Towards the Future Internet

TOWARDS THE FUTURE INTERNET The image on the cover is a partial map of the Internet based on the OPTE project started by Barrett Lyon (www.blyon.com) who kindly let us use it for the front cover of this book. In this graph the lines connect nodes representing IP addresses of some indicative Class C networks color-coded according to their corresponding allocation. For more information see http://www.opte.org/maps/. Towards the Future Internet A European Research Perspective Edited by Georgios Tselentis John Domingue Alex Galis Anastasius Gavras David Hausheer Srdjan Krco Volkmar Lotz and Theodore Zahariadis Amsterdam • Berlin • Tokyo • Washington, DC © 2009 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-1-60750-007-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009925664 Publisher IOS Press BV Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam Netherlands fax: +31 20 687 0019 e-mail: [email protected] Distributor in the UK and Ireland Distributor in the USA and Canada Gazelle Books Services Ltd. IOS Press, Inc. White Cross Mills 4502 Rachael Manor Drive Hightown Fairfax, VA 22032 Lancaster LA1 4XS USA United Kingdom fax: +1 703 323 3668 fax: +44 1524 63232 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] LEGAL NOTICE The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS Towards the Future Internet v G. Tselentis et al. (Eds.) IOS Press, 2009 © 2009 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. Preface The Internet is a remarkable catalyst for creativity, collaboration and innovation providing us today with amazing possibilities that just two decades ago it would have been impossible to imagine; and yet we are not amazed! It is only 20 years ago that Tim Berners-Lee invented the Web and two years later, CERN publicized the new World Wide Web project. If one could take a trip back in time with a time machine and say to people that today even a child can access for free a satellite image of any place on earth, interact with other people from anywhere and query trillions of data all over the globe with a simple click on his/her computer they would have said that this is science fic- tion! Our challenge today is to prepare a similar trip into the future: what will be the Internet in ten-twenty years from now and what more amazing things will it offer to people? But before trying to see how the future will look like, we need to consider some important challenges that the Internet faces today. If we consider Internet like one big machine, we should note that it has been working all these years without witnessing a major overall failure, showing a remarkable resilience for a human-made technology. However, Internet provides its services on the basis of “best effort” (i.e. there is no guarantee of delivering those services) and “over provisioning” (i.e. to be sure that we get a certain quality of services we need to keep available all time an important amount of resources). Internet was never designed to serve massive scale applications with guaranteed quality of service and security. Emerging technologies like streaming high quality video and running 3D applications face severe constraints to run seamlessly anytime, everywhere, with good quality of services. Thus, if we want to continue the growth, improve the quality and provide the affordable basic access, new business models have to be put in place to make Internet sustainable. European scientists proved that they are at the forefront of internet research al- ready since the invention of the web. But the challenges are huge and complex and cannot be dealt in isolation. The European Future Internet Assembly is the vehicle to a fruitful scientific dialogue bringing together the different scientific disciplines that con- tribute to the Future Internet development with scientists from more than 90 research projects funded until today with about 300 million euros under the 7th Framework Pro- gramme. Another 400 million euros will be made available in the near future. These amounts coupled with private investments bring the total investment to more than a billion euros. This is an important investment showing Europe’s commitment to ad- dress the challenges of the future Internet. This book is a peer-reviewed collection of scientific papers addressing some of the challenges ahead that will shape the Internet of the Future. The selected papers are vi representative of the research carried out by EU-funded projects in the field. European scientists are working hard to make the journey to the Future Internet as exciting and as fruitful as was the trip that brought us the amazing achievements of today. We invite you to read their visions and join them in their effort so Europe can fully benefit from the exciting opportunities in front of us. Mário Campolargo João Da Silva Director F – Emerging Technologies and Director D – Converged Networks and Infrastructures Services vii Editorial Board Coordination: Georgios TSELENTIS, European Commission John DOMINGUE – Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University & STI Interna- tional Alex GALIS – University College London Anastasius GAVRAS – Eurescom David HAUSHEER – University of Zurich Srdjan KRCO – Ericsson Volkmar LOTZ – SAP Research Theodore ZAHARIADIS – Synelixis/TEI of Chalkida viii Reviewers Nancy ALONISTIOTI University of Piraeus Federico ALVAREZ Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Pascal BISSON Thales Group Mike BONIFACE University of Southampton – IT Innovation Centre Jan CAMENISH IBM Research Zurich Research Laboratory Guillermo CISNEROS ETSIT – UPM Petros DARAS Informatics and Telematics Institute Stefano DE PANFILIS Ingegneria Informatica SpA Panagiotis DEMESTICHAS University of Piraeus Jordi DOMINGO-PASCUAL Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya John DOMINGUE Knowledge Media Institute the Open University Schahram DUSTDAR Vienna University of Technology Dieter FENSEL University of Innsbruck Mike FISHER British Telecom Vincenzo FOGLIATI Telespazio Jan FURMAN Cesnet Alex GALIS University College London Anastacius GAVRAS Eurescom Steve HAILES University College London Stephan HALLER SAP David HAUSHEER University of Zurich Juanjo HIERRO Telefonica Investigacion y Desarrollo Erik HUIZER ICS-Department of Information & Computing Sciences Valerie ISSARNY INRIA Ebroul IZQUIERDO Queen Mary University of London Adam KAPOVITZ Eurescom David KENNEDY Eurescom Peter KIRSTEIN University College London Srdjan KRCO Ericsson Javier LOPEZ-MUNOZ University of Malaga Thomas MAGEDANZ Fraunhofer Fokus Petri MAHONEN RWTH Aachen University Daniele MIORANDI Create-Net Pekka NIKANDER Helsinki Institute for Information Technology Andrew OLIPHANT British Telecom Dimitri PAPADIMITRIOU Alcatel-Lucent Bell Bernhard PLATTNER ETH Zurich Klaus POHL University of Duisburg-Essen Aiko PRAS University of Twente Christian PREHOFER Nokia Research Mirko PRESSER University of Surrey John STRASSNER Waterford Institute of Technology Panagiotis TRAKADAS ADAE Phuoc TRAN-GHIA University of Wuerzburg Paolo TRAVERSO IRST Theodore ZAHARIADIS Synelixis Ltd ix Introduction 1. CURRENT INTERNET The current Internet designed 40 years ago is today the most important information, service and networking infrastructure providing the mechanisms for the digital society at large to function as an integrated entity. This infrastructure is evolving rapidly with the transition from “sharing” in Web 1.0 (Web) to “contributing” in Web 2.0 (user generated content) to “co-creating” in Web 3.0 (collaborative production, semantic Web). The current Internet has been founded on a basic architectural premise, that is: a simple network service can be used as a universal means to interconnect intelligent end systems. The current Internet is centred on the network layer being capable of dynamically selecting a path from the originating source of a packet to its ultimate destination, with no guarantees of packet delivery or traffic characteristics. The end-to- end argument has served to maintain the desire for this simplicity. The continuation of simplicity in the network has pushed complexity into the endpoints, which has allowed the Internet to reach an impressive scale in terms of inter-connected devices. However, while the scale has not yet reached its limits, the growth of functionality and the growth of size have both slowed down. It is now a common belief that the current Internet would reach soon both its architectural capability limits and its capacity limits (i.e. in addressing, in reachability, for new demands on Quality of Service, Service and Application provisioning, etc). Although the current Internet, as a ubiquitous and universal means for communication and computation, has been extraordinarily successful, there are still many unsolved problems and challenges several of which have basic aspects. Many of these aspects could not have been foreseen 40 years ago when the first parts of the Internet were built, but these need to be addressed now. The very success of the Internet is now creating obstacles to future innovation of both the networking technology that lies at the Internet’s core and the services that use it. In addition, the ossification of the Internet makes the introduction and deployment of new network technologies and services both difficult and costly. We are faced with an Internet that is good at delivering packets, but shows a level of inflexibility

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