(1846–1920). Russian Jeweller, of French Descent. He Achieved Fame
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Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Hieronymus (Geronimo Fabrizi) (1533–1619). Italian physician, born at Aquapendente, near Orvieto. He studied medicine under *Fallopio at Padua and succeeded F him as professor of surgery and anatomy 1562– 1613. He became actively involved in building Fabergé, Peter Carl (1846–1920). Russian jeweller, the university’s magnificent anatomical theatre, of French descent. He achieved fame by the ingenuity which is preserved today. He acquired fame as a and extravagance of the jewelled objects (especially practising physician and surgeon, and made extensive Easter eggs) he devised for the Russian nobility and contributions to many fields of physiology and the tsar in an age of ostentatious extravagance which medicine, through his energetic skills in dissection ended on the outbreak of World War I. He died in and experimentation. He wrote works on surgery, Switzerland. discussing treatments for different sorts of wounds, and a major series of embryological studies, illustrated Fabius, Laurent (1946– ). French socialist politician. by detailed engravings. His work on the formation of He was Deputy 1978–81, 1986– , Minister for the foetus was especially important for its discussion Industry and Research 1983–84, Premier of France of the provisions made by nature for the necessities 1984–86, Minister of Economics 2000–02 and of the foetus during its intra-uterine life. The medical Foreign Minister 2012–16, and President of the theory he offered to explain the development of eggs Constitutional Council 2016– . and foetuses, however, was in the tradition of *Galen. Fabricius is best remembered for his detailed studies Fabius Maximus Verrocosus Cunctator, Quintus of the valves of the veins. He thought the function of (c. 280–203 BCE). Roman general and politician, these valves was to slow the flow of blood from the born in Rome. Three of his ancestors had been heart, thus ensuring a more even distribution through Consuls, and two cognomens were added to his birth the body. His pupil, William *Harvey, drew on these name: Verrocosus (‘warty’) and Cunctator (‘delayer’). studies in his work on the circulation of the blood. During the Second Punic War, *Hannibal’s Carthaginian army inflicted a heavy defeat on Roman Fabritius, Carel Pieterszon (1622–1654). Dutch forces at Lake Trasimeno (217) and seemed likely painter. A pupil of *Rembrandt, and teacher of to invade Rome. The Senate appointed Fabius as *Vermeer, he was killed when the Delft gunpowder ‘dictator’ (essentially a short-term appointment to magazine exploded. The Goldfinch (1654) is a small meet an emergency). He pursued a policy of ‘masterly study of a chained bird. inactivity’ (hence his sobriquet ‘Delayer’), avoiding direct engagement and concentrating on harassing the Fadden, Sir Arthur (‘Artie’) William (1894–1973). enemy, guerrilla tactics, ‘scorched earth’ and cutting Australian politician, born in Ingham, Queensland. off supplies. After his term ended, Fabius’ successors He left school at 14 to join a sugar-cutting gang, later determined to defeat Hannibal in open battle, becoming an accountant, municipal councillor in but despite superior numbers suffered humiliating Townsville 1930–33 and member of the Queensland defeat at Cannae (216). The Senate then resumed Parliament 1932–35. Member of the House of Fabius’ approach. Hannibal’s army remained in Italy Representatives 1936–58, Federal Treasurer 1940– until 203, winning two major battles, but it never 41, Leader of the Country Party 1941–58 and threatened Rome again. Fabius was elected Consul acting Prime Minister January–May 1941, during five times. The word ‘Fabian’ has passed into the Robert *Menzies’ long absence abroad. After Menzies English language, e.g. the Fabian Society, dedicated to resigned, due to hostility within his own party, achieve socialism by gradual reforms. His grandfather, Fadden was Prime Minister August–October 1941, Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus (d.315 BCE), until he lost his narrow majority and John *Curtin’s won several notable battles in the Samnite Wars. Labour government succeeded. Fadden was Leader of the Opposition 1941–43. He kept the Country Party Fabre, Jean Henri (1823–1915). French in coalition with Menzies’ re-formed Liberal Party entomologist. He was a teacher for many years in and was Federal Treasurer again 1949–58. Ajaccio, Corsica and (from 1852) at Avignon. In 1870 Fadden, A. W., They Called Me Artie. 1969. he retired to Serignan, near Orange, and devoted almost all his time to studying insects, which he Fadeyeh (originally Bulyga), Aleksandr observed with the utmost patience and precision. His Aleksandrovich (1901–1956). Russian novelist, born writings about them were published in many volumes near Kalinin. Educated in Vladivostock, after 1918 as Souvenirs entomologiques, parts of which had been he fought against the White Russian army in Siberia, issued separately as, e.g., The Life and Love of the Insect an experience which inspired his first important novel (1911) and Social Life in the Insect World (1913). The Nineteen (1927). He was quickly recognised as Gordon, S., Jean Henri Fabre. 1971. a leader of a new, Soviet Communist, proletarian literature. He became a member of the board of the Union of Soviet Writers and was connected with the 295 Dictionary of World Biography imposition of a stern party line, although in 1947 Faisal (Faisal bin Abdulaziz al Sa’ud) (1906–1975). he suffered from official censure himself. His novel King of Saudi Arabia 1964–75. Son of King *Ibn The Young Guard (1946) was criticised as failing to Sa’ud, he was Prime Minister and Foreign Minister show the Party as dominant, and he rewrote it. His of Saudi Arabia 1953–60, and virtually ruled the later life was clouded by alcoholism and, after the kingdom (1958–60) until forced to resign by his half- official denunciation of Stalinism, he killed himself. brother King Sa’ud. Reconciliation took place early in 1964 and in November as a result of Sa’ud’s continued Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel (1686–1736). German ill health Faisal took his place as King. Murdered by physicist, born in Danzig. Educated in Holland, a nephew, also called Faisal, he was succeeded by his he eventually settled in Amsterdam as a maker of brother Khalid. meteorological instruments. He introduced (1715) mercury as the fluid in thermometers and devised the Faisal I (Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi) temperature scale that bears his name, with boiling (1885–1933). First King of Iraq 1921–33. Son of point of water at 212° and freezing point at 32°. *Hussein, grand sherif of Mecca, who made himself king of the Hejaz, he became, during World War I, Faidherbe, Louis Léon César (1818–1889). French a leader of the Arab revolt, in which T. E. *Lawrence soldier and colonial administrator. He began his was prominent. On the breakup of the Ottoman military career with the corps of military engineers Empire, he became King of Syria in March–July in 1840, and was given his first command, in Algeria, 1920, until expelled by the French. The British then in 1849. In 1852 he went to Senegal as deputy imposed him as king of the mandated territory of Iraq, director of engineers, he was made Governor 1854–61 where he was virtually unknown. He negotiated with and again 1863–65. He established a strong military Chaim *Weizmann about the possibility of Jewish– presence in Senegal based on the capital Dakar, which Arab cooperation in the Middle East, but by 1930 he founded. His achievements laid the foundations was protesting about increased Jewish immigration of the French West African colonies. Recalled to fight to Palestine. Iraq became fully independent in 1932. in the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, he was defeated He died suddenly in Switzerland; poisoning was near St Quentin (1871). suspected. His only son Ghazi (Gāzi) I (1912–1939), who succeeded, was killed in a driving accident, Fairbanks, Douglas (originally Douglas Elton which may have been planned. Ullman) (1883–1939). American film actor. He was famous as the swashbuckling and romantic hero of Faisal II (1935–1958). King of Iraq 1939–58. Son such films as The Three Musketeers (1921), The Thief of King Ghazi and grandson of *Faisal I, he was of Baghdad (1924) and The Man in the Iron Mask educated at Harrow School in England. The effective (1929). He formed the film making company United ruler until 1953 was the regent, his uncle Abdul Illah. Artists with Charles *Chaplin and Mary *Pickford, The proclamation (1958) by Faisal and his cousin, and became her second husband. His son, Douglas King *Hussein of Jordan, of a federation of their Elton Fairbanks Jr (1909–2000), also an actor, two kingdoms was followed almost immediately by settled in England in 1946 and was made honorary a revolutionary coup d’état led by Brigadier Kassem, KBE in 1949. in the course of which Faisal and his Prime Minister, *Nuri es-Said, were murdered. Fairfax of Cameron, Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Baron (1584–1648). English general and politician. Falkenhayn, Erich von (1861–1922). German Holding a Scottish peerage, he was eligible to soldier. After a successful career in the Chinese Boxer serve in the English House of Commons as MP rebellion and elsewhere, he came to prominence 1614–29; 1640–48. A moderate in the Civil War, in World War I when he succeeded von Moltke as he commanded the Parliamentary army in Yorkshire Chief of the General Staff after the defeat on the with only moderate success. He died of gangrene. His Marne. His attempt to redeem this by an outflanking son Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron movement failed, but he achieved great success against (1612–1671), also a general and politician, served as the Russians (1915) and destroyed the Serbian army a volunteer in Holland (1629–37) and when the civil (1915–16).