Know how you will be assessed!

Case study questions will always be levelled marked – usually from L1 to L3 (L4 is reserved for the longer answers on P3) So you need to remember that a L3 answer needs a WELL- DEVELOPED answer (PEEL). Good geography also needs PLACE SPECIFIC DETAIL – name the places that are linked to the case study. Make sure you get AC, EDC & LIDC right too! Case studies There are 18 and you will need to KNOW them.

Paper Topic Case Study

1 GH 1 UK Drought 2012 2 Typhoon Haiyan 2013 3 Nepal Earthquake 2015 Causes, consequences and responses

1 DL 4 Jurassic Coast 5 River Thames Landforms, geomorphic process and human activity

1 SE 6 Ecotourism in Costa Rica 7 Whaling in the Arctic 8 Antarctic Treaty Sustainable management of ecosystems

2 UF 9 Birmingham (city in an AC) 10 Istanbul (city in an EDC) Ways of life and sustainable growth

2 DD 11 Zambia’s – An LIDC 12 Development Strategies - Kariba Dam (top-down) & Room to Read (bottom-up)

2 UK 13 Cambridge – an economic hub C21 14 UK Role in Conflict in the Middle East 15 Media and the contribution of ethnic groups to the takeaway industry

2 RR Tanzania & Food Security 16 Goat Aid 17 Tanzanian-Canadian Wheat Programme 18 SAGCOT 1 Case Study: Drought in the UK Topic: GH Where/When? UK, April 2010 - May 2012

A CAUSES - Why is it happening? 1 Less rain – drier winds from Europe caused 55-95% less rainfall 2 Warmer temperatures caused greater evaporation from reservoirs and dried soils. 3 Dry soils – rain that did fall couldn’t infiltrate the ground as it was baked hard. 4 High water usage – both in homes and industry – 1.7Bn L used daily + leaks

B CONSEQUENCES & IMPACTS – So what? ST LT S Hosepipe bans – Restrictions inc use for watering garden and washing cars. 20 million affected

E Problems for farming – irrigation and Crops could not be harvested livestock affected until August.

E Wild fires in dry moorlands of Scotland. Recovery from fires. River water use impacted on plants and animals. S Water leaks and over use Issues with distributing water from wet & sparsely populated NW UK to dry & densely populated SE UK

C RESPONSES – What was done about it? Can you support your 1 Permits granted to allow water companies to extract from rivers. answer with a diagram? 2 Hosepipe bans to conserve water 3 Campaigns to reduce water consumption (eg turning off tap when brushing teeth)

SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? How has climate change impacted on normal weather patterns (eg El Nino). How does house building in the UK and urbanisation including construction of industry contribute to this issue? 2

Consequences 3 4 Case Study: Jurassic Coast Topic: DL Where? UK Coastline in Dorset and Devon.

A Landforms Landforms created by erosion: • Headlands and bays – formed along a discordant coastline as a result of differential rates of erosion. • Wave-cut notches and wave-cut platforms – formed by erosion at the base of cliffs. • Caves, arches, stacks and stumps – formed by erosion on headlands.

Landforms created by deposition: • Beaches and spits – formed by transportation of sediment by longshore drift. • Bars • Tombolos 4 Case Study: Jurassic Coast Topic: DL How does climate and geology effect these processes? B Geomorphic Process 1 2 1. 4 types of erosion – abrasion, hydraulic action, attrition and solution. 2. 3 types of weathering – mechanical/physical, chemical & biological. 3. 2 types of mass movement – slumping and 4 sliding. 4. Transportation by longshore drift. 5. Deposition. 3 Mass Movement

4 Longshore Drift: the process of material being moved along the coast by waves in the direction of the prevailing wind. These shape beaches and create spits. 5 Deposition: when the energy of the sea is reduced and material is laid down. This can happen when backwash is weak and will form constructive beaches. 4 Case Study: Jurassic Coast Topic: DL

C How has human activity influenced the geomorphic processes in this landscape? • Climate change has increased the frequency of storms that cause coastal damage. • Urban areas have also increased river levels which can cause higher storm surges in estuaries. • Engineering solutions that slow down coastal erosion are classified as either hard (eg sea walls, groynes, rock armouring) or soft (eg offshore reefs, beach nourishment, managed retreat). Shoreline Management Plans give 4 options – do nothing, hold the line, retreat the line & advance the line. Coastal Protection at Swanage Bay: • Sea wall – built in the 1920s and provided a promenade. • Cliff regrading – a series of steps were made in the cliff to reduce slope angles. • Groynes – installed in the 1930s, with many recently replaced. • Beach replenishment – 90,000m3 of sand was dredged from Studland Bay and pumped onto the beach at Swanage. • Cost of groynes and beach replenishment = £2.2m.

SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? Revision Ideas • How is the Jurassic coastline likely to change in the future? Is this landscape likely to experience the Practice drawing effects of climate change? diagrams to aid your • Should we interfere with natural processes or is it explanation of geomorphic processes best to move and/or adapt in order to be more and the formation of sustainable? landforms. Case Study: River Thames Topic: DL

Where/What? S. England from Cotswolds to the Thames Estuary Can you support your answer with a diagram? A Landforms • Source: spring at the foot of the Cotswolds where it meets sands and clays in Oxfordshire. • Meanders: caused energy from large amounts of water leading to lateral erosion. • Oxbow lakes: formed where a former meander has been abandoned. • Rejuvenated river: Sea level changes have given the river more power to erode down into its old floodplain. • River terraces- formed during ice ages when the river cut into a new floodplain leaving the old one at a higher level called a terrace.

C Human Activity • A new artificial river channel was built called the Jubilee River to take overflow water from the Thames to reduce flooding around Maidenhead and Windsor. The shorter route meant water reached its destination quicker and increased flooding downstream. • River straightening eg Isle of Dogs and canalisation eg Lee Navigation & Regent Canal has had a similar effect to Jubilee River. • Building on floodplains & urban land use for London’s 8M Population has increased river discharge. • Thames Barrier (flood protection) impact on river flow

SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? UK in C21 – housing shortage, UF – London as a growing ‘World City’ (urbanisation) Case Studies of Sustainable Management in Ecosystems Topic SE 6 Sustainable Management of Tropical Rainforests in Costa Rica A What is being done? B How is this sustainable? 1. National parks and nature reserves. CR has 28 and Ecotourism is sustainable because: 24% of the country is protected. Wildlife • It does not damage natural environment corridors help animals to migrate. • Activities are low impact – eg bird 2. Agroforestry – Growing crops and forests watching, canopy exploration, white water together, helping soil fertility. rafting 3. Selective Logging – only older, larger trees. • Is on a small scale 4. Afforestation – Replanting forests (but TRF • Consults with local recovery takes about 30 years – quick compared to communities other ecosystems) • Makes improvements 5. Monitoring – satellite imagery and GIS are used to to infrastructure that tackle illegal activity such as gold mines. benefits locals 6. Eco tourism – tourism that is sustainable. (eg roads, hospitals) C How successful has it been? Since 1985 rate of deforestation has reduced to almost zero. CR is now a desirable holiday destination selling itself as a natural/pristine environment. Tourism is an important source of income and a viable alternative to other options of TRF exploitation. 7 Sustainable Whaling in the Arctic Clyde River, Canada (An example of small scale management in the Arctic) A What is being done? B How is this sustainable? • One of two deep water troughs rich in • Ecosystem is protected so food chain zooplankton used by bowhead whales in their can flourish supporting all species. migration through the Arctic • Small scale removal/hunting of whales • Marine Wildlife Area set up in 2008 as by Inuits does not impact on ecosystem sanctuary for protection of whales. Also because it is able to recover. protects other arctic species such as polar • Traditions preserved including bone bears, narwhals, seals, fish & geese. carving (social sustainability). • 1000 local Inuit permitted to hunt whales in small numbers C How successful has it been? Supported by Greenpeace who wish to support indigenous people’s protest against oil drilling in Arctic (Shell has now stopped oil exploration in Arctic). Bowhead whale populations are healthy. 8 Antarctic Treaty (A global example of sustainable management) A What is being done? B How is this sustainable? • An agreement made between 12 countries in • EIAs* must be completed for activities 1959. • Tourism is limited - only 100 visitors in • Env Protocol of 1998 took this further eg no one area at one time and no big cruise mining, conservation & management of waste. ships. • No military activity • Waste must be removed • No territorial claims recognised. • No sewage discharged to sea. * EIA – Environmental Risk Assessment C How successful has it been? No major objections - some say should be extended to ocean around Antarctica. Scientific discoveries have made a big contribution to our understanding of climate change esp depletion of the ozone layer. Suggestion of using as basis for similar treaty in the Arctic although there are differences such as existing mining and populations of indigenous people in Arctic. SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? Climate Change legislation seeks to reduce loss of ice caps. Development issues for LIDCs who need to sell their raw materials to progress up the Rostow Model.

Paper 1 9 Case Study: Birmingham (a city in an AC) Topic: UF What are the challenges and opportunities? A What is life like for the people who live in Birmingham?

Life has changed for people as manufacturing A key challenge in Birmingham is that of industry has declined and as the population has inequality. Some areas are wealthy whilst grown to 1.1 million caused by internal migration, others suffer deprivation, e.g Sutton Four international migration and natural increase. Oaks(wealthy suburb) v Sparkbrook (inner city)

Sparkbrook is close to old industrial sites Sutton Four Oaks in the outer suburbs. It is an often with ageing terraced housing which affects area of larger, more spacious housing. There is the physical environment. The area has a high % a small ethnic minority population. The of non- white people. It has a high unemployment unemployment rate is only 3% and 81% of people rate(24%) Only half of the people are are economically active. The average income is economically active so half might be children, £40000 which means that they don’t just have students, elderly. The average income is £21000 to rely on spending on basic things but can which is relatively low and means that people may afford to enjoy non-essentials and leisure time. have to focus on spending on basics like Only 7% of people live in poverty. accommodation, food, clothing and transport. The centre of Birmingham has been regenerated with improvements to the Bullring Centre. Access by public transport has improved for all. Facilities have improved, e.g greater choice of cafes, restaurants and shops but may not be afforded by all. B How can Birmingham become more sustainable? C What will be the impact of this? Birmingham has been a major Sustainable impacts: industrial city producing too may Soc-Health improves with cleaner air carbon emissions in the past. quality Birmingham plans to become a ‘green Better cycling and walking option. Public city’ by: transport provides better access. • Reducing consumption of resources Econ-Stress on improving education, skills • Producing less carbon with a greener and knowledge for a low carbon green economy based on low technology economy. (transport and public buildings) Low carbon public transport is more cost • Being smart- better resource efficient planning Env-Use of solar panels, alternative • People are encouraged to be fitter energy sources, better waste and healthier management Eg: Library of Birmingham – a sustainable building in the Green City Built on brownfield site as part of Birmingham city’s regeneration scheme. Waste was recycled during construction. Uses efficient energy systems to reduce carbon emissions. Makes use of natural daylight to cut down energy use. Harvests rainwater. Roof garden attracts wildlife. SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? UK in the C21 - Increase in tertiary jobs, DL - changing our urban landscapes. 10 Case Study: Istanbul (a city in a EDC) Topic: UF What are the challenges and opportunities? A What is life like for the people who live in Istanbul? Suburbanisation is the movement of people to suburbs such as Essenler. Gentrification is improving housing - often high quality ‘exclusive’ apartments. There are inequalities in how people are living. Areas of Deprivation - Fatih, Beoglu Wealthier areas - Essenler • Poor quality housing (tectonic risk) • Modern high rise apartments, so more space • High density housing & green areas. • Congestion • More planning so better roads and transport • Quality of life links so better air quality and quality of life B How can Istanbul become more sustainable? As a megacity with 15 million people, Istanbul has become one of the most congested cities in the World. Istanbul needs to find more sustainable transport solutions. At present only 1/3 of the population in Istanbul own cars – however this is set to rise to 2/3 by 2025. This rise is unsustainable. Those who do commute by car have an average speed of 10 km /hr and spend more than 2 hours daily in traffic. This is not time efficient. It creates air and noise pollution. Why is the city so congested? The Bosphorus Strait separating west and east Istanbul has three bridges crossing it. Traffic has to queue to cross the bridges.

How can the number of vehicles How should planners in Istanbul respond to C using the road be reduced to a this issue? more sustainable level? An Integrated Transport System where all A good public transport system is forms of transport link to each other is the best way to carry more people required, e.g leave a ferry and be able to pick with fewer vehicles or private up a bus or train route. In 2013, as part of the transport carrying several Marmaray Rail Project, a railway tunnel passengers. linking west and east Istanbul was built under Examples of suitable vehicles the Bosphorus which also links to airports. which people need to be Advantages of this are: encouraged to use include: • Rail passengers should increase from 5% to Minibuses or Dolmus (shared taxis 30% of total passengers for 8 people), buses (some for • This leads to fewer cars on the road. companies and schools), rail ( also • It reduces air pollution and carbon there is a small underground emissions. network), ferries for crossing the What else should be done? Bosphorus and bicycles which are Integrate the ferries into the transport underused because of the busy system as they are more carbon efficient than roads. cars.

SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? Use of efficient transport systems to reduce carbon emissions linked to Climate Change. Case Study: Zambia Topic: DD 11 Where/What? Zambia, Africa (an LIDC) A How has Zambia developed so far? • Independence from UK in 1964 but struggled to develop since. • HDI rank 164 (of 187 countries) • Life expectancy 52 years • Progress has been made on MDGs although it has been slow for some and very slow for Zambia has by-passed some of the tackling HIV/AIDS. stages of the Rostow Model as a result of colonialism and foreign B What global connections investment. influence its development? • Zambia has relied on Copper • TNCs (such as ABF*) provide jobs & extraction and export but incomes + taxes. However they remove falling prices exposed need profits to HQs in ACs. They also pay low to diversify. wages and causes pollution • China, as worlds biggest * Associated British Foods – includes Silver Spoon (in Bury) consumer of copper (why?) has invested heavily in C Aid – Helps to rebalance global poverty so serves infrastructure such as rail an important ethical role. However it discourages and roads. sustainability as people don’t have to look after • Further foreign investment themselves. Corruption in LIDCs often diverts has been encouraged as aid money. Zambia promotes economic growth, political stability, Debt relief is a way of relieving the pressure of good financial systems and repayments but can also lead to reduction in aid incentives and a good life as less is considered needed eg In 2006 Zambia style. received $6.5Bn debt relief but Aid reduced from 27% to 6% of GDP. 12 C What are the advantages and disadvantages of development strategies? Kariba Dam – an example of a top-down development strategy. These are BIG projects funded by governments or large organisations like the World Bank.  HEP generates electricity used in  57000 Tonga people resettled to less B A copper industry fertile land resulting in hunger & famine  Low carbon method of producing  No natural floods – impact on ecosystems energy & farmland  Encourages other  Communities cut off and some still without industries e.g. electricity fishing & tourism  Aging structure (built in 1950) & potential for collapse Room to Read – an example of a bottom-up development strategy. These are smaller projects funded by NGOs in cooperation with local communities.  Increase girls literacy/education  May not be well planned  Reduce age of child birth  Relies on volunteers  Address gender gap  Scheme may close if funding is withdrawn.

SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? Climate change & renewable energy, UK in C21 – TNCs in Zambia, Human impact on geomorphological processes in a river. Can you think of any more? Case Study: Cambridge- an Economic Hub Topic: UK C21 13

A Cambridge lies in the SE of England at the heart of the London – Cambridge growth corridor. It has been famous for 800 years for it’s important University. Due to links with the University, the city has emerged as a centre for hi- tech industry with a core of Bio-tech and IT firms. As many new hi-tech and medical innovations take place in the city, it has been said that Cambridge lies at the heart of Britain’s economic recovery. B Why is Cambridge so significant to the region? 5. In addition to Cambridge Science Park there is 1. Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University graduates another new 70-acre Cambridge Bio-Medical provide a highly educated workforce & are Campus next to Addenbrooke’s hospital (itself a attracted by the good links between colleges & world leader in medical care) - biggest medical industry. Also the QoL is good – quality housing, research metropolis of its kind in the world. shopping, clean air & open spaces. 6. Drugs (pharmaceutical) giant Astra Zeneca 2. Cambridge workers are rated the most highly- about to build a new £330m global research HQ. skilled in the country and average salaries of £40K 7. Students leaving the University have been given - higher than elsewhere. the chance to set up small start-up hi-tech 3. Well paid workers spend their money within the businesses with back up from research facilities region and further jobs are created in other at the University sectors such as retail, banks, insurance companies, 8. Some have become large firms like Abcam hotels, catering and transport services -this is (Antibodies Cambridge) that produces called the ‘multiplier effect’. antibodies used in the treatment of illnesses. 4. Unemployment is v low (3% - lowest in UK) so more This company employs over 200 highly skilled public money is available and crime rates are lower. people and is worth over £1 billion C Disadvantages of the Economic Hub - The increase in population has led to overcrowded roads and congestion. Other transport routes, e.g. rail, need to be improved to speed up connections to other places. Demand for housing has led to a rapid rise in house prices. Cambridge has a ‘green belt’ so housing has had to be built in surrounding areas transforming villages into small towns e.g. Camborne. SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? DD – Rostow’s Model, UF growth of cities

Case Study: UK – Political Role in Global Conflict Topic: UK C21 14

A What is the background? • The UK dominated the world through the British Empire (ruling about 1/3 of the world at its peak) until the 20th Century as countries gained their independence. This has been replaced by the British Commonwealth. • As the UK has lost its importance USA became the most influential power in the Middle East. • The UK also has membership of several International Organisations including: The UN (United Nations) - established to promote international co-operation after Second World War to maintain international peace and security and to promote human rights, economic development, protect the environment and give aid after disasters. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) - A military alliance of 28 countries in North America and Europe, Member countries defend each other if attacked. B Why was there conflict in Iraq and what was the C Why does the UK have a political UK role in this? interest in the Middle East? The UK has been involved in a number of conflicts in the • The UK’s priority in the Middle East Middle East in the C20. One example is the Iraq war of is to maintain friendly relations in 2003 when NATO (including the UK & USA) invaded Iraq order to promote trade after 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York in 2001. The UK • The UK exports goods like aircraft believed Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction and weapons to the Middle East. and planned to find & remove them. The Iraqi This contributes to UK GDP. government collapsed but there was a struggle for power • The Middle East supplies the UK as Islamic extremists hoped to make Iraq an Islamic with oil and gas increasingly as our state. The military intervention failed and this led to the own supplies of North Sea oil rise of Islamic groups like ISIS. reserves get smaller. SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? UF - sustainable growth of cities & Development of EDCs (Middle East countries) Case Study: Global Influence of UK Media Exports Topic: UK C21 15

A Film making & TV production in the UK was B Film and TV are worth over £70 million a first established with Pinewood Studios in year to the UK economy, creating 1.7 million 1930’s. It grew during the 20th Century with jobs. Films and TV programmes are exported 007 films being famous worldwide over 50 around the World because audiences admire the years. The film & TV industry has continued to script writing, the ideas, the locations and the flourish & show our creativity in C21 with personalities. famous films like Skyfall (2012) which had TV programmes are exported in different ways. great success at the UK box office. The UK has They can be sold to other countries & dubbed with had involvement with many famous films since the local language or adapted to fit the culture in 2000 such as the Harry Potter films. The other countries British Film Industry Yearbook 2012 showed It is an advantage that English is spoken in that UK films took $5.3 billion at the global many countries around the World so English box office & had 15% of the World market. speaking programmes are accessible and popular.

C Popular programmes sold worldwide include ‘Downton Abbey’- a historical drama. People in other countries like to see programmes highlighting our history, culture and landscape. ‘The Great British Bake Off ‘is a good idea which has been licensed to over 20 countries worldwide to adapt to their taste. ‘Who wants to be a Millionaire ‘ was a game show shown in 107 countries which bought in money but then it inspired a successful profit creating film ‘Slumdog Millionaire’. ‘Top Gear’ is popular in 170 countries with over 350 million people watching- people like the action and the humour which then brings money back to this country. This also helps promote British Values worldwide.

SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? Distinctive landscapes are used for film locations. Dynamic development- Global trade

Case Study: Contribution of Ethnic Groups to UK Culture Topic: UK C21

A Our eating habits have changed over time due to: B Did you • An increase in average incomes so more people can spend more on takeaways & know? eating out. People in the • We lead busier lives and have less time to cook from scratch UK on • We travel more and experience a greater range of foods from different places average now • We have more ethnic minorities within our present population who have brought spend £110 a new ideas of eating to this country and have opened up restaurants and take- month on away shops. takeaways. • There are more TV programmes that highlight foods from different countries.

B Did you know? C How have other cultures shaped British cultural life? • The most popular • Takeaways have grown up as people from different countries have types of takeaway migrated to the UK and introduced new ways of eating to the UK. are Chinese(25%) • Some of these then opened takeaways (Eg. migrants from Hong Kong in followed by Indian the 1960s opened many of the UKs Chinese restaurants) ( 23%), Fish and • Chinese communities have located in specific areas of large cities to Chips (22%) and create areas like Chinatown in London and Manchester where a wide Pizza (14%) range of Chinese eating places are available. Other areas exist around • British dishes other ethnic communities (Eg Greek in N London, Indian in S London) (apart from FnC) • Well known Many Indian restaurants are actually Bangladeshi families do not feature in who migrated to the UK after Indian independence and cook Indian the UK’s top ten style food such as Chicken Tikka Masala adapted for the UK taste and takeaway meals. market) SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? UF - Birmingham has a large ethnic population who contribute to the culture of the city through their own lifestyles. Various migrants have helped to diversify the population over time. Case Study: Goat Aid in Babati, Tanzania Topic: RR 16 – an attempt to achieve food security at a local scale

A Between 1999 – 2006 the UK-based charity Farm Africa ran a goat aid programme with the aim of improving household nutrition and income for villagers. Toggenburg goats were imported at a cost of $400 each. These were chosen because they produce up to 3 litres of milk a day. The villagers were trained in how to keep and care for the goats, including basic veterinary training. The goats were given to small groups of villagers ‘on credit’. It is believed that this encourages people to value the goats more than if they were given for free.

B What are the benefits and criticisms of Goat Aid? Benefits Criticisms • Provides meat, manure and milk • Goats need grazing land and water – which can also be sold. water being a scarce resource! • Available in droughts. • Veterinary bills can be expensive if • 3x as much milk as cows goats get sick. • Eastern African goats can survive • Despite increase in goats in 1960's on weeds and thorny bushes. there's been little decrease in • Helps grow traditional crops e.g. poverty. Maize. • Constant grazing and trampling. • The income made by a farmer who This has caused soil erosion which has benefited from the scheme is a has in turn increased the risk of lot more than that of a farmer who desertification. has not benefited from the scheme • The number of hoofed animals in – TS2,203,854 in comparison to Africa has increased from 275 TS763,880. (TS = Tanzanian million in 1961 to 655 million in schillings). 2005. During that time, poverty has increased not decreased!

C How successful has this local scale attempt been? Has Goat Aid done enough to improve food security within Tanzania? Remember this is a local-scale case study – focus on the area of Babati only. Compare the benefits with the criticisms of the project – do you think Goat Aid has been successful? What evidence can you use to support your points?

SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? • Is Goat Aid a sustainable solution for the future? • What human and physical factors have influenced the development of Tanzania? • How is climate change likely to change the demands of food security within Tanzania? Case Study: Tanzania-Canada Wheat Programme Topic: RR 17 - Past attempt to achieve food security at a national scale A Canada had expertise in growing large amounts of wheat using modern technology and so Tanzania asked for help in improving its own yield. Between 1968 and 1993 Canada provided $95 million of aid. The wheat programme covered 26,400 hectares in Hanang District in northern Tanzania. Canada helped to develop suitable seeds and provided expertise, training, chemical fertilisers and machinery e.g. tractors. At first Canada provided this for free but eventually Tanzania had to pay for them. B Was the Wheat Programme a Success? Successes Failures • It provided about 60% of all Tanzanian • The yield was mostly low and it would wheat. have been cheaper to import wheat. • 121 Tanzanians received training in • Only one crop was grown, so wheat production. biodiversity and soil fertility • 150 mechanics gained skills in decreased. maintaining farm machinery. • After harvesting, rain washed the • Up to 400 people worked on the farms. topsoil away. • Road, rail and electricity connections • Most Tanzanians eat maize and cannot were improved. afford bread made from wheat. • In the 1992 drought, Tanzania was the • Tanzania could not afford spare parts only southern African country not to and fuel for the tractors and combine- reply on food aid. harvesters. Many were used for spare parts or just rusted unused. • Only a few jobs were created. • The food security of the Barabaigs got worse.

C How successful was this national scale attempt? Do the successes of the scheme outweigh the failures? This is a national-scale case study – was it successful for all in Tanzania? Or just some? Compare the benefits with the criticisms of the project – do you think the wheat programme was successful? What evidence can you use to support your points?

SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? • Was the wheat programme sustainable? • Do you think the wheat programme would work today? What technological developments have their been that could aid the success of the project? • What else could Tanzania do to improve food security at a national scale? Case Study: SAGCOT Topic: RR 18 (Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania) – present attempt to achieve food security at a national scale A • The Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) is a large project started in 2010. • The Tanzanian government, foreign governments, aid agencies and TNCs are investing millions of dollars to improve infrastructure like roads, railways and irrigation. • They want to develop a modern agricultural economy, creating six key cluster areas with better connections to national and world markets. This will help food security by producing more food. • It will also earn money by selling food to other countries. • It is claimed that by 2030 this project will create thousands of jobs and lift millions out of poverty. B Has SAGCOT been successful so far? Early successes Criticisms of the scheme • One early success is the Kilombero • Most of the money invested benefits Plantation. A commercial farm has large commercial farms. invested millions of dollars in • A lot of promised investment has not tractors, irrigation, a rice mill and actually been given. storage. The central farm doubled • Small landowners have not been its rice yield. involved in decision-making. • In addition, 7300 other rice growers • Nomadic tribes have lost access to in 11 villages are now connected to water for their animals. better facilities and have increased • Some small landowners have lost their rice production. Some farms their land to make way for big produced eight times more rice! plantations. • The farm has also been able to get a better price by having improved C How successful has this access to markets. national scale attempt been • Four developments near Morogoro so far? have also had success. Two tobacco-  Do the successes of the scheme processing factories have been built, outweigh the failures? offering advice to local farmers and  This is a national-scale case study a market for their tobacco. – has it been successful for all in • A sunflower-processing plant has Tanzania? Or just some?  What evidence can you use to increased farm incomes and a support your points? factory making farm equipment had  What about the future? increased its output.

SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? • Is this project sustainable? • How might this project influence the current level of development within Tanzania? • Is this project transferrable to another LIDC? • How might climate change influence this project?

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