Know how you will be assessed! Case study questions will always be levelled marked – usually from L1 to L3 (L4 is reserved for the longer answers on P3) So you need to remember that a L3 answer needs a WELL- DEVELOPED answer (PEEL). Good geography also needs PLACE SPECIFIC DETAIL – name the places that are linked to the case study. Make sure you get AC, EDC & LIDC right too! Case studies There are 18 and you will need to KNOW them. Paper Topic Case Study 1 GH 1 UK Drought 2012 2 Typhoon Haiyan 2013 3 Nepal Earthquake 2015 Causes, consequences and responses 1 DL 4 Jurassic Coast 5 River Thames Landforms, geomorphic process and human activity 1 SE 6 Ecotourism in Costa Rica 7 Whaling in the Arctic 8 Antarctic Treaty Sustainable management of ecosystems 2 UF 9 Birmingham (city in an AC) 10 Istanbul (city in an EDC) Ways of life and sustainable growth 2 DD 11 Zambia’s – An LIDC 12 Development Strategies - Kariba Dam (top-down) & Room to Read (bottom-up) 2 UK 13 Cambridge – an economic hub C21 14 UK Role in Conflict in the Middle East 15 Media and the contribution of ethnic groups to the takeaway industry 2 RR Tanzania & Food Security 16 Goat Aid 17 Tanzanian-Canadian Wheat Programme 18 SAGCOT 1 Case Study: Drought in the UK Topic: GH Where/When? UK, April 2010 - May 2012 A CAUSES - Why is it happening? 1 Less rain – drier winds from Europe caused 55-95% less rainfall 2 Warmer temperatures caused greater evaporation from reservoirs and dried soils. 3 Dry soils – rain that did fall couldn’t infiltrate the ground as it was baked hard. 4 High water usage – both in homes and industry – 1.7Bn L used daily + leaks B CONSEQUENCES & IMPACTS – So what? ST LT S Hosepipe bans – Restrictions inc use for watering garden and washing cars. 20 million affected E Problems for farming – irrigation and Crops could not be harvested livestock affected until August. E Wild fires in dry moorlands of Scotland. Recovery from fires. River water use impacted on plants and animals. S Water leaks and over use Issues with distributing water from wet & sparsely populated NW UK to dry & densely populated SE UK C RESPONSES – What was done about it? Can you support your 1 Permits granted to allow water companies to extract from rivers. answer with a diagram? 2 Hosepipe bans to conserve water 3 Campaigns to reduce water consumption (eg turning off tap when brushing teeth) SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? How has climate change impacted on normal weather patterns (eg El Nino). How does house building in the UK and urbanisation including construction of industry contribute to this issue? 2 Consequences 3 4 Case Study: Jurassic Coast Topic: DL Where? UK Coastline in Dorset and Devon. A Landforms Landforms created by erosion: • Headlands and bays – formed along a discordant coastline as a result of differential rates of erosion. • Wave-cut notches and wave-cut platforms – formed by erosion at the base of cliffs. • Caves, arches, stacks and stumps – formed by erosion on headlands. Landforms created by deposition: • Beaches and spits – formed by transportation of sediment by longshore drift. • Bars • Tombolos 4 Case Study: Jurassic Coast Topic: DL How does climate and geology effect these processes? B Geomorphic Process 1 2 1. 4 types of erosion – abrasion, hydraulic action, attrition and solution. 2. 3 types of weathering – mechanical/physical, chemical & biological. 3. 2 types of mass movement – slumping and 4 sliding. 4. Transportation by longshore drift. 5. Deposition. 3 Mass Movement 4 Longshore Drift: the process of material being moved along the coast by waves in the direction of the prevailing wind. These shape beaches and create spits. 5 Deposition: when the energy of the sea is reduced and material is laid down. This can happen when backwash is weak and will form constructive beaches. 4 Case Study: Jurassic Coast Topic: DL C How has human activity influenced the geomorphic processes in this landscape? • Climate change has increased the frequency of storms that cause coastal damage. • Urban areas have also increased river levels which can cause higher storm surges in estuaries. • Engineering solutions that slow down coastal erosion are classified as either hard (eg sea walls, groynes, rock armouring) or soft (eg offshore reefs, beach nourishment, managed retreat). Shoreline Management Plans give 4 options – do nothing, hold the line, retreat the line & advance the line. Coastal Protection at Swanage Bay: • Sea wall – built in the 1920s and provided a promenade. • Cliff regrading – a series of steps were made in the cliff to reduce slope angles. • Groynes – installed in the 1930s, with many recently replaced. • Beach replenishment – 90,000m3 of sand was dredged from Studland Bay and pumped onto the beach at Swanage. • Cost of groynes and beach replenishment = £2.2m. SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? Revision Ideas • How is the Jurassic coastline likely to change in the future? Is this landscape likely to experience the Practice drawing effects of climate change? diagrams to aid your • Should we interfere with natural processes or is it explanation of geomorphic processes best to move and/or adapt in order to be more and the formation of sustainable? landforms. Case Study: River Thames Topic: DL Where/What? S. England from Cotswolds to the Thames Estuary Can you support your answer with a diagram? A Landforms • Source: spring at the foot of the Cotswolds where it meets sands and clays in Oxfordshire. • Meanders: caused energy from large amounts of water leading to lateral erosion. • Oxbow lakes: formed where a former meander has been abandoned. • Rejuvenated river: Sea level changes have given the river more power to erode down into its old floodplain. • River terraces- formed during ice ages when the river cut into a new floodplain leaving the old one at a higher level called a terrace. C Human Activity • A new artificial river channel was built called the Jubilee River to take overflow water from the Thames to reduce flooding around Maidenhead and Windsor. The shorter route meant water reached its destination quicker and increased flooding downstream. • River straightening eg Isle of Dogs and canalisation eg Lee Navigation & Regent Canal has had a similar effect to Jubilee River. • Building on floodplains & urban land use for London’s 8M Population has increased river discharge. • Thames Barrier (flood protection) impact on river flow SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? UK in C21 – housing shortage, UF – London as a growing ‘World City’ (urbanisation) Case Studies of Sustainable Management in Ecosystems Topic SE 6 Sustainable Management of Tropical Rainforests in Costa Rica A What is being done? B How is this sustainable? 1. National parks and nature reserves. CR has 28 and Ecotourism is sustainable because: 24% of the country is protected. Wildlife • It does not damage natural environment corridors help animals to migrate. • Activities are low impact – eg bird 2. Agroforestry – Growing crops and forests watching, canopy exploration, white water together, helping soil fertility. rafting 3. Selective Logging – only older, larger trees. • Is on a small scale 4. Afforestation – Replanting forests (but TRF • Consults with local recovery takes about 30 years – quick compared to communities other ecosystems) • Makes improvements 5. Monitoring – satellite imagery and GIS are used to to infrastructure that tackle illegal activity such as gold mines. benefits locals 6. Eco tourism – tourism that is sustainable. (eg roads, hospitals) C How successful has it been? Since 1985 rate of deforestation has reduced to almost zero. CR is now a desirable holiday destination selling itself as a natural/pristine environment. Tourism is an important source of income and a viable alternative to other options of TRF exploitation. 7 Sustainable Whaling in the Arctic Clyde River, Canada (An example of small scale management in the Arctic) A What is being done? B How is this sustainable? • One of two deep water troughs rich in • Ecosystem is protected so food chain zooplankton used by bowhead whales in their can flourish supporting all species. migration through the Arctic • Small scale removal/hunting of whales • Marine Wildlife Area set up in 2008 as by Inuits does not impact on ecosystem sanctuary for protection of whales. Also because it is able to recover. protects other arctic species such as polar • Traditions preserved including bone bears, narwhals, seals, fish & geese. carving (social sustainability). • 1000 local Inuit permitted to hunt whales in small numbers C How successful has it been? Supported by Greenpeace who wish to support indigenous people’s protest against oil drilling in Arctic (Shell has now stopped oil exploration in Arctic). Bowhead whale populations are healthy. 8 Antarctic Treaty (A global example of sustainable management) A What is being done? B How is this sustainable? • An agreement made between 12 countries in • EIAs* must be completed for activities 1959. • Tourism is limited - only 100 visitors in • Env Protocol of 1998 took this further eg no one area at one time and no big cruise mining, conservation & management of waste. ships. • No military activity • Waste must be removed • No territorial claims recognised. • No sewage discharged to sea. * EIA – Environmental Risk Assessment C How successful has it been? No major objections - some say should be extended to ocean around Antarctica. Scientific discoveries have made a big contribution to our understanding of climate change esp depletion of the ozone layer. Suggestion of using as basis for similar treaty in the Arctic although there are differences such as existing mining and populations of indigenous people in Arctic. SYNOPTIC – What are the links to other parts of Geog? Climate Change legislation seeks to reduce loss of ice caps.