DOCSLIB.ORG

The Spanish Civil War in Text Designed by Sarah Glenski

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Spanish Civil War in Text Designed by Sarah Glenski THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN TEXT DESIGNED BY SARAH GLENSKI COURSE DESCRIPTION & OBJECTIVES Political strife is something that has pervaded modern Spain. During the nineteenth century, the nation was plagued by a series of internal conflicts, the Carlist wars, in which vying factions fought for the right to the throne. A polarization of ideologies continued into the twentieth century. In 1931, the Second Republic, a liberal, democratically-elected government, came to power, yet the Nationalists, a group of right-wing rebels led by Francisco Franco, challenged and ultimately defeated the Republic during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). In many ways, Spain’s war prefigured World War II (1939-1945), yet fascism was not defeated in Spain. After the war, Franco implemented a fascist dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975. The war left its mark on the nation in the decades that followed and continues to plague national consciousness to this day. In this course, students will come to understand the political and historical context of the Spanish Civil War and Postwar through a close analysis of a wide array of texts, such as photography, art, narrative, film, and graphic novel. Just as the texts are of various genres, they are of differing political ideologies, points of view, and publication dates, which allow us to approach the war from many angles. Besides analyzing the texts for content, we will contemplate how the texts, which are organized thematically, dialogue with each other both within and beyond their thematic groupings. At the heart of our analyses, we will question what a civil war means for a nation, by considering the diversity of portrayed experiences of Spain’s war and the role of memory. As appropriate, we will bring in other cultures and wars through readings and discussion. Throughout the semester, students will engage in critical thinking and deepen their transcultural competency, while also continuing to develop their linguistic skills, as the course is conducted in Spanish. [Discussions for this course could easily be conducted in English, with readings in Spanish, or, with some modifications, the course could be conducted entirely in English.] COURSE REQUIREMENTS* Participation and Class Discussion (15%) Students are to arrive on time and prepared for discussion. During class, students are expected to engage with the topic at hand and to interact with peers. Facilitating Discussion (7.5%) Once during the semester, students will lead discussion on a specific text or selected excerpt (depending on length). Content and plan for discussion to be consulted with professor. Dates TBD. Timeline (12.5%) Over the course of the semester, students will work together as a class to create an annotated timeline for the Spanish Civil War. Entries on timeline will reflect key events studied in class, as well as those relating to final projects. Sarah Glenski, The Spanish Civil War in Text 2 Over the course of the semester, we will have short talleres (workshops) to go over progress on the timeline and to highlight necessary revisions with respect to content and expression. Journal (25%) Throughout the semester, students will make journal entries, both spoken and written, from open-ended journal prompts and more closed prompts given by professor. Each student will publish 4 entries, chosen in consultation with the professor, on the class website. Digital Project and Presentation (40%) In pairs, students will create a digital project, curating and annotating (orally and in writing) a selection of texts that center on a topic/theme relating to the Spanish Civil War, whether this be expanding on a topic studied in class or of the students’ choosing. Finished projects will go on the course website. To culminate project, students will give presentations to share work with the university community. Topic to be discussed with professor. Over the course of the semester, students will work on project, submitting the work in stages to professor to receive feedback. We will also have talleres to workshop the projects. *For all requirements, consult relevant rubrics for more details and a breakdown of assessment. For statement on academic integrity and accessibility, see institution’s policy and guidelines. Syllabus is subject to change at professor’s discretion. SYLLABUS* WEEK 1: Brief Introduction to the War Week 2: Two Spains, Historical Antecedents to the War Excerpt from José M. García Escudero’s Historia breve de las dos Españas (1980) [Essay] Antonio Machado’s “Españolito” (1917) [Poetry] Excerpt from Mariano José de Larra’s “El día de Difuntos de 1836” (1836) [Essay] Francisco de Goya’s Duelo a garrotazos (1819-1823) [Painting] WEEKS 3-4: Masculinity and the War Robert Capa’s The Falling Soldier (1936) [Photography] Propaganda from various political factions (1936-1939) [Posters] Excerpts from Felipe Ximénez de Sandoval’s Camisa azul (Retrato de un falangista) (1939) [Novel] Carlos Saura’s La caza (1966) [Film] Excerpts from Manuel Riva’s El lápiz del carpintero [O lapis do carpinteiro] (1998) [Novel] WEEKS 5-6: Women and the War Juan José Barreira Polo’s and others’ depictions of La Niña Bonita (1920s-30s) [Paintings] Carlos Saura’s ¡Ay, Caramela! (1990) [Film] Sarah Glenski, The Spanish Civil War in Text 3 Excerpts from Carmen Martín Gaite’s El cuarto de atrás (1988) [Novel] Excerpts from Carmen Laforet’s Nada (1945) [Novel] Excerpts from Mercè Rodoreda’s La plaza del Diamante [La plaça del Diamant] (1962) [Novel] Martha Gellhorn’s “Only the Shells Whine” (1937) [Essay] WEEKS 7-9: Children and the War Josefina Aldecoa’s “Una generación,” prologue to Los niños de la guerra (1983) [Essay] Excerpts from Agustín Serrano de Haro’s Yo soy español: El libro de primer grado de Historia (1962) [School manual] José Ángel Valente’s “Tiempo de Guerra” in La memoria y los signos (1966) [Poetry] Excerpt from Carmen Martín Gaite’s El cuarto de atrás (1988) [Novel] Gerda Taro digital archive at International Center of Photography (1937) [Photography] Guillermo del Toro’s El laberinto del fauno (Pan’s Labyrinth) (2006) [Film] Excerpts from Pilar Duaygü es’s Querido Diario: hoy ha empezado la guerra (2017) [Memoir] Excerpts from Anne Frank’s Diary of a Young Girl (1947) [Memoir] WEEKS 10-11: The Americas and the War Forever Activistis: Stories from the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade (1990) [Documentary] Langston Hughes’s “Letter from Spain” (1937) and “Song of Spain” (1938) [Poetry] Pablo Neruda’s “Explico algunas cosas” in España en el corazón (1937) [Poetry] César Vallejo’s “España, aparta de mí este cáliz” in España, aparta de mí este cáliz (1939) [Poetry] Luis Cernuda’s “Un español habla de su tierra” in Las nubes (1943) [Poetry] Concha Méndez’s “Para que yo me sienta desterrada” in Poemas. Sombras y sueños (1944) [Poetry] Excerpts from Max Aub’s La gallina ciega (1971) [Autobiography] Excerpts from Max Aub’s Tránsito (1944) [Drama] WEEKS 12-13: Trauma and Memory of the War Pablo Picasso’s Guernica (1937) [Painting] Valle de los caídos (1940-1958) [Monument] Excerpt from Marianne Hirsch’s The Generation of Postmemory: Writing and Visual Culture after the Holocaust (2012) [Essay] Excerpts from Carlos Hernández de Miguel’s Deportado 4443: sus tuits ilustrados (2017) [Graphic novel] Excerpts from Art Spiegelman’s Maus (1991) [Graphic novel] “Cualquier tiempo pasado,” El Ministerio del Tiempo (2015) [TV series episode] WEEK 14: Conclusions and Talleres for Final Project Reading Week: Presentations and Final Project Due *Whether the course meets two or three days a week will determine how readings are divided for class dates. Supplementary material on history and politics will complement main texts, as needed. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In Search of the Promised Land: the Travels of Emilia Pardo Bazan
    IN SEARCH OF THE PROMISED LAND: THE TRAVELS OF EMILIA PARDO BAZAN Maria Gloria MUNOZ-MARTIN, University College London, Ph.D. in Spanish and Latin-American Studies, 2000 ProQuest Number: U642760 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642760 Published by ProQuest LLC(2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The object of this thesis is to explore Pardo Bazan's approach to travel as an aesthetically rewarding experience and also as a soul-searching exercise in which she voices her opinions and concerns with regard to the state of late nineteenth-century Spain and compares it to some other European countries. Indeed, in the Galician author's chronicles, which reveal her versatility and multifaceted interests as a travel writer, the journey itself takes second place to cultural, social, political, artistic, religious, and intellectual considerations. Another aspect of Pardo Bazan's travel works that this study will develop is her uneasy stance with regard to progress, technological advancement, and modern civilization, as illustrated, principally, in her foreign chronicles. For it is her apprehension and at times aversion to modern technology that place her in an anachronistic position in relation to some of the events and places covered in her travel accounts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation
    Salve Regina University Digital Commons @ Salve Regina Pell Scholars and Senior Theses Salve's Dissertations and Theses Summer 7-14-2011 The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation Kalyna Macko Salve Regina University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Macko, Kalyna, "The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation" (2011). Pell Scholars and Senior Theses. 68. https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses/68 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Salve's Dissertations and Theses at Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pell Scholars and Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Macko 1 The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation By: Kalyna Macko Pell Senior Thesis Primary Advisor: Dr. Jane Bethune Secondary Advisor: Dr. Clark Merrill Macko 2 Macko 3 Thesis Statement: The combined nationalist sentiments and opposition of these particular Basques to the Fascist regime of General Franco explained the violence of the terrorist group ETA both throughout his rule and into the twenty-first century. I. Introduction II. Basque Differences A. Basque Language B. Basque Race C. Conservative Political Philosophy III. The Formation of the PNV A. Sabino Arana y Goiri B. Re-Introduction of the Basque Culture C. The PNV as a Representation of the Basques IV. The Oppression of the Basques A. Targeting the Basques B. Primo de Rivera C. General Francisco Franco D. Bombing of Guernica E.
    [Show full text]
  • Carlism Seen Through Foreign Eyes. IN
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Hedatuz Between repulsion and attraction: Carlism seen through foreign eyes Caspistegui, Francisco Javier Univ. de Navarra. Dpto. de Historia. Edificio Biblioteca de Humani - dades. Campus Universitario, s/n. 31080 Pamplona-Iruña BIBLID [ISBN: 978-84-8419-152-0 (2008); 119-143] Bi mendean zehar kanpoko begiratuek karlismoari buruz agertu dituzten ezaugarri batzuk erakutsi nahi dira testu honetan. Aldi hori kontuan harturik, fenomeno aldakorra izan bada ere, bida- iari eta behatzaileek arrazoi desberdinak izan zituzten abiaburu eta ezaugarri komunak dituzten uler- men jarraibideak emateko joera izan zuten; horien arabera, bi alditan multzoka daitezke: 1936 urtearen aurrekoa eta ondokoa. Giltza-Hitzak: Karlismoa. Arrotzak. Euskal Herria. Nafarroa. Nekazaritza giroa. Nazionalismoa. Historia. En este texto se pretenden mostrar algunos de los rasgos que miradas ajenas han proporciona- do sobre el carlismo a lo largo de dos siglos. Aunque sea un fenómeno cambiante en ese período, viajeros y observadores partieron de motivos distintos y tendieron a dar pautas de comprensión con rasgos comunes que permite agruparlos en dos períodos: antes y después de 1936. Palabras Clave: Carlismo. Extranjeros. País Vasco. Navarra. Ruralismo. Nacionalismo. Historia. Dans ce texte, on tente de montrer quelques-uns des traits que des regards étrangers ont porté sur le carlisme tout au long de deux siècles. Bien que cela soit un phénomène changeant à cette période, des voyageurs et des observateurs partirent de motifs différents et tendirent à fournir des règles de compréhension avec des traits communs qui permette de les regrouper en deux périodes: avant et après 1936.
    [Show full text]
  • The Splintering of Spain
    This page intentionally left blank ii ii The Splintering of Spain This book explores the ideas and culture surrounding the cataclysmic civil war that engulfed Spain from 1936 to 1939. It features specially commissioned articles from leading historians in Spain, Britain and the USA which examine the complex interaction of national and local factors, contributing to the shape and course of the war. They argue that the ‘splintering of Spain’ resulted from the myriad cultural clea- vages of society in the 1930s. Thus, this book views the civil war less as a single great conflict between two easily identifiable sets of ideas, social classes or ways of life, than historians have previously done. The Spanish tragedy, at the level of everyday life, was shaped by many tensions, both those that were formally political and those that were to do with people’s perceptions and understanding of the society around them. CHRIS EALHAM is Senior Lecturer in History at Lancaster University. His previous publications include Policing the City: Class, Culture and Conflict in Barcelona, 1898–1937 (2005). MICHAEL RICHARDS is Senior Lecturer in Contemporary European History at the University of the West of England. His previous publica- tions include A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco’s Spain, 1936–1945 (1998). The Splintering of Spain Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936 –1939 Edited by Chris Ealham and Michael Richards cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521821780 © Cambridge University Press 2005 This publication is in copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Special List 391 1
    special list 391 1 RICHARD C.RAMER Special List 391 Military 2 RICHARDrichard c. C.RAMER ramer Old and Rare Books 225 east 70th street . suite 12f . new york, n.y. 10021-5217 Email [email protected] . Website www.livroraro.com Telephones (212) 737 0222 and 737 0223 Fax (212) 288 4169 November 9, 2020 Special List 391 Military Items marked with an asterisk (*) will be shipped from Lisbon. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED: All items are understood to be on approval, and may be returned within a reasonable time for any reason whatsoever. VISITORS BY APPOINTMENT special list 391 3 Special List 391 Military Regulations for a Military Academy 1. [ACADEMIA MILITAR, Santiago de Chile]. Reglamento de la Academia Militar ... [text begins:] Debiendo el Director de la Academia militar someterse al reglamento que por el articulo 3º del decreto de 19 de julio del presente ano ha de servirle de pauta .... [Santiago de Chile]: Imprenta de la Opinion, dated 29 August 1831. 4°, early plain wrap- pers (soiled, stained). Caption title. Light stains and soiling. In good condition. 33 pp. $500.00 FIRST and ONLY EDITION of these regulations for the second incarnation of the Academia Militar, ancestor of Chile’s present Escuela Militar. They specify admission requirements, a four-year course of study with the content of each course (pp. 17-24) and the exams (pp. 24-28), what the cadets will be doing every hour of every day, and even how often they will shave and change their linen. Also covered are the duties of the director, sub-director, faculty, chaplain, surgeon, bursar, and doorman.
    [Show full text]
  • 11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo
    168 becoming basque reclaiming the flag 169 r e p o o H d r a W 11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo n December 1970, 16 members of the Basque separatist group ETA, the acronym for Basque Homeland and Liberty, were charged with the mur - der of a Spanish police commissioner. The Burgos 16, court-martialed I and found guilty, had little or no access to attorneys. Six of the accused were sentenced to death by firing squad. The case drew global notori - ety, calling attention to the larger issues of independence for the Basque Country and the disregard for civil liberties and human rights under the rule of General Francisco Franco. In Idaho, many Basques protested, urging the commutation of Franco’s sentences. For many Boise Basques, this was the latest chapter in a centuries-old cycle of repression and cultural subjugation. The Basque Country ( Euskal Herria ) today is a region with three lan - guages, two sovereign states and seven provinces. Approximately three mil - lion people make the region their home, most of whom live in Spain, with the remainder in France. Since the Middle Ages, French and Spanish kings agreed to a set of laws ( foruak ) that gave the Basques local control over tax - Ward Hooper’s Basque tribute recalls the Deco prints of the 1920s. 168 becoming basque reclaiming the flag 169 r e p o o H d r a W 11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo n December 1970, 16 members of the Basque separatist group ETA, the acronym for Basque Homeland and Liberty, were charged with the mur - der of a Spanish police commissioner.
    [Show full text]
  • Poslední Lancknecht a Faccioso
    Jiho česká univerzita České Bud ějovice Filozofická fakulta Historický ústav Eva Járová Poslední lancknecht a faccioso (Reflexe Špan ělska b ěhem první karlistické války v cestovním deníku Bed řicha ze Schwarzenbergu ) Vedoucí diplomové práce: Mgr. Zden ěk Bezecný Ph. D. České Bud ějovice 2007 Anotace Práce podává analýzu cestovního deníku Bed řicha ze Schwarzenbergu, p řezdívaného Poslední lancknecht, který se v roce 1838 zú častnil první karlistické války ve Špan ělsku. Je tak p ředevším p řísp ěvkem k d ějinám mentalit ve t řicátých letech devatenáctého století. V první část práce je v ěnována dobrodružnému životu Posledního lancknechta, dále popisu politické, hospodá řské situace a karlistickým válkám na Iberském poloostrov ě a Lancknechtov ě osobité reflexi první karlistické války. Další část práce je zam ěř ena na ú čast evropských dobrovolník ů, p ředevším n ěmeckých a rakouských d ůstojník ů Felixe Lichnowského, barona Wilhelma von Rahdena, Adolfa Loninga a Augusta Karla von Goebena v karlistické armád ě a na komparaci jejich zajímavých sv ědectví o Špan ělsku se vzpomínkami Posledního lancknechta. 2 Annotation The aim of my master diploma work is the analysis of travel diary by Bed řich zu Schwanzenberg nicknamed "The Last Lancknecht" who fought in the First Carlist War in Spain. This master diploma work represents a contribution to the history of mentality in the thirties of the 19th century. The first part of my study is dedicated to the description of Bed řich zu Schwanzenberg´s adventurous life as well as to the political, economic situation in Spain and history of the Carlist Wars on the Iberian Peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • Special List 312: Public Finance
    special list 312 1 RICHARD C.RAMER Special List 312 Public Finance 2 RICHARDrichard c. C.RAMER ramer Old and Rare Books 225 east 70th street . suite 12f . new york, n.y. 10021-5217 Email [email protected] . Website www.livroraro.com Telephones (212) 737 0222 and 737 0223 Fax (212) 288 4169 September 24, 2018 Special List 312 Public Finance Items marked with an asterisk (*) will be shipped from Lisbon. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED: All items are understood to be on approval, and may be returned within a reasonable time for any reason whatsoever. Visitors BY APPOINTMENT special list 312 3 Special List 312 Public Finance Substantial Sections on Bulnes’s Battles with the Araucanian Indians, The Pincheira Brothers, and on His Financial Program 1. [ALBERDI, Juan B.] Biografia del Jeneral Don Manuel Bulnes, Presidente de la Republica de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Chilena, 1846. Large 8°, original beige printed wrappers (soiled). Small marginal stain on first few leaves. In very good condition. 84 pp. $800.00 FIRST and ONLY EDITION. When this biography was written, General Manuel Bulnes Prieto (1799-1866) had just been unanimously reelected as president of Chile, a position he held from 1841 to 1851. The biography recounts his efforts during Chile’s War of Independence (pp. 9-14), his campaign against the Araucanian Indians in 1820-1823 (pp. 15-21), his victory in 1832 over the Pincheira brothers, who had allied themselves with Indians (pp. 22-33), his defeat of Santa Cruz and the Peru-Bolivian Confederation in 1838-1839 (pp. 34-61), and his first years as president of Chile (pp.
    [Show full text]
  • This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Padilla Angulo, Fernando J Title: Volunteers of the Spanish Empire (1855-1898) General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. VOLUNTEERS OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE (1855-1898) Fernando J. Padilla Angulo A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts.
    [Show full text]
  • Basque Country Within the Spanish State
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2014 An Analysis of the Basque Independence Movement and the Political Position of the Basque Country Within the Spanish State Ariel Bothen University of Maine - Main Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Anthropology Commons, Basque Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Bothen, Ariel, "An Analysis of the Basque Independence Movement and the Political Position of the Basque Country Within the Spanish State" (2014). Honors College. 152. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/152 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF THE BASQUE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT AND THE POLITICAL POSITION OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY WITHIN THE SPANISH STATE by Ariel Bothen A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for a Degree with Honors (International Affairs-POS and Anthropology) The Honors College University of Maine May 2014 Advisory Committee: Dr. James W. Warhola, Professor and Chair of Political Science, Advisor Dr. Seth Singleton, Professor of Political Science Dr. Paul Roscoe, Professor of Anthropology Dr. Gene Del Vecchio, Professor of Spanish, Honors College Dr. Robert Glover, Professor of Political Science, Honors College ABSTRACT The Basque desire for independence or self-governance has been a part of Basque political culture since the medieval era. The Basques have a history of democracy and preserved their self-governance in the face of invasion and domination for many centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Knowledge Database
    Outline of Political and Social History January 20, 2014 SOCI>History>History antimatter ended beginning Universe -13720000000 About 1 second after universe origin, temperature was 5 x 10^10 K. Universe had diameter 1 light-year. Electrons and positrons were no longer created, so they annihilated each other, except for excess electrons that made hot plasma. Protons and neutrons were still being created, and universe was 75% protons and 24% neutrons. Density was 10^5 g/cm^3. Compton time beginning Universe -13720000000 About 10^-23 seconds {Compton time} after universe origin, universe was 10^-15 meters diameter {Compton wavelength}, electron size. density fluctuations beginning Universe -13720000000 About 1000 seconds after universe origin, temperature was 10^9 K. Universe diameter was 100 light-years. 25% of protons were in helium. Lithium-7 nuclei had 10^-10 of protons. Hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium nuclei were 75% of matter. Helium was 25% of matter. Lithium was 0.0000000001% of matter. Matter and energy density was 0.9 g/cm^3. Photons interacted with free electrons {coupling of matter and radiation} {Thomson scattering}. Electromagnetic force was dominant over gravity and pressure, so photons were like viscous fluid, allowing universe density fluctuations {density fluctuations}, which persisted. deuterium beginning Universe -13720000000 From 10^-2 seconds to 2 * 10^2 seconds after universe origin, protons and neutrons became deuterium, helium, and lithium. Free protons are hydrogen nuclei. One proton and one neutron bind to make deuterium nuclei. Two protons and two neutrons bind to make helium-4 nuclei. Three protons and four neutrons bind to make lithium-7 nuclei.
    [Show full text]
  • El Museo Carlista De Madrid
    EL MUSEO CARLISTA DE MADRID JAVIER URCELAY ALONSO Museo Carlista de Madrid [email protected] RESUMEN: En abril de 2019 se ha inaugurado como iniciativa privada el Museo Carlista de Madrid, situado en la localidad de San Lorenzo de El Escorial. En el presente trabajo se exponen el origen del nuevo museo, sus objetivos y filosofía. Se des- criben las salas y dependencias del mismo, así como los objetos que componen la colección y fondos del Museo. Documentos originales, recuerdos históricos de las Guerras Carlistas y obras de arte de diverso tipo constituyen un conjunto que permite recorrer la historia carlista desde sus orígenes, que en el Museo se remontan hasta la Guerra de la Independencia, hasta la última guerra civil y la inmediata posguerra. El nuevo museo se convierte en referencia obligada para todos los interesados en la historia del Carlismo. PALABRAS CLAVE: Carlismo – Guerras Carlistas – Reyes carlistas – Requeté – Borbón – Historia siglo XIX – Guerra civil española THE MADRID CARLIST MUSEUM SUMMARY: In April 2019, the Carlist Museum of Madrid, located in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, was inaugurated as a private initiative. In the present paper the origin of the new museum, its objectives and philosophy are exposed. It describes the rooms and dependencies of the same, as well as the objects that make up the collection and funds of the Museum. Original documents, histori- cal memories of the Carlist Wars and pieces of art of various kinds constitute a group that allows to go through the Carlist history from its origins, which in the Museum go back to the Peninsular War, until the last civil war and the imme- diate postwar period.
    [Show full text]