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Cities of the Baltic Sea Region – Development Trends at the Turn of the Millennium

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Cities of the Baltic Sea Region – Development Trends at the Turn of the Millennium Cities of the Baltic Sea Region – Development Trends at the Turn of the Millennium Tomas Hanell & Jörg Neubauer NORDREGIO 2005 Nordregio Report 2005:1 ISSN 1403-2503 ISBN 91-89332-52-0 ©Nordregio 2005 Analysis & text: Tomas Hanell Statistics: Jörg Neubauer Cartography & graphics: Patrik Tornberg, Tomas Hanell Dtp: Jörg Neubauer Linguistic editing: Chris Smith Repro and print: Katarina Tryck AB, Stockholm, Sweden Copies: 1500 Price: EUR 35,- Nordic Council of Ministers Nordic Council Nordregio Store Strandstraede 18 P.O.Box 3043 P.O.Box 1658 DK-1255 Copenhagen K DK-1021 Copenhagen K SE-11186 Stockholm Phone: +45-33-960 200 Phone: +45-33-960 400 Phone: +46-8-463 54 00 Fax: +45-33-960 202 Fax: +45-33-111 870 Fax: +46-8-463 54 01 http://www.norden.org http://www.norden.org http://www.nordregio.se Nordic co-operation takes place among the countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. The Nordic Council is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic parliaments and governments. The Council consists of 87 parliamentarians from the Nordic countries. The Nordic Council takes policy initiatives and monitors Nordic co- operation. Founded in 1952. The Nordic Council of Ministers is a forum of co-operation between the Nordic governments. The Nordic Council of Ministers implements Nordic co-operation. The prime ministers have the overall responsibility. Its activities are co-ordinated by the Nordic ministers for co-operation, the Nordic Committee for co-operation and portfolio ministers. Founded in 1971. Nordregio – Nordic Centre for Spatial Development was established in 1997 by the Nordic Council of Ministers on behalf of the governments of the five Nordic countries and serves as an independent research institute on questions concerning spatial planning and regional development. The institute applies a comparative Nordic and European perspective in its investigations. Contents Preface 1 Executive summary 3 The BSR as an urban network – a ’region’ with a dichotomous nature 9 The BSR urban system in Europe 13 Cities as economic engines 19 Recent economic development in the BSR 25 Turbulent labour markets 29 Demographic shifts within the BSR urban system 41 Summary tables 53 Statistical delimitation of BSR cities 111 Technical notes 117 Annex of figures 121 Figures Figure 1. Population density in the BSR on the local level 2003 10 Figure 2. Share urban area 11 Figure 3. Rank size distribution of largest European and BSR cities per country 13 Figure 4. Two aspects of globalisation – BSR economic giants and global actors in the BSR 16 Figure 5. Primacy of metropolitan cities in the BSR 19 Figure 6. Share of population with a high education 2001 24 Figure 7. Real GDP change 1995-2004 25 Figure 8. Gross domestic product per capita 2002 26 Figure 9. GDP per capita and absolute economic growth 27 Figure 10. Regional disparities in GDP per capita 2002 28 Figure 11. Employment change 1997-2003 29 Figure 12. Economic growth and employument change 1995-2001 30 Figure 13. Employment change in BSR cities and rural areas 31 Figure 14. The dominant branch of employment in BSR regions 33 Figure 15. Unemployment rate in BSR cities and rural areas 34 Figure 16. Employment rate in BSR cities and rural areas 37 Figure 17. Self-sufficiency of labour in BSR cities 38 Figure 18. Population change in BSR cities and rural areas 43 Figure 19. Young age dependency ratio in BSR cities and rural areas 46 Figure 20. Old age dependency ratio in BSR cities and rural areas 47 Figure 21. Share of females of working age in BSR cities and rural areas 50 Figure 22. Statistical city units utilised in this report 113 Annex figures Figure A1. BSR cities by population size and population in rural areas 122 Figure A2. Population in BSR countries and EU25 by sex and age group 2001 123 Figure A3. Natural population change in BSR cities and rural areas 124 Figure A4. Net migration in BSR cities and rural areas 125 Figure A5. Change in population aged 30-39 years in BSR cities and rural areas 126 Figure A6. Change in population aged 50-59 years in BSR cities and rural areas 127 Figure A7. Total age dependency ratio in BSR cities and rural areas 128 Tables Table 1. Sales prices for apartments sold in eight BSR capitals and second cities in 2004 22 Table 2. Change in regional disparity of GDP/capita 1995-2002 28 Table 3. Population changes 1996-2001 by country and type 41 Table 4. Population changes 1996-2001 by country and city size 42 Table 5. Statistical delimitation of BSR cities with more than 10 000 inhabitants 112 Summary tables Table A1. Demographic indicators for BSR cities, regions and countries 54-81 Table A2. Economic indicators for BSR cities, regions and countries 82-109 Boxes Box 1. Relationship between city and rank 14 Box 2. Selected definitions used throughout the text 20 Preface The cities and urban areas of the Baltic Sea Region are the 2005. For further information see www.mecibs.dk. main engines of its development. The concentration of This report has been compiled by a team of Nordregio economic activity, corporate decision-making, labour, staff members under the leadership of Tomas Hanell. foreign direct investment, knowledge, and innovation to Tomas Hanell wrote the text and assisted with the its metropolitan regions is substantial. As such, the statistical analysis. Jörg Neubauer performed the huge demographic magnetism of larger cities is also task of compiling most of the statistical information for considerable, while rural areas in general and peripheral this volume, whilst also working with the layout of the areas in particular continue to be underexploited report. Patrik Tornberg performed the thematic mapping resources. tasks and Chris Smith the language editing duties. Although the most tumultuous times in the recent We would not however have been able to realise this history of the Baltic Sea Region are probably now over, publication without the considerable help of our outside the region is still showing signs of turbulence at the turn colleagues and partners. We would therefore like to thank of the millennium, while globalisation and structural Nina Oding and Elena Beloserowa (Leontief Centre, change have taken a firm grip on the region’s eastern and St Petersburg); Elena Kasyanenka (Institute for Regional western areas alike and are actively moulding its spatial and Urban Planning, Minsk); Jutta Erichsen structures. (Statistikamt Nord, Kiel); Konrad Czapiewski and Spatial polarisation is increasingly dividing cities and Tomasz Komornicki (Institute of Geography and Spatial regions into “actors” and “reactors”. Small and Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw); peripherally located settlements that lack the necessary Anita Kullén (Nordregio); Aime Lauk, Ülle Pettai and levers to actively take part in the international division of Ülle Valgma (Statistics Estonia, Tallinn); Iveta Straume labour are affected most. Moreover, many of the Baltic (Statistics Latvia, Riga); Rita Viselgaite, Sigute Sea Region countries are relatively small in economic Litvinaviciene and Vitalija Motiekaitiene (Statistics terms and are thus often simply unable to compete on a Lithuania, Vilnius); Barbara Lech and Artur Satora par with the major European economies, let alone (Statistics Poland, Warsaw); Norbert Piossek globally. As such then, the concentration of effort into the (Statistisches Landesamt Bremen); Udo Gau promotion of a select few urban centres seems rational. (Regierungsvertretung Lüneburg, Lüneburg); Elo This volume makes a specific effort to deal Parvelots (Estonian Labour Market Board, Tallinn); comparatively with a wide range of issues pertaining to Grieta Tentere (State Employment Agency of Latvia, the structure of the urban system in the Baltic Sea Riga); Rasa Babianskiene (Lithuanian Labour Exchange Region, and to present a comprehensive picture of its at the Ministry of Social Security and Labour, Vilnius); recent development patterns. The similarities and Angela Katzsch (Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Nürnberg); differences between the countries of the region are Johanna Roto (Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, analysed here in a comparative manner, while the Helsinki); Erik Gløersen (Nordregio); Katrin Sabrina relationships between urban and rural areas are also Bär (Deutscher Städtetag); George W. Leeson highlighted. (University of Oxford, Oxford Institute of Ageing); The report contains a large quantity of informative Dieter Ströh (Amt für Finanzen und thematic maps and also includes an ample statistical Wirtschaftsförderung Kreis Plön); and Gerlinde annex where demographic and economic indicators are Seltmann (Landesbetrieb für Datenverarbeitung und presented for all 1 068 cities with more than 10 000 Statistik Land Brandenburg) for their valuable help. We inhabitants and for all 158 regions in the eleven countries, would also like to extend our gratitude to all MECIBS or parts thereof, that constitute the Baltic Sea Region. participants for their support. This is a study carried out as part of the Baltic Sea Region INTERREG III B project Medium Sized Cities Finally, we would like to thank Katarina, Astrid, Arvid in Dialogue around the Baltic Sea (MECIBS) 2002- and Vanessa, simply for putting up with us. Stockholm, August 2005 NORDREGIO REPORT 2005:1 1 2 NORDREGIO REPORT 2005:1 Executive summary A heterogeneous region beyond acting as the main transport gateway between the European core continental Europe and northern Eurasia. The BSR The Baltic Sea Region (BSR) covers a vast area. As contains a substantial proportion of all European with any other large meso-region of Europe, the cities, mainly due to the dense network of cities in BSR’s urban system is not an integrated whole, but is Poland. Even so, the density of cities is nearly three rather a peculiar mix of eleven national systems where times higher in the EU than in the BSR.
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