Chemung County Agricultural Sta­ not just I, an American. Spaniards could. than 4 every 5 minutes. bilization and Conservation Department Frenchmen- could. Hemingway could com­ These statistics illustrate the alarm­ (ASC), which administers the controversial municate with any one-across national feed grain program here, says of it: boundaries and, I feel strongly, across gen­ ing manner in which the size and the "If [the program] has stopped the pro­ erations. I can read Tolstoy and I, who am cost of the Federal bureaucracy have duction of corn, then it's a success. That's not Russian and who, God knows, am not been expanding under the Kennedy ad­ the object of the program." 19th century, can feel I know his people and ministration and unless checked will re­ The owner of a 1,200-acre dairy and poultry almost participate in a life wholly alien. In sult in more inflation and further de­ farm at Big Flats, Smith was notified early the same way, Hemingway could take peo­ terioration of the American dollar. this year of the new, 1-year volunteer pro­ ple of distant lands and distant cultures and gram designed to cut production of corn and make them, for the moment, a midwestern sorghum, thereby reducing Government stor­ American boy. He'd catch a moment in a FARMER SMITH AND THE CROP age of feed grains. trout stream and freeze it, like sculpture, in CONTROL PROGRAM He visited the county ASC office to in­ perpetuity. vestigate and was asked whether he h ad He was lovable, infuriating, boyish, yet Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr. grown corn in 1959 or 1960. He had planted unexpectedly wise and, above all, true. True President, I ask unanimous consent to an average of 262 acres in those years, with was one of his words. "True," he'd say, if have incorporated in the RECORD at this an average yield per acre of 100 bushels. you scoffed at some of the wilder tales of point a very interesting article which was He was told he was eligible for the Gov­ Africa or Spain. Curiously, the wilder ones publiPhed in the Evening Press of Bing­ ernment program and could divert any 40 were the truest. His best tales, like "The percent of his 262 acres. Sun Also Rises," were true tales about true hamton, N.Y. It is entitled "He Got a Smith took an advance payment on the people. Truth in disciplined order was what, Cadillac by Not Growing Corn This spot--a Government check for $3,049. The in his best work, he wrote. You cannot ask Year." It was written by Lorana Sul­ remainder of the $6,500 was to be paid later. for more of a writer. livan. Naturally, he didn't divert his best land The article refers to a Mr. William T. from production. Instead, he selected 104 Smith, a farmer in upstate New York, acres from which he "was lucky to get a THE SPENDING PROGRAMS OF THE who is calling our attention to the fact yield of 65 bushels per acre." KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION Under the program he cannot use the di­ that he is now riding in a new Cadillac verted land for grazing or harvest of silage Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr. bought with money which the U.S. Gov­ or corn until December 31, 1961. President, the American people are just ernment paid him not to grow corn. Mr. How will Smith's farm fare? beginning to realize the enormous cost Smith is very strong in his criticism of a ''I'll fert111ze and take good care of the of many of the new spending programs program which makes this possible. 158 acres I planted in corn this year, and of the Kennedy administration. To quote the article: I'll probably grow just as much without the This was brought sharply to our at­ Smith purchased the automobile with diverted acreage," he said. money the Federal Government is paying "Then this fall I'll plant a wheat crop on tention last week when the Secretary of some of the diverted land. It won't be the Treasury told the Senate Finance him to keep out of production 104 acres in this area west of Elmira. He does not think harvested until next year, so I'll be follow­ Committee that he expected a $3 billion ing the program. Meanwhile, the weeds are such use of t axpayers' money is morally having a ball." deficit in the fiscal year ending June 30, right. 1961. He admitted $2.3 billion of this Smith tells of a farmer near him who also deficit was the result of the increased He was asked the question: "Why a is participating in the corn bank program. spending policies on the New Frontier. Cadillac?" "He's planted strawberries on the land Mr. Smith dryly replied: he put into the program. The berries won't The Kennedy administration has been be harvested until next year since they take in power just 5 months. During this I think the taxpayers would like me to a year to produce. The money he's collecting time they have spent $2.3 billion more h ave the best, so I got the works. is a real gift. He's getting paid to divert than the Government has taken in in This article, which I have asked to land that wouldn't produce for a year any­ revenue. This means that during the have printed in the RECORD at this point, way." past 5 months the Government has been In Chemung County, 132 of 250 eligible illustrates the complete absurdity of the corngrowers have received $36,925 in ad­ operating in the red at the rate of $110 U.S. Government through any Depart­ vance payments for diverting from produc­ million per week or, putting the Govern­ ment of Agriculture trying to run all the tion 1,63~ acres of land. Total payments will ment on a 5-day workweek, this means farms throughout the Nation. It just amount to about $75,000, the ASC office $22 million for every 8-hour working cannot be done. Sometime we will wake says. day. Or, to put it another way, the Ken­ up to the fact not only that this is too In New York State, 16,141 of 41,136 eligible nedy administration has been spending expensive for the taxpayers to bear but corngrowers have received advance payments $650,000 per hour more than its revenue of $3,017,001. Their total payments wlll be also that the American farmers do not about $7 million. 24 hours a day for every day it has been want this subsidy. "I know these Government payments are in office. This increased cost is the re­ The American farmers will not trade not morally right," Smith said. "No farmer sult of accelerated spending under old their freedom of action for a Government will take his best land out of production, programs as well as the inauguration of check tied to Government controls. and yet the taxpayer is paying him for an many new Federal-aid programs under There being no objection, the article average yield from good land. the New Frontier. "I took the payments and bought the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Cadillac to make an example out of what's Upon assuming office, the President al­ as follows: most daily issued statements recom­ going on. How many people really know HE GoT A CADILLAC BY NOT GROWING CORN how tax money is spent? mending a balanced budget and boasting THIS YEAR "I see no reason why this program will of the manner in which he was going to (By Lorana Sullivan) work now, since agricultural production reduce Government personnel. controls haven't worked in the past 30 years. Instead of reducing the number of BIG FLATS.-Farmer William T. Smith is "A farner can always find a loophole," he riding Uncle Sam's crop-control program in a added. Government employees he has been new $6,100 Cadillac sedan bearing a sign building up an ever-expanding bureauc­ "You can't sell a farmer on being patriotic reading: about taking his land out of production. racy. During the first 4 months in which "We bought this car with money we re­ He's just trying to make a buck like every­ he has been in office he has added 33,445 ceived for not growing corn." body else. additional Federal employees. This cov­ He hopes it makes taxpayers angry. "If I stood on a corner and asked people ers the period from January up to May Smith purchased the automobile with to pay me for not planting 104 acres in corn, 31. The June figures are not yet avail­ money the Federal Government is paying do you think I'd get any money?" Smith able. But during these first 4 months him to keep out of production 104 acres in asked. additional employees were put on the this area west of Elmira. He does not think Ironically, the Chemung County Exten­ Government payroll at the rate of over such use of taxpayer's money is morally right. sion Service still is distributing information 8,000 per month. This is 2,000 per week, Why a Cadillac? to farmers telling them how to produce more "I think the taxpayers would like me to corn per acre of land. or 400 per day for every working day of have the best, so I got the works," Smith a 5-day week. commented dryly. Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, I wish Every day the executive offices have The Government is paying Smith about to join in the commendation of Mr. Wil­ been open under the Kennedy adminis­ $6,500 for not producing corn on the 104 liam T. Smith, of Big Flats, N.Y., which tration additional Government employ- acres. the Senator from Delaware has voiced. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 11975 Mr. Smith's attitude is typical of the era! election Iaws where reform is most Ignoring this trend, 35 States still require attitude of 90 percent of the farmers of needed. a full year's residence for anyone who wants of to declare his choice for President. Three New York State. They want to stand The publications the foundation are States (Alabama, South Carolina, and Mis­ on their own feet. They are opposed to objective and competent. They have sissippi) · demand 2 years' residence. In some Government control over all of the things been widely cited in the press and by States, such as New York, if you move up the they grow, as well as things they do not public o:fficials and interested citizens street to another house in the same precinct grow. They are the kind of Americans throughout the Nation. and district, you lose your vote unless you who have made this country what it is This year the drive for electoral re­ can prove you have lived at your new address today. form has resulted in hearings in the Sen­ for at least 30 days. ate on the part of both the Constitu­ Then there are the 2,600,000 people-busi­ Mr. Smith has performed a useful nessmen, traveling salesmen, actors, rail­ service by calling attention in this rather tional Amendments Subcommittee of the road men, bus and truck drivers, among spectacular way to some of the key Judiciary Committee and the Privileges others--who have to be away from their deficiencies in our agricultural programs. and Elections Subcommittee of the Rules home districts on election day. Under their Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I thank Committee. As a member of both of State laws, they have no feasible way of cast­ the Senator. I agree with him fully. I these subcommittees, I am gratified by ing their ballots. also join him in paying my respects to this serious interest in electoral reform. Another 5 million are qualified citizens Much of the momentum for electoral re­ who are kept home or in hospitals by illness, Mr. Smith, a great American. He has are physically disabled, or are elderly per­ rendered a service in calling this absurd form is a direct result of the vigor of the sons living in nursing homes. Too many policy to the attention of the American American Heritage Foundation. Al­ States, like New Mexico, make no provision people. It should be remembered that though we still have a long way to go, for enabling them to vote by mail. many farmers, as the Senator from New I am hopeful that the continued active In the District of Columbia, 600,000 citi­ York has pointed out, did not wish to leadership of the foundation will help zens can't vote because they have no legal join the program, but they were in effect make this goal a reality. residence elsewhere and are not entitled to forced into the program through the It is with pleasure today that I call absentee ballots. Although they pay taxes attention to the fine work of the Ameri­ and can be drafted :for military service, these action of the Secretary of Agriculture forgotten people have no representation. 2 or 3 months ago when the Department can Heritage Foundation. I ask unani­ Sunday obstacles block the path to the began dumping corn on the market, mous consent to include in the RECORD voting booth !or many other Americans. thereby deliberately breaking the corn an excellent article entitled "Nineteen Twenty-one States have no laws permitting market, with the threat that if the Million Americans Can't Vote," which employees time otf !rom work to vote. An­ farmers did not come into the soil-bank appeared in the Family Weekly in New nual registration in some States places an York. This article was written by Mr. undue hardship on certain potential voters, program they would be bankrupted in particularly in rural areas; only 10 States the fall. Brendan Byrne, the distinguished execu­ tive director of American Heritage have full, permanent personal registration. Many fanners had no choice but to Many of the half-million U.S. citizens sign up under the program. The man­ Foundation. I also ask unanimous con­ living abroad find it hard to obtain an ner in which the Secretary of Agriculture sent to include three excellent editorials absentee ballot. Five States still do not pro­ has used his power is absolutely inde­ which appeared in the Long Island City vide for absentee man balloting by civilians. Star-Journal, the Utica Press, and the In. the face of all the gaps in our balloting fensible. Under the power h~ received under the so-called Feed Grain Act. he Schenectady Gazette as well as a news procedures, 36 States ha.ve made some kind article from the New York Journal of change since our last presidential elec­ deliberately broke the corn market last tion. But we still have far to go before spring during the planting season. American on the work of the American Heritage Foundation. every citizen of voting age can cast a ballot There is no question that he broke the if he wishes. There being no objection, the edito­ To strengthen om representative form o! corn market by 15 to 20 cents last year. rials were ordered to be printed in the At the same time, he was buying soy­ government, the Am.erican Heritage Founda­ RECORD, as follows: beans,. which were not then in surplus. tion supports these recommendations by That action ran soybean prices up by (From the New York (N.Y.) Family Weekly, leading political scientists and election Nov. 6, 1960] specialists : about 50 cents a bushel above the normal NINETEEN MILLION AMERICANS CAN'T VOTE 1. Reduce State residence requirements to price. This was a multi-million-dollar 6 months and the county minimum to 30 windfall for the processors and specu­ (By Brendan Byrne, executive director, days. lators. The farmers had sold before this American Heritage Foundation, as told 2. Make available absentee registration to Theodore Irwin) rise. Furthermore, 2. years from now the and voting by mail to all voting-age citi­ farmers will no doubt be confronted with (NOTE.-On election day this week, one zens who will be away from the State or out of every six eligible citizens will be dis­ a surplus crop as the result of the in­ county on election day. qualified through no fault o! his own; the 3. Extend absentee voting privileges to the creased planting which will follow these reasons add up to a national disgrace.) sick and hospi tallzed. higher prices of last spring. In Tuesday's Presidential election both 4. Give the franchise to those who live Pushing up the price of beans did not candidates agree the results wm be close. in the District of. Columbia. benefit the farmers. At that time of the Every vote will be important. Yet the next 5. Provide central registration facilities year about 80 percent of the beans were President may be chosen not by those who throughout the year, closing them. about 6 owned by the processors, and the profit cast their ballots but by the citizens who weeks before election day. cannot vote. 6. Adequate, trained personnel must staff from this market rise was made, not by A nationwide study by the American the farmersp but by the warehousemen all polling places. Heritage Foundation indicates that am esti­ 7. We shoUld have a statewide uniform who owned them. mated 19 million Americans, of voting age system of permanent personal tax-free The present administration, with its will be disfranchised this year, generally registration. market rigging policies, is not helping through no fault o! their own. Thus, out of 8. Facilities should be provided for mobile the American farmers; instead it is cre­ more than. 100 million eligible citizens. al­ registration in public places, a practice ef­ most 1 out of 6 will be shamefully deprived ating a speculator's paradise. fectively followed in Philadelphia. of the voting privilege. 9. Literacy tests should be simple and The 19 million missing at the polls this objective, evaluated according to an answer week will be penalized by outmoded regula­ key provided by educators. AMERICAN HERITAGE FOUNDATION tions. and Ulll'easonable legal barriers which PRESSES FOR ELECTORAL RE­ States that make it easier !or their citi­ either rob them completely of a ballot or zens to vote get more of. them to the polls. FORM manage to discourage them so that voting Inevitably. people who want to vote but are seems too much. of an effort. Mr. KEATING. Mr. President• . too disqualified lose interest in their govern­ The largest group of Americans affected ment becaus.e they feel they have nothing little is known about a most effective are the 8 million who it is predicted will to do with how it's run. Our democracy public service organization in Washing­ move with their families across State, county, ends up being the loser. or precinct lines during the year. Our popu­ ton devoted to the revision and reform Let's get out this vote, too. of our Nation's electoral processes. I lation has grown more and more mobile, shifting from farm to city, from city to [From the Utica (N.Y.) Press, Feb. 1, 1961] speak of the American Heritage Founda­ suburb. often from one State to another. tion. which for many years has spon­ Factories and mills move with their em­ IDAHO ToPS U.S. VoTING sored and circulated research materials ployees. Workers today travel wherever their Idaho and Mississippi have little in com­ on the key areas of our State and Fed- .specialized training happens to be needed. mon ethnically, geographically, or culturally 11976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD·- SENATE July 5 and, it appears now, also in political habits. Since it is widely accepted (at least in the to a most perceptive article which was For the Gem State, a beautiful blend of Northern States) that one of the responsi­ published in the Army Times of June 10, mountain and prairie sage with 600,000 pea,. bilities of every citizen under our republi­ 1961. The· article is entitled "School pie, led the Nation i~ getting its citizens can form of government is to be an informed to the polls in-the November election. A voter and to vote whenever he can, it is Benefits i:>ue Special Peacetime Soldier," total of 80.7 percent of Idahoans cast their somewhat embarrassing to learn that the and was written by Mr. Monte Bourjaily, ballots, according to the American Heritage great Empire State was well down in the Jr. . Foundation. list so far as vote participation was con­ In his article, Mr. Bourjaily poses the Mississippi was on the other end of the cerned-that only 18 States had poorer question: "Why Are Peacetime Veterans list. This State, with its beautiful girls, had showings last November, and that most of Entitled to the Benefits of a Cold War GI a mark of 25.6 percent. It has a population them were States where obstacles are delib­ of 2,178,914, of whom nearly half are Ne­ erately put in the path of a considerable Bill?" groes. number of persons of voting age. The term "peacetime veterans" is a The telling difference in the showing of If you read the analysis of vote participa­ term applied by the opponents of the the two States, however, comes in how easy tion given by the American Heritage Foun­ cold war GI bill. Mr. Bourjaily's answer (or hard) they make it to vote. Idaho has dation (printed on this page last Friday) presents some startling statistics. He permanent tax-free registration and resi­ you noticed that the foundation sought to shows that only a handful of young men dents can register until 3 days before elec­ emphasize that States which make it easier tion. A 6-month residence in the State and to register and vote are generally the ones of draft age are ever called upon to ful­ 30 days in the county is sufficient to vote. that get the most people to the polls. For fill a military obligation. The article In the Magnolia State, however, 2 years' example, Idaho, which topped the list with r~ads, in part: residence is necessary and 1 year in the elec­ 80.7 percent voting, allows its people to The odds against any particular man being tion district. Other obstacles: Payment of register as late as 3 days before election, drafted are 4 to 1. The way the sys­ poll tax; no absentee voting; no registering and it requires only 6 months' residence in tem works, there are some areas in the after July 7. the State and 30 days in the county. country where no man has been drafted for How did New York come out? We had On the other side, the bottom eight States, 2 years' service for several years. There are a mark of 67.58 for 27th place (Utica's figure, which so far as we are concerned were un­ other areas where the only way the draft 96 percent). Other leading States: Minneso­ comfortably close to New York State in the boards fill the quotas set for them has been ta, 76.97; Connecticut, 76.91. There was no list, require a poll tax for voting and they to take men age 22. Southern State in the top 10. In fact, the make it difficult for some people in other The only possible conclusion is that mili­ low 10 were all Southern States, with Ala­ ways such as setting the poll tax deadline tary service is no longer an experience bama's 30.91 percent second to Mississippi's. early in the year when the average person and an obligation that will be fulfilled The lesson herein is plain. is not highly concerned about the November by most American men. It is still some­ election. And three of those States require thing with which every American is faced, [From the Long Island City (N.Y.) Star­ a 2-year residence. but it is now a lottery. Journal, Jan. 23, 1961] Where does that leave New York State? Our State is neither in the very bad nor the The fact is that those who have served in OUR VOTELESS 19 MILLION very good category. We don't have a poll the military since Korea have been given The voteless residents of the District of tax for voting, and we don't have a 2-year special treatment. As time goes by, this is Columbia are at last in process of getting the residence. But we do require 1 year in the even more true. They were specially selected, right to vote-:-four States have already State, 4 months in the county and 30 days unwillingly, and by chance for an obligation ratified a constitutional amendment for that in the district and as we pointed out here faced by all male citizens of this country but purpose-but millions of Americans con­ the other day, various organizations and fulfilled by only a part of them. tinue to be ineligible to exercise the voting officials are trying to liberalize the require­ Madam President, only recently I re­ privilege. ." ments. ceived a petition signed by almost 1,000 They are the otherwise eligible voters who It's difficult to say how many more persons move to other States before election day and would vote if the New York State require­ students of the University of Maryland cannot fulfill length-of-residence require­ ments were liberalized. Would our State in support of the cold war GI bill. This ments for voters in their new home States. jump from 32d place to 25th, or 20th, or is an indication of the continuing and It is estimated that fully 19 million Amer­ 15th, for example? We don't know. But growing interest in this most vital legis­ icans of voting age were deprived of their we do know that you're not going to get a lative proposal now pending before votes last November, some because they were vote from a person who is legally prevented Congress. hospitalized and some because of absentee­ from voting, no matter how much you ballot difficulties, but most of them because appeal to him. Madam President, I ask unanimous they had moved to other States. consent that the complete article pub­ While the States hold the right to set their [From the New York (N.Y.) World-Telegram lished in the Army Times of June 10, own voting rules, no State should be allowed and Sun, Dec. 7, 1960) 1961, be printed in the RE CORD, because to deprive any American citizen of his vote HERITAGE FuND HAILS VOTE DRIVE it presents valuable information which in a national election by unduly severe is very pertinent to S. 349, the cold war residence requirements. The American Heritage Foundation's 1960 Voting rules vary widely. Idaho, for ex­ get-out-the-vote campaign was an outstand­ GI bill introduced on January 11, 1961, ample, permits voter registration up to 3 days ing success, leaders of the foundation re­ by me and 36 other Senators, of whom before elections and requires only 6 months ported last night at the group's 14th annual the distinguished present Presiding Offi­ residence in the State and 30 days in the dinner, held at the Hotel Pierre. cer of the Senate [Mrs. NEUBERGER] is county. At the other end of the scale, Mis­ John C. Cornelius, foundation president, one. sissippi requires 2 years residence in the observed that more than 68.5 million votes were cast in the presidential election. He There being no objection, the article State and a year in the election district. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, It is no coincidence, as the American said this was more than 64 percent of the Heritage Foundation points out, that Idaho Nation's citizens of voting age and added: as follows: has the best voting record among the States, "When we consider that 19 million citizens SCHOOL BENEFITS DUE "SPECIAL" PEACETIME and Mississippi the worst. In the national were kept from the polls by archaic election SOLDIER election last November, 80.7 of Idaho's vot­ laws, the percent of actual eligibles who voted comes to about 80 percent--which (By Monte Bourjaily, Jr.) ing-age population voted. In Mississippi the Why are peacetime veterans entitled to p_ercentage was 25.6. means that we got out a vote that compares favorably to that of Great Britain, France, the benefits of a cold war GI bill? Because­ New York State's record, incidentally, was contrary to the vlews of the Defense Depart­ nothing to be very proud of. We stood 32d and other European democracies." Brig. Gen. David Sarnoff, foundation ment--they are special. Here's why: among the States in this respect with 67.6 The size of the Armed Forces has stabilized of our voting-age population casting votes. chairman, said 1960 had been "one of the most successful years in the history of the at, essentially, 2.5 million men. To main­ This situation can be corrected, but it will tain military forces of this size, the Defense take some concerted effort both by Congress foundation." He said that "the closeness of the election proves the soundness of our Department has said that it must have a and the legislatures of the various States. basic appeal that every single vote counts." draft law. Congress has agreed. The foundation announced an educational While only the Army drafts enlisted men, [From the Schenectady (N.Y.) Gazette, program in 1961 aimed at modernizing the existence of the draft law and the threat Jan. 25, 1961] archaic State election laws. of military service in the Army contributes NOT So GOOD to the ability of the other services to attract There may be considerable disappoint­ enough volunteers to maintain their ment in New York State that this State was THE COLD WAR GI BILL-FAIRNESS strengths. The threat of being drafted for in 32d place among the 50 States in the SHOWN BY ARMY TIMES 2 years of military service is also a strong percentage of the voting population that incentive, we are told, for men to volunteer actually voted in the 1960 presidential Mr. YARBOROUGH. Madam Presi­ for the Reserve under the 6-month RF'A pro­ elections. dent, I call the attention of the Senate gram. Without this program, it would be 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 11977 impossible to have a reserve (including the aids for the entire population. Cold war From the Austin American, June 27, National Guard) ready enough to fulfill its veterans shouldn't be given special treat­ 1961, an article entitled "Ferguson Last mission in modern circumstances. ment, he says. Rites Conducted." The draft law expires in 2 more years. The fact is that those who have served Even before it comes up for renewal-and it in the military since Korea have been given From the Austin American, June 27, seems likely that it will be renewed, the special treatment. And as time goes by, 1961, an editorial entitled "Mrs. Fergu­ chances of any particular man being forced this is even more true. For they were spe­ son Inscribes Page of Texas History." to serve are comparatively slim. cially selected, unw1llingly and by chance From the Dallas Times Herald, June Consider the number of men reaching age for an obligation faced by all male citizens 26, 1961, an article entitled "Texas 18 each year is increasing. For the next of this country but fulfilled by only a part Mourning Miriam Ferguson, Former several years the figure will average about of them. Governor." 1.6 million. The draft age today is close to As of now, they are a specially selected 24. The need of the services for new re­ group in another way. Mental and physical From the Washington Post, June 26, cruits is less than 400,000, not counting the standards for enlistment and for draft an article entitled "'Ma' Ferguson draft. From the draft, the Army is taking service are higher than ever. Those who are Dies; Texas Ex-Governor." less than 72,000 a year. Total requirement in uniform represent a select, selected, From the Houston Post, June 27 , 1961, for new men is running about 450,000 to above-average group of young American an article entitled, "'Ma' Ferguson 500,000 a year and wm not exceed that, even men. Buried in Simple Austin Rites." if the Army should be authorized an increase Those of this group who do not remain From the Houston Press, June 27, next year to 925,000. in uniform can make an outstanding con­ About one-third of those who attain age tribution to American progress in a variety 1961, an editorial entitled "Me for 'Ma.' " 18 are disqualified for physical and mental of fields. But they can do so only if educated From the Abilene Reporter-News, reasons for military service. This figures out and trained. Many will get education and June 27, 1961, an editorial entitled to about 600,000 men. In addition, perhaps training on their own. But many more will "Death Writes Finis to Ferguson Politi­ 200,000 men a year qualify for deferment be­ not, unless they receive some sort of Govern­ cal Saga." cause of parenthood, essentiality in their ment educational aid. From the Houston Post, June 27, 1961, jobs, and for other reasons. Educational benefits are opposed by the Let's put these figures together. From the services because they might influence men an editorial entitled " 'Ma• Ferguson new manpower pool of 1.6 million 18-year­ to leave service. This is, it seems to me, Played Unique Role in Political History olds a year, we can take 600,000 physically relatively a slight danger. Men to not make of the State." and mentally disqualified and 200,000 de­ military service a career merely because they There being no objection, the articles ferred. This leaves 800,000 in the pool. From can't get a civilian education. and editorials were ordered to be printed this number, deduct 400,000 who volunteer The educational benefits of a cold war GI in the RECORD, as follows: for military service. This leaves 400,000 bill are more than a kind of veterans' bonus. from which will be drafted fewer than They are potentially an investment in in­ (From the Austin Statesman, June 26, 1961] 100,000. creasing the national technological capacity, TEXANS MOURN MRS. FERGUSON The odds against any particular man being an essential in the world today. As such, I (By Carlton Wilson) drafted are 4 to 1. hope that the bill passes. The State of Texas Monday mourned the The way the system works, there are some death of Mrs. Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson, a areas of the country where no man has been housewife at heart who became one of the drafted for 2 years' service for several years. TEXAS MOURNS PASSING OF FOR­ first women Governors in the Nation be­ There are other areas where the only way MER GOV. MIRIAM A. FERGUSON cause she loved her husband so much and that draft boards have filled the draft quotas Mr. YARBOROUGH. Madam Presi­ wanted to clear his name. set for them has been to take men age 22. She hated to be called "Ma," btit the name But most draft boards fill the largest part dent, Texas in all walks of life mourned stuck. It was a price she paid to become a of their quotas by accepting volunteers, men the recent passing of former Gov. public figure. She disliked politics because who ask to be sent at a specific time so that Miriam "Ma" Ferguson. Her burial be­ it took her away from her flower gardens and they will be able to plan their futures. side the body of her husband, former family. The only possible conclusion is that mili­ Gov. James E. "Farmer Jim" Ferguson, But she had a job to do, and she did it. tary service is no longer an experience and closed one of the most colorful and tur­ She became "home folks" to Texans and was an obligation that will be fulfilled by most bulent chapters in Texas political his­ as well loved by some as she was controver­ American men. It is still something with sial to others. which every American male is faced, but it's tory. Her life was an example of absolute Funeral services for Mrs. Ferguson will be now a lottery. One man out of four loses, to held at the family home, 1500 Windsor Road, accept the attitude of most civilians. devotion and love of her family under at 5 p.m. Monday. Rev. Charles Sumners, Even consicl;ering the total manpower pool great difficulties, and also concern for rector of St. David's Episcopal Church, will of 1.6 million and the total military require­ all the people. officiate. Burial will be beside Gov. James E. ment for about 500,000 new men a year, the Madam President, a few years ago I Ferguson in the State cemetery. Funeral odds against any one individual serving in heard one of the most distinguished arrangements are under the direction of the military are about 3 to 1. Weed Corley Funeral Home. Whatever the motive of an individual in history professors of Texas pose this joining one of the military services, there question to a seminar of history teachers, Flags flew at half-mast around the capital all of them college professors: If the Fer­ Monday, as Texas mourned the death of its are in today's world certain factors which only woman Governor. put him at a potential disadvantage if he gusons were not the best 20th century does not stay in. For today the civilian Governors of Texas, who were? No one Gov. Price Daniel sent from Hawaii a per­ economy demands of its workers more educa­ sonal message of condolence to the family would challenge that opinion of the when informed by phone Sunday afternoon tion, more skill, than ever before. Those Texas Governors of the present era. who join the military and learn a trade bene­ ·of Mrs. Ferguson's death. fit to a degree. But those who do not learn The Ferguson family did more than The Governor's office Monday directed that a trade for which there is a civilian demand any other Texas Governors in the 20th State flags on the capitol and other State have lost at least 2 years, in their civilian century to advance public school educa­ buildings be lowered to half-mast for the day career development as compared with their tion in that State, because it was under in tribute to the former chief executive. contemporaries. their administrations that free textbooks Representatives of the executive branch of If the disadvantage was solely the in­ were first distributed and equalization the State and of the legislature and mem­ dividual's, those of us who are sympathetic moneys voted for rural schools to bring bers of State courts were to attend the fu­ could bleed a little, cry a little, and be com­ them up to minimum standards. For­ neral services. pletely ignored. But there are disadvan­ From Washington, D.C., Vice President tages to the country, too. The President is merly, schools in the rural areas of Texas LYNDON JOHNSON Wired: "!deeply regret the asking Congress to spend several hundred had operated only 3 or 4 months a year. tragic news of the passing of Mrs. Ferguson. million dollars to retain civilians who are Mrs. Ferguson left a record in her She was a colorful lady and a good friend." technologically obsolete. He wants to teach second term which will inspire the peo­ In Austin, longtime Railroad Commissioner unemployed workers new skills so that they ple of Texas, in the future, to elect some Ernest 0. Thompson said: "She was a great can get work. They've been costing the Gov­ other woman as Governor. lady and a good friend. A good woman is ernment unemployment money. They've Madam President, I ask unanimous lost." been costing the country a guilty conscience. consent to have printed in the RECORD Pallbearers were State Comptroller Robert Mr. Kennedy's administration opposes a S. Calvert, District Judge Mace Thurman of peacetime or cold war GI bill including, most the following articles and editorials con­ Austin, District Attorney Les Procter, Jr., of importantly, educational grants. Money cerning her life and services: Aust in, Charles Guokas and Dr. C. E. Reece, that would be required to carry out this From the Austin Statesman, June 26, both of Houston; Wright Armstrong, of Fort program, his administration says, can be 1961, an article entitled "Texans Mourn Worth; Jerome Sneed and Robert Sneed, better spent on grants, loans or some other Mrs. Ferguson." Aust in attorneys; Holland Page, an Austin 11978 CONGRESSIONAL REcORD- SENATE July 5

contractor; Charles L. Krueger, Jim Motheral, Her husband died in 1944 and slie had the of them big natn.e State officials and poli­ and Bill Coates, all of Austin. satisfaction of hearing the legislature order ticians, gave her a testimonial dinner which Mrs. Stuart Watt, her only living daughter, that he be given an honored burial in the she described as .. the party to end an and several grandchildren were at her bed­ State cemetery despite his impeachment. parties." side at the end. Her other daughter, Mrs. The monument for him reserved a spot !or Since then, she had stayed away !rom the George Nalle, preceded her in death. Other her alongside his grave. public's eye. survivors are George Nalle, Jr., and James "All Texans mourn the passing of one o! A new generation had grown up,, one that Stuart Watt, both grandsons, of Austin, and our great citizens," Senator RALPH YARBOR­ couldn't remember those perennial good old three greatgrandsons. ouGH said. "Gov. Miriam A. Ferguson's life days when politicians of the opposite side "She went out pretty quickly, but her is an example of absolute devotion and love of the floor blasted the Fergusons for their death was so gradual and so quiet that I of her family under great difficulties and con­ conduct of the highway department's busi­ don't think she knew the end was near," Mrs. cern for all the people. ness and their liberalism in setting convicts Watt said. ''The Ferguson family did more than any free from Huntsville. Ma Ferguson and her husband, James E. other Texas Governors of the 20th century Yet, the Ferguson campaign slogan of "two "Farmer Jim" Ferguson, who was also known to advance public school education in Texas; GovernOl's for the price of one" worked in as "Pa," dominated Texas politics for two she left a record that will inspire the people the precincts. Ma tended to the home fires decades. She served as Governor for two in the future to elect some other woman as while "Farmer Jim" tended to matters down terms-from 1925 to 1927 and from 1933 to Governor." at the office. 1935. Pa Ferguson was elected Governor in Mrs. Ferguson 's last public appearance was A personality contrast to her politician 1914 and again in 1916. in 1955 when she celebrated her 80th birth­ husband, Mrs. Ferguson was quiet and dig­ In 1917 he was impeached and removed day at a banquet at an Austin hotel. nified. After ex-Governor Jim Ferguson died !rom office for fiscal irregularities and barred Vice President LYNDON B. JoHNSON, who in 1944, Mrs. Ferguson devoted most of her !rom ever holding any other State office. was then Senate majority leader. attended time to her home, her flowers, and her grand­ So, Mrs. Ferguson donned her sunbonnet and hailed her and her husband as "people children. in 1924 and tackled eight male opponents. who stand !or the folks--foursquare, with­ Since suffering a heart attack last No­ She pleaded with wives, mothers, and sisters out apology and no compromise." vember, Mrs. Ferguson had spent much of to help her clear the family name. They re­ "Maybe they weren't always right. but her time in an Austin hospital. She re­ sponded, wearing big buttons with campaign they tried to be right, and you can ask !or tmned home just before her 86th bl:rthday. slogans such as "Me for Ma," and "Put on no more of anyone," JoHNSON said. When she left the big green-shuttered Your Old Gray Bonnet." house on the corner of Enfield and Windsor Opponents charged that if she were (From the Austin American, June 27, 1961} at 5:30 p .m., Monday, the homebound elected, she would be a figurehead and that FERGUSON LAST RITES CONDUCTED--EX-GOVER­ drivers slowed or stopped or moved as the "Pa" would actually be running the State. NOR Is LAID TO REST BESIDE SPOUSE cars ahead moved according to the directions Pa and Ma turned the charges to their own of the two traffic policemen on duty. use and brought out another campaign (By Marj Wightman) And for a minute their thoughts were all slogan: "Two Governors !or the price of one." An 86-year-old woman who'd have rather the same. They made good the promise. "Pa" shared stayed home than be Governor-yet served Ma Ferguson is gone. the executive offices in the State capitol and twice in the high office-left the Texas scene made most of the major decisions while "Ma" Monday in a 5:30 p.m. traffic jam. stayed at home and devoted a large part of Mrs. Miriam A. Ferguson was buried be­ [From the Austin American, June 27. 19611 her time to household chores she loved. side the body of her husband, James E. MRS. FERGUSON INscRmES PAGE OF TExAs She didn't like public attention, particu­ Ferguson, in the State cemetery following HISTORY larly in her later years. And one of the a simple funeral service at her ho~e. Just past her 86th birthday, Go-v. Miriam things she didn't like about being Governor The former Governor of Texas died Sunday A. Ferguson has gone to her eternal rest, was that she didn't have enough time to de­ after a heart attack. joining in death her husband, with whom vote to her flowers. She didn't like it be­ Old friends and former political associates she carved into the enduring pages of his­ cause a gardener kept the flower beds around parked their cars for blockS on Enfield and tory a record of State government unique 1n the mansion. Windsor Roads to walk slowly toward the the annals of America. Ma was a stanch defender of family in­ big tree-shaded house and pay their final · She and the late Gov. James E'. Ferguson tegrity, and she confided to friends that the tribute to the only woman in the country were the only family team both of whom only reason she entered politics was to clear who served twice as the Governor of a State. served as chief executive during the life of her husband's name and give him a chance It is said now, and probably will be said the other. The only close approach to the to put his policies back into practice through for years to come, that the Ferguson era record was when Mrs. Nellie Tayloe Ross, of her. was the most colorful in Texas politics. And Wyoming, was appointed Governor to suc­ She was an absolute contrast to her hus­ perhaps it was. ceed her deceased husband, then elected to band. He had showmanship with the then Certainly it was not usual in 1924 to see the office at a special election. Mrs. Fergu­ famous Ferguson oratory. She was always a woman run for Governor in order to vin­ son was nominated Governor in August 1924, quiet and dignified to the end. dicate the family name-and win. Yet this in what in Texas amounted to election, and "Ma" suffered a heart attack last Novem­ woman who spent her last year& in Austin the formal' election followed in November, ber, and much of her time in recent months living and enjoying the role of a gentle, the same day in which MrS'. Ross was eleeted. has been spent in hospitals. She was re­ white-haired great-g~andmother did just Mrs. Ferguson served one term, then, In the turned home for the last time 12 days before that. conflicts of State politics of the time, was her death. It was a birthday present. In the process Miriam Ferguson_acquired replaced. Six years later, she was returned She wanted to be in her home to observe a nickname she hated, but had to put up by the people of Texas to the executive chair her 86th birthday with her family and a few with the cries of the crowd for "Ma" because to serve the traditional second term. close friends. that was what the voters wanted. Twice Thus the Ferguson family team presided The day Mrs. Ferguson was elected-No­ they wanted "Ma" Ferguson and twice they over State government on three separate oc­ vember 4, 1924--was the day that Mrs. Nellie elected her. casions, and for a total of more than 6Y2 Tayloe Ross became the first woman Gov­ Mrs. Ferguson was first elected Governor years. ernor of Wyoming in a special election to fill in 1924, taking to the stump to vindicate Her election to the State's highest office the unexpired term of her husband, William "Farmer Jim" who'd been elected in 1914 came only 4 years after women had received B. Ross. and again in 1917. But, Jim Ferguson was the full right to vote. Prior to Mrs. Fergu­ It made Mrs. Ferguson the first woman impeached for alleged fiscal irregularities son's election, Dr. Annie Webb Blanton had elected Governor in a general election and in his second term. been the first woman elected to State office, to a full term. Although Mrs. Ferguson was defeated for as superintendent of public instruction. She continued her strict home policy as reelection after her first term in office, she Mrs. Ferguson brought into office the first Governor-in-fact as well as first lady. _No came back and won again in 1932. woman secretary of state, Mrs. Emma Grigsby liquor could be served in the Governor's "Farmer Jim" and "Ma" (soon the news­ Meharg; and her administration also had the mansion, and all ash trays were removed to papers even dropped the quotes around the first woman commissioner of labor, and the discourage women who smoked in those days. nickname and just about everyone forgot the first member of the State prison board. Mrs. Ferguson ran again in 1932 and nar­ lady Governor started life as Miriam) dom­ Her administrations · were closely linked rowly defeated Ross Sterling, a Houston oil­ inated the Texas political picture from 1914 with the personality, and represented broadly man who ·contested the election. But she until the mid.;1930's. Mrs. Ferguson's final personal political victories, of Gov. James E. avoided legal service as long as she could, bid for the Governor's chair came too late in Ferguson, a man whose State service, with and by the time the contest reached the 1940. all its controversy and political bickering, will State supreme court, her term of office was Six years ago, on Mrs. Ferguson's 80th stand out permanently as a distinctive and over. birthday, more than 600 well-wishers, many dynamic revitalization of the executive office. 1961 CONGRESSION.(\L RECORD- SENATE 11979 . When Mrs. Ferguson came into office, it Othe.r survivors are George Nalle, Jr., and Both Mrs. Ferguson and her late husband, was natural that people bestowed the title James Stuart Watt, both grandsons living in James E. "Farmer Jim" Ferguson, were long­ of "Pa" and "Ma" Ferguson. A person of Austin, and three great-grandsons. time political powers in Texas. reserve and dignity, she never came to like "She died very peacefully," Mrs. Watts said. Mr. Ferguson was twice elected Governor the title, however affectionately used by DOMINATED POLITICS of Texas in the pre-World War I era. He friends. was impeached and removed from office for "Ma" Ferguson and her husband, James fiscal irregularities during his second term In historical depth, Mrs. Ferguson's elec­ E. Ferguson, who was known as "Pa," domi­ tion to office marked defeat of the modern as Governor in 1917. Ku Klux Klan in its ambitious and nearly nated Texas politics for two decades. She Because of the impeachment, Mr. Fergu­ successful effort to control State government. served as Governor for two terms-from 1925 son was barred from seeking public office, but Along with that, her election had the prac­ to 1927 and from 1933 to 1935. "Pa" Fergu­ his wife in 1924 ran for Governor on a plat­ tical effect of repudiation by the citizenship son was elected Governor in 1914 and again form vindicating his name. She was an anti­ of Texas of the verdict of impeachment in 1916. Ku Klux Klan candidate. Both were active which had removed Governor Jim from office In 1917 he was impeached and removed in her campaign, using the slogan ".two Gov­ from office for fiscal irregularities and barred in 1917. ernors for the price of one." Friends and supporters of the husband­ from ever holding any other State office. Mrs. Ferguson was defeated for reelection In 1924, Mrs. Ferguson donned her sun­ wife team were constant ~n their devotion. in 1926 by Attorney General Dan Moody. In office and out, the Fergusons were domi­ bonnet and tackled eight male opponents. But then she came back and won the office nant in Texas political affairs for a full two She pleaded with wives, mothers, and sisters for another 2-year term in 1932 from the decades, from the time he came unexpectedly to help her clear the family name. They incumbent R. S. Sterling · by a margin of to the State's top office in 1915 until she responded, wearing big buttons with cam­ less than 4,000 votes. Her last attempt in completed her second administration in 1935. paign slogans such as "Me forMa," and "Put politics was in 1940 when she made an un­ · Mter she retired from office, there was-the on Your Old Gray Bonnet." successful bid for Governor against W. Lee long period of calm and retrospect for the Opponents charged that if she were elected, O'Daniel. husband and wife, until Governor Jim died she would be a figurehead and that "Pa She continued an interest in politics but in 1944. Then for Mrs. Ferguson, a long and would e.ctually be running the State." The confined most of her activi1;y to working in Fergusons turned the charges to their own serene span of years in which her interest in her garden at ~er home here in recent years. public and political affairs stayed always use and brought out another campaign slo­ She suffered a heart attack last year but keen. As the years lengthened, her birth­ gan: "Two Governors for the Price of One." was soon able to return to her home. How­ days came to be an important event in FIRST IN NATION ever, she was hospitalized again this year and Austin. Hundreds of friends gathered to The day Mrs. Ferguson was elected-No­ had returned to her home only last Tues­ greet her and pay their respects. vember 4, 1924-was the day that Mrs.·Nellie day. She died at her home shortly before This year, after she had been critically Tayloe Ross became the first Governor of noon today. striclten with a heart ailment last November, . Wyoming in a special election to fill the un­ Funeral services will be conducted at 5 Mrs. Ferguson insisted on going home from expired term of her husband, William B. p.m. central standard time, Monday at her the hospital the day before her 86th birthday Ross. home here. Burial will be in the State ceme­ last Tuesday, so that she might spend the It made Mrs. Ferguson the first . woman tery beside the body of her husband, who day with her daughter and other members elected Governor in a general election and died in 1944. of the family, including three great-gr~nd­ to a full term. Surviving are a daughter, Mrs. Stuart Watt sons. For the first time, her critical health She continued her strict home policy as of Austin; two grandsons, George Nalle Jr. prevented others than the family and a few Governor,-in-fact as well as first lady. No and James Stuart Watt, both of Austin, and of her longtime friends from saluting }?.er in _liquor could be served in the Governor's three great-grandsons. person on what was to be her last birthday mansion, and all ashtrays were removed to observance. discourage wo:r_nen who smoked .in those days. [From the Houston Post,. June 27, 1961] For her and for Texans the fires of old Mrs. Ferguson ran again in 1932 and nar­ "MA" FERGUSON BURIED IN SIMPLE political conflict long since had flickered into rowly defeated Ross Sterling, a Houston oil­ AUS TIN RI-TES the embers of softened memories. She held man who contested the election. But by AusTIN.-Mrs. Miriam A . . "Ma" Ferguson the respect, the admiration, and affection of the time the contest reached the State su­ was buried Monday beside tl:).e body of her Texans who had lived through the days of preme court, her term of office was over. husband, James E. "Farmer Jim" Ferguson, the Ferguson era and those who have reached "PA" HONORED folloWing a simple funeral service at her maturity since the days she was writing new Her husband died in 1944 and she had the home. and impressive records in the history of her satisfaction of · hearing the legislature order The 86-year-old former Governor died Sun­ State government. that he be given an honored burial in the day after a heart attack. She and her hus­ State cemetery despite his impeachment. band were the only husband-and-wife team [From the Dallas Times Herald, June 26, The monument for him reserved a spot for to both win election in Texas as Governor. 1961] her alongside his grave. Tributes poured in from across the State TEXAS MOURNING MmiAM FERGUSON, FORMER "All Texans mourn the passing of one of for the gentle white-haired great-grand­ GOVERNOR our great citizens," Senator RALPH YAR­ mother who with her husband guided the AusTIN.-The State of Texas today mourned BOROUGH said. "GOV. Miriam A. Fergu­ State's destiny during a period of turbulent the death of Mrs. Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson, son's life is an example of absolute devotion Texas politics. a housewife at heart who became one of the and love of he~ family under great difficulties She was first elected Governor in 1924, first women Governors in the Nation because and concern for all the people. taking to the stump to vindicate the family she loved her husband so much and wanted "The Ferguson family did more than any name. Her husband was elected Governor to clear his name. _other Texas Governors of the 20th century to in 1914 and reelected, but impeached for She hated to be called "Ma," but the name actvancf:'! public school education in Texas­ fiscal irregularities in his second term. Mrs. stuck. It was a price she paid to become she left a record that will inspire the people Ferguson was defeated for reelection, but a public figure. She disliked politics be­ in the future to elect some other woman as came back and won the office again in 1932. cause it took her away from her flower gar­ Governor." In recent years she confined her activity dens and family. mostly to gardening at her home in one of But she had a job to do, and she did it. [From the Washington Post, June 26, 1961] the city's older residential areas. She suf­ She became "home folks" to Texans and was "MA" FERGUSON DIES; TEXAS Ex-GOVERNOR fered a heart attack November 30, 1960. as well loved by some as she was controver­ AUSTIN, TEX., June 25.-Miriam A. Fergu­ The flag fluttered at half staff over the sial to others. son, twice Governor of Texas and one of the State capitol in tribute to the only woman in SERVICES SLATED Nation's first women Governors, died here the Nation to serve twice as Governor of a Mrs. Ferguson, 86, died at her home in today. She was 86. State. . Austin yesterday. Funeral services and burial Mrs. Ferguson, called "Ma" by friends The Reverend Charles Sumner, rector of beside her husband were scheduled today. and foes alike, shared honors with Mrs. St. David's Episcopal Church, of whic;h she Services were to be held at the Fergu­ Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming for the honor was a member, officiated at the services. She son's two-story, white stucco home on Wind­ of being the Nation's first woman Governor. was buried in the State cemetery beneath a sor Road in an old, stately section of the capi­ Mrs. Ferguson and Mrs. Ross were elected large headstone erected after the death of tal city. Rev. Charles A. Sumners, pastor Governor on the same day, November 4, her husband in 1944. of St. David's Episcopal Church, was to offi­ 1924. Mrs. Ross' victory came in a special [From the Houston Press, June 27, 1961] ciate. election to fill the unexpired term of her Mrs. Stuart Watt, her only living daugh­ late husband, William B. Ross. Mrs. Fergu­ ME FOR "MA" ter, and several grandchildren were at her son won a bitter campaign in the general The story of Fergusonism is remembered bedside at the end. Her other daughter, election after being named in the Democratic vividly by older Texas voters who played. Mrs. George Nalle. preceded her in death. primaries. their parts in it. 11980 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 5 The death of Mrs. Miriam A. Ferguson in When they were at the peak of their pow­ again elected, defeating the incumbent Gov­ Austin at 86 years of age was the final post­ er, Jim published his weekly newspaper, ernor, Ross Sterling. In 1940, she lost to script to this story now embedded in Texas "Ferguson Forum," which was the bible for W. Lee "Pappy" O'Dantel, thus closing one history. his hosts of supporters. o:f the most colorful chapters in Texas' po­ The story actually ended 21 years ago Dan Moody beat Ma Ferguson in her bid litical history. when for the last time "Pa" persuaded "Ma" for reelection in 1926. Mrs. Ferguson was far from a political to run for Governor on the Ferguson slogan, Sitting out the race of 1928, she tried again Innocent, and it would be wrong to say that "Two Governors for the Price of One" and in 1930 but lost to Ross Sterling. Two years she made no contribution to the State as the Ferguson name was snowed under for the later She whipped Sterling and came back Governor. However, the true story of gov­ first time in 25 stormy years. to office after a 6-year absence and one de­ ernment-in-tandem by the Fergusons re­ Mrs. Ferguson, of course, was the only feat, in itself an unusual political achieve­ mains for some future historian to tell. woman ever elected to statewide office in ment. "Ma" Ferguson had the great virtue of loy­ Texas, twice winning the governorship, first Ma didn't run for reelection in 1934, and alty to the people who put her in office, and from 1925 to 1927 and again from 1933 to made one last bid in 1940 against W. Lee this is tantamount to loyalty to Texas. She 1935. O'Daniel. She was a poor fourth. The made her mark in Texas history, and it wm She was a mild-mannered, motherly wife Ferguson grip on the Texas public had not easily be erased. of the fiery "Farmer Jim" Ferguson whose been broken. eloquence and political charm tore Texas Even the historians would have trouble Mr. YARBOROUGH. Madam Presi­ apart in 16 hotly contested campalgns-12 reaching agreements, perhaps, in appraising dent, these are only samples of articles Democratic primaries and 4 general elections. the contributions of the Fergusons to Texas and editorials about this unique person­ It would not be fair to her or to history politics and government. ality. As I recall, Mrs. Nellie Tayloe to say she actually served as Governor. She But as a team, they were a force to be made no bones about turning the office over reckoned with longer than any politician be­ Ross was sworn in as Governor of Wyo­ to her husband who was barred by law from fore them or since, dominating the Texas ming 15 days before Mrs. Ferguson was holding it after his impeachment and re­ scene most of the 20 years from 1914 to 1934. sworn in as Governor of Texas. They moval by the legislature in 1917. were the first two women to be duly Mrs. Ferguson was a gracious lady. Her (From the Houston Post, June 27, 1961] elected as Governors of States. only purely personal brush with the headlines A large number of articles and editori­ came because she loved flowers and didn't "MA" FERGUSON PLAYED UNIQUE ROLE IN als have been written concerning Mrs. like the State's professional gardeners car­ POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE STATE ing for the beautiful gardens of the Gov­ The campaign song of Mrs. Mlrlam A. "Ma" Ferguson, but those which are now to ernor's mansion while she was its mistress. Ferguson, Texas' only woman Governor, was be printed in the REcORD are sufficient The simple reason she went into politics "Old Gray Bonnet.'' to give a picture of the kind of life which was to live up to the phrases, "From this day This is a down-to-earth song and "Ma" was lived by this distinguished woman. forward, for better, for worse," which she Ferguson was a down-to-earth person, with repeated before the turn of the century when a wealth of motherly devotion, although it she was married to a young Bell County was not this fine attribute which gave her lawyer. her nickname. She was called "Ma" from the FOREIGN AID DILEMMA She lived to see him reach his heights • • • initials of her given names. Mr. DWORSHAK. Madam President, be cast into the depth • • • to help him Throughout her long life she well exem­ for some time the administration has regain power in her name and person • • • plified the uncomplicated philosophy of sim­ been trying to stimulate interest in an to be buried in 1944 with full honors as an plicity and unpretentiousness. These were expanded foreign aid program. How.:. ex-Governor • • • to pass away quietly attributes which she also carried into her ever, it is becoming more apparent each Sunday herself in a new and far different political life. Because of them, when she Texas than that she and her husband ruled became the first woman Governor of Texas, day that the response to this propaganda and rolled so long. nothing in her high office was strong enough eiiort is very limited, although I recog­ to break the close relationship she had nize the sincerity of the President in [From the Abilene Reporter-News, with the people of Texas. making this appeal to the people. June 27, 1961] Her husband, James E. "Farmer Jim" Fer­ Recently an opinion survey was made DEATH WRITES FINIS TO FERGUSON POLITICAL guson also had this close relationship with by Dr. George Gallup to ascertain which SAGA the people of Texas. He was greatly en­ program sponsored by the administra­ dowed with the abillty to speak to these tion was receiving the greatest public Death Sunday wrote the last chapter on people of the small towns and rural areas, is tha·~ Texas' most controversial political family and convince them that he was their man. support. It interesting to note of the 20th century. 'It elected him Governor in 1915, and brought of about seven diiierent programs con­ Miriam A. "Ma'• Ferguson died at her Mrs. Ferguson for the first time in her life cerning which the American people were Austin home of a heart attack at the age out o:f her Bell County balltwick. asked to express their opinion about of 86. making sacrifices, the program for in­ It was the banner story in most Texas Farmer Jim's career as Governor had a newspapers, but only the voters of middle bitter end. He was impeached in 1917 and creased economic aid to foreign nations age and past would understand why. Doubt­ barred :from holding political office. Severe was next to the last. Only 21 percent of less most of the younger generation of voters as this blow may have been to the Fergusons, those interviewed were willing to make had never_heard of her, unless they read of it was not the kind which either of them sacrifices for that program, her in the history books. considered a political death knell. At the bottom of the list was the pro­ Jim and Ma Ferguson (she heartily dis­ Mrs. Ferguson was determined to vindi­ gram for increased military aid to na­ liked the "Ma" nickname) between them ·cate her impeached husband. She ran for were elected to four terms as Governor. She Governor. "Farmer Jim," with his political tions, for which only 9 percent of the was the State's only woman Governor, and acumen and oratorical skill, carried the cam­ people who answered the survey were the only woman in U.S. history to serve two paign load. Two Governors for the price willing to make sacrifices. terms as a Governor. of one? That sounded like a good deal The Idaho Daily Statesman, of Boise, This day has its turbulent politics in among the grassroots Texans, although the recently published an editorial entitled Texas, but unlike the times of the Fergu­ first campaign was a bitter one. "A New Deal for Foreign Aid." The edi­ sons. A man and his wife may be individuals, Farmer Jim was elected in 1914 and re­ but if the proinise of the marriage ceremony torial pointed out the necessity of mak­ elected in 1916, but impeached in 1917 on a is fulfilled they conduct their life in unity. ing a reappraisal of this program if it charge of fiscal irregular! ties. It is unique in the history o:f Texas politics is to receive the essential public support But then, and for nearly 20 years after­ that this unity of purpose between the Fer­ which it requires to make it successful. ward, there were thousands of Texas voters gusons should have been brought into the Madam President, I ask unanimous who felt that Ferguson could do no wrong. State's highest administrative office, when With Ferguson barred from holding office, Texans sent their first woman Governor to consent that the editorial may be printed Mrs. Ferguson ran for Governor in 1924 on a Austin in 1924. at this point in the REcoRD. platform of vindicating Jim's name. Both It is hardlysurprising that"Ma"Ferguson's There being no objection, the editorial actively campaigned and offered "two Gov­ first administration was marked by strong was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ernors for the price of one." criticisms of her policies. Indeed, they were as follows: They made this slogan come true, for Jim said not to be her's, but her husband's. This shared the Governor's office with his wife was undoubtedly reflected in her unsuccess­ A NEW DEAL FOR FoREIGN Am and was credited with making virtually all ful campaigns for reelection in 1926 and On one account, at any rate, a multi­ the decisions. again in 1930. However, in 193~ she was billion-dollar program of American foreign 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 11981 aid poses no problem for the new Director­ Madam President, Senator JOHN PAS­ world, including the very spot on which we a:! the U.S. Bureau of the Budget, Daniel E. TORE is one of the foremost authorities have gathered this Independence Day. Bell. in the entire Nation on the subject of The Kremlin respects nothing but power. That's in the matter of finance. But power is a changing progressive pos­ In an address prepared for delivery at com­ atomic energy. In an address he deliv­ session. The balance of power is the barom­ mencement exercises of Pomona College in ered on the Fourth of July at patriotic eter of world peace. California, his alma mater, he points out exercises at the Colt High School, in Power has been stated in nuclear terms that "we are providing now in grants and Bristol, R.I., the Senator from Rhode Is­ since our first atom bomb was exploded in loans for economic and military aid to un­ land gave his opinion on this subject, July of 1945. From the beginning, our nu­ derdeveloped countries an amount less than one which has tied into it so much of the clear strength has been pledged to peace. 1 percent of our annual outlay for national future of the United States and the rest From the very beginning we have gone more defense." That, perhaps is not much, if any, than our share of the distance to bring this more than we spend for tobacco, or cos- of the world. destructive force under international con­ metics. · Madam President, this is one of the trol. This was even before Russia had the Anyhow, Mr. Bell argues that "plainly we most thought provoking analyses of this bomb. could raise the amount of resources we are vital matter, and I ask unanimous con­ We have sought an enforceable test ban devoting to foreign aid, even to double its sent that this address by the senior Sen­ as far back as October 31, 1958. We have present level, without serious strain on the ator from Rhode Island be printed at held more than 300 meetings with the rep­ budget or the economy, if this were consid­ this point in the RECORD. resentatives of the Soviet Union in the hope ered necessary in the national interest." There being no objection, the address that nuclear tests might be brought under There's serious dispute over the question intern a tional control. of whether this foreign aid operation is really was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, In all of this time our negotiations with in the national interest-and well there may as follows: the Kremlin have been in vain. Three be. REMARKS 01' U.S. SENATOR JOHN 0. PASTORE dreary frustrating years have passed, during Let's by-pass that question, though, for AT THE FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATION, PA­ which time we have voluntarily suspended the moment and consider another phase of TRIOTIC EXERCISES, AT COLT HIGH SCHOOL, our own underground tests. Still we have the deal about which Mr. Bell isn't so san­ BRISTOL, R.I., JULY 4, 1961 no agreement. guine. He puts it this way: Today the eyes of a world hungry for free­ The serious question which troubles us "The dilemma is serious. If we encourage dom turn to the birthpla9e and the birthday and which causes us alarm is-what have undirected and overrapid political change in of Uberty. the Russians been doing in the meantime? a country, the result may be a Communist We commemorate today a deed that is 185 Have they been testing clandestinely--"-and, takeover. years young. We celebrate a declaration that if they have, what does it mean to our na­ "If we lean toward the status quo, the made the 4th day of the month of July a tional security and the peace of the world? pressure for change may build to an explo­ holiday for all time for the people of Amer­ This we know: In 1958 the balance of sion-for which the Communists are ready." ica-and a day of reverence for the liberty power was in our favor. But 1958 did not Obviously we're in danger when we at­ loving people of the world. spell· the pinnacle and perfection of nuclear tempt to interfere in any other country's More than 170 million Americans pause to weapons. affairs. praise the 4 million of the American Revolu­ The path to perfection-monstrous as it If w~ accept Mr. Bell's view, it's apparent tion for the courage of their convictions. may seem-is through testing. that the odds are loaded in favor of the They gave us a land of freedom-a land of In 1958 the Russians were well advanced Reds. It leaves us a mighty narrow area fair play-and a land with a future. in nuclear weapon know-how. If they have in which to operate. · There's no place in it Three billion people in today's world­ continued testing while we stood still with for foreign aid pattern~d ~fter the Marshall friends, foes, and neutrals alike-wonder if our self-imposed ban they might well per­ plan which served its purpose in a day when we still possess those convictions; we, the fect the fantastic weapon that Khrushchev we were dealing with-temporarily distressed richest Nation in the world, foremost in boasted about. countries that were ready and able to op­ science, unparalleled in our standard of Let me remind you of this Khrushchev erate on a plane that was- comparable to living. boast on January 14, 1960. That was more our own. They wonder if we have the moral fiber to than a year after we imposed the morato­ In dealing with underdeveloped and rium on ourselves. emerging nations that probably have some match our material and military power. They wonder if we have the courage of our This is what Khrushchev told his Central ideas of their own about what's right and convictions of democracy-of dignity and Committee of the Communist Party: proper, it's evident that this original con­ "Though the weapons we have now are cept of foreign aid must be changed quite decency. Our material wealth has ever been quick formidable weapons indeed, the weapon we radically. have today in the hatching stage is even In Cuba, in Laos, and in Vietnam there's to the needs of a hungry world. We are generous, perhaps generous to-a fault, but more perfect and more formidable. The disturbing evidence that old concepts' and weapon which is being developed and is, as old methods just won't work any longer. we glory in that fa111ng, if a failing it be. We shall never be miserly-we shall always they say, in the portfolio of our scientists It's quite obvious that if we're to con­ and designers, ts a fantastic weapon." tinue with -this foreign aid endeavor, we're be ·compassionate. Our military power has ever been quick to Fantastic indeed. We who have been close going to have to watch our step warily, and to the astounding expansion of nuclear that our programs wm· have to be pretty the relief of the oppressed. We have con­ quered no colonies-we have no captives­ weapons know that the fantastic of today thoroughly overhauled so that they'll op­ is the fact of tomorrow. It could be the erate more effectively and, probably, a good we desire no plunder-we want no ransoms. Our moral conduct is accepted and admired Russian's. It could be ours. But tt cannot deal less expensively. · be ours unless we test. A new deal all around for foreign aid is by the people of- the world. It is a compli­ ment to us that the nations of the world do Are they testing? We don't know. Can definitely in order. not expect us to use the sabotage, the bomb­ we take the chance? Of course not. The ings, the arson, and the - assassinations stakes are too big. At stake is the freedom of the world. "NECESSITY FOR RESUMPTION OF which are the trademarks of the Kremlin. The world's faith in America is our warm­ Against that chance we must make a NUCLEAR TESTING" -ADDRESS est weapon in the cold war. This is the choice. BY SENATOR PASTORE contest in which Soviet dreams of complete With all the responsibility of a member Mr. SYMINGTON. Madam President, world conquest now involve us. of the Joint Committee of the Congress on We of America wish each nation to de­ Atomic Energy-with all the reser:ves of no Member of the Senate takes his duties velop in its own image. To us, this is the classified knowledge that I may not re­ more seriously and conscientiously and important badge of freedom. That freedom veal-! say that we must resume our under­ conducts the·m with more fairness than must not be put in bondage to communism. ground testing. the distinguished senior Senator from Life holds little chance for a people in Time is running against us. Would we Rhode Island [Mr. PASTORE]. chains. pass on to our children and to our children's As e. longtime member of the Joint How far do you think Khrushchev would children the heritage of freedom we have indulge a little people when he talks so tough received from our forebears? Then the Committee on Atomic. Energy, the able hour of decision is at hand. Senator from Rhode Island has had full to the West on the issue of Berlin? Let us make no mistake-If he could, he would Franklin Delano Roosevelt faced decision knowledge over a period· of years of a ·scuttle every wartime agreement to swallow in the birth of the atom bomb. He listened subject a.bout which the American people up Berlin-then would come the conquest to Albert Einstein-and America had it first. should have more knowledge. I speak of all of Germany-then with a Communist Harry Truman faced the decision on the of the question of resumption of nuclear ·Germany to conquer all of Europe-and with ·hydrogen bomb. He listened to Brian Mac­ testing. Europe under the lash to enslave the entire Mahon and the Joint Committee-and CVII-758 11982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE July 5 America had it first. Now the day of deci­ monsense. To those who fear that we might adjournment until Friday, July 7, at sion is here for President Kennedy. The lose face-let us remind them-and our­ 12 o'clock noon. one way lies the fantastic. The other way selves-that more than face will be lost if lies the nameless fear. It is fear of the the citadels of freedom crumble before our The motion was agreed to; and

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Needed: Greater Mobilization of U.S. for survival of freedom in these challenging But 1961 is no time for playing. Rather, times. it is a time for serious reflecting up.on the "Idea Reserve" To Fight Communism On July 4, 1776, the Liberty Bell was rung great threat to our way of life. to announce the omcial adoption of the Should we, then-­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS Declaration of Independence. This was Wave the flag? Yes. actually the birthday of the Nation, and Tighten our belts as necessary? Yes. OF marks the most important single event in Better educate our people in the histo~y. its history. objectives, workings, and accomplishments of HON. ALEXANDER WIL~Y The Constitution-after adoption by the a free system? Yes. ·· OF WISCONSIN requisite number of States and put into Encourage greater individual effort, as well IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES effect . in 1789-provided a foundation for as civic, cultural, fraternal, veteran, religious, the new Nation "* • • to form a more per­ and other organizations to better serve our Wednesday, July 5, 1961 fect union; establish justice; insure domes­ national cause? Yes. · · Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, i:n our tic tranquillity; provide for common defense; · In addition, we should encourage more Nation's battle against the Communist promote the general welfare; and secure the citizens to enlist voluntarily, either in a mili­ blessings of liberty to ourselves and our tary or nonmilitary role, to fight communism effort to take over the world, we are, in posterity." and to support national policies that effec­ my judgment, failing to adequately uti­ For these ideals, early Americans fought, tively oppose the Red foe. lize to the maximum degree one of our and won, a battle for independence. In my judgment, however, there is still a greatest resources-the brainpower of Later, in the 1860's, the Nation faced a great untapped reservoir of good ideas of the the free people. great trial of its life. In the midst of the American people on how to win the battle How can this be accomplished? Civil War, the great challenge, to para­ for freedom. Recently, I was privileged to make phrase Lincoln, was: "to determine whether For this reason, I have suggested that we­ some suggestions in a radio broadcast a nation conceived in liberty and dedicated and this means you and me- to the proposition that all men are created Devote on July Fourth time to evaluating over station WGN, Chicago. The idea equal could lorig endure." After a long and the challenges confronting the Nation, and of the broadcast was tied into a recom­ bloody struggle-with the highest war-cas­ Create, if we can, new ideas on how to bet­ mended Fourth of July effort to stimu­ ualty rate in our history-the Nation was ter combat the threat to our security and late new thinking among our people preserved. improve our way of life. on the challenges confronting the coun­ Now in the 1960's, we, again, face a great If in your judgment these would serve the try. test: to determine whether a nation of free national interest, then forward them to the men, faced with great, and growing, threat President, or to myself, or to other Senators We recognize, however, that such en..: to survival, can endure, survive, and per­ or Congressmen. deavors cannot be limited to a specific petuate the ideas and ideals of freedom. This is the time for action. Let's get go­ day. Rather, this is a year-round chal­ In my judgment, Khrushchev's threat to ing. Let's demonstrate to the world- lenge. "bury us" was not just an idle wisecrack. That as a free people we are not fat and I ask unanimous consent to have ex­ By word and deed, the Communist bloc, now lazy and so swimming in self-indulgence that cerpts from the address printed in the controlling one-fourth of the land and one­ we cannot compete with or defend our system RECORD. third of the world's people, continues to against communism; There being no objection, the excerpts mobilize its efforts toward world conquest. That. freedom is not, as Khrushchev says, In the face of such a challenge, what can an outmoded concept that is literally dying were ordered to be printed in the REc­ we, the American people, in observing July 4, on the political vine of history; and ORD, as follows: 1961, do to strengthen, in muscle and spirit, That freedom, not totalitarian communism, On July 4, 1961, the American people will the ability of our country to meet the great is the dynamic revolution of the times that celebrate, once again, the anniversary of our challenges of the times? can best serve the people of the world now independence. Traditionally, we have observed July 4 by and in the future. The occasion offers a great opportunity patriotic lipservice observances; shooting In this battle we need you, and you, and for us to renew the Spirit of '76: become re­ off fireworks; recreation; enjoyment of a lazy you. Only by so mobilizing every American dedicated to the ideals of our Republic; in­ holiday: indulging in other kinds of cele­ can we hope to insure the triumph of spire the patriotism and greatness required brations. freedom.