Catherina Johanna Schenck

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Catherina Johanna Schenck 'N PARADIGMA ONTLEDING VAN EN PARADIGMA BESKRYWING VIR DEELNEMENDE WERKSWYSES DEUR CATHERINA JOHANNA SCHENCK VOORGELe TER VERVULLING VAN DIE VEREISTES VIR DIE GRAAD DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE IN DIE DEPARTEMENT MAATSKAPLIKE WERK AAN DIE UNIVERSITEIT VAN SUID-AFRIKA STUDIELEIER: Dr M A O'Neil MEDESTUDIELEIER: Dr A S du Toit November 1998 Ek verklaar hiermee dat 'N PARADIGMA ONTLEDING VAN EN PARADIGMA BESKRYWING VIR DEELNEMENDE WERKSWYSES my eie werk is en dat ek alle bronne wat ek gebruik of aangehaal het deur middel van volledige verwysings aangedui en erken het. VOORWOORD EN DANKBETUIGINGS Hierdie studie was vir my 'n moeilike en lang pad en 'n baie betrokke stuk werk. Dit is nie 'n studie waarin iets bewys word nie. Dit is 'n studie waaruit iets gebore moes word en groei. Die kind moes groat word. Niemand kon my regtig help om die kind groat te maak of voorse wat ek moet doen nie. Daar was slegs enkele riglyne of bakens en baie ondersteuning. Hierdie was 'n prosesmatige studie. Ek het ervaar hoe dit ontluik, ontwikkel en soms halsstarrig raak. Ek het soms slapelose nagte daaroor gehad en soms opwinding oar nuwe ervarings en ontdekkings. In hierdie moment-tot-moment en selfrefleksiewe proses was daar gelukkig mense wat dit makliker gemaak het. Baie dankie aan: Ferdi en ans kinders Ferdinand, Catherine en Fraser My ouers, skoonma, susters en hulle gesinne Ondersteunende vriende en vriendinne My studieleiers, drs Margaret O'Neil en Dries Du Tait Departementshoof en kollegas Huma Lauw, my lees en dink vriendin Wilma Goosen vir die taalversorging Janet Smith vir die tegniese versorging 302 SCHE Sole Deo Gloria! UN JS A Access Aanv1 1 'n llHllllllHlll 0001729409 SUMMARY Community development and in particular participatory development is about people. This means that the person who studies or practices participatory development or any other of the participatory pratices should have a particular way of thinking about people. The main aim motivating this study was to investigate the paradigm/s about people on which participatory practices are based. This included a literature research on five participatory practices namely participatory development; participatory communication; participatory learning; participatory research; and participatory management. A guideline for paradigm analysis was developed by using Schriver's (1995) and Capra's (1996) descriptions of a paradigm as well as ideas of hermeneutics. From the paradigm analysis on the participatory practices two themes emerged: A shift from modernism to post modernism in the thinking processes and participatory practices. From the participatory practices the same concepts repeatedly emerged indicating a similar paradigm for all the participatory practices. Three post modern theories were therefore applied to enhance the description of the different concepts. The end result of this study is the development of an evolving paradigm for participatory practices in order to give enhanced meaning to concepts in the participatory vocabulary. Finally a critical reflection was done on the post modern research process. Key terms Community development; participation; participatory practices; participatory development; participatory communication; participatory learning; participatory action research; participatory management; paradigm; paradigm analysis; evolving paradigm; theory; modernism; post-modernism; person-centred approach; second cybernetics; social constructionism; values; assumptions; relationships; dialogue; collective constructions; hermeneutics; implicit; and explicit. INHOUDSOPGAWE Bladsy Afdeling A INLEIDING TOT DIE STUDIE HOOFSTUK 1: VAN MODERNISME TOT POST MODERNISME: Die konteks vir die studie 1. INLEIDING 1 2. PREMODERNISME 2 3. MODERNISME 3 3.1 Omskrywing van Modernisme 3 3.2 Modernistiese teoriee en filosofiee 5 3.3 Modernisme en die menswetenskappe 6 3.4 Modernisme, modernisasie en moderniteit 7 3.5 lmplikasies van modernisme 7 3.5.1 Kennis is mag 7 3.5.2 Verwydering tussen die wat weet en nie weet nie 8 3.5.3 Taal in modernisme 8 3.6 Gevolge van modernisme vir die helpende professies 9 3.7 Kritiek op modernisme 9 4. POST-MODERNISME 10 4.1 Omskrywing van Post-modernisme 10 4.2 Die ontwikkeling van Post-modernisme 11 4.2.1 Filosofiese ontwikkeling 11 4.2.2 Twee Wereldoorloe 11 4.2.3 Ontwikkeling in die Derde Wereldlande 12 4.3 Die huidige situasie 12 4.4 Aannames van Post-modernisme 13 4.4.1 Waarheid/Realiteit 14 4.4.2 Kennis 14 4.4.3 Betekenis 14 4.4.4 Pluralisme, diversiteite en kompleksiteite 15 4.4.5 Deel name 15 4.4.6 Taal 16 4.4.7 Die self 17 ii 4.5 lmplikasies van Post-modernisme 17 4.5.1 Algemene implikasies 17 4.5.2 lmplikasies vir die natuurwetenskaplikes 17 4.5.3 lmplikasies vir die menswetenskaplikes 18 4.5.4 lmplikasies vir die helpende professies 18 5. OPSOMMING 19 6. BEGRIPSOMSKRYWINGS 20 6.1 Begrippe in deelnemende werkswyses 20 6.1.1 Deel name 20 6.1.2 Bemagtiging 22 6.1.3 Gemeenskap 22 6.1.4 Derde Wereldlande en sinonieme 23 6.2 Teoretiese begrippe 26 6.2.1 Paradigma 26 6.2.2 Paradigma verskuiwing 29 6.2.3 Paradigma ontleding 29 6.2.4 Epistemologie 30 6.2.5 Teorie 31 6.2.6 Waardes 32 6.3 Begrippe vir die toepassing van deelnemende werkswyses 32 6.3.1 Dialoog 33 6.3.2 Narratief 33 6.3.3 Hermeneutika 34 6.4 Ontled i ngsbegrippe 36 6.4.1 lmplisiet 36 6.4.2 Eksplisiet 36 HOOFSTUK 2: INLEIDING TOT DIE ONDERSOEK: Die beplanning van die ondersoek 1. INLEIDING EN PROBLEEMFORMULERING 37 2. DOEL VAN DIE ONDERSOEK 43 3. MOTIVERING VIR DIE ONDERSOEK 44 3.1 Probleme om deelname te fasiliteer 44 3.2 Gebrek aan eksplisiete paradigmas 45 3.3 Paradigmatiese verantwoording 45 iii 4. DIE POST-MODERNISTIESE NAVORSINGSPROSES 46 4.1 Paradigmas onderliggend aan navorsing 46 4.2 Aannames van naturalistiese (post-modernistiese) ondersoeke 47 4.2.1 Beskrywende ondersoek 47 4.2.2 Pluralisties 48 4.2.3 Nie-veralgemeenbaar 48 4.2.4 lnduktief 48 4.2.5 Selfrefleksief 48 4.2.6 Kompleksiteit 49 4.2.7 Buigsaam 49 4.2.8 Sluit die leser in 50 4.2.9 Taal 51 5. DIE VEREISTES WAARAAN NAVORSING BEHOORT TE VOLDOEN 51 5.1 Logies 52 5.2 Verstaanbaar 52 5.3 Bevestigbaar 53 5.4 Bruikbaarheid 53 5.5 Oordraagbaarheid 53 6. BEGRENSING VAN DIE ONDERSOEK 54 6.1 Deelnemende werkswyses 54 6.2 Aanvullende teoriee 55 7. METODE VAN ONDERSOEK 56 7. 1 Paradigma ontleding 56 7.1.1 Ontledende vrae 57 7.1.2 Evaluerende of refleksiewe vrae 57 7.1.3 lmplementering van paradigma ontleding 58 7.2 Hermeneutiese ontleding 60 7.3 Narratiewe ondersoek 61 7.4 "Grounded theory" 61 8. VERSAMELING VAN INLIGTING 61 8.1 Literatuurstudie 61 8.2 Persoonlike onderhoude 62 8.3 Bywoning van kursusse en forums 63 9. MOONTLIKE KNELPUNTE EN/OF VOORDELE VAN DIE ONDERSOEK 63 9.1 Gebrek aan riglyne 63 iv 9.2 Taal 64 9.3 Ondersoeker en ondersoek is nie skeibaar nie 64 9.4 U, die leser, is deel van die proses 65 9.5 Herhaling 66 9.6 Punktuasie 66 10. DIE WAARDE VAN DIE STUDIE 66 10.1 Algemene waarde 66 10.2 Waarde vir die Maatskaplike Werk 67 10.2.1 Makrovlak 67 10.2.2 Mikrovlak (grondvlak) 69 11. OPSOMMING 69 AFDELING B DIE ONTLEDING VAN DIE DEELNEMENDE WERKSWYSES: (AKSIE) lnleiding tot die afdeling 71 HOOFSTUK 3: PARADIGMA ONTLEDING VAN DEELNEMENDE ONTWIKKELING 1. IN LEIDING 73 2. HISTORIESE ONTWIKKELING 73 2.1 Spontane ontwikkelingspogings 74 2.2 Die konstruering en formalisering van die begrip gemeenskapontwikkeling 75 2.3 Die evolusionere ontwikkeling van die benaderings in gemeenskapontwikkeling 77 2.3.1 Modernisasie benadering 77 2.3.2 Die afhanklikheidsbenadering of "dependista perspective" 82 2.3.3 Die basiese behoeftebenadering 83 2.3.4 Die geTntegreerde landelike ontwikkeling 85 2.3.5 Eko-ontwikkeling 86 2.3.6 Fokus op die vrou 88 2.3.7 Opsomming van die aanloop tot die begrip deelnemende ontwikkeling 90 3. DEELNEMENDE ONTWIKKELING 92 3.1 Persone wat paradigma skuif beTvloed het 92 v 3.1.1 Paolo Freire 92 3.1.2 David Korten 95 3.1.3 Robert Chambers 96 3.1.4 Ander skrywers se bydraes 101 3.2 Doelstellings van deelnemende ontwikkeling 103 3.2.1 Menswaardigheid 103 3.2.2 Selfontwikkeling 104 3.2.3 T oegankl ikheid 105 3.2.4 Demokrasie en bevryding - "it liberates the mind" 105 3.3 Aannames en waardes van deelnemende ontwikkeling 107 3.3.1 Mense kan self dink en besluit 107 3.3.2 Diversiteite en kompleksiteite 107 3.3.3 Persoon-, groep- en gemeenskapsgesentreerd 108 3.4 Werkswyses: Aannames oor die proses van deelnemende ontwikkeling 110 3.4.1 Dialogiese proses 110 3.4.2 Leerproses 111 3.4.3 Refleksiewe proses 111 3.4.4 Onvoorspelbare proses 113 3.4.5 Eties verantwoordbare proses 113 3.4.6 Kollektiewe, kleingroep proses 114 3.4.7 Netwerk fasilitering 117 3.4.8 Navorsingsproses 118 3.4.9 Die ontwikkelingsproses en die tydsfaktor 118 3.5 Die verhouding 119 3.6 Tegnieke in deelnemende ontwikkeling 120 3.6.1 "Participatory rural appraisal" of "Participatory learning and action" (PLA) 120 3.6.2 Teater in en vir ontwikkeling 121 3.7 Die fasiliteerder 122 3.8 Die organisasie 123 3.9 Aangeduide paradigmas vir ontwikkeling 123 4. SAMEVATTING VAN DIE BEGRIPPE VAN DEELNEMENDE ONTWIKKELING 126 HOOFSTUK 4: DEELNEMENDE KOMMUNIKASIE 1. INLEIDING 128 2. HISTORIESE ONTWIKKELING VAN DEELNEMENDE 128 KOMMUNIKASIE vi 2.1 Die modernisasie benadering en diffusie model 129 2.2 Die afhanklikheidsbenadering 131 3. DEELNEMENDE KOMMUNIKASIE 132 3.1 Situasie en persone wat tot die paradigma skuif bygedra het 132 3.1.1 Die situasie in die Derde Wereldlande 132 3.1.2 Paolo Freire 135 3.1.3 Ander invloede 137 3.2 Doelstellings van deelnemende kommunikasie 137 3.2.1 Groei en ontwikkeling 137 3.2.2 Die verbreking van die "kultuur van stilte" 138 3.2.3 Bevryding
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