Table of Cases

(References are to pages.)

3M Co. v. Boulter, 842 F. Supp. 2d 85, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1281 (D.D.C. 2012) ...... 16-26, 16-27 9-5 Fashions, Inc. v. Spurney, 538 So. 2d 228 (La. 1989) ...... 13-39 30 River Court E. Urban Renewal Co. v. Capograsso, 383 N.J. Super. 470, 892 A.2d 711 (App. Div. 2006) ...... 2-90, 8-62 50-Off Stores, Inc. v. Banque Paribas (Suisse) S.A., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11136 (W.D. Tex. 1997) ...... 8-18, 16-3 164 Mulberry St. Corp. v. Columbia Univ., 4 A.D.3d 49, 771 N.Y.S.2d 16 (1st Dep’t 2004) ...... 13-49, 13-50 360 Constr. Co. v. Atsalis Bros. Painting Co., 915 F. Supp. 2d 883 (E.D. Mich. 2012) ...... 9-3 600 W. 115th St. v. Van Gutfield, 80 N.Y.2d 130, 603 N.E.2d 930, 589 N.Y.S.2d 825, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1811 (1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 910 (1993) ...... 4-26 7547 Corp. v. Parker & Parsley Dev. Partners, L.P., 38 F.3d 211 (5th Cir. 1994) ...... 16-57

A A Fisherman’s Best v. Recreational Fishing Alliance, 310 F.3d 183 (4th Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 539 U.S. 926 (2003) ...... 3-14 Aafco Heating & Air Conditioning Co. v. Nw. Publ’ns, Inc., 162 Ind. App. 671, 321 N.E.2d 580 (1974), cert. denied, 424 U.S. 913 (1976) ...... 6-12

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–1 SACK ON DEFAMATION

A&B-Abell Elevator Co. v. Columbus/Cent. Ohio Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council, 73 Ohio St. 3d 1, 651 N.E.2d 1283 (1995) ...... 9-4, 9-33, 9-34, ...... 9-49, 9-50, 9-57, 13-26, 13-43 A&E Prods. Grp. L.P. v. Accessory Corp., 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20245 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) ...... 6-19 Abbas v. Foreign Policy Grp., LLC, 783 F. Supp. 2d 1, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2513 (D.D.C. 2013) ...... 2-54, 2-55, 16-27, 16-30 Abbott v. Nat’l Bank of Commerce, 20 Wash. 552, 56 P. 376, aff’d, 175 U.S. 409 (1899) ...... 8-21 Abdel-Hafiz v. ABC, Inc., 240 S.W.2d 492 (Tex. App. 2007) ...... 15-40 Abdul-Jabbar v. Gen. Motors Corp., 75 F.3d 1391 (9th Cir. 1996) ...... 12-89 Abercrombie v. McClung, 55 Haw. 595, 525 P.2d 594 (1974) ...... 8-31 Abiomed, Inc. v. Turnbull, 379 F. Supp. 2d 90 (D. Mass. 2005) ...... 15-36 Abood v. Detroit Bd. of Educ., 431 U.S. 209 (1977) ...... 5-133 Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919) ...... 3-3, 4-13, ...... 10-3, 16-75 Abrofreka v. Alston Tobacco Co., 288 S.C. 122, 341 S.E.2d 622 (1986) ...... 2-173 Acciardo v. Millennium Sec. Corp., 83 F. Supp. 2d 413 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) ...... 8-60 ACLU v. Johnson, 4 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (D.N.M. 1998) ...... 14-39 Acoustical Mfg. Co. v. Audio Times, Inc., 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2057 (D.C. Super. Ct. 1977) ...... 13-2, 13-10, 13-12, ...... 13-45, 13-46, 13-47 Action Repair, Inc. v. Am. Broad. Cos., 776 F.2d 143, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1398 (7th Cir. 1985) ...... 2-71, 2-73, 4-9 Adam v. Ward, [1917] A.C. 309, 316 ...... 9-56 Adams v. Frontier Broad. Co., 555 P.2d 556, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1166 (Wyo. 1976) ...... 5-28, 5-100, ...... 5-104, 6-5, 6-6, 7-4, ...... 7-18, 16-34, 16-39, 16-50 Adams v. Maas, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1188 (S.D. Tex. 1981) ...... 5-108 Adams v. WFTV, Inc., 691 So. 2d 557, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2242 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997) ...... 2-156

TOC–2 Table of Cases

Adamson v. Bonesteele, 295 Or. 815, 671 P.2d 693, 41 A.L.R.4TH 1103 (1983) ...... 8-30 Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979) ...... 1-36, 5-129, ...... 5-130, 5-131 Adelson v. Harris, 973 F. Supp. 2d 467, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2713 (S.D.N.Y. 2013), question certified to Nevada Supreme Court, 774 F.3d 803, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1051 (2d Cir. 2014) ...... 5-5, 7-20, ...... 15-54, 15-55, 16-29 Adler v. Conde Nast Publ’ns, Inc., 643 F. Supp. 1558, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1409 (S.D.N.Y. 1986) ...... 5-36, 5-107 Advance Music Corp. v. Am. Tobacco Co., 183 Misc. 645, 50 N.Y.S.2d 287 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1944) ...... 13-67 Advance Music Corp. v. Am. Tobacco Co., 296 N.Y. 79, 70 N.E.2d 401 (1946) ...... 13-45, 13-47 Advanced Training Sys., Inc. v. Caswell Equip. Co., 352 N.W.2d 1, 42 A.L.R.4TH 299 (Minn. 1984) ...... 2-132, 10-63, 13-22, 13-24, 13-28 Aequitron Med., Inc. v. CBS, Inc., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9485, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1025 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 14-11 Aequitron Med., Inc. v. CBS, Inc., 964 F. Supp. 704, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1897 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 13-42, 13-60 Affolter v. Baugh Constr. Or., Inc., 183 Or. App. 198, 51 P.3d 642 (2002) ...... 4-35 Afftrex, Ltd. v. Gen. Elec. Co., 555 N.Y.S.2d 903, 161 A.D.2d 855 (3d Dep’t 1990) ...... 2-164 Afro-Am. Publ’g Co. v. Jaffe, 366 F.2d 649 (D.C. Cir. 1966) ...... 1-12, 2-23, 2-43, 4-71, ...... 4-72, 10-6, 10-10, 12-15, 12-57 Ag-Chem Equip. Co. v. Hahn, Inc., 480 F.2d 482 (8th Cir. 1973) ...... 10-42 Agarwal v. Johnson, 81 Cal. App. 3d 513, 146 Cal. Rptr. 521 (1978), aff’d on opinion of court of appeal, 25 Cal. 3d 932, 603 P.2d 58, 160 Cal. Rptr. 141 (1979) ...... 9-21 Agee v. Huggins, 888 F. Supp. 1573 (N.D. Ga. 1995) ...... 2-102, 8-57 Agnant v. Shakur, 30 F. Supp. 2d 420 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) ....2-27, 2-145 Agora, Inc. v. Axxess, Inc., 90 F. Supp. 2d 697, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2017 (D. Md. 2000), aff’d, 248 F.3d 1133 (4th Cir. 2001) ...... 4-51

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–3 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Agriss v. Roadway Express, Inc., 334 Pa. Super. 295, 483 A.2d 456 (1984) ...... 2-124, 2-125 Aguilar v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 174 Cal. App. 3d 384, 219 Cal. Rptr. 891, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1485 (1985) ...... 2-168 A.H. Belo Corp. v. Rayzor, 620 S.W.2d 756 (Tex. Civ. App. 1981) ...... 10-42 A.H. Belo Corp. v. Rayzor, 644 S.W.2d 71, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2425 (Tex. App. 1982) ...... 10-29, 10-46, 10-48 A.H. Belo Corp. v. Sanders, 632 S.W.2d 145 (Tex. 1982) ...... 13-22, 13-23 AIDS Counseling & Testing Ctrs. v. Grp. W Television, Inc., 903 F.2d 1000, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1893 (4th Cir. 1990) ...... 2-163, ...... 10-51, 12-15 Aikens v. Wisconsin, 195 U.S. 194 (1904) ...... 13-45 Air Wis. Airlines Corp. v. Hoeper, 134 S. Ct. 852, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1133 (2014) ...... 3-19, 3-27, 9-36 Airlie Found., Inc. v. Evening Star Newspaper Co., 337 F. Supp. 421 (D.D.C. 1972) ...... 2-27, 5-83, ...... 5-88, 5-103, 10-6 Aisenson v. Am. Broad. Cos., 220 Cal. App. 3d 146, 269 Cal. Rptr. 379, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1881 (1990) ...... 2-47, 4-54, 4-57 Aken v. Plains Elec. Generation & Transmission Coop., Inc., 132 N.M. 401, 49 P.3d 662 (2002) ...... 10-21 Akins v. Altus Newspapers, Inc., 609 P.2d 1263, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1449 (Okla. 1977), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1010 (1980) ...... 2-140, 3-19, 5-5, 5-11 Akron-Canton Waste Oil Co. v. Safety-Kleen Oil Serv., Inc., 81 Ohio App. 3d 591, 611 N.E.2d 955 (1992) ...... 2-5 Ala. Ride Co. v. Vance, 178 So. 438 (Ala. 1938) ...... 2-42 Albert v. Loksen, 239 F.3d 256 (2d Cir. 2001) ...... 2-4, 2-16, 2-94, ...... 2-119, 6-19, 9-19 Alberts v. Wickes Lumber Co., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 919 (N.D. Ill. 1995) ...... 8-11 Albertson v. Raboff, 46 Cal. 2d 375, 295 P.2d 405 (1956) ...... 8-23, 12-28, 13-5, 13-25 Albin v. Cosmetics Plus N.Y. Ltd., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15217 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 2-32 Albright v. Morton, 321 F. Supp. 2d 130, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1769 (D. Mass. 2004), aff’d sub nom. Amrak Prods., Inc. v. Morton, 410 F.3d 69 (1st Cir. 2005) ...... 2-33

TOC–4 Table of Cases

Aldoupolis v. Globe Newspaper Co., 398 Mass. 731, 500 N.E.2d 794, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1779 (1986) ...... 4-33, 4-65 Alexander v. Vann, 180 N.C.187, 104 S.E. 360 (1920) ...... 9-2 Alexander & Alexander v. Fritzen, 68 N.Y.2d 968, 510 N.Y.S.2d 546, 503 N.E.2d 102 (1986) ...... 13-70 Alford v. Ga.-Pac. Corp., 331 So. 2d 558 (La. Ct. App.), writ denied, 334 So. 2d 427 (La. 1976) ...... 9-17 Alfred A. Altimont, Inc. v. Chatelain, Samperton & Nolan, 374 A.2d 284 (D.C. 1977) ...... 9-31 Algarin v. Town of Wallkill, 421 F.3d 137 (2d Cir. 2005) ...... 2-156 Alharbi v. Beck, 62 F. Supp. 3d 202, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 167010 (D. Mass. 2014) ...... 3-7, 5-67 Ali v. Douglas Cable Commc’ns, 929 F. Supp. 1362 (D. Kan. 1996) ...... 13-63 Ali v. Giant Food LLC, 595 F. Supp. 2d 618 (D. Md. 2009) ...... 8-57 Ali v. Moore, 984 S.W.2d 224 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) ...... 2-11, 2-109 Aligo v. Time-Life Books, Inc., 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1315 (N.D. Cal. 1994) ...... 12-87, 16-3 Alioto v. Cowles Commc’ns, Inc., 430 F. Supp. 1363, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1801 (N.D. Cal. 1977), aff’d, 623 F.2d 616, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1573 (9th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1102 (1981) ...... 2-9, 5-14, 5-83, ...... 5-90, 10-31, 10-47, 10-57 Allan & Allan Arts Ltd. v. Rosenblum, 615 N.Y.S.2d 410, 201 A.D.2d 136 (2d Dep’t 1994), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 914 (1995) ...... 8-36 Alleman v. Vermilion Publ’g Corp., 316 So. 2d 837 (La. Ct. App. 1975) ...... 6-22 Allen v. Men’s World Outlet, Inc., 679 F. Supp. 360, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1001 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) ...... 12-89, 13-32 Allen v. Ortez, 802 P.2d 1307 (Utah 1990) ...... 2-107 Allen v. Pioneer-Press Co., 40 Minn. 117, 41 N.W. 936 (1889) ...... 11-7, 11-13 Allen & Rocks, Inc. v. Dowell, 252 Va. 439, 477 S.E.2d 741 (1996) ...... 2-45 Alliant Grp., L.P. v. Feingold, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 139361 (S.D. Tex. 2012) ...... 15-35 Allied Mktg. Grp., Inc. v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 111 S.W.3d 168, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1762 (Tex. App. 2003) ...... 2-166 Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Lueck, 471 U.S. 202 (1985) ...... 8-57

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–5 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hague, 449 U.S. 302 (1981) ...... 15-51 Allstate Ins. Co. v. Shupack, 335 So. 2d 620 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1976) ...... 8-21 Alm v. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 134 Ill. App. 3d 716, 480 N.E.2d 1263 (1985) ...... 13-67 Alpha Therapeutic Corp. v. Nippon Hoso Kyokai, 199 F.3d 1078, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1353 (9th Cir. 1999), opinion withdrawn pursuant to stipulation of the parties, 237 F.3d 1007 (9th Cir. 2001) ...... 8-66, 12-95 Alpine Constr. Co. v. Demaris, 358 F. Supp. 422 (N.D. Ill. 1973) ...... 5-102 Alpine Indus., Inc. v. Feyk, 22 P.3d 445 (Alaska 2001) ...... 8-50 Alpo Petfoods, Inc. v. Ralston Purina Co., 913 F.2d 958 (D.C. Cir. 1990) ...... 13-32, 13-35 Alsteen v. Gehl, 21 Wis. 2d 349, 124 N.W.2d 312 (1963) ...... 13-48, 13-49, 13-51, 13-52 Alszeh v. Home Box Office, 67 Cal. App. 4th 1456, 80 Cal. Rptr. 2d 16 (Ct. App. 1998) ...... 16-40 Altoona Clay Prod., Inc. v. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., 286 F. Supp. 899 (W.D. Pa.), rev’d on other grounds, 438 F.2d 433 (3d Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 898 (1971) ...... 10-42 Altschuler v. Univ. of Pa. Law Sch., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3248 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 2-70, 2-103, 7-7, 15-62 Alvarado v. K-III Magazine Corp., 610 N.Y.S.2d 241, 203 A.D.2d 135, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2094 (1st Dep’t 1994) ...... 2-145 Alvarado v. KOB-TV, L.L.C., 493 F.3d 1210, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2025 (10th Cir. 2007) ...... 12-48, 12-56 Alves v. Hometown Newspapers, Inc., 857 A.2d 743 (R.I. 2004) ...... 16-22 Alvord-Polk, Inc. v. F. Schumacher & Co., 37 F.3d 996 (3d Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1063 (1995) ...... 2-160 Amato v. Fellner, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1552 (Wis. Cir. Ct. 1978) ...... 14-16 Amcor Inv. Corp. v. Cox Ariz. Publ’ns, Inc., 158 Ariz. 566, 764 P.2d 327, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1059 (Ct. App. 1988) ...... 4-9, 13-16, 16-5 Am. Benefit Life Ins. Co. v. McIntyre, 375 So. 2d 239, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1124 (Ala. 1979) ...... 5-48

TOC–6 Table of Cases

Am. Broad. Cos. v. Gill, 6 S.W.3d 19, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2569 (Tex. App. 1999) ...... 5-38 Am. Bus. Interiors v. Haworth, Inc., 798 F.2d 1135 (8th Cir. 1986) ...... 10-47 Am. Chem. Soc’y v. Leadscope, Inc., 133 Ohio St. 366, 978 N.E.2d 832 ...... 2-175 Am. Commc’ns Network, Inc. v. Williams, 264 Va. 336, 568 S.E.2d 683 (2002) ...... 4-16, 12-103 Am. Dist. Tel. Co. v. Brink’s, Inc., 380 F.2d 131 (7th Cir. 1967) ...... 7-27 Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Edgar, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1555 (Wis. Cir. Ct. 1995) ...... 5-41, 5-52, 5-55 Am. Future Sys. v. Better Bus. Bureau, 872 A.2d 1202 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2005), appeal granted, 2005 Pa. LEXIS 2524 (Pa. Nov. 21, 2005) ...... 9-25 Am. Future Sys., Inc. v. Better Bus. Bureau of E. Pa., 592 Pa. 66, 923 A.2d 389, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2386 (2007) ...... 5-39, 5-72, 9-54 Am. Home Prods. Corp. v. Johnson & Johnson, 577 F.2d 160 (2d Cir. 1978) ...... 13-31, 13-34 Am. Int’l Hosp. v. Chi. Tribune Co., 136 Ill. App. 3d 1019, 483 N.E.2d 965, 91 Ill. Dec. 479, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1268 (1985) ...... 2-71 Am. Land Program, Inc. v. Bonaventura Witgevers Maatschappij, N.V., 710 F.2d 1449, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1874 (10th Cir. 1983) ...... 15-27 Am. Malting Co. v. Keitel, 209 F. 351 (2d Cir. 1913) ....10-59, 10-60 Am. Online, Inc. v. Anonymous Publicly Traded Co., 261 Va. 350, 542 S.E.2d 377, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1442 (2001) ...... 14-35 Am. Pet Motels, Inc. v. Chi. Veterinary Med. Ass’n, 106 Ill. App. 3d 626, 435 N.E.2d 1297, 62 Ill. Dec. 325, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1993 (1982) ...... 13-42 Am. Petroleum Inst. v. Technomedia Int’l, Inc., 699 F. Supp. 2d 258 (D.D.C. 2010) ...... 2-95, 16-7 Am. Radio Ass’n, AFL-CIO v. A.S. Abell Co., 58 Misc. 2d 483, 296 N.Y.S.2d 21 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1968) ...... 15-5, 15-8 Am. Rd. Serv. v. Inmon, 394 So. 2d 361 (Ala. 1981) .....13-48, 13-50

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–7 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Am. Soc’y of Mech. Eng’rs v. Hydrolevel Corp., 456 U.S. 556 (1982) ...... 2-176, 10-32 Amalgamated Transit Union v. Lovelace, 441 Md. 560, 575, 109 A.3d 96, 105 (2015) ...... 2-127, 2-137 Am. Transmission, Inc. v. Channel 7 of Detroit, Inc., 239 Mich. App. 695, 609 N.W.2d 607, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1823 (2000) ...... 12-98 AMI Affiliates v. U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18783 (E.D. Pa. 1995) ...... 8-34, 8-35 Ammerman v. Hubbard Broad., Inc., 89 N.M. 307, 551 P.2d 1354 (1976) ...... 14-22 Ampex Corp. v. Cargle, 128 Cal. App. 4th 1569, 27 Cal. Rptr. 3d 863 (2005) ...... 5-47, 16-13 Amrak Prods., Inc. v. Morton, 410 F.3d 69 (1st Cir. 2005) ...... 2-20, 2-33 Amway Corp. v. Procter & Gamble Co., 346 F.3d 180, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2441 (6th Cir. 2003) ...... 7-28 Amway Corp. v. Procter & Gamble Distrib. Co., 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14455 (W.D. Mich. 2001) ...... 13-43 Anaya v. CBS Broad. Inc., 626 F. Supp. 2d 1158 (D.N.M. 2008) ...... 5-42 Anders v. Newsweek, Inc., 727 F. Supp. 1065, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1281 (S.D. Miss. 1989), aff’d, 949 F.2d 1159 (5th Cir. 1991) ...... 16-50 Anderson v. Augusta Chronicle, 355 S.C. 461, 585 S.E.2d 506, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1393 (Ct. App. 2003), aff’d, 365 S.C. 589, 619 S.E.2d 428 (2005) ...... 1-30, 2-63, 5-75 Anderson v. Beach, 386 Ill. App. 3d 246, 897 N.E.2d 361, 325 Ill. Dec. 113 (2008) ...... 8-49 Anderson v. City of Troy, 316 Mont. 39, 68 P.3d 805 (2003) ...... 2-32 Anderson v. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., 543 F.2d 732 (10th Cir. 1976) ...... 9-23 Anderson v. Fisher Broad. Cos., 300 Or. 452, 712 P.2d 803, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1604 (1986) ...... 12-9, 12-36, ...... 12-73, 12-76, 12-87 Anderson v. Indep. Sch. Dist., 357 F.3d 806 (8th Cir. 2003) ...... 2-93, 2-95 Anderson v. Kammeier, 262 N.W.2d 366 (Minn. 1977) ...... 2-132 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2297 (1986) ...... 1-37, 5-84, 5-131, ...... 16-31, 16-42, 16-43, 16-44, ...... 16-45, 16-48, 16-49, 16-58, 16-59

TOC–8 Table of Cases

Anderson v. Low Rent Hous. Comm’n, 304 N.W.2d 239, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1726, cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1086 (1981) ...... 5-55, 16-69 Anderson v. Mergenhagen, 283 Ga. App. 546, 642 S.E.2d 105 (2007) ...... 12-93 Anderson v. Nixon, 444 F. Supp. 1195, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1687 (D.D.C. 1978) ...... 14-45 Anderson v. Rocky Mountain News, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2058 (10th Cir. 1988) ...... 5-113, 16-33, 16-45 Anderson v. Romero, 42 F.3d 1121 (7th Cir. 1994) ...... 2-172 Anderson v. Stanco Sports Library, Inc., 542 F.2d 638 (4th Cir. 1976) ...... 3-18, 16-46 Anderson v. Vanden Dorpel, 268 Ill. App. 3d 907, 206 Ill. Dec. 245, 667 N.E.2d 1296 (1994), aff’d on other grounds, 172 Ill. 2d 399, 217 Ill. Dec. 720, 667 N.E.2d 1296 (1996) ..... 2-71, 9-15, 13-41 Anderson v. Watchtower Bible & Tract Soc’y of N.Y., Inc., 2007 Tenn. App. LEXIS 29 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) ...... 4-77 Anderson v. WROC-TV, 109 Misc. 2d 904, 441 N.Y.S.2d 220, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1987 (N.Y. Cnty. 1981) ...... 12-97 Anderson Dev. Co. v. Tobias, 116 P.3d 323 (Utah 2005) ...... 16-25 Andreescu v. Lane, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1290 (Colo. Dist. Ct. 1979) ...... 6-24 Andren v. Knight-Ridder Newspapers Sales, Inc., 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2109 (E.D. Mich. 1984) ...... 12-26 Andrews v. Stallings, 119 N.M. 478, 892 P.2d 611 (Ct. App. 1995) ...... 2-38, 2-66, 2-153, 4-16, 4-33, ...... 12-20, 13-47, 13-53, 13-54, 16-5 Andrews v. Time, Inc., 690 F. Supp. 362 (E.D. Pa. 1988) ...... 2-106 Angelotta v. Am. Broad. Cos., 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1491 (N.D. Ohio 1985), aff’d, 820 F.2d 806, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1185 (6th Cir. 1987) ...... 13-54 Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Philpot, 317 F.3d 1264 (11th Cir. 2003) ...... 2-80 Annbar Assocs. v. Am. Express Co., 565 S.W.2d 701 (Mo. Ct. App. 1978) ...... 13-9, 13-23 Annette F. v. Sharon S., 119 Cal. App. 4th 1146, 15 Cal. Rptr. 3d 100 (2004) ...... 5-38 Anonsen v. Donahue, 857 S.W.2d 700 (Tex. App. 1993) ...... 12-52

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–9 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Anonymous Online Speakers, In re, 661 F.3d 1168, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2735 (9th Cir. 2011) ...... 14-44 Anonymous Online Speakers v. U.S. Dist. Court (In re Anonymous Online Speakers), 661 F.3d 1168, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2735 (9th Cir. 2011) ...... 14-44 Anschutz Entm’t Grp., Inc. v. Snepp, 171 Cal. App. 4th 598, 90 Cal. Rptr. 3d 133, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1605 (2009) ..... 2-11, 11-3, 11-5, 11-12 Anselmi v. Denver Post, Inc., 552 F.2d 316, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1530 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 432 U.S. 911 (1977) ...... 5-28, 7-5, ...... 15-6, 15-21, 15-28 Anthony v. Runyon, 76 F.3d 210 (8th Cir. 1996) ...... 8-27, 8-35 Antwerp Diamond Exch., Inc. v. Better Bus. Bureau, 130 Ariz. 523, 637 P.2d 733 (1981) ...... 5-49, 6-22 Anyanwu v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 887 F. Supp. 690 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 2-159 Aoki v. Benihana, Inc., 839 F. Supp. 2d 759 (D. Del. 2012) ..... 15-52 AOL, Inc. v. Malouf, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 3312, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1689 (Tex. App. 2015) ...... 16-24 Apicella v. McNeil Labs., Inc., 66 F.R.D. 78 (E.D.N.Y. 1975) ...... 14-4 Appel v. Burman, 159 Cal. App. 3d 1209, 206 Cal. Rptr. 259 (1984) ...... 13-22 Appleby v. Daily Hampshire Gazette, 395 Mass. 32, 478 N.E.2d 721, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2372 (1985) ...... 5-109, 6-8, ...... 7-15, 7-15, 16-54 Appleyard v. Transamerican Press, Inc., 539 F.2d 1026 (4th Cir. 1976) ...... 10-52 April v. Reflector-Herald, Inc., 46 Ohio App. 3d 95, 546 N.E.2d 466, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2455 (1988) ...... 7-59 Aquino v. Bulletin Co., 190 Pa. Super. 528, 154 A.2d 422 (1959) ...... 12-57, 12-60, 12-61, 12-69 Arctic Co., Ltd. v. Loudoun Times Mirror, 624 F.2d 518, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1433 (4th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1102 (1981) ...... 5-16, 5-42 Arista Records, LLC v. Doe 3, 604 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2010) ...... 16-8 Ariz. Biochemical Co. v. Hearst Corp., 302 F. Supp. 412 (S.D.N.Y. 1969) ...... 5-95 Armenian Assembly of Am., Inc. v. Cafesjian, 597 F. Supp. 2d 128 (D.C. Cir. 2009) ...... 2-76 2-77, 2-91, 2-95

TOC–10 Table of Cases

Armistead v. Minor, 815 So. 2d 1189, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2369 (Miss. 2002) ...... 2-84 Armstrong v. H&C Commc’ns, Inc., 575 So. 2d 280, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1845 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1991) ...... 13-55 Armstrong v. Simon & Schuster, Inc., 85 N.Y.2d 373, 649 N.E.2d 825, 625 N.Y.S.2d 477, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1532 (1995) ...... 2-23, 2-35, 2-75, 4-62 Armstrong v. Thompson, 80 A.3d 177 (D.C. 2013) ...... 7-46, 12-26, 13-39 Army Times Publ’g Co. v. Watts, 730 F.2d 1398, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1774 (11th Cir. 1984) ...... 15-21 Arnheiter v. Random House, Inc., 578 F.2d 804, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1174 (9th Cir. 1978) ...... 5-8, 5-14 Arno v. Stewart, 245 Cal. App. 2d 955, 54 Cal. Rptr. 392 (1966) ...... 2-11, 5-120 Arnold v. Air Midwest, Inc., 877 F. Supp. 1452 (D. Kan. 1995) ...... 8-58 Arnold v. Sharpe, 296 N.C. 533, 251 S.E.2d 452 (1979) ...... 2-136 AroChem Int’l, Inc. v. Buirkle, 968 F.2d 266 (2d Cir. 1992) ...... 15-59 Aronson v. Kinsella, 58 Cal. App. 4th 254, 68 Cal. Rptr. 2d 305 (1997) ...... 8-11, 8-12 Aronson v. Wiersma, 65 N.Y.2d 592, 483 N.E.2d 1138, 493 N.Y.S.2d 1006 (1985) ...... 2-143 Aroonsakul v. Shannon, 279 Ill. App. 3d 345, 664 N.E.2d 1094, 216 Ill. Dec. 166 (1996) ...... 2-151, 12-17 Arrington v. N.Y. Times Co., 55 N.Y.2d 433, 434 N.E.2d 1319, 449 N.Y.S.2d 941, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1351 (1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1146 (1983) ...... 12-100, ...... 12-101, 12-102, 12-103 Arrington v. Palmer, 971 P.2d 669 (Colo. Ct. App. 1998) ...... 4-31 Arroyo v. Rosen, 102 Md. App. 101, 648 A.2d 1074 (Ct. Spec. App. 1994) ...... 5-91, 8-36, 12-42 Arsenault v. Allegheny Airlines, Inc., 485 F. Supp. 1373 (D. Mass.), aff’d without opinion, 636 F.2d 1199 (1st Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 821 (1981) ...... 2-103

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–11 SACK ON DEFAMATION

A.S. Abell Co. v. Barnes, 258 Md. 56, 265 A.2d 207 (1970), cert. denied, 403 U.S. 921 (1971) ...... 5-28 A.S. Abell Co. v. Kirby, 227 Md. 267, 176 A.2d 340, 90 A.L.R.2D 1264 (1961) ...... 4-4, 4-42, 4-48, 4-63, 4-70 Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102 (1987) ...... 15-17, 15-38 Ascherman v. Natanson, 23 Cal. App. 3d 861, 100 Cal. Rptr. 656 (1972) ...... 8-42 Ashby v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 802 F.2d 856, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1416 (6th Cir. 1986) ...... 16-53 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937 (2009) ...... 2-65, 2-67, 2-95, ...... 16-6, 16-7, 16-8 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009) ...... 5-4 Ashotegiazaryan v. Zalmayev, 880 F. Supp. 2d 494 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) ...... 4-64 Ashton v. Commonwealth, 405 S.W.2d 562 (Ky. 1965), rev’d on other grounds, 384 U.S. 195 (1966) ...... 5-83 Ashton v. Kentucky, 384 U.S. 195 (1966) ...... 3-4 Ashton-Blair v. Merrill, 187 Ariz. 315, 928 P.2d 1244 (Ct. App. 1996) ...... 8-2 Associated Press v. Cook, 17 S.W.3d 447, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2065 (Tex. App. 2000) ...... 4-27, 8-31 Astro Music, Inc. v. Eastham, 564 F.2d 1236 (9th Cir. 1977) ...... 13-8, 13-21 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R.R. v. Lopez, 216 Kan. 108, 531 P.2d 455 (1975) ...... 12-61 Atkins v. Friedman, 374 N.Y.S.2d 11, 49 A.D.2d 852 (1st Dep’t 1975) ...... 5-30 Atkins v. Indus. Telecomms. Ass’n, Inc., 660 A.2d 885 (D.C. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 2-97 Atkinson v. Affronti, 369 Ill. App. 3d 828, 861 N.E.2d 251, 308 Ill. Dec. 186 (2006) ...... 8-12 Atkinson v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y, 519 F.2d 1112 (5th Cir. 1975) ...... 10-42 Atkinson v. John E. Doherty & Co., 121 Mich. 372, 80 N.W. 285 (1899) ...... 12-8 Atkinson v. McLaughlin, 343 F. Supp. 2d 868 (D.N.D. 2004) ...... 15-35 Atkinson v. McLaughlin, 462 F. Supp. 2d 1038 (D.N.D. 2006) ...... 7-8 Atkinson v. McLaughlin, 462 F. Supp. 2d 1057 (D.N.D. 2006) ...... 2-108

TOC–12 Table of Cases

Atlanta Humane Soc’y v. Harkins, 278 Ga. 451, 603 S.E.2d 289 (2004) ...... 16-21 Atlanta Humane Soc’y v. Mills, 274 Ga. App. 159, 618 S.E.2d 18 (2005) ...... 2-154 Atlanta Journal-Constitution v. Jewell, 251 Ga. App. 808, 555 S.E.2d 175, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2537 (2001), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 814 (2002), reaffirmed on subsequent appeal sub nom. Bryant v. Cox Enters., Inc., 311 Ga. App. 230, 715 S.E.2d 458, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2081 (2011) ...... 5-34, 14-16 Atlas Food Sys. & Servs., Inc. v. Crane Nat’l, 99 F.3d 587 (4th Cir. 1996) ...... 10-19 Audition Div., Ltd. v. Better Bus. Bureau, 120 Ill. App. 3d 254, 458 N.E.2d 115, 75 Ill. Dec. 947, 50 A.L.R.4TH 733 (1983) ...... 9-25 August v. Hanlon, 2012 IL App (2d) 111252, ¶ 28, 975 N.E.2d 1234, 363 Ill. Dec. 925 ...... 16-19 Ault v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1657 (D. Or. 1986), aff’d, 860 F.2d 877, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2205 (9th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1080 (1989) ...... 4-10, 12-19, ...... 12-86, 13-57, 13-60 Austin v. Crystaltech Web Hosting, 211 Ariz. 569, 125 P.3d 389 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2005) ...... 7-12, 8-55, 15-38 Austin v. Howard Univ., 267 F. Supp. 2d 22 (D.D.C. 2003) ...... 2-96 Austin v. Inet Techs., Inc., 118 S.W.3d 491 (Tex. App. 2003) ...... 2-101 Austin v. Neal, 933 F. Supp. 444 (E.D. Pa. 1996) ...... 13-72 Auvil v. CBS “60 Minutes,” 800 F. Supp. 928, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1361 (E.D. Wash. 1992) ...... 7-4, 7-10, ...... 7-11, 13-14, 15-46 Auvil v. CBS “60 Minutes,” 836 F. Supp. 740, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2059 (E.D. Wash. 1993), aff’d on other grounds, 67 F.3d 816, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2454 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1167 (1996) ...... 3-26, 4-46, ...... 13-14, 16-51 Averitt v. Rozier, 119 N.C. App. 216, 458 S.E.2d 26 (1995) ...... 9-49 Aversa v. United States, 99 F.3d 1200, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1033 (1st Cir. 1996) ...... 8-29

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–13 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Aviation Charter, Inc. v. Aviation Research Grp./US, 416 F.3d 864 (8th Cir. 2005) ...... 4-18, 4-30, 4-52 Avins v. White, 627 F.2d 637 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 982 (1980) ...... 5-54 Axelrod v. Califano, 357 So. 2d 1048 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1978) ...... 9-21 Ayala v. Washington, 679 A.2d 1057 (D.C. 1996) ...... 3-8, 3-12, 3-15, ...... 6-27, 10-24, 10-27 Ayash v. Dana-Farber Cancer Inst., 443 Mass. 367, 822 N.E.2d 667, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1513 (2005) ...... 10-53, 14-31, 14-31 Ayers v. Lee Enters., Inc., 277 Or. 527, 561 P.2d 998, 86 A.L.R.3D 72 (1977) ...... 12-62

B B., Inc. v. Miller Brewing Co., 663 F.2d 545 (5th Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 817 (1990) ...... 15-44 Babb v. Minder, 806 F.2d 749 (7th Cir. 1986) ...... 2-73, 10-12 Bach v. First Union Nat’l Bank, 149 Fed. Appx. 354 (6th Cir. 2005) ...... 10-46 Bachchan v. India Abroad Publ’ns Inc., 585 N.Y.S.2d 661, 154 Misc. 2d 228, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1051 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1992) ...... 15-66 Backes v. Misko, S.W.3d, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 2416 (Tex. App. 2015) ...... 13-70, 16-24, 16-78, 2-150, Badri v. Huron Hosp., 691 F. Supp. 2d 744 (N.D. Ohio 2010) ...... 8-56 Baggett v. Bullitt, 377 U.S. 360 (1964) ...... 12-34 Bagley v. Iowa Beef Processors, Inc., 797 F.2d 632, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1113 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1088 (1987) ...... 6-23 Bagwell v. Peninsula Reg’l Med. Ctr., 106 Md. App. 470, 665 A.2d 297 (1995) ...... 12-17 Bahr v. Ettinger, 88 Or. App. 419, 745 P.2d 807 (1987) ...... 3-18 Bailey v. Dell Publ’g Co., 790 F. Supp. 101, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1257 (W.D. Pa.), aff’d, 983 F.2d 1049 (3d Cir. 1992) ...... 5-103, 7-23 Bailey v. Gulf Ins. Co., 389 F.2d 889 (10th Cir. 1968) ...... 10-33 Bailey v. Turbine Design, Inc., 86 F. Supp. 2d 790 (W.D. Tenn. 2000) ...... 15-35

TOC–14 Table of Cases

Bair v. Palm Beach Newspapers, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2028 (Fla. Cir. Ct. 1982), aff’d, 444 So. 2d 1131, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1624 (Dist. Ct. App. 1984) ...... 7-58 Baird v. Roussin, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1555 (D. Mass. 1980) ...... 4-32, 5-79 Baker v. Charles, 919 F. Supp. 41 (D. Me. 1996) ...... 8-33, 9-46 Baker v. F&F Inv., 470 F.2d 778 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 411 U.S. 966 (1973) ...... 14-15, 14-30 Baker v. Lafayette Coll., 516 Pa. 291, 532 A.2d 399 (1987) ...... 2-28 Baker v. L.A. Herald Examiner, 42 Cal. 3d 254, 721 P.2d 87, 228 Cal. Rptr. 206, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1159 (1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1032 (1987) ...... 4-10, 4-64, 16-40 Baker v. Tremco Inc., 917 N.E.2d 650 (Ind. 2009) ...... 2-119 Baker v. Vantage Parts, Inc., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3504 (D. Or. 1997) ...... 2-107 Balabanoff v. Fossani, 192 Misc. 615, 81 N.Y.S.2d 732 (Kings Cnty. 1948) ...... 7-9 Balboa Island Vill. Inn, Inc. v. Lemen, 40 Cal. 4th 1141, 57 Cal. Rptr. 3d 320, 156 P.3d 339 (2007) ...... 10-62, 10-64 Balderman v. Am. Broad. Cos., 292 A.D.2d 67, 738 N.Y.S.2d 462, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1729 (4th Dep’t 2002) ...... 4-51, 13-61 Balderre v. Beeman, 837 S.W.2d 309 (Mo. Ct. App. 1992) ...... 2-33, 2-119 Baldine v. Sharon Herald Co., 280 F. Supp. 440 (W.D. Pa. 1966), aff’d, 391 F.2d 703 (3d Cir. 1968) ...... 4-71 Ball v. D’Lites Enters., 65 So. 3d 637 (Fla. Ct. App. 2011) ...... 8-16 Ball v. E.W. Scripps Co., 801 S.W.2d 684, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1545 (Ky. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 976 (1991) ...... 5-83, 5-88, 16-67 Ball v. Taylor, 416 F.3d 915 (8th Cir. 2005) ...... 2-161 Ballard v. 1400 Willow Council of Co-Owners, Inc., 430 S.W.3d 229 (Ky. 2013) ...... 8-23 Ballard v. Wagner, 2005 ME 86, 877 A.2d 1083 (2005) ...... 2-135, 4-28, 4-30, 5-14 Bals v. Verduzco, Inc., 600 N.E.2d 1353 (Ind. 1992) ...... 2-102, 2-103, ...... 2-104, 2-105, 9-25, ...... 9-27, 9-28, 9-43, 9-47 B&A Marine Co. v. Am. Foreign Shipping Co., 23 F.3d 709 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 961 (1994) ...... 8-35, 8-64

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–15 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Bandelin v. Pietsch, 98 Idaho 337, 563 P.2d 395, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1600, cert. denied, 434 U.S. 891 (1977) ...... 5-40, 5-65, 5-99, 7-26, 16-49 Bander v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 313 Mass. 337, 47 N.E.2d 595 (1943) ...... 2-12 Bandido’s, Inc. v. Journal Gazette Co., 575 N.E.2d 324, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1178 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991), aff’d on relevant ground, 712 N.E.2d 446, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2089 (Ind.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1005 (1999) ...... 1-29, 5-113 Bank of Am. Nev. v. Bourdeau, 982 P.2d 474 (Nev. 1999) ...... 9-10 Bank of Or. v. Indep. News, Inc., 298 Or. 434, 693 P.2d 35, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1313, cert. denied, 474 U.S. 826 (1985) ...... 5-41, 5-43, 5-47, ...... 5-48, 5-49, 6-4, 6-7 Banks v. King Features Syndicate, Inc., 30 F. Supp. 352 (S.D.N.Y. 1930) ...... 12-58 Banks v. St. Matthew Baptist Church, 406 S.C. 156, 750 S.E.2d 605 (2013) ...... 4-79 Bannum, Inc. v. Citizens for a Safe Ward Five, 383 F. Supp. 2d 32 (D.D.C. 2005) ...... 5-32 Bantam Books, Inc. v. Sullivan, 372 U.S. 58 (1963) ...... 1-42, 5-132, 10-4, 10-60 Banville v. Schmidt, 37 Cal. App. 3d 92, 112 Cal. Rptr. 126 (1974) ...... 13-65, 13-66 Barakat v. Matz, 271 Ill. App. 3d 662, 648 N.E.2d 1033, 208 Ill. Dec. 111 (1995) ...... 2-18 Baravati v. Josephthal Lyon & Ross, Inc., 834 F. Supp. 1023 (N.D. Ill. 1993), aff’d, 28 F.3d 704 (7th Cir. 1994) ...... 8-39, 8-60, 9-16 Barber v. Daly, 185 A.D.2d 567, 586 N.Y.S.2d 398 (3d Dep’t 1992) ...... 2-91 Barber v. Time, Inc., 348 Mo. 1199, 159 S.W.2d 291 (1942) ...... 12-58, 12-69, 12-74, ...... 12-75, 12-93, 12-97 Barbieri v. News-Journal Co., 56 Del. 67, 189 A.2d 773 (1963) ...... 12-8, 12-56, 12-60, 12-61, 12-66 Barden v. Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., 863 F. Supp. 41, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2343 (D. Mass. 1994) ...... 13-69 Barge v. Ransom, 30 S.W.3d 889, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2566 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000) ...... 8-42

TOC–16 Table of Cases

Barger v. Courier-Journal & Louisville Times Co., 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1189 (Ky. Ct. App. 1991) ...... 12-37 Barger v. Playboy Enters., Inc., 564 F. Supp. 1151, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1656 (N.D. Cal. 1983), aff’d, 732 F.2d 163, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1527 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 853 (1984) ...... 2-158, 2-162, 5-107 Barker v. Huang, 610 A.2d 1341 (Del. 1992) ...... 13-61 Barkhorn v. Adlib Assocs., Inc., 203 F. Supp. 121 (D. Haw. 1962) ...... 13-5, 13-22 Barlow v. Int’l Harvester Co., 95 Idaho 881, 522 P.2d 1102 (1974) ...... 3-28 Barlow v. Sipes, 744 N.E.2d 1 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) ...... 10-60 Bar-Meir v. Walker, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7850 (D. Minn. 2002) ...... 15-9 Barnako v. Foto Kirsch, Ltd., 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2373 (D.D.C. 1987) ...... 12-84 Barnes v. Horan, 841 So. 2d 472 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2002) ...... 4-49 Barnes v. Yahoo!, Inc., 570 F.3d 1096, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1705 (9th Cir. 2009) ...... 2-93, 7-13, 8-56, 12-75 Barnett v. Denver Publ’g Co., 36 P.3d 145 (Colo. Ct. App. 2001), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 1056 (2002) ...... 3-15 Barnett v. Denver Publ’g Co., 2001 Colo. LEXIS 1015 (Colo. Ct. App. 2001) ...... 16-5 Barnett v. Hitching Post Lodge, Inc., 101 Ariz. 488, 421 P.2d 507 (1966) ...... 13-17, 13-18 Barnette v. Wilson, 706 So. 2d 1164 (Ala. 1997) ...... 2-114 Barnhart v. Paisano Publ’ns, LLC, 457 F. Supp. 2d 590, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2574 (D. Md. 2006) ...... 12-44 Barr v. Matteo, 360 U.S. 564 (1959) ...... 1-7, 8-4, 8-26, 8-33, ...... 8-34, 8-35, 8-46, 8-47, 8-51 Barr v. S. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 13 N.C. App. 388, 185 S.E.2d 714 (1972) ...... 12-75 Barreca v. Nickolas, 683 N.W.2d 111 (Iowa 2004) ...... 2-119, 5-78, 9-45, 9-58 Barres v. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 131 N.J. Super. 371, 330 A.2d 38 (1974), aff’d, 141 N.J. Super. 563, 359 A.2d 501 (1976), aff’d, 716 N.J. 461, 378 A.2d 1148 (1977) ...... 7-6 Barrett v. Baylor, 457 F.2d 119 (7th Cir. 1972) ...... 13-70 Barrett v. Catacomb Press, 64 F. Supp. 2d 440, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2493 (E.D. Pa. 1999) ...... 2-109

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–17 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Barrett v. Harrington, 130 F.3d 246 (6th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1075 (1998) ...... 8-3 Barrett v. Intelisoft Multimedia, Inc., 343 Ill. App. 3d 1184, 799 N.E.2d 916, 279 Ill. Dec. 113 (2003) ...... 7-11, 8-55 Barrett v. Rosenthal, 40 Cal. 4th 33, 146 P.3d 510, 51 Cal. Rptr. 3d 55 (2006) ...... 7-11, 7-12, 8-55 Barrows v. Wareham Fire Dist., 82 Mass. App. Ct. 623, 976 N.E.2d 830 (2012) ...... 8-46 Barry v. Time, Inc., 584 F. Supp. 1110, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1809 (N.D. Cal. 1984) ...... 5-17, 5-39, 7-3, 7-57 Barry Harlem Corp. v. Kraff, 273 Ill. App. 3d 388, 652 N.E.2d 1077, 210 Ill. Dec. 101 (1995) ...... 2-133 Bartimo v. Horsemen’s Benevolent Ass’n, 771 F.2d 894, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1567 (5th Cir. 1985) ...... 16-71 Bartnicki v. Vopper, 532 U.S. 514 (2001) ...... 12-100 Barto v. Felix, 250 Pa. Super. 262, 378 A.2d 927 (1977) ...... 8-18 Bartow v. Smith, 149 Ohio St. 301, 37 Ohio Op. 10, 78 N.E.2d 735, 15 A.L.R.2D 94 (1948) ...... 2-45 Basarich v. Rodeghero, 24 Ill. App. 3d 889, 321 N.E.2d 739 (1974) ...... 5-17 Bass v. Planned Mgmt. Servs., 761 P.2d 566 (Utah 1988) ...... 13-22, 13-23 Bates v. City of Little Rock, 361 U.S. 516 (1960) ...... 14-39 Bates v. State Bar, 433 U.S. 350, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2097 (1977) ...... 5-133, 13-30 Batson v. Shiflett, 325 Md. 684, 602 A.2d 1191 (1992) ...... 5-77, 5-89, 5-93 Batson v. Time, Inc., 298 So. 2d 100 (La. Ct. App. 1974) ...... 16-44 Battaglia v. Adams, 164 So. 2d 195 (Fla. 1964) ...... 12-23 Batzel v. Smith, 333 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1085 (2004) ...... 7-13, 8-55, ...... 8-68, 16-18, 16-79 Batzel v. Smith, 351 F.3d 904 (9th Cir. 2003) ...... 7-13 Bauer v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 149 F. Supp. 2d 1106 (D. Minn. 2001) ...... 12-93 Bauer v. Gannett Co., 557 N.W.2d 608 (Minn. Ct. App. 1997) ...... 14-17, 14-19, 14-26 Bauer v. Murphy, 191 Wis. 2d 518, 530 N.W.2d 1 (Ct. App. 1995) ...... 2-49, 2-121 Bauer v. State of Minnesota, 511 N.W.2d 447 (Minn. 1994) ...... 8-39, 9-5

TOC–18 Table of Cases

Baugh v. CBS, Inc., 828 F. Supp. 745, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2065 (N.D. Cal. 1993) ...... 12-46, 12-56, 12-59, ...... 12-85, 12-97, 16-38 Bausewine v. Norristown Herald, Inc., 351 Pa. 634, 41 A.2d 736, cert. denied, 326 U.S. 724 (1945) ...... 4-75 Bavarian Motor Works Ltd. v. Manchester, 61 Misc. 2d 309, 305 N.Y.S.2d 593 (N.Y. Cnty. 1969) ...... 5-48 Baxter, In re, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26001, 2001 WL 34806203 (W.D. La. Dec. 20, 2001) ...... 14-39 Baxter v. Scott, 847 So. 2d 225 (La. Ct. App. 2003) ...... 16-21 Bay View Packing Co. v. Taff, 198 Wis. 2d 653, 543 N.W.2d 522, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1289 (Ct. App. 1995) ...... 5-39, 5-40, 5-66, 16-39 Beach Aircraft Corp. v. Nat’l Aviation Underwriters, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1401 (D. Kan. 1984) ...... 5-48 Beacon Journal Publ’g Co. v. Landsdowne, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1094 (Ohio Ct. Com. Pl. 1984) ...... 11-8 Beamer v. Nishiki, 66 Haw. 572, 670 P.2d 1264, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1171 (1983) ...... 2-32, 16-34 Beary v. W. Publ’g Co., 763 F.2d 66, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2114 (2d Cir. 1985) ...... 7-43 Beasley v. St. Mary’s Hosp., 200 Ill. App. 3d 1024, 558 N.E.2d 677, 142 Ill. Dec. 232 (1989) ...... 4-17 Beattie v. Fleet Nat’l Bank, 746 A.2d 717 (R.I. 2000) ...... 4-18, 4-29, 4-31, 4-49, 4-59 Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S. 250 (1952) ...... 2-171, 3-4 Beauharnais v. Pittsburgh Courier Publ’g Co., 243 F.2d 705 (7th Cir. 1957) ...... 2-22, 2-45, 4-42, ...... 4-53, 4-70, 4-74, 4-75 Beaumont v. Brown, 401 Mich. 80, 257 N.W.2d 522 (1977) ...... 12-9, 12-41, 12-59, 12-69 Beauvoir v. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Med. Ctr., 137 Ill. App. 3d 294, 484 N.E.2d 841, 92 Ill. Dec. 110 (1985) ...... 9-6 Bebo v. Delander, 632 N.W.2d 732 (Minn. Ct. App. 2001) ...... 2-47 Beck v. Lone Star Broad. Co., 970 S.W.2d 610, 1998 Tex. App. LEXIS 2059 (Tex. App. 1998) ...... 5-10 Beck v. Tribert, 312 N.J. Super. 335, 711 A.2d 951 (1998) ...... 8-62 Becker v. Kroll, 494 F.3d 904 (10th Cir. 2007) ...... 8-64, 9-34

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–19 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Becker v. Zellner, 292 Ill. App. 3d 116, 684 N.E.2d 1378, 226 Ill. Dec. 175 (1997) ...... 13-7 Beckley Newspapers Corp. v. Hanks, 389 U.S. 81 (1967) ...... 1-7, 1-26, 1-31, 5-104 Beckman v. Dunn, 276 Pa. Super. 527, 419 A.2d 583 (1980) ...... 9-39 Beeching v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 764 N.E.2d 669 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) ...... 5-9 Beedle v. Wilson, 422 F.3d 1059 (10th Cir. 2005) ...... 2-169, 10-76 Beekmans v. J.P. Morgan & Co., 945 F. Supp. 90 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 15-41 Behrendt v. Times-Mirror Co., 30 Cal. App. 2d 77, 85 P.2d 949 (1938) ...... 10-2, 10-41 Behrens v. Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299 (1996) ...... 8-66 Belcher v. Little, 315 N.W.2d 734 (Iowa 1982) ...... 2-95, 2-98 Belcher v. Schilling, 349 So. 2d 185 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1977), cert. denied, 358 So. 2d 128 (Fla. 1978) ...... 9-31 Belcher v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 211 W. Va. 712, 568 S.E.2d 19 (2002) ...... 8-19 Bell v. Associated Press, 584 F. Supp. 128, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1489 (D.D.C. 1984) ...... 5-30, 7-23 Bell v. Courier-Journal & Louisville Times Co., 402 S.W.2d 84 (Ky. 1966) ...... 3-18, 12-49, 12-60 Bell v. Nat’l Republican Cong. Comm., 187 F. Supp. 2d 605 (S.D. W. Va. 2002) ...... 2-55, 5-44 Bell v. Rogers, 698 So. 2d 749 (La. Ct. App. 1997) ...... 2-101 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) ...... 2-64, 2-66, 2-94, ...... 5-4, 16-6, 16-7, 16-8 Bellamy v. Arno Press, Inc., 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1420 (E.D.N.C. 1982) ...... 5-14 Bellemead, LLC v. Stoker, 280 Ga. 635, 631 S.E.2d 693 (2006) ...... 2-133 Belli v. Orlando Daily Newspapers, Inc., 389 F.2d 579 (5th Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 825 (1968) ...... 10-10 Belli v. Roberts Bros. Furs, 240 Cal. App. 2d 284, 49 Cal. Rptr. 625 (1966) ...... 2-104 Belmonte v. Rubin, 68 Ill. App. 3d 700, 386 N.E.2d 904, 25 Ill. Dec. 430, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2248 (1979) ...... 2-154 Ben Ezra, Weinstein & Co. v. Am. Online, Inc., 206 F.3d 980, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2185 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 824 (2000) ...... 8-55

TOC–20 Table of Cases

Benassi v. Ga.-Pac., 62 Or. App. 698, 662 P.2d 760, modified, 63 Or. App. 672, 667 P.2d 532 (1983) ...... 10-49 Benavidez v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 873 F.2d 102, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1733 (5th Cir. 1989) ...... 12-11 Bencomo v. Morgan, 210 So. 2d 236 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1968) ...... 8-24 Bender v. City of Seattle, 99 Wash. 2d 582, 664 P.2d 492, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2101 (1983) ...... 9-35, 9-41, 9-49, 9-58 Benjamin v. Cowles Publ’g Co., 37 Wash. App. 916, 684 P.2d 739, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1970 (1984) ...... 2-54 Bennett v. Computer Assocs. Int’l, 932 S.W.2d 595 (Tex. App. 1996) ...... 8-14 Bennett Enters., Inc. v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 45 F.3d 493 (D.C. Cir. 1995) ...... 13-41 Ben-Oliel v. Press Publ’g Co., 251 N.Y. 250, 167 N.E. 432 (1929) ...... 2-63, 2-78, 2-140 Benson v. Hall, 339 So. 2d 570 (Miss. 1976) ...... 9-21 Bensusan Rest. Corp. v. King, 937 F. Supp. 295 (S.D.N.Y. 1996), aff’d, 126 F.3d 25 (2d Cir. 1997) ...... 15-34, 15-36 Bentkowski v. Scene Magazine, 637 F.3d 689, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1654 (6th Cir. 2011) ...... 4-29 Bentley v. Bunton, 94 S.W.3d 561 (Tex. 2002) ...... 3-15, 5-74, 5-87 Bently Reserve LP v. Papaliolios, 218 Cal. App. 4th 418, 160 Cal. Rptr. 3d 423 (2013) ...... 4-14 Bently Reserve LP v. Papaliolios, 218 Cal. App. 4th 418, 218 Cal. App. 4th 418 (2013) ...... 4-45, 4-65 Benz v. Wash. Newspaper Publ’g Co., 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71827, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2368 (D.D.C. 2006) ...... 2-33, 12-43, 12-59 Beresky v. Teschner, 64 Ill. App. 3d 848, 381 N.E.2d 979, 21 Ill. Dec. 532, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1919 (1978) ...... 2-154, 2-162, 12-56, 12-69 Berg v. Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co., 79 F. Supp. 957 (D. Minn. 1948) ...... 12-56, 12-61 Berger v. Gilbert, 65 A.D.2d 882, 410 N.Y.S.2d 427 (1978) ...... 9-21 Bergman v. Hupy, 64 Wis. 2d 747, 221 N.W.2d 898 (1974) ...... 9-10

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–21 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Berkery v. Estate of Lyle Stuart, 412 N.J. Super. 76, 988 A.2d 1201, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1465 ...... 5-55 Berkery v. Kinney, 397 N.J. Super. 222, 936 A.2d 1010 (App. Div. 2007) ...... 5-33, 5-50 Berkey v. Delia, 287 Md. 302, 413 A.2d 170 (1980) ...... 16-48 Berkos v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 161 Ill. App. 3d 476, 515 N.E.2d 668, 113 Ill. Dec. 683, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1833 (1987) ...... 2-35 Berlin v. E.C. Publ’ns, Inc., 329 F.2d 541 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 822 (1964) ...... 2-61, 5-125 Bernson v. Browning-Ferris Indus. of Cal., 7 Cal. 4th 926, 873 P.2d 613, 30 Cal. Rptr. 2d 440, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2065 (1994) ...... 2-107, 2-109 Bernstein v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 129 F. Supp. 817 (D.D.C. 1955), aff’d, 232 F.2d 369 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 352 U.S. 945 (1956) ...... 12-8, 12-42, 12-56, ...... 12-65, 12-69, 12-77 Beroiz v. Tonywahl, 84 Cal. App. 4th 485, 100 Cal. Rptr. 2d 905 (2000) ...... 8-20, 8-21 Berry v. Moench, 8 Utah 2d 191, 331 P.2d 814, 73 A.L.R.2D 315 (1958) ...... 9-33 Berry v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 480 F.2d 428 (8th Cir. 1973), cert. dismissed, 418 U.S. 911 (1974) ...... 12-18 Berry v. N.Y. Ins. Co., 210 Ala. 369, 98 So. 290 (1923) ...... 2-91 Berryhill v. Ga. Cmty. Support & Solutions, Inc., 281 Ga. 439, 638 S.E.2d 278 (2006) ...... 16-21 Bertotti v. Philbeck, Inc., 827 F. Supp. 1005 (S.D. Ga. 1993) ...... 9-11 Bertrand v. Mullin, 846 N.W.2d 884, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1940 (Iowa 2014) ...... 4-8, 5-55, 5-76, 5-97, 5-100, 5-103 Bertsch v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., Local 4302, 101 Ohio App. 3d 186, 655 N.E.2d 243 (1995) ...... 5-137 Bertsch v. Duemeland, 2002 ND 32, 639 N.W.2d 455 (2002) ...... 2-21, 2-75 Best Van Lines v. Walker, 490 F.3d 239 (2d Cir. 2007) ...... 15-8, 15-9, 15-10, 15-12 Best W. Int’l, Inc. v. Doe, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 56014, 2006 WL 2091695 (D. Ariz. July 25, 2006) ...... 14-40, 14-43 Bettinger v. Field Container Co., 221 Wis. 2d 221, 584 N.W.2d 233 (Ct. App. 1998) ...... 2-97

TOC–22 Table of Cases

Beuster v. Equifax Info. Servs., 435 F. Supp. 2d 471 (D. Md. 2006) ...... 9-24 Beverley v. Choices Women’s Med. Ctr., 78 N.Y.2d 745, 587 N.E.2d 275, 579 N.Y.S.2d 637, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1724 (1991) ...... 12-100 Beverly v. Powers, 666 So. 2d 806 (Miss. 1995) ...... 8-64 Beverly Enters., Inc. v. Trump, 182 F.3d 183 (3d Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1078 (2000) ...... 2-15, 2-46, 2-76, 2-119, 2-129 Beverly Hills Foodland, Inc. v. United Food & Commercial Workers Union, 39 F.3d 191 (8th Cir. 1994) ...... 2-54, 5-137, 13-42, 13-43 Beyl v. Capper Publ’ns, Inc., 180 Kan. 525, 305 P.2d 817 (1957) ...... 2-45 Bichler v. Union Bank & Trust Co., 745 F.2d 1006, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2393 (6th Cir. 1984) ...... 12-28 Bickel v. Mackie, 447 F. Supp. 1376 (N.D. Iowa), aff’d, 590 F.2d 341 (8th Cir. 1978) ...... 13-70 Bickling v. Kent Gen. Hosp., Inc., 872 F. Supp. 1299 (D. Del. 1994) ...... 2-96, 2-98, 9-41, 9-45 Bierman v. Weier, 826 N.W.2d 436, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1320 (Iowa 2013) ...... 2-79, 2-116, ...... 2-138, 2-139, 2-147, 6-24 Bigelow v. Virginia, 421 U.S. 809 (1975) ...... 5-133 Bihari v. Gross, 119 F. Supp. 2d 309 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) ...... 10-59, 10-60, 13-35 Bikkina v. Mahadevan, 241 Cal. App. 4th 70, 193 Cal. Rptr. 3d 499 (2015) ...... 16-12 Billiot v. B.P. Oil Co., 645 So. 2d 604 (La. 1994) ...... 10-11 Bilney v. Evening Star Newspaper Co., 43 Md. App. 560, 406 A.2d 652, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1931 (1979) ...... 12-49 Biltcliffe v. Hailey’s Harbor, Inc., 2005 Tenn. App. LEXIS 676 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) ...... 2-77 Binder v. Or. Bank, 284 Or. 89, 585 P.2d 655 (1978) ...... 8-24 Binder v. Triangle Publ’ns, Inc., 442 Pa. 319, 275 A.2d 53 (1971) ...... 7-21, 7-37, 7-40, 7-43 Bindrim v. Mitchell, 92 Cal. App. 3d 61, 155 Cal. Rptr. 29, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1113, cert. denied, 444 U.S. 984 (1979) ...... 2-62, 2-166, 2-169, ...... 4-31, 4-65, 5-78, 5-103, ...... 5-107, 5-115, 5-121, 5-122, 5-123 Biospherics, Inc. v. Forbes, Inc., 151 F.3d 180 (4th Cir. 1998) ...... 4-12, 4-20, 4-45

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–23 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Bippes v. Hershey Chocolate U.S.A., 180 F.R.D. 386 (D. Or. 1998) ...... 10-49 Birnbaum v. United States, 436 F. Supp. 967 (E.D.N.Y. 1977), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 588 F.2d 319 (2d Cir. 1978) ..... 12-94 Biro v. Condé Nast, 807 F. Supp. 2d 494 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) ...... 16-8 Biro v. Condé Nast, 963 F. Supp. 2d 255 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) ...... 5-89 Biro v. Condé Nast, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 112466 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) ...... 3-25 Bisbee v. John C. Conover Agency, Inc., 186 N.J. Super. 335, 452 A.2d 689, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1298 (1982) ...... 12-44 Bishop v. Latimer, [1882] 4 L.T. (N.S.) 775 (England) ...... 2-42 Bishop v. N.Y. Times Co., 233 N.Y. 446, 135 N.E. 845 (1922) ...... 2-51 Bishop v. Wometco Enters., Inc., 235 So. 2d 759 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 240 So. 2d 813 (Fla. 1970) ...... 5-11 Bitsie v. Walston, 85 N.M. 655, 515 P.2d 659 (Ct. App. 1973) ...... 12-68, 12-69 Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971) ...... 8-3, 13-71 Black v. Cleveland Police Dep’t, 96 Ohio App. 3d 84, 644 N.E.2d 682 (1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1115 (1995) ...... 9-27 Blackburn v. Gengelbach, 873 So. 2d 713 (La. Ct. App. 2004) ...... 2-20, 16-46 Blair v. Nev. Landing P’ship, RBG, LP, 307 Ill. Dec. 511, 369 Ill. App. 3d 318, 859 N.E.2d 1188, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1289 (2006) ...... 12-90 Blair v. Walker, 64 Ill. 2d 1, 349 N.E.2d 385 (1976) ...... 8-46 Blakey v. Cont’l Airlines, Inc., 164 N.J. 38, 751 A.2d 538 (2000) ...... 15-35, 15-36 Blanche v. First Nationwide Mortg. Corp., 74 S.W.3d 444 (Tex. App. 2002) ...... 9-24, 9-25 Bland v. Verser, 299 Ark. 490, 774 S.W.2d 124 (1989) ...... 4-11 Blatty v. N.Y. Times Co., 42 Cal. 3d 1033, 232 Cal. Rptr. 542, 728 P.2d 1177, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1928 (1986), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 934 (1988) ...... 2-148, 2-153, 12-5, ...... 13-9, 13-13, 13-42, 13-59 Bleau v. Greater Lynn Mental Health & Retardation Ass’n, 371 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D. Mass. 2005) ...... 2-68, 16-6

TOC–24 Table of Cases

Bleich v. Ortiz, 196 Conn. 498, 493 A.2d 236 (1985) ...... 9-56 Bloch v. Temple Univ., 939 F. Supp. 387 (E.D. Pa. 1996) ...... 8-63 Block v. Benton, 44 Misc. 2d 1053, 255 N.Y.S.2d 767 (Sup. Ct. Sullivan Cnty. 1964) ..... 2-144, 13-10 Block v. Gehring Publ’g Co., 180 N.Y.S. 194 (Sup. Ct. 1920) ...... 2-48 Blouin v. Anton, 139 Vt. 618, 431 A.2d 489, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1714 (1981) ...... 2-45 Blount v. T D Publ’g Corp., 77 N.M. 384, 423 P.2d 421 (1967) ...... 12-68, 12-74 Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala., Ex parte, 773 So. 2d 475 (Ala. 2000) ...... 9-2, 9-4, 9-30, 9-31, 9-40 Blue Ridge Bank v. Veribanc, Inc., 755 F.2d 371 (4th Cir. 1985) ...... 15-32 Blue Ridge Bank v. Veribanc, Inc., 866 F.2d 681, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1122 (4th Cir. 1989) ...... 2-114, 5-41, ...... 5-47, 5-48, 5-49, 5-52 Blumenthal v. Drudge, 186 F.R.D. 236, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2004 (D.D.C. 1999) ...... 14-4 Blumenthal v. Drudge, 992 F. Supp. 44, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1717 (D.D.C. 1998) ...... 7-12, 8-55, ...... 15-13, 15-36, 15-37 BMW of N. Am. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559 (1996) ...... 10-18, 10-19, ...... 10-20, 10-21, 10-22 BMW of N. Am. v. Gore, 701 So. 2d 507 (Ala. 1997) ...... 10-20 Bd. of Educ. v. Farmingdale Classroom Teachers Ass’n, 38 N.Y.2d 397, 343 N.E.2d 278, 380 N.Y.S.2d 635 (1975) ...... 13-47 Bd. of Regents of the Univ. of Minn. v. Reid, 522 N.W.2d 344 (Minn. Ct. App. 1994) ...... 8-45 Bochetto v. Gibson, 580 Pa. 245, 860 A.2d 67, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2474 (2004) ...... 8-16 Bock v. Plainfield Courier-News, 45 N.J. Super. 302, 132 A.2d 523 (1957) ...... 7-39, 10-10, 11-15 Bodah v. Lakeville Motor Express, Inc., 663 N.W.2d 550, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1884 (Minn. 2003) ...... 12-17, 12-38, 12-39, 12-41 Boddie v. Am. Broad. Cos., 881 F.2d 267, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2038 (6th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1028 (1990) ...... 12-92 Boese v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1084, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12445 (N.D. Ill. 1994) ...... 15-30

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–25 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Boettger v. Loverro, 526 Pa. 510, 587 A.2d 712, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2017 (1991) ...... 12-62 Bogash v. Elkins, 405 Pa. 437, 176 A.2d 677 (1962) ...... 2-13 Bogie v. Rosenberg, 705 F.3d 603 (7th Cir. 2013) ...... 12-44, 12-68, 12-87, 12-88 Boice v. Unisys Corp., 50 F.3d 1145 (2d Cir. 1995) ...... 8-22, 8-44, 8-68, 16-78 Bole, Ex parte, 103 So. 3d 40 (Ala. 2012) ...... 4-76 Bolger v. Youngs Drug Prods. Corp., 463 U.S. 60 (1983) ...... 5-135 Bollea v. World Championship Wrestling, Inc., 271 Ga. App. 555, 610 S.E.2d 92, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1827 (2005) ...... 5-124, 5-125, ...... 5-128, 12-15 Bollow v. Fed. Reserve Bank, 650 F.2d 1093 (9th Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 948 (1982) ...... 9-17 Bolton v. Dep’t of Human Servs., 540 N.W.2d 523 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 2-60, 2-61, 13-64 Bon Air Hotel, Inc. v. Time, Inc., 426 F.2d 858 (5th Cir. 1970) ...... 1-14, 2-31, 16-34, 16-38 Bongiovi v. Sullivan, 138 P.3d 433 (Nev. 2006) ...... 5-34, 5-42 Bonkowski v. Arlan’s Dep’t Store, 383 Mich. 90, 174 N.W.2d 765 (1970) ...... 2-91 Bonner v. Griggs, 99 Or. App. 565, 783 P.2d 36, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1159 (1989) ...... 2-76 Bono v. David, 147 Cal. App. 4th 1055, 54 Cal. Rptr. 3d 837 (2007) ...... 10-71 Booth v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 362 F. Supp. 343 (S.D.N.Y. 1973) ...... 2-143 Booth v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 15 A.D.2d 343, 223 N.Y.S.2d 737 (1st Dep’t), aff’d, 11 N.Y.2d 907, 228 N.Y.S.2d 468, 182 N.E.2d 812 (1962) ...... 12-87 Borawski v. Henderson, 265 F. Supp. 2d 475 (D.N.J. 2003) ...... 8-29 Borden, Inc. v. Wallace, 570 S.W.2d 445 (Tex. Civ. App. 1978) ...... 8-63 Border Collie Rescue, Inc. v. Ryan, 418 F. Supp. 2d 1330 (M.D. Fla. 2006) ...... 13-7 Bordoni v. N.Y. Times Co., 400 F. Supp. 1223 (S.D.N.Y. 1975) ...... 2-17, 2-74

TOC–26 Table of Cases

Borg v. Boas, 231 F.2d 788 (9th Cir. 1956) ...... 7-24 Borquez v. Robert C. Ozer, P.C., 923 P.2d 166 (Colo. Ct. App. 1995), rev’d on other grounds, 940 P.2d 371 (Colo. 1997) ...... 12-41, 12-60 Borrell v. Weinstein Supply Corp., 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13741 (E.D. Pa. 1994) ...... 2-67 Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 57 F.R.D. 528 (D. Mass. 1973) ...... 13-21, 13-24 Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 508 F. Supp. 1249, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1069 (D. Mass. 1981), rev’d on other grounds, 692 F.2d 189, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2391 (1st Cir. 1982), aff’d, 466 U.S. 485, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1625 (1984) ...... 1-20, 1-46, 1-48, ...... 4-3, 5-37, 5-78, 5-79, 5-80, ...... 5-84, 5-86, 5-89, 5-92, 5-94, 5-95, ...... 5-113, 5-129, 10-44, 10-52, 12-5, 13-20, ...... 13-24, 13-29, 13-58, 16-42, 16-58, 16-60, ...... 16-61, 16-62, 16-63, 16-64, 16-65, 16-67, ...... 16-68, 16-69, 16-72, 16-71, 16-75 Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 529 F. Supp. 357 (D. Mass. 1981), rev’d on other grounds, 692 F.2d 189, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2391 (1st Cir. 1982), aff’d, 466 U.S. 485, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1625 (1984) ...... 2-85 Bosley v. Home Box Office, Inc., 59 F. Supp. 2d 1147 (D. Kan. 1999) ...... 6-3, 6-15 Boswell v. Phx. Newspapers, Inc., 152 Ariz. 9, 730 P.2d 186, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1785 (1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1029 (1987) ...... 11-13 Botchie v. O’Dowd, 315 S.C. 126, 432 S.E.2d 458 (1993) ...... 5-10, 5-56 Boucher v. Valus, 6 Conn. Cir. 661, 298 A.2d 238 (1972) ...... 13-66 Boule v. Hutton, 328 F.3d 84, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1793 (2d Cir. 2003) ...... 13-7, 13-34 Bouley v. City of New Bedford, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30922 (D. Mass. 2005) ...... 8-64 Boutsicaris v. Akron Gen. Med. Ctr., 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 2041 (1997) ...... 2-73 Bowen v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 183 Wis. 2d 627, 517 N.W.2d 432 (1994) ...... 13-64

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–27 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Bowerman v. Detroit Free Press, 287 Mich. 443, 283 N.W. 642, 120 A.L.R. 1230 (1939) ...... 2-173, 7-9 Bowes v. Magna Concepts, Inc., 166 A.D.2d 347, 561 N.Y.S.2d 16, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1303 (1st Dep’t 1990) ...... 2-74 Bowie v. Murphy, 271 Va. 126, 624 S.E.2d 74 (2006) ...... 4-79 Bowling v. Pow, 293 Ala. 178, 301 So. 2d 55 (1974) ...... 2-140 Bowman v. Heller, 420 Mass. 517, 651 N.E.2d 369, cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1032 (1995) ...... 5-29, 5-42, 5-72, 13-59 Boyles v. Kerr, 855 S.W.2d 593 (Tex. 1993) ...... 13-65 Boyles v. Mid-Fla. Television Corp., 431 So. 2d 627, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1774 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983), approved, 467 So. 2d 282 (1985) ...... 13-60 Bozicevich v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 54 A.D.2d 542, 387 N.Y.S.2d 120 (1st Dep’t 1976) ...... 3-14 Brackin v. Trimmier Law Firm, 897 So. 2d 207 (Ala. 2004) ...... 2-102, 9-40 Bradford v. Am. Media Operations, Inc., 882 F. Supp. 1508, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1941 (E.D. Pa. 1995) ...... 2-105, 2-106, 2-107, 7-6 Bradley v. Computer Scis. Corp., 643 F.2d 1029 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 940 (1981) ...... 9-34 Bradley v. Fisher, 80 U.S. 335 (1872) ...... 8-8 Bradley v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 30 Cal. App. 3d 818, 106 Cal. Rptr. 718 (1973) ...... 8-8, 8-21 Brady v. Cox Enters., Inc., 782 S.W.2d 272, 17 Media L. Rep. 1273 (Tex. App. 1989) ...... 7-51 Brady v. Ottaway Newspapers, Inc., 84 A.D.2d 226, 445 N.Y.S.2d 786, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1671 (2d Dep’t 1981) ...... 2-159, 2-160 Brady v. Pace, 108 S.W.3d 54 (Mo. Ct. App. 2003) ...... 4-77 Brafman v. Houghton Mifflin Co., 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1354 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1984) ...... 2-168 Bram v. M. Weingold & Co., 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 1375 (Ohio Ct. App. 2000) ...... 2-124 Brancaleone v. Mesagna, 290 A.D.2d 467, 736 N.Y.S.2d 685 (2d Dep’t 2002) ...... 13-61 Brandreth v. Lance, 8 Paige N.Y. Chanc. 24 (1839) ...... 10-60 Branson v. Fawcett Publ’ns, Inc., 124 F. Supp. 429 (E.D. Ill. 1954) ...... 12-43

TOC–28 Table of Cases

Brantley v. Heller, 101 Ga. App. 16, 112 S.E.2d 685 (1960) ...... 2-97 Brantley v. Zantop Int’l Airlines, Inc., 617 F. Supp. 1032 (E.D. Mich. 1985) ...... 2-103 Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972) ...... 3-12, 14-13, ...... 14-14, 14-15 Brasher v. Carr, 743 S.W.2d 674 (Tex. App. 1987), rev’d, 776 S.W.2d 567, 16 Media L. Rep. 1942 (Tex. 1989) ...... 7-51 Bratt v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 392 Mass. 508, 467 N.E.2d 126 (1984) ...... 9-42, 9-51, 12-11 Brauer v. Globe Newspaper Co., 351 Mass. 53, 217 N.E.2d 736 (1966) ...... 12-26, 12-43 Braun v. Armour Co., 254 N.Y. 514, 173 N.E. 845 (1930) ...... 2-141 Braun v. Chronicle Publ’g Co., 52 Cal. App. 4th 1036, 61 Cal. Rptr. 2d 58, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1594 (1997) ...... 10-75, 16-16 Braun v. Flynt, 726 F.2d 245, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1497 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 883 (1984) ...... 10-41, 10-43, 12-24 Braun v. Soldier of Fortune Magazine, Inc., 968 F.2d 1110, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1777 (11th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1071 (1993) ...... 13-69 Bray v. Providence Journal Co., 101 R.I. 111, 220 A.2d 531 (1966) ...... 2-45 Brayton v. Crowell-Collier Publ’g Co., 205 F.2d 644 (2d Cir. 1953) ...... 2-132 Brech v. Seacat, 84 S.D. 264, 170 N.W.2d 348 (1969) ...... 8-9 Bremmer v. Journal-Tribune Publ’g Co., 247 Iowa 817, 76 N.W.2d 762 (1956) ...... 12-9 Brennan v. Granite Equip. Leasing Corp., 60 A.D.2d 877, 401 N.Y.S.2d 275 (2d Dep’t 1978) ...... 3-14 Brennan v. Kadner, 351 Ill. App. 3d 963, 814 N.E.2d 951, 286 Ill. Dec. 725 (2004) ...... 4-35, 12-13 Brenton v. Metabolife Int’l, Inc., 116 Cal. App. 4th 679, 10 Cal. Rptr. 2d 702 (2004) ...... 16-15 Bressler v. Fortune Magazine, 971 F.2d 1226, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1873 (6th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 973 (1993) ...... 2-87, 3-16, 5-82, ...... 5-90, 5-97, 5-111 Brewer v. Hearst Publ’g Co., 185 F.2d 846 (7th Cir. 1950) ...... 2-133, 2-158, 4-68, 4-70, 4-73

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–29 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Brewer v. Memphis Publ’g Co., 626 F.2d 1238, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2025 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 962 (1981) ...... 4-9, 5-50, 5-58, ...... 5-70, 5-72, 15-11 Brewer v. Rogers, 211 Ga. App. 343, 439 S.E.2d 77, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1180 (1993) ...... 2-11, 5-9, 5-17 Brian v. Richardson, 87 N.Y.2d 46, 660 N.E.2d 1126, 637 N.Y.S.2d 347, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1543 (1995) ...... 4-16, 4-26, 4-27, ...... 4-33, 4-34, 7-63 Briarcliff Lodge Hotel, Inc. v. Citizen-Sentinel Publishers, Inc., 260 N.Y. 106, 183 N.E. 193 (1932) ...... 3-26, 4-75 Bridges v. California, 314 U.S. 252 (1941) ...... 1-13, 5-129 Briggs v. Eden Council for Hope & Opportunity, 19 Cal. 4th 1106, 969 P.2d 564, 81 Cal. Rptr. 2d 471 (1999) ...... 16-11 Briggs v. Newton, 984 P.2d 1113 (Alaska 1999) ...... 9-29, 9-46 Briggs v. Rosenthal, 73 N.C. App. 672, 327 S.E.2d 308 (1985) ...... 13-54 Briggs & Stratton Corp. v. Nat’l Catholic Reporter, 978 F. Supp. 1195 (D. Wis. 1997) ...... 4-77 Briscoe v. LaHue, 460 U.S. 325 (1983) ...... 8-3 Briscoe v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 1 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1852 (C.D. Cal. 1972) ...... 12-66 Briscoe v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 4 Cal. 3d 529, 483 P.2d 34, 93 Cal. Rptr. 866, 57 A.L.R.3D 1 (1971) ...... 5-85, 11-10, 12-29, ...... 12-43, 12-65, 12-67, 12-72 British Overseas Airways Corp. v. Tours & Travel of Houston, Inc., 568 S.W.2d 888 (Tex. Civ. App. 1978) ...... 9-23 Britton v. Koep, 470 N.W.2d 518, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1208 (Minn. 1991) ...... 5-13, 5-55, 5-72, 6-4 Britton v. Winfield Publ’g Library, 101 Ill. App. 3d 546, 428 N.E.2d 650, 57 Ill. Dec. 546 (1981) ...... 2-75 Broadspring, Inc. v. Congoo, LLC, ___ F. Supp. 2d ___, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 116070 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) ...... 15-60 Brocato v. Miss. Publishers Corp., 503 So. 2d 241, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2080 (Miss. 1987) ...... 7-30, 11-7 Brock v. Thompson, 1997 OK 127, 948 P.2d 279 (1997) ...... 2-159, 8-30, 8-31, 13-70

TOC–30 Table of Cases

Brockelesby v. United States, 767 F.2d 1288 (9th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1101 (1986) ...... 13-69 Brodkorb v. Minnesota, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19416 (D. Minn. 2013) ...... 2-131 Brodsky v. Journal Publ’g Co., 73 S.D. 343, 42 N.W.2d 855 (1950) ...... 2-133, 2-149 Brody v. Montalbano, 87 Cal. App. 3d 725, 151 Cal. Rptr. 206 (1978), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 844 (1979) ...... 8-38, 12-74 Brogan v. Passaic Daily News, 22 N.J. 139, 123 A.2d 473 (1956) ...... 11-8 Brokers’ Choice of Am., Inc. v. NBC Universal, Inc., 757 F.3d 1125, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2037 (10th Cir. 2014) ...... 3-25 Brooks v. Am. Broad. Cos., 932 F.2d 495, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2121 (6th Cir. 1991) ...... 2-84 Brooks v. Am. Broad. Cos., 999 F.2d 167, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1756 (6th Cir. 1993) ...... 6-7 Brooks v. Binderup, 39 Cal. App. 4th 1287, 46 Cal. Rptr. 2d 501 (1995) ...... 8-24 Brooks v. Doherty, Rumble & Butler, 481 N.W.2d 120 (Minn. Ct. App. 1992) ...... 9-57 Brooks v. Paige, 773 P.2d 1098, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2353 (Colo. Ct. App. 1988) ...... 13-51, 13-60 Brooks v. Stone, 170 Ga. App. 457, 317 S.E.2d 277, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1517, aff’d, 253 Ga. 565, 322 S.E.2d 728 (1984) ...... 2-53 Broome v. Biondi, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1431 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 2-90 Brown v. Blaine, 833 A.2d 1166 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2003) ...... 15-43 Brown v. Boney, 46 N.C. App. 636, 255 S.E.2d 784, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1395 (1979) ...... 12-17 Brown v. Coleman Co., 220 F.3d 1180 (10th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1192 (2001) ...... 10-72 Brown v. Collins, 402 F.2d 209 (D.C. Cir. 1968) ...... 9-32 Brown v. Courier Herald Publ’g Co., 700 F. Supp. 534, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2350 (S.D. Ga. 1988) ...... 5-109, 7-14, 7-15, 15-45 Brown v. Du Frey, 1 N.Y.2d 190, 134 N.E.2d 469, 151 N.Y.S.2d 649 (1956) ...... 2-144 Brown v. Elec. Arts, Inc., 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 131387 (C.D. Cal. 2009) ...... 12-91

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–31 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Brown v. First Nat’l Bank of Mason City, 193 N.W.2d 547 (Iowa 1972) ...... 2-114 Brown v. Gatti, 195 Or. App. 695, 99 P.3d 299, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2505 (2004) ...... 8-16, 14-23 Brown v. Gatti, 341 Or. 452, 145 P.3d 130, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1001 (2006) ...... 2-22, 2-77, 2-78 Brown v. Hearst Corp., 862 F. Supp. 622, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2204 (D. Mass. 1994), aff’d, 54 F.3d 21, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1984 (1st Cir. 1995) ...... 2-11, 2-35, 2-41, 6-3, ...... 7-37, 7-62, 12-18, 12-12, 12-26, 16-53 Brown v. Herald Co., 698 F.2d 949, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1149 (8th Cir. 1983) ...... 5-97 Brown v. Kelly Broad. Co., 48 Cal. 3d 711, 771 P.2d 406, 257 Cal. Rptr. 708, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1625 (Cal. 1989) ...... 6-3, 9-35 Brown v. Kitterman, 443 S.W.2d 146 (Mo. 1969) ...... 2-121, 5-12, 5-13 Brown v. K.N.D. Corp., 205 Conn. 8, 529 A.2d 1292, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1757 (1987) ...... 16-71 Brown v. News-World Publ’g Corp., 245 So. 2d 430 (La. Ct. App. 1971) ...... 2-18, 2-29 Brown v. Petrolite Corp., 965 F.2d 38 (5th Cir. 1992) ...... 2-28, 5-84, ...... 5-89, 5-90, 5-92, 6-23, 10-27, ...... 10-34, 10-36, 10-40, 10-49, 16-41 Brown v. Presbyterian Healthcare Servs., 101 F.3d 1324 (10th Cir. 1996) ...... 8-56 Brown v. Skaggs-Albertson’s Props., Inc., 563 F.2d 983 (10th Cir. 1977) ...... 9-24 Brown v. Tallahassee Democrat, Inc., 440 So. 2d 588 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983) ...... 2-57 Brown v. Tucker, 330 Ark. 435, 954 S.W.2d 262 (1997) ...... 2-4 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. Jacobson, 713 F.2d 262, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1936 (7th Cir. 1983) ...... 2-27, 2-119, 5-47, ...... 7-22, 7-30, 13-40, 13-41, 13-44 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. Jacobson, 827 F.2d 1119, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1497 (7th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 993 (1988) ...... 5-40, 5-83, 5-90, 10-8, 10-10, ...... 10-44, 10-53, 16-64, 16-68 Browne v. Avvo Inc., 525 F. Supp. 2d 1249, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1444 (W.D. Wash. 2007) ...... 4-52

TOC–32 Table of Cases

Browning v. Birmingham News, 348 So. 2d 455 (Ala. 1977) ...... 8-53 Browning-Ferris Indus. of Vt., Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc., 492 U.S. 257 (1989) ...... 10-15, 10-20 Bruce v. First U.S.A. Bank, N.A., 103 F. Supp. 2d 1135 (E.D. Mo. 2000) ...... 9-24 Brueggemeyer v. Am. Broad. Cos., 684 F. Supp. 452, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1449 (N.D. Tex. 1988) ...... 5-40, 5-110, 5-111 Brumfield v. Sanders, 232 F.3d 376 (3d Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 958 (2001) ...... 2-174, 8-28 Brunnemann v. Terra Int’l, Inc., 975 F.2d 175 (5th Cir. 1992) ...... 10-53 Bruno & Stillman, Inc. v. Globe Newspaper Co., 633 F.2d 583, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2057 (1st Cir. 1980) ...... 5-26, 5-49, 5-129, 14-16, 14-17 Brush-Moore Newspapers, Inc. v. Pollitt, 220 Md. 132, 151 A.2d 530 (1959) ...... 4-69 Bryan v. Brown, 339 So. 2d 577 (Ala. 1976), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 954 (1977) ...... 6-22 Bryan v. Eichenwald, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9920 (D. Kan. 2001) ...... 13-74 Bryan v. MBC Partners, L.P., 246 Ga. App. 549, 541 So. 2d 124 (2000) ...... 10-60 Bryant v. Associated Press, 595 F. Supp. 814, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1090 (D.V.I. 1984) ...... 5-113 Bryant v. Cox Enters., Inc., 311 Ga. App. 230, 715 S.E.2d 458, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2081 (2011) ...... 7-46, 14-16 Bryks v. Canadian Broad. Corp., 906 F. Supp. 204, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1236 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 8-66 Bryks v. Canadian Broad. Corp., 928 F. Supp. 381 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 5-109, 7-14, 7-15, 15-54 Bryson v. News Am. Publ’ns, Inc., 174 Ill. 2d 77, 672 N.E.2d 1207, 220 Ill. Dec. 195, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1321 (1996) ...... 2-69, 2-135 Buchanan v. Associated Press, 398 F. Supp. 1196 (D.D.C. 1975) ...... 5-40 Buchanan v. Minn. State Dep’t of Health, 573 N.W.2d 733 (1998) ...... 8-45 Bucher v. Roberts, 198 Colo. 1, 595 P.2d 239 (1979) ...... 2-48, 4-10, 4-75, 6-24 Buckey v. L.A. Cnty., 968 F.2d 791, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1163 (9th Cir. 1992) ...... 13-73

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–33 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Buckley v. Beaumont Enter., 232 F. Supp. 986 (E.D. La. 1964) ...... 15-6 Buckley v. Cnty. of DuPage, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 162 (N.D. Ill. 1996) ...... 8-49, 13-57 Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259 (1993) ...... 8-18 Buckley v. Littell, 394 F. Supp. 918 (S.D.N.Y. 1975), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 539 F.2d 882 (2d Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1062 (1977) ...... 1-40, 2-89, 3-15, ...... 4-43, 5-83, 10-6, 10-10 Buckley v. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 782 F. Supp. 1042, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1425 (W.D. Pa. 1991), aff’d, 968 F.2d 12, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1264 (3d Cir. 1992) ...... 15-58 Buckley v. N.Y. Post Corp., 373 F.2d 175, 20 A.L.R.3D 942 (2d Cir. 1967) ...... 1-44, 15-5, 15-6, 15-24 Buckley v. N.Y. Times Co., 338 F.2d 470 (5th Cir. 1964) ...... 15-8, 15-16, 15-27 Buendorf v. Nat’l Pub. Radio, Inc., 822 F. Supp. 6, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1842 (D.D.C. 1993) ...... 5-14 Bueno v. Denver Publ’g Co., 32 P.3d 491 (Colo. Ct. App. 2000) ...... 12-34 Bufalino v. Associated Press, 692 F.2d 266, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2384 (2d Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1111 (1983) ...... 5-19, 7-43 Bufalino v. Detroit Magazine, Inc., 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1597 (Mich. Ct. App. 1987) ...... 5-107 Bujol v. Ward, 778 So. 2d 1175 (La. Ct. App. 2001) ...... 2-159 Bukstel v. DealFlow Media, Inc., 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 111955 (E.D. Pa. 2014) ...... 2-27 Bularz v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 93 F.3d 372 (7th Cir. 1996) ...... 2-94, 2-112, 10-55 Bullard v. Life Magazine, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2305 (S.D. Ind. 1987) ...... 15-29 Buller v. Pulitzer Publ’g Co., 684 S.W.2d 473, 52 A.L.R.4TH 403, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1289 (Mo. Ct. App. 1984) ...... 2-58 Bullock v. City of San Rafael, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15907 (N.D. Cal. 1994) ...... 8-51 Bullock v. Jeon, 226 Ga. App. 875, 487 S.E.2d 692 (1997) ...... 2-45 Bunton v. Bentley, 153 S.W.3d 50 (Tex. 2005) ...... 10-22, 10-46 Bunton v. Bentley, 176 S.W.3d 18 (Tex. App. 2003), remanded on other grounds, Bunton v. Bentley, 153 S.W.3d 50 (Tex. 2003) ...... 10-46

TOC–34 Table of Cases

Bunton v. Bentley, 176 S.W.3d 21 (Tex. App. 2005) ...... 10-22 Burbage v. Burbage, 447 S.W.3d 249 (Tex. 2014) ...... 9-46, 10-14, 10-27, 10-47, 10-60 Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462 (1985) ...... 15-14, 15-17, 15-18, ...... 15-23, 15-25, 15-26, 15-39 Burgess v. Reformer Publ’g Corp., 146 Vt. 612, 508 A.2d 1359, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1856 (1986) ...... 2-43, 2-44 Burke v. Deiner, 97 N.J. 465, 479 A.2d 393 (1984) ...... 8-52, 9-50 Burke v. Greene, 963 P.2d 1119 (Colo. Ct. App. 1998) ...... 8-19, 9-10 Burke v. Gregg, 55 A.3d 212, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2365 (R.I. 2012) ...... 2-76 Burks v. Rushmore, 534 N.E.2d 1101 (Ind. 1989) ...... 2-107 Burnett v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 144 Cal. App. 3d 991, 193 Cal. Rptr. 206, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1921 (1983), appeal dismissed, 465 U.S. 1014 (1984) ...... 5-57, 10-25, ...... 10-45, 11-10 Burney v. S. Ry., 276 Ala. 637, 165 So. 2d 726 (1964) ...... 2-92 Burns v. Denver Post, Inc., 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1105 (Colo. Dist. Ct.), aff’d, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2004 (Colo. 1979) ...... 4-66 Burns v. McGraw-Hill Broad. Co., 659 P.2d 1351, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1257 (Colo. 1983) ...... 2-16, 2-27, 4-19, ...... 4-48, 10-42, 10-53 Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S. 478 (1991) ...... 8-4, 8-10, 8-11 Burns v. Rice, 157 Ohio App. 3d 620, 813 N.E.2d 25 (2004) ...... 5-89, 5-96 Burns v. Times Argus Ass’n, 139 Vt. 381, 430 A.2d 773, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1212 (1981) ...... 5-37, 7-58, 7-62 Burrill v. Nair, 217 Cal. App. 4th 357, 158 Cal. Rptr. 3d 332 (2013) ...... 16-17 Burroughs v. FFP Operating Partners, L.P., 28 F.3d 543 (5th Cir. 1994) ...... 3-12, 13-48, 13-50, 13-53 Burt v. Bd. of Regents, 757 F.2d 242 (10th Cir.), cert. granted, 474 U.S. 1004 (1985), cert. vacated, 475 U.S. 1063 (1986) ...... 15-11, 15-30, 15-40 Burton v. Crowell Publ’g Co., 82 F.2d 154 (2d Cir. 1936) ...... 2-13, 2-56, 2-58, ...... 5-126, 5-127, 8-62, 15-49 Busch v. Bates, 323 Ill. App. 3d 823, 753 N.E.2d 1184, 257 Ill. Dec. 558 (2001) ...... 8-49

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–35 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Busch v. Viacom Int’l, Inc., 477 F. Supp. 2d 764 (N.D. Tex. 2007) ...... 15-40 Buschel v. Metrocorp, 957 F. Supp. 595 (E.D. Pa. 1996) ...... 8-14, 12-28 Busey v. P.W. Supermarkets, Inc., 368 F. Supp. 2d 1045 (N.D. Cal. 2005) ...... 8-57 Bush v. Barnett Bank, 916 F. Supp. 1244 (M.D. Fla. 1996) ...... 2-94 Bustos v. A&E Television Networks, 646 F.3d 762, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2049 (10th Cir. 2011) ...... 2-83, 2-85, 3-18, 3-21 Butcher v. SEM Newspapers, Inc., 190 Mich. App. 309, 475 N.W.2d 380, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2047 (1991) ...... 7-20, 7-29, 7-38 Butler v. Del. Otsego Corp., 203 A.D.2d 783, 610 N.Y.S.2d 664 (3d Dep’t 1994) ...... 13-61, 13-65 Butler v. Hearst-Argyle Television, Inc., 345 Ark. 462, 49 S.W.3d 116, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2210 (2001) ...... 7-27 Butler v. Lilly, 533 S.W.2d 130 (Tex. Civ. App. 1976) ...... 8-8 Butler v. Town of Argo, 871 So. 2d 1, 2003 Ala. LEXIS 198 (Ala. 2003) ...... 2-121, 8-45, ...... 9-34, 12-16, 12-39 Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478 (1978) ...... 8-3, 8-34, 8-35, 8-40 Byam v. Collins, 111 N.Y. 143 (1888) ...... 9-6, 9-26 Byars v. Kolodziej, 48 Ill. App. 3d 1015, 363 N.E.2d 628, 6 Ill. Dec. 814, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2327 (1977) ...... 2-16, 2-117 Byers v. Se. Newspaper Corp., 161 Ga. App. 717, 288 S.E.2d 698, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1597 (1982) ...... 5-9

C Cabaniss v. Hipsley, 114 Ga. App. 367, 151 S.E.2d 496 (1966) ...... 12-68 Cabin v. Cmty. Newspapers, Inc., 27 A.D.2d 543, 275 N.Y.S.2d 396 (2d Dep’t 1966) ...... 5-10 Cable News Network, In re, 106 F. Supp. 2d 1000 (N.D. Cal. 2000) ...... 11-10 Cabrera v. Alam, 197 Cal. App. 4th 1077, 129 Cal. Rptr. 3d 74 (2011) ...... 5-32, 16-11 CACI Premier Tech., Inc. v. Rhodes, 536 F.3d 280, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2121 (4th Cir. 2008) ...... 3-19, 5-24, ...... 5-33, 16-49

TOC–36 Table of Cases

Cahill v. Hawaiian Paradise Park Corp., 56 Haw. 522, 543 P.2d 1356 (1975) ...... 6-2, 6-3, 6-6, 6-25 Cahill v. Russell Cnty. Newspapers, 1995 Ky. App. LEXIS 190, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1501 (Ky. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 4-33 Cain v. Hearst Corp., 878 S.W.2d 577, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2161 (Tex. 1994) ...... 12-11, 12-16, 12-34, 12-35 Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1401 (1984) ...... 1-38, 1-44, 1-45, ...... 15-13, 15-17, 15-19, 15-20, ...... 15-21, 15-23, 15-24, 15-25, 15-26, ...... 15-29, 15-30, 15-35, 15-36, 15-39, 16-45 Caldor, Inc. v. Bowden, 330 Md. 632, 625 A.2d 959 (1993) ...... 2-59, 9-10 Caldwell v. Crowell-Collier Publ’g Co., 161 F.2d 333 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 332 U.S. 766 (1947) ...... 15-51 Caldwell v. Fed. Express Corp., 908 F. Supp. 29 (D. Me. 1995) ...... 10-70 Calero v. Del Chem. Corp., 68 Wis. 2d 487, 228 N.W.2d 737 (1975) ...... 6-24, 6-25, 9-41 Calhoun v. Cooper, 206 A.D.2d 497, 614 N.Y.S.2d 762 (2d Dep’t 1994) ...... 10-37 Cal. Software, Inc. v. Reliability Research, 631 F. Supp. 1356 (C.D. Cal. 1986) ...... 15-33 Callahan v. Westinghouse Broad. Co., 372 Mass. 582, 363 N.E.2d 240, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2226 (1977) ...... 5-13, 5-130 Callarama v. Assocs. Disc. Corp., 69 Misc. 2d 287, 329 N.Y.S.2d 711 (Sup. Ct. Monroe Cnty. 1972) ....13-50, 13-52 Calvin Klein Trademark Trust v. Wachner, 129 F. Supp. 2d 248 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) ...... 5-68 Camer v. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 45 Wash. App. 29, 723 P.2d 1195, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1481 (1986), cert. denied, 482 U.S. 916 (1987) ...... 4-9 Cameron v. Beard, 864 P.2d 538 (Alaska 1993) ...... 13-48, 13-49, 13-51, 13-52 Cammarano v. United States, 358 U.S. 498 (1959) ...... 5-133 Cammaroto v. Anson, 70 A.D.2d 649, 416 N.Y.S.2d 824, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1190 (2d Dep’t 1979) ...... 12-32, 12-33

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–37 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Campanelli v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 44 Cal. App. 4th 572, 51 Cal. Rptr. 2d 891 (1996) ...... 4-65 Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1353 (1994) ...... 5-121, 5-133 Campbell v. Citizens for an Honest Gov’t, Inc., 255 F.3d 560 (8th Cir. 2001) ...... 3-27 Campbell v. City of San Antonio, 43 F.3d 973 (5th Cir. 1995) ...... 9-10 Campbell v. LoPucki, 345 So. 2d 860 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1977) ...... 8-10 Campbell v. N.Y. Evening Post, Inc., 245 N.Y. 320, 157 N.E. 153, 52 A.L.R. 1432 (1927) ...... 7-27 Campbell v. Robinson, 1997 Tenn. App. LEXIS 202 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) ...... 5-17 Campbell v. Seabury Press, 614 F.2d 395, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2612 (5th Cir. 1980) ...... 12-47, 12-48, ...... 12-50, 12-51, 12-55, 12-78 Campbell v. Willmark Serv. Sys., Inc., 123 F.2d 204 (3d Cir. 1945) ...... 9-18 Campo Lindo for Dogs, Inc. v. N.Y. Post Corp., 65 A.D.2d 650, 409 N.Y.S.2d 453, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1826 (3d Dep’t 1978) ...... 6-19, 7-61, 16-57 CanaRx Servs., Inc. v. LIN Television Corp., 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 42236 (S.D. Ind. 2008) ...... 16-23 Cancer Treatment Ctrs. of Am., Inc. v. Winn, No. 3:92-CV-1574-C (N.D. Tex. 1992) ...... 15-31 Cangelosi v. Schwegmann Bros., 390 So. 2d 196 (La. 1980) ...... 2-4 Canino v. N.Y. News, Inc., 96 N.J. 189, 475 A.2d 528, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1852 (1984) ...... 2-172 Cannady v. St. Vincent Infirmary Med. Ctr., 2012 Ark. 369, ...... 12-100 Cantor Fitzgerald, L.P. v. Peaslee, 88 F.3d 152 (2d Cir. 1996) ...... 13-42, 15-9 Cantrell v. Forest City Publ’g Co., 419 U.S. 245 (1974) ...... 2-176, 5-112, 12-22, 12-32 Cantu v. Flanigan, 341 F. App’x 694 (2d Cir. 2009) ...... 10-38, 10-40 Cantu v. Flanigan, 705 F. Supp. 2d 220 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) ...... 10-37, 10-38, 10-40, 10-47

TOC–38 Table of Cases

Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940) ...... 4-78 Caplan v. Winslett, 218 A.D.2d 148, 637 N.Y.S.2d 967 (1st Dep’t 1996) ...... 8-14 Capobianco v. Pulitzer Publ’g Co., 812 S.W.2d 852, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2290 (Mo. Ct. App. 1991) ...... 2-73, 2-127 Caprotti v. Town of Woodstock, 94 N.Y.2d 73, 699 N.Y.S.2d 707, 721 N.E.2d 957 (1999), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 108 (2000) ...... 8-55 Capuano v. Outlet Co., 579 A.2d 469, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1030 (R.I. 1990) ...... 5-39, 6-4, ...... 14-12, 16-69 Cardiff v. Brooklyn Eagle, Inc., 190 Misc. 730, 75 N.Y.S.2d 222 (Kings Cnty. 1947) ...... 2-14 Cardillo v. Doubleday & Co., 518 F.2d 638 (2d Cir. 1975) ...... 2-83 Cardone v. Empire Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 884 F. Supp. 838 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 2-163 Cards v. Fuschetto, 193 Wis. 2d 429, 535 N.W.2d 11 (Ct. App. 1995) ...... 11-11 Cardtoons, L.C. v. Major League Baseball Players Ass’n, 208 F.3d 885 (10th Cir. 2000) ...... 9-38 Care Plus Ins. Mktg. v. Conn. Gen’l Life Ins. Co., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 134892 (E.D. Cal. 2010) ...... 2-66 Carey v. Hume, 492 F.2d 631 (D.C. Cir.), cert. dismissed, 417 U.S. 938 (1974) ...... 14-9, 14-15, ...... 14-16, 14-20, 14-21 Carey v. Mt. Desert Island Hosp., 910 F. Supp. 7 (D. Me. 1995) ...... 2-92, 2-96 Cargill Inc. v. Progressive Dairy Solutions, Inc., 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 46972 (E.D. Cal. 2008) ...... 8-16 Carlisle v. Fawcett Publ’ns, Inc., 201 Cal. App. 2d 733, 20 Cal. Rptr. 2d 405 (1962) ...... 12-44, 12-46, 12-55 Carlson v. Hillman Periodicals, Inc., 3 A.D.2d 987, 163 N.Y.S.2d 21 (1st Dep’t 1957) ...... 2-57 Carr v. Bankers Trust Co., 546 N.W.2d 901 (Iowa 1996) ...... 3-15, 5-13, 5-55, 16-38 Carr v. Brasher, 776 S.W.2d 567, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1942 (Tex. 1989) ...... 2-76, 4-27, 16-33 Carr v. Forbes, Inc., 259 F.3d 273, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2238 (4th Cir. 2001) ...... 5-25, 5-31, 5-52 Carrelli v. Ginsberg, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1613 (S.D. Ohio 1989) ...... 7-40

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–39 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Carriere v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 893 F.2d 98 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 817 (1990) ...... 15-44 Carroll v. Parks, 755 F.2d 1455 (11th Cir. 1985) ...... 13-72 Carroll v. Princess Anne, 393 U.S. 175 (1968) ...... 10-60 Carson v. Allied News Co., 482 F. Supp. 406, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2646 (N.D. Ill. 1979) ...... 16-34 Carson v. Allied News Co., 529 F.2d 206 (7th Cir. 1976) ...... 5-29, 5-70, 5-78, 5-83, 10-30 Carter v. Catfish Cabin, 316 So. 2d 517 (La. Ct. App. 1975) ...... 9-13, 9-29 Carter v. Duke Univ. Med. Ctr., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16145 (M.D.N.C. 1995) ...... 2-68, 2-69 Carter v. Innisfree Hotel, Inc., 661 So. 2d 1174 (Ala. 1995) ...... 12-92 Carter v. Willert Home Prods., 714 S.W.2d 506 (Mo. 1986) ...... 9-48 Cartwright v. Golub Corp., 51 A.D.2d 407, 381 N.Y.S.2d 901 (3d Dep’t 1976) ...... 13-46 Cartwright v. Wilbanks, 247 Ga. App. 187, 541 S.E.2d 393 (2000) ...... 2-102, 2-103 Caruso v. Local Union No. 690, 100 Wash. 2d 343, 670 P.2d 240 (1983) ...... 2-125, 6-23 Carver v. Bonds, 135 Cal. App. 4th 328, 37 Cal. Rptr. 3d 480, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1257 (2005) ...... 16-12 Casale v. Dooner Lab., Inc., 343 F. Supp. 917 (D. Md. 1972), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 503 F.2d 303 (4th Cir. 1973) ...... 10-42 Casano v. WDSU-TV, Inc., 313 F. Supp. 1130 (S.D. Miss. 1970), aff’d, 464 F.2d 3 (5th Cir. 1972) ...... 15-22 Cash v. Empire Gas Corp., 547 S.W.2d 830 (Mo. Ct. App. 1976) ...... 9-16 Cason v. Baskin, 155 Fla. 198, 20 So. 2d 243 (1944) ...... 12-42, 12-68, 12-69, 12-75 Cason v. Baskin, 159 Fla. 31, 30 So. 2d 635 (1947) ...... 12-51 Cassidy v. Merin, 244 N.J. Super. 466, 582 A.2d 1039 (1990) ...... 4-27, 4-67 Casso v. Brand, 776 S.W.2d 551, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1929 (Tex. 1989) ...... 5-55, 6-23, ...... 16-30, 16-32, 16-33, 16-39, 16-45, 16-50

TOC–40 Table of Cases

Casteel v. News-Record, Inc., 875 P.2d 21, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2153 (Wyo. 1994) ...... 7-38 Castellani v. Scranton Times, L.P., 124 A.3d 1229, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 3133 (Pa. 2015) ...... 5-91 Catalano v. Capital Cities Broad. Corp., 63 Misc. 2d 595, 313 N.Y.S.2d 52 (Sup. Ct. Albany Cnty. 1970) ...... 13-46 Catalano v. Pechous, 69 Ill. App. 3d 797, 25 Ill. Dec. 838, 387 N.E.2d 714, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2094 (1978), aff’d, 83 Ill. 2d 146, 50 Ill. Dec. 242, 419 N.E.2d 350, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2511 (1980), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 911 (1981) ...... 2-18, 2-133, 4-62, ...... 4-66, 7-56, 8-49, 16-49 Cates v. Barb, 650 P.2d 1159 (Wyo. 1982) ...... 13-22 Cates v. Taylor, 428 So. 2d 637 (Ala. 1983) ...... 12-8 Catsouras v. Dep’t of Cal. Highway Patrol, 181 Cal. App. 4th 856, 104 Cal. Rptr. 3d 352, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1708 (2010) ...... 12-38, 13-48, ...... 13-53, 13-64 Caudle v. Thomason, 942 F. Supp. 635 (D.D.C. 1996) ...... 2-112, 2-113, ...... 2-163, 2-165, 8-32 Cavallaro v. Pozzi, 28 A.D.3d 1075, 814 N.Y.S.2d 462 (4th Dep’t 2006) ...... 8-7 Caveman Adventures Unlimited v. Elecs. Cave, 633 N.W.2d 757, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2297 (Iowa 2001) ...... 10-23 Cavin Mem’l Corp. v. Requa, 5 Cal. App. 3d 345, 85 Cal. Rptr. 107 (1970) ...... 13-5, 13-16, 13-25 Celebrezze v. Dayton Newspapers, Inc., 41 Ohio App. 3d 343, 535 N.E.2d 755, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1589 (1988) ...... 16-50 Celebrezze v. Netzley, 51 Ohio St. 3d 89, 554 N.E.2d 1292, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1971 (1990) ...... 16-77 Cellamare v. Millbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy LLP, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22336 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) ...... 9-15 Celle v. Filipino Reporter Enters., Inc., 209 F.3d 163 (2d Cir. 2000) ...... 2-4, 2-20, 2-21, 2-74, ...... 2-75, 2-131, 3-15, 4-26, 4-27, 5-21, 5-35, ...... 5-71, 5-76, 5-89, 5-92, 5-104, 10-51, 13-56

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–41 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986) ...... 16-33 Celotex Corp. v. Meehan, 523 So. 2d 141 (Fla. 1988) ...... 15-52 Cent. Freight Lines, Inc. v. Kackley, 1997 Tex. App. LEXIS 2326 (Tex. App. 1997) ...... 9-41 Cent. Hudson Gas & Elec. Corp. v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n of N.Y., 447 U.S. 557, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1497 (1980) ...... 5-132, 5-133, ...... 5-135, 13-34 Cent. of Ga. Ry. v. Sheftall, 118 Ga. 865, 45 S.E. 687 (1903) ...... 2-129 Cepeda v. Cowles Magazines & Broad., Inc., 328 F.2d 869 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 844 (1964) ...... 2-112, 7-2, 7-3 Cepeda v. Cowles Magazines & Broad., Inc., 392 F.2d 417 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 840 (1968) ...... 1-12, 5-30 Cera v. Gannett Co., 47 A.D.2d 797, 365 N.Y.S.2d 99 (4th Dep’t 1975) ...... 5-34 Cerasani v. Sony Corp., 991 F. Supp. 343 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) ...... 2-83 Ceravolo v. Brown, 364 So. 2d 1155 (Ala. 1978) ...... 2-17 Cerrito v. Time, Inc., 302 F. Supp. 1071 (N.D. Cal. 1969), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 449 F.2d 306 (9th Cir. 1971) ...... 14-21 Cervantes v. Time, Inc., 464 F.2d 986 (8th Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1125 (1973) ...... 14-18, 14-19, ...... 14-20, 14-35 CFTC v. Vartuli, 228 F.3d 94 (2d Cir. 2000) ...... 15-33 Cha v. Korean Presbyterian Church of Wash., 262 Va. 604, 553 S.E.2d 511 (2001) ...... 4-78 Chadha v. Charlotte Hungerford Hosp., 272 Conn. 776, 865 A.2d 1163 (2005) ...... 8-41 Chaffin v. Lynch, 83 Va. 106, 1 S.E. 803 (1887) ...... 5-69 Chafin v. Gibson, 213 W. Va. 167, 578 S.E.2d 361 (2003) ...... 16-32, 16-36 Chafoulias v. Peterson, 668 N.W.2d 642, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2377 (Minn. 2003) ...... 5-64, 5-68, 5-72, 5-100 Chagnon v. Union Leader Corp., 103 N.H. 426, 174 A.2d 825, cert. denied, 369 U.S. 830 (1961) ...... 3-6 Chaiken v. VV Publ’g Corp., 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1485 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) ...... 2-163

TOC–42 Table of Cases

Chaiken v. VV Publ’g Corp., 907 F. Supp. 689, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1449 (S.D.N.Y. 1995), aff’d, 119 F.3d 1018, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2025 (2d Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1149 (1998) ...... 2-36, 6-15, 6-16, ...... 6-17, 15-18, 15-22, 15-34 Chaiken v. VV Publ’g Corp., 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16530 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) ...... 17-10 Chaker v. Mateo, 209 Cal. App. 4th 1138, 147 Cal. Rptr. 3d 496 (2012) ...... 16-12, 16-13 Chalkley v. Atl. Coast Line R.R. Co., 150 Va. 301, 143 S.E. 631 (1928) ...... 2-92 Chaloner v. Wash. Post Co., 36 App. D.C. 231 (1911) ...... 2-18 Chamberlain v. Mathis, 151 Ariz. 551, 729 P.2d 905 (1986) ...... 8-53 Chambers v. Travelers Cos., 668 F.3d 559 (8th Cir. 2012) ...... 4-60, 9-45 Chambers v. Travelers Cos., 764 F. Supp. 2d 1071 (D. Minn. 2011) ...... 2-117, 2-125 Chandok v. Klessig, 632 F.3d 803 (2d Cir. 2011) ...... 9-14, 9-17, ...... 9-29, 9-41, 16-28 Chang v. Michiana Telecasting Corp., 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1889 (N.D. Ind. 1987) ...... 2-20 Chang v. Michiana Telecasting Corp., 900 F.2d 1085, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1768 (7th Cir. 1990) ...... 5-90, 5-101 Channel 4, KGBT v. Briggs, 759 S.W.2d 939, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1789 (Tex. 1988) ...... 13-60 Chapadeau v. Utica Observer-Dispatch, Inc., 38 N.Y.2d 196, 379 N.Y.S.2d 61, 341 N.E.2d 569 (1975) ...... 2-145, 2-176, 5-17, ...... 6-9, 6-15, 6-16, 6-17, 6-18, 6-19, ...... 7-53, 7-60, 7-61, 9-12, 9-32, 9-41, 15-61, 16-56 Chapin v. Greve, 787 F. Supp. 557, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2161 (E.D. Va. 1992), aff’d, 993 F.2d 1087, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1449 (4th Cir. 1993) ...... 2-13, 2-36, 4-17 Chapin v. Knight-Ridder, Inc., 993 F.2d 1087, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1449 (4th Cir. 1993) ...... 2-54, 4-19, ...... 4-49, 4-57, 5-39, 7-22, ...... 7-24, 7-32, 7-45, 7-49 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942) ...... 5-76 Chapman v. Byrd, 124 N.C. App. 13, 475 S.E.2d 734 (1996) ...... 2-159, 13-56

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–43 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Chapman v. Journal Concepts, Inc., 528 F. Supp. 2d 1081 (D. Haw. 2007) ...... 5-29, 5-30 Chapman v. Journal Concepts, Inc., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 91621 (D. Haw. 2007) ...... 5-29, 5-30 Chapski v. Copley Press, Inc., 92 Ill. 2d 344, 442 N.E.2d 195, 65 Ill. Dec. 884, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2403 (1982) ...... 2-71, 2-156 Chard v. Galton, 277 Or. 109, 559 P.2d 1280 (1977) ...... 8-14 Charles v. State Dep’t of Children, 914 So. 2d 1 (Fla. Ct. App. 2005) ...... 8-61 Charles Atlas, Ltd. v. Time-Life Books, Inc., 570 F. Supp. 150 (S.D.N.Y. 1983) ...... 10-9, 13-9, 13-21, 13-23 Charles Parker Co. v. Silver City Crystal Co., 142 Conn. 605, 116 A.2d 440 (1955) ...... 2-11 Charter Bank & Trust, N.A. v. Fabbrini, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 58 (N.D. Ill. 1995) ...... 9-28, 9-48 Chase Sec. Corp. v. Donaldson, 325 U.S. 304 (1945) ...... 2-108 Chase v. Daily Record, Inc., 83 Wash. 2d 37, 515 P.2d 154 (1973) ...... 16-39, 16-47, 16-50 Chasewood Constr. Co. v. Rico, 696 S.W.2d 439 [Tex. App. 2003] ...... 2-101 Chastain v. Sundquist, 833 F.2d 311 (D.C. Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1240 (1988) ...... 8-27, 8-31 Chatterton v. Sec’y of State for India in Council, [1895] 2 Q.B. 189 (C.A.) ...... 8-33 Chau v. Lewis, 771 F.3d 118 (2d Cir. 2014) ...... 4-60 Chaves v. Johnson, 230 Va. 112, 335 S.E.2d 97 (1985) .....4-11, 4-16 Chen v. United States, 854 F.2d 622 (2d Cir. 1988) ...... 13-46 Cherry v. Des Moines Leader, 114 Iowa 298, 86 N.W. 323 (1901) ...... 4-5, 4-8, 4-69, 5-76 Chesapeake Ferry Co. v. Hudgins, 155 Va. 874, 156 S.E. 429 (1931) ...... 9-20 Chesapeake Publ’g Corp. v. Williams, 339 Md. 285, 661 A.2d 1169 (1995) ...... 2-25, 2-63, 2-76 Chester v. Indianapolis Newspapers, Inc., 553 N.E.2d 137, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1903 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990) ...... 16-50 Chicago v. Loyola Univ. Med. Ctr., 787 F. Supp. 2d 797 (N.D. Ill. 2011) ...... 4-25, 15-53, 16-29 Chi. City Day Sch. v. Wade, 297 Ill. App. 3d 465, 697 N.E.2d 389, 231 Ill. Dec. 835, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2483 (1998) ...... 2-25, 2-71 Chinwuba v. Larsen, 142 Md. App. 327, 790 A.2d 83 (2002) ...... 8-46

TOC–44 Table of Cases

Chisholm v. Foothill Capital Corp., 940 F. Supp. 1273 (N.D. Ill. 1996) ...... 12-40 Chizmar v. Mackie, 896 P.2d 196 (Alaska 1995) ...... 13-64 Cholowsky v. Civiletti, 16 Misc. 3d 1138[A], 851 N.Y.S.2d 57 (Sup. Ct. Suffolk Cnty. 2007), aff’d, 69 A.D.3d 110, 887 N.Y.S.2d 592, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2437 (2d Dep’t 2009) ...... 16-28 Chowdhry v. NLVH, Inc., 109 Nev. 478, 851 P.2d 459 (1993) ...... 2-78 Christian Research Inst. v. Alnor, 148 Cal. App. 4th 71, 55 Cal. Rptr. 3d 600 (2007) ...... 3-15, 5-77, 16-16 Christoff v. Nestlé USA, Inc., 47 Cal. 4th 468, 213 P.3d 132, 97 Cal. Rptr. 3d 798, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2089 (2009) ...... 7-5, 12-90 Christopher Lisa Matthew Policano, Inc. v. N. Am. Precis Syndicate, Inc., 129 A.D.2d 488, 514 N.Y.S.2d 239, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2343 (1st Dep’t 1987) ...... 10-9, 13-46 Christy v. Stauffer Publ’ns, Inc., 437 S.W.2d 814 (Tex. 1969) ...... 2-11 Chrysler Credit Corp. v. Ostly, 42 Cal. App. 3d 663, 117 Cal. Rptr. 167 (1974) ...... 13-4, 13-5 Chung v. Better Health Plan, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9627 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 3-19 Chung v. McCabe Hamilton & Renny Co., 109 Haw. 520, 128 P.3d 833 (2006) ...... 8-57 Church of Scientology v. Adams, 584 F.2d 893, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1986 (9th Cir. 1978) ...... 15-5, 15-22, 15-28 Church of Scientology v. Cazares, 455 F. Supp. 420, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1651 (M.D. Fla. 1978), aff’d, 638 F.2d 1272, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1668 (5th Cir. 1981) ...... 2-45, 5-54 Church of Scientology v. Flynn, 578 F. Supp. 266 (D. Mass. 1984) ...... 2-163, 2-164 Church of Scientology v. Johnson-Smith, [1972] Q.B. 522, [1972] 1 All E.R. 378, [1971] 3 W.L.R. 434, ...... 8-25 Church of Scientology v. Minn. State Med. Ass’n Found., 264 N.W.2d 152, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2177 (Minn. 1978) ...... 2-18, 2-22, 7-9

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–45 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Church of Scientology v. Siegelman, 475 F. Supp. 950, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2021 (S.D.N.Y. 1979) ...... 4-76 Church of Scientology v. Wollersheim, 42 Cal. App. 4th 628 (1996) ...... 10-76 Church of Scientology, Inc. v. Green, 354 F. Supp. 800 (S.D.N.Y. 1973) ...... 15-54 Church of Scientology Int’l v. Behar, 238 F.3d 168 (2d Cir.), aff’g, Church of Scientology Int’l v. Time Warner, 903 F. Supp. 637, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1044 (S.D.N.Y. 1995), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 814 (2001) ...... 5-82, 5-91, 5-92, ...... 10-8, 10-69, 16-4 Church of Scientology Int’l v. Daniels, 992 F.2d 1329, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1426 (4th Cir. 1993) ...... 4-76, 5-5 Church of Scientology Int’l v. Time Warner, 806 F. Supp. 1157, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2047 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) ...... 2-162 Church of Scientology Int’l v. Time Warner, 903 F. Supp. 637, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1044 (S.D.N.Y. 1995), aff’d sub nom. Church of Scientology Int’l v. Behar, 238 F.3d 168 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 814 (2001) ...... 5-91, 5-92 Church of Scientology Int’l v. Time Warner, 932 F. Supp. 589, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2081 (S.D.N.Y. 1996), aff’d sub nom. Church of Scientology Int’l v. Behar, 238 F.3d 168 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 814 (2001) ...... 5-82 Churchey v. Adolph Coors Co., 759 P.2d 1336 (Colo. 1988) ...... 2-96, 2-99, 9-20 Churchill v. State, 378 N.J. Super. 471, 876 A.2d 311 (App. Div. 2005) ...... 7-8 Chuy v. Phila. Eagles Football Club, 431 F. Supp. 254 (E.D. Pa.), aff’d, 595 F.2d 1265, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2537 (3d Cir. 1979) ...... 2-14, 2-174, 5-30, ...... 5-54, 5-65, 5-112, 12-14, 13-48, ...... 13-49, 13-51, 13-53, 13-54 Cianci v. New Times Publ’g Co., 639 F.2d 54, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1625 (2d Cir. 1980) ..... 2-43, 4-13, 4-35, ...... 4-63, 7-51, 7-54, 7-62

TOC–46 Table of Cases

Cibenko v. Worth Publishers, Inc., 510 F. Supp. 761, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1298 (D.N.J. 1981) ...... 2-14, 2-38, 2-54, ...... 3-26, 12-19, 12-30, 15-54 Cicconi v. McGinn, Smith & Co., 27 A.D.2d 59, 808 N.Y.S.2d 604 (1st Dep’t 2005) ...... 8-59 Ciecierski v. Avondale Shipyards, Inc., 572 So. 2d 834 (La. Ct. App.), writ denied, 574 So. 2d 1256 (La. 1991) ...... 10-29 Cinel v. Connick, 15 F.3d 1338, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1945 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 868 (1994) ...... 12-49, 12-55, 13-73 Cipriani Builders, Inc. v. Madden, 389 N.J. Super. 154, 912 A.2d 152 (App. Div. 2006) ...... 2-49 City of Chicago v. Tribune Co., 307 Ill. 595, 139 N.E. 86 (1923) ...... 2-170 City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc., 507 U.S. 410, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1161 (1993) ...... 13-30, 13-34 City of Lancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d 650 (Tex. 1994) ...... 8-48 City of Miami v. Wardlow, 403 So. 2d 414 (Fla. 1981) ...... 8-48 City of Philadelphia v. Wash. Post Co., 482 F. Supp. 897, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2221 (E.D. Pa. 1979) ...... 2-169 City of Tempe v. Pilot Props., Inc., 22 Ariz. App. 356, 527 P.2d 515 (1974) ...... 13-2, 13-27 Clampitt v. Am. Univ., 957 A.2d 23 (D.C. 2008) ...... 2-60 Clardy v. Cowles Publ’g Co., 81 Wash. App. 53, 912 P.2d 1078, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2153 (1996) ...... 5-26, 5-40 Clark v. Allen, 415 Pa. 484, 204 A.2d 42 (1964) ...... 2-52, 4-43 Clark v. Am. Broad. Cos., 684 F.2d 1208, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2049 (6th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1040 (1983) ...... 2-77, 5-25, 5-61 Clark v. Celeb Publ’g, Inc., 530 F. Supp. 979, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1261 (S.D.N.Y. 1981) ...... 10-37, 10-38 Clark v. Cnty. of Tulare, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 136455 (E.D. Cal. 2010) ...... 8-51 Clark v. Molyneux, [1877] 3 Q.B. 237, 247 ...... 9-46 Clark v. N. Am. Co., 203 Pa. 346, 53 A. 237 (1902) ...... 11-2

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–47 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Clark v. Pearson, 248 F. Supp. 188 (D.D.C. 1965) ...... 3-16, 3-25 Clark v. Spokesman-Review, 163 P.3d 216, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1737 (Idaho 2007) ...... 2-63, 16-32 Clark v. Viacom Int’l, Inc., 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 42275 (M.D. Tenn. 2013) ...... 7-8 Classic III, Inc. v. Ely, 954 S.W.2d 650 (Mo. Ct. App. 1997) .... 14-16 Clawson v. Longview Publ’g Co., 91 Wash. 2d 408, 589 P.2d 1223, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2163 (1979) ...... 1-18, 5-13, 5-19, 5-27 Clawson v. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 906 A.2d 308, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2217 (D.C. 2006) ...... 2-27 Clay v. Lagiss, 143 Cal. App. 2d 441, 299 P.2d 1025 (1956) ...... 2-78 Clemens v. McNamee, 608 F. Supp. 2d 811 (S.D. Tex. 2009), aff’d, 615 F.3d 374, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2323 (5th Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 3091 (2011) ...... 15-19, 15-23, 15-39 Clements v. Gannett Co., 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1657 (Sup. Ct. Monroe Cnty. 1979) ...... 5-29 Cliff v. Naragansett Television, L.P., 688 A.2d 805 (R.I. 1996) ...... 12-25, 13-53, 13-63 Clinton Cmty. Hosp. Corp. v. S. Md. Med. Ctr., 374 F. Supp. 450 (D. Md. 1974), aff’d, 510 F.2d 1037 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 422 U.S. 1048 (1975) ...... 12-30 Cloud v. McKinney, 228 S.W.3d 326 (Tex. App. 2007) ...... 5-55, 8-48 Cloyd v. Press, Inc., 629 S.W.2d 24, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1589 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1981) ...... 5-37 Club Members for an Honest Election v. Sierra Club, 45 Cal. 4th 309, 196 P.3d 1094, 86 Cal. Rptr. 3d 288, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1001 (2008) ...... 16-14 Clyburn v. News World Commc’ns, Inc., 903 F.2d 29, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1888 (D.C. Cir. 1990) ...... 5-24, 5-40, 5-59, ...... 5-61, 5-66, 5-106, 14-21 CNN & Time Magazine “Operation Tailwind” Litig., In re, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 31732 (N.D. Cal. 2006) ...... 11-10 Coastal Abstract Serv., Inc. v. First Am. Title Ins. Co., 173 F.3d 725 (9th Cir. 1999) ...... 10-51, 13-33, 13-35 Cobb v. Garlington, 193 S.W. 463 (Tex. Civ. App. 1917) ...... 2-114

TOC–48 Table of Cases

Cobb v. Time, Inc., 278 F.3d 629, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1339 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 878 (2002) ...... 5-101 Cobb v. Univ. of Va., 84 F. Supp. 2d 740 (W.D. Va. 2000) ...... 2-102 Cobb’s Auto Sales, Inc. v. Coleman, 353 So. 2d 922 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1978) ...... 8-48 Coca-Cola Co. v. Tropicana Prods., Inc., 690 F.2d 312 (2d Cir. 1982) ...... 13-32 Cochran v. Indianapolis Newspapers, Inc., 175 Ind. App. 548, 372 N.E.2d 1211, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2131 (1978) ...... 2-23, 2-78, 3-25, ...... 5-33, 5-77, 5-89, 5-104 Cockram v. Genesco, Inc., 680 F.3d 1046 (8th Cir. 2012) ...... 12-11 Codd v. Velger, 429 U.S. 624 (1977) ...... 13-72 Cody v. Harris, 409 F.3d 853, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1974 (7th Cir. 2005) ...... 2-94, 2-135 Coe v. Town of Conklin, 94 A.D.3d 1197, 942 N.Y.S.2d 255 (3d Dep’t 2012) ...... 2-141 Cofield v. Advertiser Co., 486 So. 2d 434, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2039 (Ala. 1986) ...... 2-84 Coghlan v. Beck, 984 N.E.2d 132, 2013 IL App (1st) 120891, 368 Ill. Dec. 407 (Ill. App. Ct. 2013) ...... 4-60 Cohen v. Bowdoin, 288 A.2d 106 (Me. 1972) ...... 8-44 Cohen v. Cowles Media Co., 501 U.S. 663, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2273 (1991) ...... 12-75, 12-96, 14-10 Cohen v. Marx, 94 Cal. App. 2d 704, 211 P.2d 322 (1949) ...... 12-49 Cohen v. N.Y. Times Co., 153 A.D. 242, 138 N.Y.S. 206 (2d Dep’t 1912) ...... 2-14 Cohn v. Am-Law, Inc., 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2367 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1980) ...... 2-164 Cohn v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1999 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1978), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 67 A.D.2d 140, 414 N.Y.S.2d 906, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2533 (1st Dep’t 1979), aff’d, 50 N.Y.2d 885, 430 N.Y.S.2d 265, 408 N.E.2d 672, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1398, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1022 (1980) ...... 2-14, 2-164, 12-33, 13-70 Colbert v. World Publ’g Co., 747 P.2d 286, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2188 (Okla.1987) ...... 12-33 Cole v. Brehmer & Rosen, 581 N.W.2d 364, 1998 Minn. App. LEXIS 812 (Minn. Ct. App. 1998) ...... 7-15, 8-37, 10-73

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–49 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Cole v. Chandler, 752 A.2d 1189 (Me. 2000) ...... 2-100, 9-20, 10-70, 12-40 Cole Fischer Rogow, Inc. v. Carl Ally, Inc., 29 A.D.2d 423, 288 N.Y.S.2d 556 (1st Dep’t 1968), aff’d on other grounds, 25 N.Y.2d 943, 305 N.Y.S.2d 154, 252 N.E.2d 633 (1969) ...... 2-43, 2-129, ...... 2-143, 4-69, 4-72 Coleman v. MacLennan, 78 Kan. 711, 98 P. 281 (1908) ...... 1-3, 1-7, 1-32, 4-5, ...... 4-70, 4-73, 5-22, 5-23, 9-45 Coleman v. Newark Morning Ledger Co., 29 N.J. 357, 149 A.2d 193 (1959) ...... 2-8, 4-54, 4-68, 9-58 Coleman v. Southwick, 9 Johns. 45 (1812) ...... 10-43 Coliniatis v. Dimas, 965 F. Supp. 511 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 5-38, 5-43, 5-101, 5-103, 7-55 Coll. Sav. Bank v. Fla. Prepaid Postsecondary Educ. Expense Bd., 919 F. Supp. 756 (D.N.J. 1996), aff’d, 131 F.3d 353 (3d Cir. 1997) ...... 2-170, 13-13, 13-35 Collins v. Brown, 268 F. Supp. 198 (D.D.C. 1967) ...... 10-36 Collins v. Creative Loafing Savannah, Inc., 264 Ga. App. 675, 592 S.E.2d 170 (2003) ...... 2-58 Collins v. Nuzzo, 244 F.3d 246 (1st Cir. 2001) ...... 2-108 Collins v. Purdue Univ., 703 F. Supp. 2d 862, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1481 (N.D. Ind. 2010) ...... 2-13 Collins v. Red Roof Inns, Inc., 24 W. Va. 458, 566 S.E.2d 595 (2002) ...... 8-11 Collins v. Taos Bd. of Educ., 893 F. Supp. 2d 1193 (D.N.M. 2012) ...... 5-9, 5-10 Collins v. Troy Publ’g Co., 213 A.D.2d 879, 623 N.Y.S.2d 663, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2150 (3d Dep’t 1995) ...... 14-33 Collins & Aikman Prods. Co. v. Bldg. Sys., Inc., 58 F.3d 16 (2d Cir. 1995) ...... 10-71 Colodny v. Inverson, Yoakum, Papiano & Hatch, 936 F. Supp. 917 (M.D. Fla. 1996) ...... 4-33, 4-56, 5-36 Colombo v. Times-Argus Ass’n, 135 Vt. 454, 380 A.2d 80, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1451 (1977) ...... 5-5, 5-11 Colorado v. Ryan, 806 P.2d 935, cert. denied, 502 U.S. 860 (1991) ...... 3-4 Colo. Real Estate & Dev., Inc. v. Sternberg, 164 Colo. 184, 433 P.2d 341 (1967) ...... 13-16, 13-17 Colquhoun v. Webber, 684 A.2d 405 (Me. 1996) ...... 13-2, 13-4 Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc. v. Democratic Nat’l Comm., 412 U.S. 94 (1973) ...... 3-9, 6-28

TOC–50 Table of Cases

Columbia First Bank v. Ferguson, 665 A.2d 650 (D.C. 1995) ...... 9-10, 9-40, 9-43 Columbia Ins. Co. v. Seescandy.com, 185 F.R.D. 573 (N.D. Cal. 1999) ...... 14-35 Columbia Sussex Corp. v. Hay, 627 S.W.2d 270, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2424 (Ky. Ct. App. 1981) ...... 2-3, 6-24, 6-25 Comaford v. Wired USA, Ltd., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7278 (N.D. Ill. 1995) ...... 15-42 Comins v. VanVoorhis, 135 So. 3d 545 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2014) ...... 11-10 Commercial Publ’g Co. v. Smith, 149 F. 704 (6th Cir. 1907) ...... 2-42 Commonwealth v. Armao, 446 Pa. 325, 286 A.2d 626 (1972) ...... 3-5 Commonwealth v. Wiseman, 356 Mass. 251, 249 N.E.2d 610 (1969), cert. denied, 398 U.S. 960 (1970) ...... 12-12, 12-76, 12-96 Commonwealth Motor Parts, Ltd. v. Bank of Nova Scotia, 44 A.D.2d 375, 355 N.Y.S.2d 138 (1974), aff’d, 37 N.Y.2d 824, 339 N.E.2d 888, 377 N.Y.S.2d 482 (1975) ...... 3-2 Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Pierce, 814 F.2d 663 (D.C. Cir. 1987) ...... 10-60 Cmty. Title v. Roosevelt Fed. Sav. & Loan, 796 S.W.2d 369 (Mo. 1990) ...... 13-39 CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson, 89 F.3d 1257 (6th Cir. 1996) ...... 15-33 Computer Assocs. Int’l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 918 S.W.2d 453 (Tex. 1996) ...... 2-109 Computerized Thermal Imaging, Inc. v. Bloomberg, L.P., 312 F.3d 1292 (10th Cir. 2002) ...... 2-127 ComputerXpress, Inc. v. Jackson, 93 Cal. App. 4th 993, 113 Cal. Rptr. 2d 625 (2001) ...... 5-47, 16-13 Compuware Corp. v. Moody’s Investors Servs., 499 F.3d 520 (6th Cir. 2007) ...... 2-40, 4-59, 5-48, 8-62, 13-74 Conard v. Dillingham, 23 Ariz. 596, 206 P. 166 (1922) ...... 10-36 Condit v. Clermont Cnty. Review, 93 Ohio App. 3d 166, 638 N.E.2d 96 (1994) ...... 16-47 Condit v. Clermont Cnty. Review, 110 Ohio App. 3d 755, 675 N.E.2d 475 (1996) ...... 2-48, 4-54 Conkle v. Jeong, 73 F.3d 909 (9th Cir. 1995) ...... 8-63, 9-16

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–51 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Conklin v. Sloss, 86 Cal. App. 3d 241, 150 Cal. Rptr. 121, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1998 (1978) ...... 12-67, 12-74 Conlay v. Baylor Coll. of Med., 688 F. Supp. 2d 586 (S.D. Tex. 2010) ...... 8-60 Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 (1957) ...... 2-67 Connaughton v. Harte-Hanks Commc’ns, Inc., 842 F.2d 825, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2209 (6th Cir. 1988), aff’d on other grounds, 491 U.S. 657, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1881 (1989) ...... 1-29, 1-30, 5-87, 5-88 Connelly v. Nw. Publ’ns, Inc., 448 N.W.2d 901, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1205 (Minn. Ct. App. 1989) ...... 5-114 Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 (1983) ...... 1-21, 3-9, 6-28, 10-11, 10-24 Connolly v. Stone, 807 So. 2d 979 (La. Ct. App. 2002) ...... 8-36 Connor v. Archdiocese of Phila., 975 A.2d 1084 (Pa. 2009) ...... 4-78 Conrad v. Roberts, 95 Kan. 180, 147 P. 795 (1915) ...... 8-53 Conroy v. Fall River Herald News Publ’g Co., 306 Mass. 488, 28 N.E.2d 729, 132 A.L.R. 927 (1940) ...... 9-11, 10-58 Conservatorship of Turner, In re, 2014 Tenn. App. LEXIS 278 (2014) ...... 10-64 Consol. Rail Corp. v. Gottshall, 512 U.S. 532 (1994) ...... 13-62 Constant v. Spartanburg Steel Prods., 316 S.C. 86, 447 S.E.2d 194, cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1017 (1994) ...... 9-45, 10-42 Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., In re, 495 F. Supp. 582, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1681 (S.D.N.Y. 1980) ...... 14-11 Container Mfg. Inc. v. CIBA-Geigy Corp., 870 F. Supp. 1225 (D.N.J. 1994) ...... 2-170, 13-68, 13-69 Contemporary Mission, Inc. v. N.Y. Times Co., 842 F.2d 612, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1180 (2d Cir. 1988) ...... 2-43, 5-25, 5-28 Contemporary Servs. Corp. v. Staff Pro Inc., 152 Cal. App. 4th 1043, 61 Cal. Rptr. 3d 434 (2007) ...... 16-15 Conterras v. Vill. of Woodridge, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3991 (N.D. Ill. 1995) ...... 8-49 ContiCommodity Servs., Inc. v. Ragan, 63 F.3d 438 (5th Cir. 1995) ...... 3-33

TOC–52 Table of Cases

Cont’l Appliances, Inc. v. Thomas, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 119871 (N.D. Cal. 2012) ...... 15-36 Cont’l Cablevision, Inc. v. Storer Broad. Co., 653 F. Supp. 451 (D. Mass. 1986) ...... 5-47 Cont’l Nut Co. v. Robert L. Berner Co., 345 F.2d 395 (7th Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 923 (1968) ...... 2-170, 13-8, 13-10 Cont’l Nut Co. v. Robert L. Berner Co., 393 F.2d 283 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 923 (1968) ...... 10-50, 13-23 Cont’l Trend Res., Inc. v. OXY USA, Inc., 101 F.3d 634 (10th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1241 (1997) ...... 10-19, 10-20 Converters Equip. Corp. v. Condes Corp., 80 Wis. 2d 257, 258 N.W.2d 712 (1977) ...... 8-14, 9-12 Cook v. United Dairy Farmers, Inc., 2005 Ohio 1539, 2005 Ohio App. LEXIS 1490 (Mar. 31, 2005) ...... 5-33 Cook v. Winfrey, 141 F.3d 322, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1586 (7th Cir. 1998) ...... 4-36, 4-64, 13-51 Cook, Perkiss & Liehe, Inc. v. N. Cal. Collection Serv., Inc., 911 F.2d 242 (9th Cir. 1990) ...... 13-34 Cooksey v. Stewart, 938 So. 2d 1206 (La. Ct. App. 2006) ...... 4-23 Coonan v. Holder, 602 F. Supp. 2d 25 (D.D.C. 2009) ...... 8-28 Cooper v. Del. Valley Med. Ctr., 539 Pa. 620, 654 A.2d 547(1995) ...... 9-30 Cooper v. Greeley, 1 Denio 347 (N.Y. 1845) ...... 2-21 Cooper v. Parker-Hughey, 894 P.2d 1096 (Okla. 1995) ...... 8-5 Cooper v. Rockford Newspapers, Inc., 50 Ill. App. 3d 247, 365 N.E.2d 744, 8 Ill. Dec. 506, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2287 (1977) ...... 2-24, 5-14 Cooper Indus., Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Grp., Inc., 532 U.S. 424 (2001) ...... 10-21, 10-22 Copeland v. Carpenter, 203 Ga. 18, 45 S.E.2d 197 (1947) ...... 13-2 Copeland v. Hubbard Broad., Inc., 526 N.W.2d 402 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 12-97 Coplin v. Fairfield Pub. Access Television Comm., 111 F.3d 1395, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1737 (8th Cir. 1997) ...... 12-79

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–53 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Copp v. Paxton, 45 Cal. App. 4th 829, 52 Cal. Rptr. 2d 831 (1996) ...... 5-35, 8-51 Copp v. Ramirez, 62 A.D.3d 23, 874 N.Y.S.2d 52, 37 Media L. Rep. 1563 (1st Dep’t 2009) ...... 15-5 Corabi v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 441 Pa. 432, 273 A.2d 899 (1971) ...... 2-133, 3-14, 3-30, ...... 5-83, 10-55, 12-55 Corbett v. Register Publ’g Co., 33 Conn. Supp. 4, 356 A.2d 472 (Super. Ct. New Haven Cnty. 1975) ...... 5-44, 6-20 Cordell v. Detective Publ’ns, Inc., 307 F. Supp. 1212 (E.D. Tenn. 1968), aff’d, 419 F.2d 989 (6th Cir. 1969) ...... 12-10, 12-13, ...... 12-18, 12-26, 12-60, 12-61 Core-Vent Corp. v. Nobel Indus. AB, 11 F.3d 1482 (9th Cir. 1993) ...... 15-18, 15-23 Coronado Credit Union v. KOAT Television, Inc., 99 N.M. 233, 656 P.2d 896, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1031 (Ct. App. 1982) ...... 2-73, 5-48 Corporate Training Unlimited, Inc. v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 868 F. Supp. 501 (E.D.N.Y. 1994) ...... 7-32 Corradi v. Emmco Corp., 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 510 (Ohio Ct. App. 1996) ...... 2-94, 2-174 Corrigan v. Bobbs-Merrill Co., 228 N.Y. 58, 126 N.E. 260 (1920) ...... 2-166, 10-25 Cort v. Ash, 422 U.S. 66 (1975) ...... 13-38 Cortez v. Shirley, 555 So. 2d 577 (La. Ct. App. 1989) ...... 11-2 Cosgrove Studio & Camera Shop, Inc. v. Pane, 408 Pa. 314, 182 A.2d 751 (1962) ...... 2-16 Costello v. Capital Cities Commc’ns, Inc., 153 Ill. App. 3d 956, 505 N.E.2d 701, 106 Ill. Dec. 154 (1987), rev’d on liability, 125 Ill. 2d 402, 532 N.E.2d 790, 126 Ill. Dec. 919, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2407 (1988) ...... 2-71, 2-75, ...... 5-101, 10-37, 10-39, 10-45 Costello v. Capital Cities Media, Inc., 111 Ill. App. 3d 1009, 445 N.E.2d 13, 67 Ill. Dec. 721, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1434 (1982) ...... 2-51 Costello v. Hardy, 864 So. 2d 129 (La. 2004) ...... 2-6, 2-15, 2-139 Costello v. Ocean City Observer, 136 N.J. 594, 643 A.2d 1012, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2129 (1994) ...... 5-10, 5-102, 7-23, 7-28, 7-38, 7-39 Cottom v. Meredith Corp., 65 A.D.2d 165, 411 N.Y.S.2d 53, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1916 (4th Dep’t 1978) ...... 6-19, 7-61, 16-57

TOC–54 Table of Cases

Cottrell v. NCAA, 975 So. 2d 306 (Ala. 2007) ...... 2-120, 5-39 Coughlin v. Westinghouse Broad. & Cable, Inc., 603 F. Supp. 377, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1681 (E.D. Pa.), aff’d, 780 F.2d 340, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1529 (3d Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1187, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2263 (1986) ...... 1-20, 1-25, 2-35, ...... 5-11, 5-85, 5-86, 5-97, 13-50, 16-45 Couloute v. Ryncarz, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20534 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) ...... 4-46 Council on Am. Islamic Relations, Inc. v. Ballenger, 366 F. Supp. 2d 28 (D.D.C. 2005) ...... 8-30 Cnty. Vanlines, Inc. v. Experian Info. Solutions, Inc., 317 F. Supp. 2d 383 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) ...... 9-22, 9-23, 9-24 Coursey v. Greater Niles Twp. Publ’g Corp., 40 Ill. 2d 257, 239 N.E.2d 837 (1968) ...... 5-11 Courtney v. Vereb, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87286 (E.D. La. 2012) ...... 7-12 Covey v. Detroit Lakes Printing Co., 490 N.W.2d 138, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1671 (Minn. Ct. App. 1992) ...... 13-65 Covino v. Hagemann, 627 N.Y.S.2d 894 (Sup. Ct. Richmond Cnty. 1995) ...... 2-48, 4-54 Cowan v. Time, Inc., 41 Misc. 2d 198, 245 N.Y.S.2d 723 (Sup. Ct. Nassau Cnty. 1963) ...... 2-74 Cowley v. Pulsifer, 137 Mass. 392 (1884) ...... 7-23, 7-26 Cowras v. Hard Copy, 56 F. Supp. 2d 207, 209–10 (D.Conn. 1999) ...... 13-58 Cox v. Galazin, 460 F. Supp. 2d 380 (D. Conn. 2006) ....5-37, 5-137 Cox v. Hatch, 761 P.2d 556, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1366 (Utah 1988) ...... 2-13, 2-76, 6-5, 6-23, ...... 6-27, 12-10, 12-24, 12-84, 16-5 Cox v. L.A. Herald-Examiner, 234 Cal. App. 3d 1618, 286 Cal. Rptr. 419, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1469 (1991) ...... 7-28 Cox v. Nasche, 70 F.3d 1030 (9th Cir. 1995) ...... 8-63 Cox Broad. Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U.S. 469 (1975) ...... 1-50, 2-58, 3-7, 7-44, 12-5, 12-32, ...... 12-62, 12-63, 12-66, 12-78, 12-79 Cox Enters., Inc. v. Gilreath, 142 Ga. App. 297, 235 S.E.2d 633, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1031 (1977) ...... 7-6 Cox Tex. Newspapers, L.P. v. Penick, 219 S.W.3d 425, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1449 (Tex. App. 2007) ...... 2-148

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–55 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Craig v. Moore, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1402 (Fla. Cir. Ct. Duval Cnty. 1978) ...... 2-49, 2-74, 2-75, 4-56 Crain v. Lightner, 178 W. Va. 765, 364 S.E.2d 778 (1987) ...... 2-176 Crall v. Gannett Satellite Info. Network, Inc., 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1987 (S.D. Ohio 1992) ...... 2-43 Cranberg v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 756 F.2d 382, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2099 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 850 (1985) ...... 2-165 Crane v. Ariz. Republic, 729 F. Supp. 698, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1353 (C.D. Cal. 1989), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 972 F.2d 1511, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1649 (9th Cir. 1992) ...... 5-8, 5-12, 5-93, ...... 7-20, 7-34, 7-37, 7-55, 12-5, 13-60 Crane v. N.Y. World Tel. Corp., 308 N.Y. 470, 126 N.E.2d 753, 52 A.L.R.2D 1169 (1955) ...... 3-30, 10-55 Crawford v. ITT Consumer Fin. Corp., 653 F. Supp. 1184 (S.D. Ohio 1986) ...... 13-48 Creamer v. Troiano, 108 Ariz. 573, 503 P.2d 796 (1972) ...... 10-41 Creel v. Crown Publishers, Inc., 115 A.D.2d 414, 496 N.Y.S.2d 219, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1558 (App. Div. 1st Dep’t 1985) ...... 12-103 Crinkley v. Dow Jones & Co., 119 Ill. App. 3d 147, 456 N.E.2d 138, 74 Ill. Dec. 636, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2248 (1983) ...... 2-71 Crinkley v. Dow Jones & Co., 67 Ill. App. 3d 869, 385 N.E.2d 714, 24 Ill. Dec. 573 (1978) ...... 13-41 Cripe v. Bd. of Regents, 358 So. 2d 244 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1978) ...... 8-48 Crosby v. Bradstreet Co., 312 F.2d 483 (2d Cir. 1963) ...... 10-59, 10-60 Croslan v. Hous. Auth. for the City of New Britain, 974 F. Supp. 161 (D. Conn. 1997) ...... 2-68 Cross v. Guy Gannett Publ’g Co., 151 Me. 491, 121 A.2d 355 (1956) ...... 2-20, 2-28 Crowley v. N. Am. Telecomms. Ass’n, 691 A.2d 1169 (D.C. 1997) ...... 2-68 Cruey v. Gannett Co., 64 Cal. App. 4th 356, 76 Cal. Rptr. 2d 670 (1998) ...... 8-20, 9-13 Crump v. Beckley Newspapers, Inc., 173 W. Va. 699, 320 S.E.2d 70, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2225 (1984) ...... 2-6, 2-56, 6-5, 7-21, ...... 9-47, 12-10, 12-17, 12-28, 12-33, 12-84

TOC–56 Table of Cases

Crumrine v. Harte-Hanks Television, Inc., 37 S.W.3d 124 (Tex. App. 2001) ...... 12-46 Cruz v. HSBC, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75197 (D.N.J. 2010) ...... 9-58 Cruz v. Marchetto, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 142662 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) ...... 8-10, 16-6 CSR Ltd. v. Link, 925 S.W.2d 591 (Tex. 1996) ...... 15-4 Cubby, Inc. v. CompuServe, Inc., 776 F. Supp. 135, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1525 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) ...... 7-11, 7-16 Cuccioli v. Jekyll & Hyde Neuemetropol Bremen Theater Produktion GmbH, 150 F. Supp. 2d 566 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) ...... 12-28, 12-100 Cucinotta v. Deloitte & Touche, LLP, 302 P.3d 1099 (Nev. 2013) ...... 8-59 Cullen v. Grove Press, Inc., 276 F. Supp. 727 (S.D.N.Y. 1967) ...... 12-76 Cullen v. Se. Coal Co., 685 S.W.2d 187 (Ky. Ct. App. 1983) ...... 2-129 Culliton v. Mize, 403 N.W.2d 853, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1122 (Minn. Ct. App. 1987) ...... 6-24 Cullum v. White, 399 S.W.3d 173 (Tex. App. 2011) ...... 2-140 Culpepper v. Pearl St. Bldg., Inc., 877 P.2d 877 (Colo. 1994) ...... 13-64 Culver v. Merrill Lynch & Co., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10017 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 5-4, 9-20, 9-40, 9-58 Cummings v. Kirby, 216 Neb. 314, 343 N.W.2d 747 (1984) ...... 8-16 Curran v. Amazon.com, Inc., 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12479, 36 Media L.Rep. (BNA) 1641 (S.D. W. Va. 2008) ...... 12-84 Curran v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 376 Pa. Super. 508, 546 A.2d 639, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1745 (1988) ...... 5-91 Curran v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 497 Pa. 163, 439 A.2d 652, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2513 (1981) ...... 5-103, 16-45 Currier v. W. Newspapers, Inc., 175 Ariz. 290, 855 P.2d 1351, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1874 (1993) ...... 3-19, 3-20, 5-77, ...... 5-84, 5-89, 5-92 Curry v. Roman, 217 A.D.2d 314, 635 N.Y.S.2d 391 (App. Div. 4th Dep’t 1995) ...... 5-40, 5-49 Curry v. Walter, [1796] 126 Eng. Rep. 1046 (C.P.) ...... 7-23

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–57 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Curtis v. Iseman, 137 Ky. 796, 127 S.W. 150 (1910) ...... 2-129 Cusano v. Klein, 264 F.3d 936 (9th Cir. 2001) ...... 7-6 Cuthbert v. Nat’l Org. for Women, 207 A.D.2d 624, 615 N.Y.S.2d 534 (3d Dep’t 1994) ...... 2-150 Cutler v. Klass, Whicher & Mishne, 473 N.W.2d 178 (Iowa 1991) ...... 13-50, 13-52, 13-52, 13-61 Curtis Publ’g Co. v. Birdsong, 360 F.2d 344 (5th Cir. 1966) ...... 2-31, 2-46, 2-46, 2-52 Curtis Publ’g Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130 (1967) ...... 1-2, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, ...... 1-13, 1-15, 1-19, 1-20, 1-26, 1-27, ...... 1-29, 1-30, 1-33, 1-34, 1-48, 2-88, 2-146, ...... 3-34, 4-3, 5-3, 5-34, 5-39, 5-40, 5-51, 5-58, 5-74, ...... 5-75, 5-76, 5-85, 5-90, 5-103, 6-15, 10-52, 16-51, 16-70 Cweklinsky v. Mobil Chem. Co., 267 Conn. 210, 837 A.2d 759 (2004) ...... 2-97, 2-98, 9-18, 10-59 Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell, Inc., 130 F.3d 414 (9th Cir. 1997) ...... 15-37, 15-37 Cypress Ins. Co. v. Clark, 144 F.3d 1435 (11th Cir. 1998) ...... 13-72, 13-73 Cyprien v. Bd. of Supervisors, 5 So. 3d 862 (La. 2009) ...... 2-4

D Dacey v. Conn. Bar Ass’n, 170 Conn. 520, 368 A.2d 125 (1976) ...... 5-130 D’Agrosa v. Newsday, Inc., 158 A.D.2d 229, 558 N.Y.S.2d 961 (2d Dep’t 1990) ...... 2-74, 6-16 Daigle v. Computrac, 835 F. Supp. 903 (E.D. La. 1993) ...... 2-97 Daily Times Democrat v. Graham, 276 Ala. 380, 162 So. 2d 474 (1964) ...... 12-45, 12-59, 12-70 Dairy Stores, Inc. v. Sentinel Publ’g Co., 104 N.J. 125, 516 A.2d 220, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1594 (1986) ...... 4-28, 4-72, 5-49, 5-55, ...... 6-13, 6-22, 6-23, 9-2, 9-10, ...... 9-49, 13-11, 13-21, 13-26, 16-32, 16-39, 16-50 Dalbec v. Gentleman’s Companion, Inc., 828 F.2d 921, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1705 (2d Cir. 1987) ...... 2-81, 2-149, 2-151, ...... 2-152, 2-176, 6-17 Dale v. Ohio Civil Serv. Emps. Ass’n, 57 Ohio St. 3d 112, 567 N.E.2d 253 (1991) ...... 6-23

TOC–58 Table of Cases

Dale Sys., Inc. v. Gen. Teleradio, Inc., 105 F. Supp. 745 (S.D.N.Y. 1952) ...... 15-48 Daley v. Aetna Life & Cas. Co., 249 Conn. 766, 734 A.2d 112 (1999) ...... 4-20 D’Alfonso v. A.S. Abell Co., 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1663 (D. Md. 1984), aff’d, 765 F.2d 138, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2117 (4th Cir. 1985) ...... 7-21, 15-50 Dalitz v. Penthouse Int’l, Ltd., 168 Cal. App. 3d 468, 214 Cal. Rptr. 254, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2153 (1985) ...... 14-45 Dall v. Pearson, 246 F. Supp. 812 (D.D.C. 1963), cert. denied, 380 U.S. 965 (1965) ...... 4-64 Dall v. Time, Inc., 252 A.D. 636, 300 N.Y.S. 680, aff’d, 278 N.Y. 635, 16 N.E.2d 297 (1937) ...... 5-126 Dall. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Finlan, 27 S.W.3d 220 (Tex. App. 2000), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 949 (2001) ...... 8-16 Dall. Morning News Co. v. Garcia, 822 S.W.2d 675, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2033 (Tex. App. 1991) ...... 14-15, 14-16, 14-17 Dalton v. Meister, 52 Wis. 2d 173, 188 N.W.2d 494 (1971), cert. denied, 405 U.S. 934 (1972) ...... 5-83, 10-11 D’Ambrosio v. D’Ambrosio, 45 Va. App. 323, 610 S.E.2d 876 (2005) ...... 10-60 Dameron v. Wash. Magazine, Inc., 779 F.2d 736, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1508 (D.C. Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1141 (1986) ...... 5-64, 5-66, 5-69, 7-44 Damon v. Moore, 520 F.3d 98, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2322 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 175 (2008) ...... 2-15, 2-29 Danawala v. Houston Lighting & Power Co., 14 F.3d 251(5th Cir. 1993) ...... 9-19 Dancer v. Bergman, 246 A.D.2d 573, 668 N.Y.S.2d 213 (2d Dep’t 1998) ...... 5-30 Dangerfield v. Star Editorial, Inc., 817 F. Supp. 833 (C.D. Cal.), mandamus denied, 7 F.3d 856, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2281 (9th Cir. 1993) ...... 14-16, 14-17 Danias v. Fakis, 261 A.2d 529 (Del. Super. Ct. 1969) ...... 2-27, 10-8 Daniel v. Dow Jones & Co., 137 Misc. 2d 94, 520 N.Y.S.2d 334, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1995 (Civ. Ct. 1987) ...... 13-67, 13-68

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–59 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Daniels v. Metro Magazine Holding Co., L.L.C., 634 S.E.2d 586, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2363 (N.C. Ct. App. 2006) ...... 4-17 Daniels v. Sanitarium Ass’n, 59 Cal. 2d 602, 30 Cal. Rptr. 828, 381 P.2d 652 (1963) ...... 2-170 Darakjian v. Hanna, 366 N.J. Super. 238, 840 A.2d 959, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1594 (App. Div. 2004) ...... 7-31 Darby v. Ciraso, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 4372 (Ohio Ct. App. 2000) ...... 2-130 Darby v. N.Y. Times Co., 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 2197 (2014) ...... 2-139 D.A.R.E. Am. v. Rolling Stone Magazine, 101 F. Supp. 2d 1270 (C.D. Cal. 2000), aff’d, 270 F.3d 793 (9th Cir. 2001) ...... 5-107, 5-109, 5-112 Dattner v. Pokoik, 81 A.D.2d 572, 437 N.Y.S.2d 425, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1636 (2d Dep’t 1981) ...... 10-46 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993) ...... 4-46 Davenport v. Garcia, 834 S.W.2d 4 (Tex. 1992) ...... 12-5 David v. Nat’l Lampoon, Inc., 432 F. Supp. 1097 (D.S.C. 1977) ...... 15-22 David L. Aldridge Co. v. Microsoft Corp., 995 F. Supp. 728 (S.D. Tex. 1998) ...... 2-92 David L. Threlkeld & Co. v. Metallgesellschaft Ltd., 923 F.2d 245 (2d Cir.), cert. dismissed, 501 U.S. 1267 (1991) ...... 10-71 Davidson v. Rogers, 281 Or. 219, 574 P.2d 624, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2030 (1978) ...... 11-7, 11-13 Davis v. Boeheim, 24 N.Y.3d 262, 22 N.E.2d 999, 998 N.Y.S.2d 131 (2014) ...... 4-48, 4-66 Davis v. Borskey, 660 So. 2d 17 (La. 1995) ...... 5-13, 5-55, 5-101 Davis v. Consol. Freightways, 29 Cal. App. 4th 354, 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 438 (1994) ...... 2-96 Davis v. Costa-Gavras, 580 F. Supp. 1082, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1257 (S.D.N.Y. 1984) ...... 2-91, 2-114, 2-115, 15-6, 15-57, 15-58 Davis v. Costa-Gavras, 595 F. Supp. 982, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2484 (S.D.N.Y. 1984) ...... 5-103, 15-8 Davis v. Costa-Gavras, 619 F. Supp. 1372, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1281 (S.D.N.Y. 1985) ...... 2-76, 2-156 Davis v. Costa-Gavras, 654 F. Supp. 653, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2112 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) ...... 5-101, 5-123, 5-124

TOC–60 Table of Cases

Davis v. Cox, 183 Wash. 2d 269, 351 P.3d 862, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1769 (2015) ...... 16-25 Davis v. Hearst, 160 Cal. 143, 116 P. 530 (1911) ...... 2-9 Davis v. Hildyard, 34 Kan. App. 2d 22, 113 P.3d 827 (2005) ...... 9-29 Davis v. Int’l Union, UAW, 392 F.3d 834 (6th Cir. 2004) ...... 8-57 Davis v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 320 F. Supp. 1070 (E.D. La. 1970), aff’d, 447 F.2d 981 (5th Cir. 1971) ...... 2-114 Davis v. Res. for Human Dev., Inc., 2001 Pa. Super. 73, 770 A.2d 353 (2001) ...... 2-92 Davis v. Ross, 754 F.2d 80 (2d Cir. 1985) ...... 2-23, 2-32 Davis v. Schuchat, 510 F.2d 731 (D.C. Cir. 1975) ...... 5-54, 5-83, 6-23, 6-26, 10-30 Davis v. Shavers, 269 Ga. 75, 495 S.E.2d 23, cert. denied, 525 U.S. 872 (1998) ...... 8-33 Davis v. Simon, 963 N.E.2d 46 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) ...... 15-31 Davis v. Tennessean, 83 S.W.3d 125, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2468 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) ...... 2-84 Davita, Inc. v. Nephrology Assocs., 253 F. Supp. 2d 1370 (D. Ga. 2003) ...... 13-11 Davric Me. Corp. v. U.S. Postal Serv., 238 F.3d 58 (1st Cir. 2001) ...... 8-28, 13-71 Dawson v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co., 932 F. Supp. 1509 (N.D. Ill. 1996), rev’d on other grounds, 135 F.3d 1158 (7th Cir. 1998) ...... 7-63, 8-60, 9-5, ...... 9-16, 9-42, 13-41, 13-55 De Carvalho v. daSilva, 414 A.2d 806 (R.I. 1980) ...... 5-55 De Falco v. Anderson, 209 N.J. Super. 99, 506 A.2d 1280, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2125 (1986) ...... 2-38 De Husson v. Hearst Corp., 204 F.2d 234 (7th Cir. 1953) ...... 2-43 De Leo v. Anthony A. Nunes, Inc., 546 A.2d 1344 (R.I. 1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1074 (1989) ...... 13-18 De Maria v. Josephs, 41 A.D.2d 655, 340 N.Y.S.2d 707 (2d Dep’t 1973) ...... 2-154 De Moya v. Walsh, 441 So. 2d 1120, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2527 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983) ...... 2-46 De Prins v. Van Damme, 953 S.W.2d 7 (Tex. App. 1997) ...... 15-41 De Roburt v. Gannett Co., 507 F. Supp. 880, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2473 (D. Haw. 1981) ...... 14-31 De Witte v. Kearney & Trecker Corp., 265 Wis. 132, 60 N.W.2d 748 (1953) ...... 2-148 Dean v. Dearing, 263 Va. 485, S.E.2d 686 (2002) ...... 2-161

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–61 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Dean v. Guard Publ’g Co., 73 Or. App. 656, 699 P.2d 1158 (1985) ...... 12-9 DeAngelis v. Hill, 180 N.J. 1, 847 A.2d 1261 (2004) ...... 2-45, 5-11 Dear v. Devaney, 83 Mass. App. Ct. 285, 983 N.E.2d 240 (2013) ...... 8-22 Death v. Salem, 143 A.D.2d 253, 532 N.Y.S.2d 285 (2d Dep’t 1988) ...... 10-33 DeBlasio v. N. Shore Univ. Hosp., 213 A.D.2d 584, 624 N.Y.S.2d 263 (2d Dep’t 1995) ...... 2-150 Decker v. Princeton Packet, Inc., 116 N.J. 418, 561 A.2d 1122, 85 A.L.R.4TH 797, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2194 (1989) ...... 2-14, 2-76, ...... 13-59, 13-64, 13-65 DeCoe v. Gen. Motors Corp., 32 F.3d 212 (6th Cir.1994) ...... 8-57 Deeb v. Univ. of Minn., 60 F.3d 423 (8th Cir. 1995) ...... 9-19, 9-45 Deghand v. Wal-Mart Stores, 926 F. Supp. 1002 (D. Kan. 1996) ...... 2-112 Del Papa v. Mahan, 42 P.3d 233 (Nev. 2002) ...... 9-11 Delaney v. Int’l Union UAW Local No. 94, 675 N.W.2d 832, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1454 (Iowa 2004) ...... 2-59, 5-137 Delfino v. Agilent Techs., Inc., 145 Cal. App. 4th 790, 52 Cal. Rptr. 3d 376 (2006) ...... 7-11, 8-55 Delis v. Sepsis, 9 Ill. App. 3d 217, 292 N.E.2d 138 (1972) ...... 2-49 Delloma v. Consol. Coal Co., 996 F.2d 168 (7th Cir. 1993) ...... 9-15 DelloRusso v. Monteiro, 47 Mass. App. Ct. 475, 714 N.E.2d 362 (1999) ...... 8-60 DelMonico v. Traynor, 116 So. 3d 1205 (Fla. 2013) ...... 8-15, 9-35 DeLong v. Yu Enters., Inc., 334 Or. 166, 47 P.3d 8 (2002) ...... 9-10 Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Morris, 949 S.W.2d 422 (Tex. App. 1997) ...... 6-23 DeLuca v. N.Y. News, Inc., 109 Misc. 2d 341, 438 N.Y.S.2d 199, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1302 (N.Y. Cnty. 1981) ...... 16-57 DeLuca v. N.Y. News, Inc., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2312 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1978) ...... 2-43 DeMary v. Latrobe Printing & Publ’g Co., 2000 PA Super. 339, 762 A.2d 758, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1337 (2000) ...... 7-21, 7-30, 7-37, 7-42 Demby v. English, 667 So. 2d 350 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 5-12 DeMeo v. Goodall, 640 F. Supp. 1115 (D.N.H. 1986) ...... 13-61 Demers v. Meuret, 266 Or. 252, 512 P.2d 1348 (1973) ...... 8-39

TOC–62 Table of Cases

DeMorais v. Wisniowski, 81 Conn. App. 595, 841 A.2d 226 (2004) ...... 2-126, 2-135 Dempsey v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 687 F. Supp. 692, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2193 (D. Me. 1988) ...... 12-23 Demuth Dev. Corp. v. Merck & Co., 432 F. Supp. 990, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1092 (E.D.N.Y. 1977) ...... 13-68 Den Norske Ameriekalinje Actiesselskabet v. Sun Printing & Publ’g Ass’n, 226 N.Y. 1, 122 N.E. 463 (1919) ...... 10-36 DeNardo v. Bax, 147 P.3d 672 (Alaska 2006) ...... 9-21, 9-49 Dendrite Int’l, Inc. v. Doe, 342 N.J. Super. 134, 775 A.2d 756, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2468 (2001) ...... 14-35, 14-36, 14-37, ...... 14-38, 14-39, 14-40, 14-41, 14-42 Denman v. Star Broad. Co., 28 Utah 2d 50, 497 P.2d 1378 (1972) ...... 7-18 Denmark v. Tzimas, 871 F. Supp. 261 (E.D. La. 1994), aff’d mem., 78 F.3d 582 (5th Cir. 1996) ...... 15-15, ...... 15-18, 15-41 Denney v. Lawrence, 22 Cal. App. 4th 927, 27 Cal. Rptr. 2d 556, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1434 (1994) ...... 5-65, 5-72 Denny v. Mertz, 84 Wis. 2d 654, 267 N.W.2d 304, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1153 (1978) ...... 2-16, 2-32, 2-78, 2-125 Denny v. Mertz, 106 Wis. 2d 636, 318 N.W.2d 141, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1369, cert. denied, 459 U.S. 883 (1982) ...... 5-55, 6-5, 6-24 Denovich v. Twin Valu Stores, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 661 (1995) ...... 8-19, 9-51 Denver Publ’g Co. v. Bueno, 54 P.3d 893 (Colo. 2002) ...... 12-11, 12-14, ...... 12-16, 12-34, 12-42 Derry v. Handly, 16 L.T.R. 263 (1867) ...... 2-115 Desai v. Hersh, 719 F. Supp. 670, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2314 (N.D. Ill. 1989) ...... 15-58 Desai v. Hersh, 954 F.2d 1408, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1893 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 865 (1992) ...... 5-15, 14-8, 14-18 Desert Palm Surgical Grp., P.L.C. v. Petta, 236 Ariz. 568, 580, 343 P.3d 438, 450 (Ct. App. 2015) ...... 9-46, 10-41, 10-45 Desmond v. News & Observer Publ’g Co., 772 S.E.2d 128, 138 (N.C. Ct. App. 2015) ...... 5-93 Deupree v. Iliff, 860 F.2d 300, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2225 (8th Cir. 1988) ...... 13-58

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–63 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Deutsch v. Birmingham Post Co., 603 So. 2d 910, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1483 (Ala. 1992) ...... 3-15 Deutsche Bank Sec., Inc. v. Mont. Bd. of Invs., 7 N.Y.3d 65, 850 N.E.2d 1140, 818 N.Y.S.2d 164 (2006) ...... 15-8 Devany v. Shulman, 184 Misc. 613, 53 N.Y.S.2d 401 (Sup. Ct. Bronx Cnty. 1944), aff’d, 269 A.D. 1022, 59 N.Y.S.2d 401 (1st Dep’t 1945) ...... 4-57, 4-70, 4-73, 4-75 Dev. Direction, Inc. v. Zachary, 430 F. Supp. 783 (S.D.N.Y. 1976) ...... 15-8 DeVito v. Gollinger, 133 Ohio App. 3d 51, 726 N.E.2d 1048 (Ohio Ct. App. 1999) ...... 4-29 Devlin v. Greiner, 147 N.J. Super. 446, 371 A.2d 380 (1977) ...... 8-22, 12-9, 12-13 Dewing v. Blodgett, 124 Cal. App. 100, 11 P.2d 1105 (1932) ...... 2-151 DiAntonio v. Vanguard Funding, LLC, F. Supp. 3d, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74757 (D.N.J. 2015) ...... 2-67 Di Lorenzo v. N.Y. News, Inc., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2230 (Kings Cnty. 1979) ...... 5-95 Di Lorenzo v. N.Y. News, Inc., 81 A.D.2d 844, 432 N.Y.S.2d 483, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1452 (2d Dep’t 1981) ...... 5-113, 5-115 Di Miceli v. Klieger, 58 Wis. 2d 359, 206 N.W.2d 184 (1973) ...... 8-42 Diamond Ranch Acad., Inc. v. Filer, ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75198, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2281 (D. Utah 2015) ...... 16-30 Diamond Wine & Spirits, Inc. v. Dayton Heidelberg Distrib. Co., 148 Ohio App. 3d 596, 774 N.E.2d 775 (2002) ...... 13-40 Diapulse Corp. of Am. v. Birtcher Corp., 362 F.2d 736 (2d Cir.), cert. dismissed, 385 U.S. 801 (1966) ...... 13-8, 13-16, 13-24 Dias v. Bogins, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18651 (D.N.H. 1994) ...... 15-47 Diaz v. NBC Universal, Inc., 536 F. Supp. 2d 337, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1419 (S.D.N.Y. 2008), aff’d, 337 F. App’x 94, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1993 (2d Cir. 2009) ...... 2-159 Diaz v. Oakland Tribune, Inc., 139 Cal. App. 3d 118, 188 Cal. Rptr. 762, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1121 (1983) ...... 10-41, 12-59

TOC–64 Table of Cases

DiBella v. Hopkins, 403 F.3d 102, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1979 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 428 (2005) ...... 3-15, 5-36 Dible v. Haight Ashbury Free Clinics, Inc., 170 Cal. App. 4th 843, 88 Cal. Rptr. 3d 464 (2009) ...... 2-99 Dice v. Johnson, 711 F. Supp. 2d 340 (E.D. Pa. 2010) ...... 9-52 Dickenson v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19459 (W.D. Va. 1997) ...... 2-102 Dickerson v. Int’l Auto Workers Union, 98 Ohio App. 3d 171, 648 N.E.2d 40 (1994) ...... 13-62 Dickerson v. Raphael, 222 Mich. App. 185, 564 N.W.2d 85 (1997) ...... 12-92 Dickey v. CBS, Inc., 441 F. Supp. 1133, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1691 (E.D. Pa. 1977), aff’d, 583 F.2d 1221, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1353 (3d Cir. 1978) ...... 5-103, 5-106, 7-52 Dickson v. Am. Red Cross Nat’l Headquarters, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4838 (N.D. Tex. 1997) ...... 9-40 Diefenderfer v. Totman, 73 Wyo. 409, 280 P.2d 284 (1955) ..... 13-22 Diehl v. Fred Weber, Inc., 309 S.W.3d 309 (Mo. App. 2010) ..... 16-30 Diehl v. Kintz, 162 S.W.3d 152 (Mo. Ct. App. 2005) ...... 2-65, 4-59, 13-9, 13-70 Diesen v. Hessburg, 455 N.W.2d 446, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1849 (Minn. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1119 (1991) ...... 2-36, 2-38, 3-25, 5-100 Dietemann v. Time, Inc., 449 F.2d 245 (9th Cir. 1971) ...... 12-92, 12-93, 12-94, 12-96 Digital Design Grp., Inc. v. Info. Builders, Inc., 24 P.3d 834 (Okla. Ct. App. 2001) ...... 2-107 Digital Equip. Corp. v. AltaVista Tech., Inc., 960 F. Supp. 456 (D. Mass. 1997) ...... 15-33 DiLeo v. Davis, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1242, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70 (E.D. La. 1995) ...... 13-68 DiLeo v. Davis, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1756, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4118 (E.D. La. 1995), ...... 10-48 DiLeo v. Koltnow, 200 Colo. 119, 613 P.2d 318, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2011 (1980) ...... 5-129, 16-38, 16-49 Dillard Dep’t Stores v. Felton, 276 Ark. 304, 634 S.W.2d 135 (1982) ...... 9-21 Dilling v. Ill. Publ’g & Printing Co., 340 Ill. App. 303, 91 N.E.2d 635 (1950) ...... 2-22, 2-45 Dillon v. Waller, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 5860 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995) ...... 2-93 Dilworth v. Dudley, 75 F.3d 307 (7th Cir. 1996) ...... 2-50, 4-52, 4-58, 4-64, 4-65, 5-31

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–65 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Dineen v. Daughan, 381 A.2d 663 (Me. 1978) ...... 8-5 Dinkel v. Lincoln Publ’g (Ohio), Inc., 93 Ohio App. 3d 344, 638 N.E.2d 611, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2378 (1994) ...... 7-38 Dion v. Kiev, 566 F. Supp. 1387, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2105 (E.D. Pa. 1983) ...... 15-30 Diplomat Elec., Inc. v. Westinghouse Elec. Supply Co., 378 F.2d 377 (5th Cir. 1967) ...... 15-53 Direct Imp. Buyer’s Ass’n v. K.S.L., Inc., 572 P.2d 692, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1715 (Utah 1977) ...... 13-16, 13-21 Dirkes v. Borough of Runnemede, 936 F. Supp. 235 (D.N.J. 1996) ...... 12-4 DiSalle v. P.G. Publ’g Co., 375 Pa. Super. 510, 544 A.2d 1345, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1873 (1988), appeal denied, 521 Pa. 620, 557 A.2d 724, cert. denied, 492 U.S. 906 (1989) ...... 5-18, 5-83, 10-25, 10-53 Ditton v. Legal Times, 947 F. Supp. 227 (E.D. Va. 1996), aff’d, 1997 U.S. App. LEXIS 29869 (4th Cir. 1997) ...... 7-44 Diver v. Peterson, 524 N.W.2d 288 (Minn. Ct. App. 1994) ...... 8-45, 8-66 Diversified Mgmt., Inc. v. Denver Post, Inc., 653 P.2d 1103, 33 A.L.R.4TH 193, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2505 (1982) ...... 6-11 Dixon v. Econ. Co., 477 So. 2d 353 (Ala. 1985) ...... 2-102 Dixon v. Int’l Bhd. of Police Officers, 504 F.3d 73 (1st Cir. 2007) ...... 5-18 Dixon v. Ogden Newspapers Inc., 416 S.E.2d 237, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1169 (W. Va.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 916 (1992) ...... 2-65, 2-76 Dixon v. Superior Court, 30 Cal. App. 4th 733, 36 Cal. Rptr. 2d 687, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1663 (1994) ...... 8-33 Dixson v. Newsweek, Inc., 562 F.2d 626, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1123 (10th Cir. 1977) ...... 2-112, 2-173, 5-38, ...... 5-43, 7-2, 7-55, 10-36, 10-57 Dobbyn v. Nelson, 2 Kan. App. 2d 358, 579 P.2d 721, aff’d, 225 Kan. 56, 587 P.2d 315 (1978) ...... 9-21, 9-44 Dobson v. Harris, 352 N.C. 77, 530 S.E.2d 829 (2000) ...... 9-14, 9-46 Doctor’s Convalescent Ctr., Inc. v. E. Shore Newspapers, Inc., 104 Ill. App. 2d 271, 244 N.E.2d 373 (1968) ...... 5-12

TOC–66 Table of Cases

Dodd v. Fawcett Publ’ns, Inc., 329 F.2d 82 (10th Cir. 1964) ...... 15-44 Dodd v. Pearson, 277 F. Supp. 469 (D.D.C. 1967) ...... 16-34 Dodds v. Am. Broad. Co., 145 F.3d 1053, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1705 (9th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1102 (1999) ...... 2-40, 5-14, 5-80, 5-120 Dodge v. Henriod, 21 Utah 2d 277, 444 P.2d 753 (1968) ...... 8-9 Dodrill v. Ark. Democrat Co., 265 Ark. 628, 590 S.W.2d 840, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1385 (1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1076 (1980) ...... 6-3, 12-32 Dodson v. Dicker, 306 Ark. 108, 812 S.W.2d 97, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1124 (1991) ...... 3-12, 4-17, 4-19, 4-20 Doe, In re, 444 S.W.3d 603 (Tex. 2014) ...... 14-43 Doe v. 2TheMart.com Inc., 140 F. Supp. 2d 1088 (W.D. Wash. 2001) ...... 14-39 Doe v. Am. Broad. Cos., 152 A.D.2d 482, 543 N.Y.S.2d 455, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1958 (1st Dep’t 1989) ...... 13-54 Doe v. Am. Online, Inc., 783 So. 2d 1010 (Fla.), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 981 (2001) ...... 8-56 Doe v. Berkeley Publishers, 329 S.C. 412, 496 S.E.2d 636 (1998) ...... 12-55 Doe v. Cahill, 884 A.2d 451, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2411 (Del. 2005) ...... 14-37, 14-38, ...... 14-40, 14-41, 14-43, 14-44 Doe v. Catholic Diocese of Rockford, 2015 IL App (2d) 140618, 38 N.E.3d 1239, 395 Ill. Dec. 483 (2015) ...... 4-78, 14-44 Doe ex rel. Doe v. Catholic Diocese of Rockford, 2015 IL App (2d) 140618, 38 N.E.3d 1239, 395 Ill. Dec. 483 (2015) ...... 4-78 Doe v. Doe, 127 S.W.3d 728 (Tenn. 2004) ...... 6-4 Doe v. Doe, 941 F.2d 280, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1705 (5th Cir.), modified and reh’g denied, in part, 949 F.2d 736 (5th Cir. 1991) ...... 7-21, 7-39 Doe v. Edward A. Sherman Publ’g Co., 593 A.2d 457, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1028 (R.I. 1991) ...... 12-61 Doe v. Friendfinder Network, Inc., 540 F. Supp. 2d 288 (D.N.H. 2008) ...... 7-11, 7-14 Doe v. Grant, 839 So. 2d 408 (La. Ct. App. 2003) ...... 9-30 Doe v. Hagar, 765 F.3d 855 (8th Cir. 2014) ...... 2-117, 2-150 Doe v. Kohn Nast & Graf, P.C., 862 F. Supp. 1310 (E.D. Pa. 1994) ...... 2-60 Doe v. McMillan, 412 U.S. 306 (1973) ...... 8-25, 8-26, 8-27

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–67 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Doe v. Methodist Hosp., 690 N.E.2d 681, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1289 (Ind. 1997) ...... 3-14, 12-9, ...... 12-36, 12-39, 12-41 Doe v. Mills, 212 Mich. App. 73, 536 N.W.2d 824 (1995) ...... 12-69 Doe v. Mobile Video Tapes, Inc., 43 S.W.3d 40, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1398 (Tex. App. 2001) ...... 12-73 Doe v. Roe, 638 So. 2d 826, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1427 (Ala. 1994) ...... 12-54 Doe v. United States, 83 F. Supp. 2d 833 (S.D. Tex. 2000) ...... 8-64, 12-74, 13-53 Doe v. Univision Television Grp., Inc., 717 So. 2d 63 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1998) ...... 12-75, 12-96 Doe 2 v. Associated Press, 331 F.3d 417, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1819 (4th Cir. 2003) ...... 12-44 Doe I v. Ciolli, 611 F. Supp. 2d 216, 219 (D. Conn. 2009) ...... 14-43 Doe No. 1 v. Burke, 91 A.3d 1031, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1916 (D.C. 2014) ...... 14-38, 16-26 Dolatowski v. Life Printing & Publ’g Co., 197 Ill. App. 3d 23, 554 N.E.2d 692, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1838 (1990) ...... 7-40 Dolcefino v. Randolph, 19 S.W.3d 906, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2189 (Tex. App. 2000) ...... 3-24, 7-46 Dombey v. Phx. Newspapers, Inc., 150 Ariz. 476, 724 P.2d 562, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1282 (1986) ...... 5-77, 5-89, 5-92, 5-115, 6-27, 16-49 Dombrowski v. Pfister, 380 U.S. 479 (1965) ...... 16-35, 16-77 Domchick v. Greenbelt Consumer Servs., Inc., 200 Md. 36, 87 A.2d 831 (1952) ...... 3-29, 3-30 Dominguez v. Babcock, 727 P.2d 362 (Colo. 1986) ...... 9-48 Dominguez v. Davidson, 266 Kan. 926, 974 P.2d 112 (1999) .... 9-45 Dominiak v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 439 Pa. 222, 266 A.2d 626 (1970) ...... 2-106 Don King Prods., Inc. v. Douglas, 742 F. Supp. 778 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) ...... 3-12, 4-15, 4-17 Don King Prods., Inc. v. Walt Disney Co., 40 So. 3d 40, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2516 (Fla. Ct. App. 2010) ...... 5-77 Donaldson v. Wash. Post Co., 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1436 (D.C. Super. 1977) ...... 5-40 Donato v. Moldow, 374 N.J. Super. 475, 865 A.2d 711 (App. Div. 2005) ...... 7-11, 8-55 Dongguk Univ. v. Yale Univ., 734 F.3d 113 (2d Cir. 2013) ...... 5-102, 5-113, 13-68 Donnelly v. United Fruit Co., 4 A.D.2d 855, 166 N.Y.S.2d 392 (1st Dep’t 1957) ...... 10-60

TOC–68 Table of Cases

Donoghue v. Hayes, [1831] Hayes, Irish Exch. 265 ...... 2-61, 2-62 Don’s Porta Signs, Inc. v. City of Clearwater, 485 U.S. 981 (1988) ...... 16-71 Dorn v. Astra USA, 975 F. Supp. 388 (D. Mass. 1997) ...... 2-67 Dorr v. United States, 195 U.S. 138 (1904) ...... 2-42 Dorsey v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 952 F.2d 250, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1673 (9th Cir. 1991) ...... 7-34 Dorsey v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 973 F.2d 1431, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1745 (9th Cir. 1992) ...... 2-14, 7-40, 16-37 Dostert v. Wash. Post Co., 531 F. Supp. 165, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1170 (N.D. W. Va. 1982) ...... 2-44 Doubleday & Co. v. Rogers, 674 S.W.2d 751, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2173 (Tex. 1984) ...... 5-87, 5-95, 10-27 Dougherty v. Boyertown Times, 377 Pa. Super. 462, 547 A.2d 778, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2433 (1988) ...... 2-28 Dougherty v. Capital Cities Commc’ns, Inc., 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2535 (E.D. Mich. 1981) ...... 15-45 Douglas Asphalt Co. v. QORE, Inc., 657 F.3d 1146 (11th Cir. 2011) ...... 13-11 Douglass v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 769 F.2d 1128, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2264 (7th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1094 (1986) ...... 5-112, 10-2, ...... 10-33, 10-36, 10-37, ...... 10-41, 10-44, 10-52, 12-24, 12-25 Dove Audio, Inc. v. Rosenfeld, Meyer & Susman, 47 Cal. App. 4th 777, 54 Cal. Rptr. 2d 830 (1996) ...... 8-13 Dow Jones & Co. v. Superior Court, 364 Mass. 317, 303 N.E.2d 847 (1973) ...... 14-2, 14-12 Dowd v. Calabrese, 577 F. Supp. 238, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1208 (D.D.C. 1983) ...... 14-16, 14-33 Dowd v. Calabrese, 589 F. Supp. 1206, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2017 (D.D.C. 1984) ...... 13-71 Downey v. Chutehall Constr. Co., 86 Mass. App. Ct. 660, 19 N.E.3d 470 (2014) ...... 9-29 Downing v. Abercrombie & Fitch, 265 F.3d 994, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2390 (9th Cir. 2001) ...... 12-85, 12-86 Downing v. Burna, 348 S.W.3d 415 (Tex. App. 2011) ...... 2-139 Downing v. Monitor Publ’g Co., 120 N.H. 383, 415 A.2d 683, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1193 (1980) ...... 14-17, 14-31 Downs v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Balt., 111 Md. App. 616, 683 A.2d 808 (1996) ...... 4-77 Downs v. Waremart, Inc., 137 Or. App. 119, 903 P.2d 888 (1995), rev’d on other grounds, 324, 926 P.2d 314 (1996) ...... 2-96, 2-98, 2-99

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–69 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Draghetti v. Chmielewski, 416 Mass. 808, 626 N.E.2d 862, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1456 (1994) ..... 2-26, 2-78, 9-34, 10-37 Dragonas v. Sch. Comm. of Melrose, 64 Mass. App. Ct. 429, 833 N.E.2d 679 (2005) ...... 9-48 Dresbach v. Doubleday & Co., 518 F. Supp. 1285, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2105 (D.D.C. 1981) ...... 5-45, 5-65, ...... 12-14, 12-33, 12-36, 12-52, ...... 12-53, 12-54, 12-55, 12-81, 16-53 Drew v. KATV Television, Inc., 293 Ark. 555, 739 S.W.2d 680, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2078 (1987) ...... 5-12, 16-49 Drillis-Elzis v. Vill. of Orland Hills, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2409 (N.D. Ill. 1995) ...... 8-64 Dring v. Sullivan, 423 F. Supp. 2d 540 (D. Md. 2006) ...... 15-33 Drug Research Corp. v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 7 N.Y.2d 435, 199 N.Y.S.2d 33, 166 N.E.2d 319 (1960) ...... 13-8, 13-10, 13-16, ...... 13-17, 13-22, 13-23 Drury v. Feeney, 505 So. 2d 111, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1604 (La. Ct. App. 1987) ...... 3-21 Drury v. Sanofi-Synthelabo, Inc., 292 F. Supp. 2d 1068 (N.D. Ill. 2003) ...... 2-49 Dube v. Likins, 216 Ariz. 406, 167 P.3d 93 (Ct. App. 2007) ...... 2-107 Dubinsky v. United Airlines Master Exec. Council, 303 Ill. App. 3d 317, 708 N.E.2d 441, 236 Ill. Dec. 855 (1999) ...... 4-23, 4-62 Dubree v. Ass’n of Trial Lawyers, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1158 (D. Vt. 1980) ...... 12-12 DuBree v. Commonwealth, 481 Pa. 540, 393 A.2d 293 (1978) .... 8-50 Dubrovin v. Marshall Field’s & Co. Employee’s Credit Union, 180 Ill. App. 3d 992, 129 Ill. Dec. 750, 536 N.E.2d 800 (1989) ...... 2-61 Duchesnaye v. Munro Enters., Inc., 125 N.H. 244, 480 A.2d 123 (1984) ...... 6-4, 6-7 Duc Tan v. Le, 177 Wash. 2d 649, 300 P.3d 356 (2013) ...... 3-15, 4-61, 5-89, 5-94 Duci v. Daily Gazette Co., 102 A.D.2d 940, 477 N.Y.S.2d 760, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1900 (3d Dep’t 1984) ...... 2-74 Dudley v. Farmers Branch Daily Times, 550 S.W.2d 99 (Tex. Civ. App. 1977) ...... 7-41 Duffy v. Godfread, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 114580 (E.D. Ill. 2013) ...... 16-29

TOC–70 Table of Cases

Duffy v. Leading Edge Prods., Inc., 44 F.3d 308, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1455 (5th Cir. 1995) ...... 2-101, 5-92, 9-20, 9-40, 9-48 Duffy v. N.Y. Evening Post Co., 109 A.D. 471, 96 N.Y.S. 629 (1st Dep’t 1905) ...... 2-89 Dugan v. Mittal Steel USA Inc., 929 N.E.2d 184 (Ind. 2010) ...... 2-13, 2-105, 2-132 Duke of Brunswick v. Harmer, [1845] 14 Q.B. 185, 117 Eng. Rep. 75 ...... 7-5, 15-63 Dulgarian v. Stone, 420 Mass. 843, 652 N.E.2d 603 (1995) ...... 2-54, 4-19, 4-58, 13-17, 16-55 Dulude v. Fletcher Allen Health Care, Inc., 174 Vt. 74, 807 A.2d 390 (2002) ...... 2-107 Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc., 143 Vt. 66, 461 A.2d 414, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 902 (1983), aff’d, 472 U.S. 749, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2417 (1985) ...... 1-20, 1-21, 1-22, 1-23, ...... 1-25, 1-39, 1-42, 2-116, 2-128, ...... 2-137, 3-8, 3-9, 3-11, 3-12, 4-25, 5-4, ...... 5-53, 5-54, 5-58, 5-133, 5-134, 6-2, 6-21, 6-24, 6-26, ...... 6-27, 6-28, 9-22, 10-4, 10-6, 10-7, 10-10, 10-11, 10-12, ...... 10-23, 10-24, 10-30, 10-35, 10-67, 13-10, 16-52 Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. O’Neil, 456 S.W.2d 896 (Tex. 1970) ...... 9-48, 9-49 Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Robinson, 233 Ark. 168, 345 S.W.2d 34 (1961) ...... 9-23, 10-58 Dunagan v. Upham, 214 Ark. 66, 214 S.W.2d 786 (1948) ...... 10-55 Duncan v. Knoxville Journal Corp., 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1391 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992) ...... 7-28 Duncan v. Peterson, 359 Ill. App. 3d 1034, 835 N.E.2d 411, 296 Ill. Dec. 377 (2005) ...... 4-78 Dunlap v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 301 Pa. Super. 475, 448 A.2d 6, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1974 (1982) ...... 2-35, 3-25, 5-11 Dunlap v. Wayne, 105 Wash. 2d 529, 716 P.2d 842 (1986) ...... 6-23, 16-50 Dunn v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, 193 F.3d 1185 (11th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1204 (2000) ...... 2-24, 5-137 Dunn v. Gannett N.Y. Newspapers, Inc., 833 F.2d 446, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1871 (3d Cir. 1987) ...... 5-96, 16-71

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–71 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Dupler v. Mansfield Journal Co., 64 Ohio St. 2d 116, 18 Ohio Op. 3d 354, 413 N.E.2d 1187, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2362 (1980), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 962 (1981) ...... 5-95, 5-114, 16-54 Durando v. Nutley Sun, 209 N.J. 235, 37 A.3d 449, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1461 (2012) ...... 5-96, 6-14 Durham v. McElynn, 565 Pa. 163, 772 A.2d 68 (2001) ...... 8-50 Duro Sportswear, Inc. v. Cogen, 131 N.Y.S.2d 20 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1954), aff’d, 285 A.D. 867, 137 N.Y.S.2d 829 (1st Dep’t 1955) ...... 13-66 Durocraft Corp. v. Holmes Prods. Corp., 427 Mass. 156, 691 N.E.2d 935 (1998) ...... 10-75, 16-9 Dweck Law Firm, L.L.P. v. Mann, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19535 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) ...... 8-7 Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 634 F. Supp. 727, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2162 (D. Wyo. 1986) ...... 15-46 Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 668 F. Supp. 1408, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1673 (C.D. Cal. 1987), aff’d, 867 F.2d 1188, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1113 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 812 (1989) ...... 4-32, 4-33, 5-38, ...... 5-79, 12-15, 13-48, 13-57, 13-60 Dworkin v. L.F.P., Inc., 839 P.2d 903, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2001 (Wyo. 1992) ...... 3-9, 4-20, 16-39 Dyer v. MacDougall, 93 F. Supp. 484 (E.D.N.Y. 1950) ...... 8-53 Dymond v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 559 F. Supp. 734, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1811 (D. Del. 1983) ...... 15-61 Dyssson v. Stein, 401 U.S. 200 (1971) ...... 1-8

E Eagles v. Liberty Weekly, Inc., 137 Misc. 575, 244 N.Y.S. 430 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1930) ...... 2-165, 2-172 Eagles Eye, Inc. v. Ambler Fashion Shop, Inc., 627 F. Supp. 856 (E.D. Pa. 1985) ...... 13-21 Earley v. Gatehouse Media Pa. Holdings, Inc., 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 140631 (M.D. Pa. 2013) ...... 16-7 Easley v. Moss, 9 Ala. 266 (1846) ...... 9-4 Eason v. Fed. Broad. Co., 697 So. 2d 435 (Miss. 1997) ...... 5-45 E. Canton Educ. Ass’n v. McIntosh, 85 Ohio St. 3d 465, 709 N.E.2d 468 (1999) ...... 5-9

TOC–72 Table of Cases

E. River S.S. Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, Inc., 476 U.S. 858 (1986), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1118 (2000) ...... 15-61 Easter Seal Soc’y for Crippled Children & Adults, Inc. v. Playboy Enters., Inc., 530 So. 2d 643, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2384 (La. Ct. App. 1988) ...... 12-9, 12-24 E. Milk Producers v. Milkweed, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2100 (N.D.N.Y. 1982) ...... 7-30 Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc., 365 U.S. 127 (1961) ...... 9-38 Easton v. Pub. Citizen, Inc., 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1882 (S.D.N.Y. 1991), aff’d mem., 969 F.2d 1043 (2d Cir. 1992) ...... 7-31, 7-35 Eastwood v. Cascade Broad. Co., 106 Wash. 2d 466, 722 P.2d 1295, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1136 (1986) ...... 12-10, 12-14, ...... 12-15, 12-29 Eastwood v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 123 F.3d 1249, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2198 (9th Cir. 1997) ...... 1-49, 5-89, 5-94, 16-65, 16-66 Eberle v. Mun. Court, 55 Cal. App. 3d 423, 127 Cal. Rptr. 594 (1976) ...... 3-5 Eckman v. Cooper Tire & Rubber Co., 893 So. 2d 1049 (Miss. 2005) ...... 9-54 Ed Schory & Sons, Inc. v. Francis, 75 Ohio St. 3d 433, 1996 Ohio 194, 662 N.E.2d 1074 (1996) ...... 3-14 Edelman v. Fed. Hous. Admin., 251 F. Supp. 715 (E.D.N.Y. 1966), aff’d, 382 F.2d 594 (2d Cir. 1967) ...... 13-70 EDIAS Software Int’l v. BASIS Int’l, 947 F. Supp. 413 (D. Ariz. 1996) ...... 15-33 Edison v. Viva Int’l, Ltd., 70 A.D.2d 379, 421 N.Y.S.2d 203, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2055 (1st Dep’t 1979) ...... 2-63 Edmonds v. Delta Democrat Publ’g Co., 230 Miss. 583, 93 So. 2d 171 (1957) ...... 4-5, 4-42, ...... 4-71, 4-72, 4-73, 4-74 Edmonds v. United States, 436 F. Supp. 2d 28 (D.D.C. 2006) ...... 8-28 Edsell v. Indep. Freightway, Inc., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8670 (N.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 9-31 Edwards v. Associated Press, 512 F.2d 258 (5th Cir. 1975) ...... 15-5, 15-6

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–73 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Edwards v. Hall, 234 Cal. App. 3d 886, 285 Cal. Rptr. 810, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1969 (1991) ...... 4-19, 4-70 Edwards v. Nat’l Audubon Soc’y, 556 F.2d 113, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1849 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1002 (1977) ...... 2-51, 2-130, 4-36, ...... 5-103, 7-2, 7-49, 7-53, ...... 7-54, 7-55, 7-58, 7-60 Edwards v. Paddock Publ’ns, Inc., 327 Ill. App. 3d 553, 763 N.E.2d 328, 261 Ill. Dec. 358 (2001) ...... 5-92, 6-7 Egiazaryan v. Zalmayev, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 140851 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) ...... 5-15, 7-36, 16-28 Ehrenfeld v. Bin Mahfouz, 9 N.Y.3d 501, 881 N.E.2d 830 (2007) ...... 15-64, 15-65 Ehrenfeld v. Bin Mahfouz, 489 F.3d 542 (2d Cir. 2007) ...... 15-64, 15-65 Eimann v. Soldier of Fortune Magazine, Inc., 880 F.2d 830, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2148 (5th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1024 (1990) ...... 13-69 Eisenstein v. WTVF-TV, 389 S.W.3d 313 (2012) .... 2-11, 2-55, 12-20 Eitler v. St. Joseph Reg’l Med. Ctr., 789 N.E.2d 497 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) ...... 8-63 El Amin v. Miami Herald Publ’g Co., 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1079 (Fla. Cir. Ct. 1983) ...... 7-59 El Paso Times, Inc. v. Kerr, 706 S.W.2d 797, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1049 (Tex. App. 1986), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 932 (1987) ...... 4-11 Elder v. Anderson, 205 Cal. App. 2d 326, 23 Cal. Rptr. 48 (1962) ...... 8-46 Elder v. Gaffney Ledger, 341 S.C. 108, 533 S.E.2d 899, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2295 (2000) ...... 5-100 Elder v. Holland, 208 Va. 15, 155 S.E.2d 369 (1967) ...... 8-42 Elec. Furnace Corp. v. Deering Miliken Research Corp., 383 F.2d 352 (6th Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 949 (1968) ...... 10-50 Elec., Inc. v. Ind. Dep’t of Labor, 825 N.E.2d 16 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) ...... 8-36 Elerbee, In re, 177 B.R. 731 (N.D. Ga. 1995) ...... 10-69 El-Hadad v. Embassy of U.A.E., 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21491 (D.D.C. 2006) ...... 11-12 El-Hadad v. United Arab Emirates, 216 F.3d 29 (D.C. Cir. 2000) ...... 8-65

TOC–74 Table of Cases

Eli Research, Inc. v. Idapat Corp., 312 F. Supp. 2d 748 (M.D.N.C. 2004) ...... 2-136 Ellerbee v. Mills, 262 Ga. 516, 422 S.E.2d 539, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2095 (1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 1025 (1993) ...... 5-9 Ellert v. Lutz, 1996 Tex. App. LEXIS 1720 (Tex. App. 1996) ...... 2-109 Ellis v. Brockton Publ’g Co., 198 Mass. 538, 84 N.E. 1018 (1908) ...... 10-30 Ellis v. N. Star Co., 326 N.C. 219, 388 S.E.2d 127 (1990) ...... 2-136 ELM Med. Lab., Inc. v. RKO Gen., Inc., 403 Mass. 779, 532 N.E.2d 675 (1989) ...... 7-23, 7-33, 7-40, 12-12 El-Shifa Pharm. Indus. Co. v. United States, 607 F.3d 836 (D.C. Cir. 2010) ...... 8-67 Elstrom v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 20, 533 N.W.2d 51 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 5-17 Embrey v. Holly, 293 Md. 128, 442 A.2d 966, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1409 (1982) ...... 10-32 Emerito Estrada Rivera-Isuzu de P.R., Inc. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 233 F.3d 24 (1st Cir. 2000) ...... 2-148, 2-153, ...... 2-154, 2-163, 13-15 Emery v. Ne. Ill. Reg’l Commuter R.R. Corp., 377 Ill. App. 3d 1013, 880 N.E.2d 1002, 317 Ill. Dec. 10 (2007) ...... 2-97 Empire Printing Co. v. Roden, 247 F.2d 8 (9th Cir. 1957) ...... 2-42, 10-42 Entravision Commc’ns Corp. v. Salinas, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 10129 (Tex. App. 2015) ...... 16-24 England v. Automatic Canteen Co., 349 F.2d 989 (6th Cir. 1965) ...... 2-73 England v. Daily Gazette Co., 143 W. Va. 700, 104 S.E.2d 306 (1958) ...... 4-75 Engler v. Winfrey, 201 F.3d 680, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1481 (5th Cir. 2000) ...... 13-14 Englezos v. Newspress & Gazette Co., 980 S.W.2d 25, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1161 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998) ...... 6-4, 6-9, 7-19, 7-51 English Boiler & Tube, Inc. v. W.C. Rouse & Son, Inc., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15941 (E.D.N.C. 1997) ...... 2-112 Enplanar, Inc. v. Marsh, 11 F.3d 1284 (5th Cir. 1994) ...... 16-57 Erdberg v. Freeman, 90 Misc. 2d 797, 396 N.Y.S.2d 315 (N.Y.C. Civ. Ct. 1977) ...... 9-27 Erdmann v. SF Broad. of Green Bay, Inc., 229 Wis. 2d 156, 599 N.W.2d 1 (Ct. App. 1999) ...... 5-66

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–75 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Erickson v. Jones St. Publishers, LLC, 368 S.C. 444, 629 S.E.2d 653, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1610 (2006) ...... 2-138, 5-16, 5-45, ...... 5-72, 5-88, 6-20 Erickson v. Pulitzer Publ’g Co., 797 S.W.2d 853, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1446 (Mo. Ct. App. 1990) ...... 7-29 Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938) ...... 16-18, 16-30 Erlich v. Etner, 224 Cal. App. 2d 69, 36 Cal. Rptr. 256 (1964) ...... 13-8, 13-10, 13-22, 13-23 Ertel v. Patriot-News Co., 544 Pa. 93, 674 A.2d 1038 (1996) ...... 2-176, 16-32 Eselin-Bullock & Assocs. v. Nat’l Gen. Ins., 604 So. 2d 236 (Miss. 1992) ...... 2-5 Eskew v. Plantation Foods, Inc., 905 S.W.2d 461 (Tex. App. 1995) ...... 2-157 Esposito-Hilder v. SFX Broad., Inc., 236 A.D.2d 186, 665 N.Y.S.2d 697, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1541 (3d Dep’t 1997) ...... 2-53, 13-55 Espree v. Tobacco Plus, Inc., 772 So. 2d 389 (La. Ct. App. 2000) ...... 9-19 Estate of Hemingway v. Random House, Inc., 23 N.Y.2d 341, 296 N.Y.S.2d 771, 244 N.E.2d 250 (1968) ...... 12-55 Estill v. Hearst Publ’g Co., 186 F.2d 1017 (7th Cir. 1951) ...... 2-22, 10-58, 11-7, 15-51 Estiverne v. La. State Bar Ass’n, 863 F.2d 371, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1481 (5th Cir. 1989) ...... 2-6 Ethridge v. N. Miss. Commc’ns, Inc., 460 F. Supp. 347, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1767 (N.D. Miss. 1978) ...... 16-38 Eubanks v. N. Cascades Broad., 115 Wash. App. 113, 61 P.3d 368 (2003) ...... 5-13, 5-27, 16-32 Eubanks v. Smith, 292 S.C. 57, 354 S.E.2d 898 (1987) ...... 2-37 Evans v. Dist. of Columbia, 391 F. Supp. 2d 160 (D.D.C. 2005) ...... 2-173, 8-39 Evans v. Dolcefino, 986 S.W.2d 69 (Tex. App. 1999) ...... 13-43 Evans v. Evans, 162 Cal. App. 4th 1157, 76 Cal. Rptr. 3d 859, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1814 (2008) ...... 10-64 Evans v. Keystone Consol. Indus., Inc., 884 F. Supp. 1209 (C.D. Ill. 1995) ...... 8-57

TOC–76 Table of Cases

Evans v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 411 Pa. Super. 244, 601 A.2d 330, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1868 (1991) ...... 13-43 Evans v. Rite Aid Corp., 452 S.E.2d 9 (S.C. Ct. App. 1994) ...... 13-68 Evans v. Smith, 21 Ky. (5 T.B. Mon.) 363 (1827) ...... 7-2 Evarts v. Downey, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2449 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1989) ...... 2-46 Evening News Co. v. Bowie, 154 Md. 604, 141 A. 416 (1928) ...... 7-42 Evers v. Jardins, 191 Wis. 2d 830, 532 N.W.2d 146 (Ct. App. 1995) ...... 2-66 E.W. Scripps Co. v. Cholmondelay, 569 S.W.2d 700, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2462 (Ky. Ct. App. 1978) ...... 2-135, 5-44 Ewald v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 139 F.3d 619 (8th Cir. 1998) ...... 9-19, 9-20 Ewing v. Cargill, Inc., 324 Ark. 217, 919 S.W.2d 507 (1996) ...... 2-122, 2-130 Ex parte Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala., 773 So. 2d 475 (Ala. 2000) ...... 9-2, 9-4, 9-30, 9-31, 9-40 Ex parte Bole, 103 So. 3d 40 (Ala. 2012) ...... 4-76 Ex parte Sparrow, 14 F.R.D. 351 (D. Ala. 1953) ...... 14-28 Exclaim Mktg., LLC v. DirecTV, Inc., 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102770 (E.D.N.C. 2012) ...... 13-40 Exner v. Am. Med. Ass’n, 12 Wash. App. 215, 529 P.2d 863, 75 A.L.R.3D 603 (1974) ...... 5-35 Expeditions Unlimited Aquatic Enters., Inc. v. Smithsonian Inst., 566 F.2d 289 (D.C. Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 438 U.S. 915 (1978) ...... 8-34, 8-64 Experience Hendrix, L.L.C. v. HendrixLicensing.com, 766 F. Supp. 2d 1122, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1449 (W.D. Wash. 2011) ...... 9-38, 12-89 Express One Int’l, Inc. v. Galland, Kharasch, Morse & Garfinkle, P.C., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15627 (N.D. Tex. 1999) ...... 2-101 Express Publ’g Co. v. Lancaster, 270 S.W. 229 (Tex. Civ. App. 1925), aff’d, 285 S.W. 810 (Tex. Comm’n App. 1926), superseded, 2 S.W.2d 833 (Tex. Comm’n App. 1928) ...... 2-42

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–77 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Eyal v. Helen Broad. Corp., 411 Mass. 426, 583 N.E.2d 228, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1989 (1991) ...... 2-149, 2-151, 2-163 Ezrailson v. Rohrich, 65 S.W.3d 373 (2001) ...... 4-46

F Faan v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2362 (Cal. 2d Dist. Ct. App., Div. 1, 1978) ...... 13-75 Faber v. Byrle, 171 Kan. 38, 229 P.2d 718, 25 A.L.R.2D 1379 (1951) ...... 9-33 Factors Etc., Inc. v. Pro Arts, Inc., 579 F.2d 215, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1144 (2d Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 908 (1979) ...... 12-101 Fadell v. Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co., 425 F. Supp. 1075, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1961 (N.D. Ind. 1976), aff’d, 557 F.2d 107, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2198 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 966, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1432 (1977) ...... 5-13, 5-101, ...... 5-104, 16-35, 16-47 Faigin v. Kelly, 978 F. Supp. 420 (D.N.H. 1997), aff’d on other grounds, 184 F.3d 67 (1st Cir. 1999) .....5-39, 5-59 Fair Hous. Council v. Roommates.com, LLC, 521 F.3d 1157, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1545 (9th Cir. 2008) ...... 7-13 Fairbanks Publ’g Co. v. Pitka, 445 P.2d 685 (Alaska 1968) ...... 3-18 Fairfield v. Am. Photocopy Equip. Co., 138 Cal. App. 2d 82, 291 P.2d 194 (1955) ...... 12-68 Fairley v. Peekskill Star Corp., 445 N.Y.S.2d 156, 83 A.D.2d 294 (1981) ...... 2-27 Fairneny v. Savogran Co., 422 Mass. 469, 664 N.E.2d 5 (1996) ...... 8-58 Falls v. Sporting News Publ’g Co., 714 F. Supp. 843 (E.D. Mich. 1989), aff’d, 899 F.2d 1221 (6th Cir. 1990) ...... 5-36 Falls v. Sporting News Publ’g Co., 834 F.2d 611 (6th Cir. 1987) ...... 4-10 Faloona v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 799 F.2d 1000, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1353 (5th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1088 (1987) ...... 12-24, 12-44

TOC–78 Table of Cases

Faltas v. State Newspaper, Inc., 928 F. Supp. 637, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2057 (D.S.C. 1996) ...... 4-36, 5-35 Falwell v. Penthouse Int’l, Ltd., 521 F. Supp. 1204, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1891 (W.D. Va. 1981) ...... 12-10 F&J Enters., Inc. v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 373 F. Supp. 292 (N.D. Ohio 1974) ...... 16-38 Fanelle v. Lojack Corp., 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1513, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17767 (E.D. Pa. 2000) ...... 2-35 Farah v. Esquire Magazine, Inc., 863 F. Supp. 2d 29, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1926 (D.D.C. 2012), aff’d on other grounds, 736 F.3d 528 (D.C. Cir. 2013) ...... 16-27 Farah v. Esquire Magazine, 736 F.3d 528, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2737 (D.C. Cir. 2013) ...... 5-116, 13-34 Farber, In re, 78 N.J. 259, 394 A.2d 330, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1360 (1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 997, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1864 (1979) ...... 14-7, 14-30 Farber v. Cornils, 94 Idaho 326, 487 P.2d 689 (1971) ...... 2-148 Farias v. Garza, 426 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. App. 2014) ...... 16-25 Farley v. Wis. Evangelical Lutheran Synod, 821 F. Supp. 1286 (D. Minn. 1993) ...... 4-76 Farmers Educ. & Coop. Union v. WDAY, Inc., 360 U.S. 525 (1959) ...... 8-55 Farnsworth v. Tribune Co., 43 Ill. 2d 286, 253 N.E.2d 408 (1969) ...... 3-9 Farrakhan v. N.Y.P. Holdings, 168 Misc. 2d 536, 638 N.Y.S.2d 1002 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1995) ...... 5-95 Farrell v. Triangle Publ’ns, Inc., 399 Pa. 102, 159 A.2d 734 (1960) ...... 2-157 Farrow v. St. Francis Med. Ctr., 407 S.W.3d 579 (Mo. 2013) ...... 2-105 Fashion 21 v. Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, 117 Cal. App. 4th 1138, 12 Cal. Rptr. 3d 493 (2004) ...... 16-17 Fashion Boutique of Short Hills, Inc. v. Fendi USA, Inc., 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7491 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) ...... 8-62, 13-9 Fashion Boutique of Short Hills, Inc. v. Fendi USA, Inc., 314 F.3d 48 (2d Cir. 2002) ...... 2-113, 13-21, 13-33 Fasi v. Gannett Co., 930 F. Supp. 1403 (D. Haw. 1995) ...... 2-52 Faulkner v. Ark. Children’s Hosp., 347 Ark. 941, 69 S.W.3d 393 (2002) ...... 2-80, 4-20

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–79 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Fawcett Publ’ns, Inc. v. Morris, 377 P.2d 42 (Okla. 1962), cert. denied and appeal dismissed, 376 U.S. 513 (1964) ...... 2-157, 2-160 Fazekas v. Crane Commc’ns, Inc., 583 F. Supp. 110, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1513 (S.D. Ind. 1984) ...... 16-38 FDIC v. S. Prawer & Co., 829 F. Supp. 439 (D. Me. 1993) ...... 2-103 FEC v. Florida for Kennedy Comm., 681 F.2d 1281 (11th Cir. 1982) ...... 14-39 Fellhauer v. City of Geneva, 142 Ill. 2d 495, 568 N.E.2d 870, 154 Ill. Dec. 649 (1991) ...... 13-40 Fellows v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 42 Cal. 3d 234, 721 P.2d 97, 228 Cal. Rptr. 215, 57 A.L.R.4TH 223, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1305 (1986) ...... 12-13, 12-15, 12-25, ...... 12-27, 12-28, 12-29, 12-34 Felsher v. Univ. of Evansville, 755 N.E.2d 589, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2581 (Ind. 2001) ...... 12-8, 12-9, ...... 12-36, 12-91 Ferber v. Citicorp Mortg., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1210 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ..... 2-105, 7-5, 7-7 Fergerstrom v. Hawaiian Ocean View Estates, 50 Haw. 374, 441 P.2d 141 (1968) ...... 12-10 Ferguson v. Park Newspapers of Ga., Inc., 148 Ga. App. 848, 253 S.E.2d 231, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1191 (1979) ...... 2-53 Ferguson v. Union City Daily Messenger, Inc., 845 S.W.2d 162, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2159 (Tenn. 1992) ...... 5-13 Ferguson v. Watkins, 448 So. 2d 271 (Miss. 1984) ...... 4-8 Ferlauto v. Hamsher, 74 Cal. App. 4th 1394, 88 Cal. Rptr. 2d 843, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2364 (1999) ...... 2-47, 4-40, 4-58 Fernandez v. Med. Coll., 1996 Wis. App. LEXIS 359 (Wis. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 9-22 Fernandez v. Tenbruggencate, 65 Haw. 226, 649 P.2d 1144, 649 P.2d 1144, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2577 (1982) ...... 2-42, 2-43, 16-45 Ferrell v. Cross, 543 N.W.2d 111 (Minn. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 13-48 Ferrell v. Cross, 557 N.W.2d 560 (Minn. 1997) ...... 8-58, 9-5 Ferreri v. Plain Dealer Publ’g Co., 142 Ohio App. 3d 629, 756 N.E.2d 712 (2001) ...... 4-33

TOC–80 Table of Cases

Fetler v. Houghton Mifflin Co., 364 F.2d 650 (2d Cir. 1966) ...... 2-150, 2-151, 2-155 Fiacco v. Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity, 484 F. Supp. 2d 158 (D. Me. 2007), aff’d, 528 F.3d 94 (1st Cir. 2008) ...... 5-9, 13-59 Fiber Sys. Int’l, Inc. v. Roehrs, 470 F.3d 1150 (5th Cir. 2006) ...... 2-32 Fid. & Deposit Co. v. United States, 187 U.S. 315 (1902) ...... 16-41 Field v. Kirton, 856 F. Supp. 88 (D. Conn. 1994) ...... 8-17 Field Research Corp. v. Patrick, 30 Cal. App. 3d 603, 106 Cal. Rptr. 473, cert. denied, 414 U.S. 922 (1973) ...... 5-83 Fielding v. Hubert Burda Media, Inc., 415 F.3d 419, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2108 (5th Cir. 2005) ...... 15-23 Filippo v. Lee Publ’ns, Inc., 485 F. Supp. 2d 969, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1646 (N.D. Ind. 2007) ...... 5-32 Fillmore v. Maricopa Water Processing Sys., Inc., 120 P.3d 697 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2005), depublished, 129 P.3d 937 (Ariz. 2006) ...... 2-156, 16-5 Finck v. City of Tea, 443 N.W.2d 632 (S.D. 1989) ...... 4-11 Finebaum v. Coulter, 854 So. 2d 1120 (Ala. 2003) ...... 4-59 Finger v. Omni Publ’ns Int’l, 77 N.Y.2d 138, 566 N.E.2d 141, 564 N.Y.S.2d 1014, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1555 (1990) .... 12-101, 12-102, 12-103 Fink v. Oshins, 49 P.3d 640 (Nev. 2002) ...... 8-6, 8-7, 8-11 Finkelstein, Thompson & Loughran v. Hemispherx Biopharma, Inc., 774 A.2d 332 (D.C. 2001) ...... 8-12, 8-13, 8-68 Finklea v. Jacksonville Daily Progress, 742 S.W.2d 512 (Tex. App. 1987) ...... 2-84, 3-17, 7-40 Fiori v. Truck Drivers, Local 170, 354 F.3d 84 (1st Cir. 2004) ...... 10-39, 10-40, ...... 10-44, 10-50, 10-52, 10-54 Firestone v. Time, Inc., 460 F.2d 712 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 875 (1972) ...... 3-15 First Act, Inc. v. Brook Mays Music Co., 311 F. Supp. 2d 258 (D. Mass. 2004) ...... 15-37 First Indep. Baptist Church of Arab v. Southerland, 373 So. 2d 647 (Ala. 1979) ...... 2-11

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–81 SACK ON DEFAMATION

First Lehigh Bank v. Cowen, 700 A.2d 498, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1075 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1997) ...... 7-27 First Nat’l Bank v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2105 (1978) ..... 3-12, 5-53, 5-133, 10-23 First State Bank of Corpus Christi v. Ake, 606 S.W.2d 696 [Tex. Civ. App. 1980] ...... 2-101 First United Church v. Udofia, 223 Ga. App. 849, 479 S.E.2d 146 (1996) ...... 2-174, 4-76 Firth v. State of New York, 184 Misc. 2d 105, 706 N.Y.S.2d 835 (Ct. Cl. 2000), aff’d, 731 N.Y.S.2d 244, 287 A.D.2d 771 (3d Dep’t 2001), aff’d, 98 N.Y.2d 365, 775 N.E.2d 463, 747 N.Y.S.2d 69, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2085 (2002) ...... 7-5, 7-8 Fischer v. Bar Harbor Banking & Trust Co., 857 F.2d 4 (1st Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1018 (1989) ...... 13-27 Fischer v. Brockway Co., 218 N.Y.S.2d 309, 14 A.D.2d 632 (3d Dep’t 1961) ...... 2-89 Fischer v. Maloney, 43 N.Y.2d 553, 402 N.Y.S.2d 991, 373 N.E.2d 1215 (1978) ...... 13-49, 13-60 Fisher v. Wash. Post Co., 212 A.2d 335 (D.C. 1965) ...... 4-43, 4-44, 4-54, ...... 4-68, 4-70, 4-72, 4-73 Fitch v. Voit, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1045 (Ala. Cir. Ct. 1993) ...... 12-37 Fite v. Okla. Publ’g Co., 146 Okla. 150, 293 P. 1073 (1930) ...... 2-140 Fitts v. Kolb, 779 F. Supp. 1502, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1033 (D.S.C. 1991) ...... 3-3, 3-4 Fitzgerald v. Penthouse Int’l, Ltd., 525 F. Supp. 585, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2385 (D. Md. 1981), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 691 F.2d 666, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2340 (4th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1024 (1983) ...... 5-25, 5-26, 5-61, 13-42, 13-70 Fitzgerald v. Tucker, 737 So. 2d 706 (La. 1999) ...... 2-37, 2-70 Fitzjarrald v. Panhandle Publ’g Co., 149 Tex. 87, 228 S.W.2d 499 (1950) ...... 2-22 Fitzpatrick v. Age-Herald Publ’g Co., 184 Ala. 510, 63 So. 980 (1913) ...... 11-7 Flake v. Greensboro News Co., 212 N.C. 780, 195 S.E. 55 (1937) ...... 2-136, 12-10

TOC–82 Table of Cases

Flamm v. Am. Ass’n of Univ. Women, 201 F.3d 144, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1329 (2d Cir. 2000) ...... 3-9, 3-12, 4-12, 4-25, 4-26, ...... 4-27, 4-35, 4-62, 4-71, 5-53, 5-54 Flamm v. Van Nierop, 56 Misc. 2d 1059, 291 N.Y.S.2d 189 (Sup. Ct. Westchester Cnty. 1968) ...... 13-49, 13-50 Flanders v. Associated Newspapers, Ltd., 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1669 (D. Minn. 1983) ...... 15-9 Fleck Bros. Co. v. Sullivan, 385 F.2d 223 (7th Cir. 1967) ...... 2-71 Fleck Bros. Co. v. Sullivan, 423 F.2d 155 (7th Cir. 1970) ...... 10-42 Fleckenstein v. Friedman, 266 N.Y. 19, 193 N.E. 537 (1934) ..... 3-20 Fleming v. Moore, 221 Va. 884, 275 S.E.2d 632, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1313 (1981) ...... 2-135, 10-27 Fleming v. Rose, 350 S.C. 488, 567 S.E.2d 857 (2002) ...... 5-11 Flentye v. Kathrein, 485 F. Supp. 2d 903 (D. Ill. 2007) ...... 2-68 Fletcher v. San Jose Mercury News, 216 Cal. App. 3d 172, 264 Cal. Rptr. 699, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1321 (1989), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 813 (1990) ...... 5-100 Fleury v. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 698 F.2d 1022, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1200 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 846 (1983) ...... 15-50 Florez v. Delbovo, 939 F. Supp. 1341 (N.D. Ill. 1996) ...... 10-20 Fla. Med. Ctr., Inc. v. N.Y. Post Co., 568 So. 2d 454, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1224 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1990) ...... 4-17 Fla. Publ’g Co. v. Fletcher, 340 So. 2d 914, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1088 (Fla. 1976), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 930 (1977) ...... 12-93, 12-97 Fla. Star v. B.J.F., 491 U.S. 524, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1801 (1989) ...... 1-49, 3-7, ...... 10-23, 12-5, 12-54, ...... 12-62, 12-63, 12-64, 12-78 Flotech, Inc. v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., 814 F.2d 775, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1135 (1st Cir. 1987) ...... 9-12 Flowers v. Carville, 310 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir. 2002) ...... 5-33, 7-2, 12-15, 12-19, 12-21, 15-61 Floyd v. Barker, 77 Eng. Rep. 1305 (Star Chamber 1607) ...... 8-8 Flugge v. Wagner, 532 N.W.2d 419 (S.D. 1995) ...... 8-7, 8-42 Fluor Corp. v. Jeppesen & Co., 170 Cal. App. 3d 468, 216 Cal. Rptr. 68 (1985) ...... 13-69 Flynn v. Higham, 149 Cal. App. 3d 677, 197 Cal. Rptr. 145 (1983) ...... 2-171, 12-25, 12-37, 13-60

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–83 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Fodor v. Berglas, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12245, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1498 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 2-109, 5-31, 5-97, 5-107 Fodor v. Fuchs, 79 N.J.L. 529, 76 A. 1081 (1910) ...... 3-30 Fogel v. Forbes, Inc., 500 F. Supp. 1081, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1941 (E.D. Pa. 1980) ...... 12-24, 12-27 Fogg v. Bos. & Lowell R.R., 148 Mass. 513, 20 N.E.2d 109 (1889) ...... 2-93 Fogus v. Capital Cities Media, Inc., 111 Ill. App. 3d 1060, 444 N.E.2d 1100, 67 Ill. Dec. 616, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1141 (1982) ...... 7-55, 7-62 Foley v. Lowell Sun Publ’g Co., 404 Mass. 9, 533 N.E.2d 196, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1302 (1989) ...... 2-45 Foley v. Polaroid Corp., 400 Mass. 82, 508 N.E.2d 72 (1987) ...... 9-16, 9-46 Foley v. WCCO Television, Inc., 449 N.W.2d 497 (Minn. Ct. App. 1989), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1038 (1990) ...... 16-39 Follendorf v. Brei, 51 Misc. 2d 363, 273 N.Y.S.2d 128 (S. Ct. Wyo. Cnty. 1966) ...... 8-50 Fontani v. Wells Fargo Invs., LLC, 129 Cal. App. 4th 719, 28 Cal. Rptr. 3d 833 (2005), overruled on other grounds, Kibler v. N. Inyo Cnty. Local Hosp. Dist., 39 Cal. 4th 192, 138 P.3d 193, 46 Cal. Rptr. 3d 41 (Cal. 2006) ...... 8-59, 16-13 Food Lion, Inc. v. Melton, 250 Va. 144, 458 S.E.2d 580 (1995) ...... 2-91 Fopay v. Noveroske, 31 Ill. App. 3d 182, 334 N.E.2d 79 (1975) ...... 5-12, 5-88 Forbes, Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc., 124 S.W.3d 167 (Tex. 2003) ...... 5-96, 5-114 Ford v. Brown, 319 F.3d 1302 (11th Cir. 2003) ...... 15-42 Ford v. Levinson, 90 A.D.2d 464, 454 N.Y.S.2d 846 (1st Dep’t 1982) ...... 7-36 Ford v. Roland, 562 So. 2d 731, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2121 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1990) ...... 2-61 Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Holland, 367 A.2d 1311 (D.C. 1977) ...... 9-24 Foreman v. Lesher Commc’ns, Inc., 13 Cal. App. 4th 903, 16 Cal. Rptr. 2d 670, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1090 (1993) ...... 11-6, 12-15

TOC–84 Table of Cases

Foretich v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 37 F.3d 1541, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2353 (4th Cir. 1994) ...... 5-45, 5-67, 5-68, 5-69, 9-11 Foretich v. CBS, Inc., 619 A.2d 48, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1001 (D.C. 1993) ...... 10-51, 13-59, ...... 15-54, 16-3 Foretich v. Glamour, 753 F. Supp. 955, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1256 (D.D.C. 1990) ...... 2-112, 2-114 Foretich v. Glamour, 753 F. Supp. 955, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1672 (D.D.C. 1990) ...... 13-50, 13-52, 13-54 Foretich v. Lifetime Cable, 777 F. Supp. 47, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1795 (D.D.C. 1991), appeal dismissed, 953 F.2d 688 (D.C. Cir. 1992) ...... 12-50 Fornshill v. Ruddy, 891 F. Supp. 1062 (D. Md. 1995), aff’d mem., 89 F.3d 828, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1986 (4th Cir. 1996) ...... 2-152, 2-153, 15-53, 16-38 Forrest v. Lynch, 347 So. 2d 1255, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1187 (La. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 351 So. 2d 168 (La. 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 971 (1978) ...... 2-42, 5-42 Forsher v. Bugliosi, 26 Cal. 3d 792, 608 P.2d 716, 163 Cal. Rptr. 628, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1097 (1980) ...... 12-36, 12-48, ...... 12-51, 12-52, 12-81 Forster v. W. Dakota Veterinary Clinic, Inc., 2004 ND 207, 689 N.W.2d 366 (2004) ...... 2-91, 10-55, 10-59 Fort Worth Press v. Davis, 96 S.W.2d 416 (Tex. Civ. App. 1936) ...... 3-21 Fortenbaugh v. N.J. Press, Inc., 317 N.J. Super. 439, 722 A.2d 568, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1975 (App. Div. 1999) ...... 7-35, 7-39 Forth v. Kroger Co., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 106089 (E.D. Mich. 2010) ...... 2-95 Fortson v. Colangelo, 434 F. Supp. 2d 1369 (S.D. Fla. 2006) ...... 2-49, 4-34 Forum Publ’ns, Inc. v. P.T. Publishers, Inc., 700 F. Supp. 236 (E.D. Pa. 1988) ...... 10-9 Foster v. Churchill, 87 N.Y.2d 744, 665 N.E.2d 153, 642 N.Y.S.2d 583 (1996) ...... 9-27, 9-47 Foster v. Laredo Newspapers, Inc., 541 S.W.2d 809 (Tex. 1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1123 (1977) ...... 5-16, 6-2, 6-5, 6-6, 6-25

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–85 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Foster v. Pearcy, 270 Ind. 533, 387 N.E.2d 446 (1979) ...... 8-48 Foster v. Svenson, 128 A.D.3d 150, 7 N.Y.S.3d 96, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2056 (1st Dep’t 2015) ...... 12-102 Fotochrome, Inc. v. N.Y. Herald Tribune, Inc., 61 Misc. 2d 226, 305 N.Y.S.2d 168 (Queens Cnty. 1969) ...... 5-48 Founding Church of Scientology v. Verlag, 536 F.2d 429 (D.C. Cir. 1976) ...... 15-28 Fountain v. First Reliance Bank, 398 S.C. 434, 730 S.E.2d 305 (2012) ...... 2-121 Fountain v. Mojo, 687 P.2d 496 (Colo. Ct. App. 1989) ...... 13-23 Fouts v. Fawcett Publ’ns, Inc., 116 F. Supp. 535 (D. Conn. 1953) ...... 12-28 Fowler v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 182 F.2d 377 (D.C. Cir. 1950) ...... 2-158, 2-164 Fowler v. S. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 343 F.2d 150 (5th Cir. 1965) ...... 12-94 Fox v. Kahn, 421 Pa. 563, 221 A.2d 181, cert. denied, 385 U.S. 935 (1966) ...... 5-83 Fox Tree v. Harte-Hanks Commc’ns, Inc., 398 Mass. 845, 501 N.E.2d 519, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1090 (1986) ...... 12-12 Fram v. Yellow Cab Co., 380 F. Supp. 1314 (W.D. Pa. 1974) ...... 2-51 France v. St. Clare’s Hosp. & Health Ctr., 82 A.D.2d 1, 441 N.Y.S.2d 79, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2242 (1st Dep’t 1981) ...... 2-81, 6-19 Franchise Realty Interstate Corp. v. S.F. Local Joint Exec. Bd. of Culinary Workers, 542 F.2d 1076 (9th Cir. 1976) ...... 2-68 Francis v. Emery Constr. Mgmt. Co., Civ. No. 1974-382 (D.V.I. 1974) ...... 2-48 Francis v. Lake Charles Am. Press, 262 La. 875, 265 So. 2d 206 (1972) ...... 11-2 Frank v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 119 A.D.2d 252, 506 N.Y.S.2d 869, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1801 (2d Dep’t 1986) ...... 5-117 Frank B. Hall & Co. v. Buck, 678 S.W.2d 612 (Tex. App. 1984), cert. denied, 472 U.S. 1009 (1985) ...... 10-42 Frank Pisano & Assocs. v. Taggart, 29 Cal. App. 3d 1, 105 Cal. Rptr. 414 (1972) ...... 13-4, 13-5, 13-22, 13-23, 13-25

TOC–86 Table of Cases

Frankhouser v. Findlay Publ’g Co., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2437 (Hancock Cnty., Ohio 1979) ...... 5-10 Franklin v. Blank, 86 N.M. 585, 525 P.2d 945 (Ct. App. 1974) ...... 3-18 Franklin v. Daily Holdings Inc., A.D.3d, 21 N.Y.S.3d 6, 11, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 3197 (1st Dep’t 2015) ...... 2-143, 3-29 Franklin v. Dynamic Details, Inc., 116 Cal. App. 4th 375, 10 Cal. Rptr. 3d 429 (2004) ...... 4-21 Franklin v. Lodge 1108, B.P.O.E., 97 Cal. App. 3d 915, 159 Cal. Rptr. 131, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1977 (1979) ...... 5-17 Franklin Prescriptions, Inc. v. N.Y. Times Co., 424 F.3d 336, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2254 (3d Cir. 2005) ...... 2-115, 2-117, 2-139 Franks v. Lima News, 24 Media L. Rep. 1762, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 535 (Ct. App. 1996) ...... 16-53 Franzon v. Massena Mem’l Hosp., 89 F. Supp. 2d 270 (N.D.N.Y. 2000) ...... 5-38 Free v. Am. Home Assurance Co., 902 S.W.2d 51 (Tex. App. 1995) ...... 8-62, 9-16 Freedom Commc’ns, Inc. v. Brand, 907 S.W.2d 614 (Tex. App. 1995) ...... 5-101 Freedom Commc’ns, Inc. v. Coronado, 296 S.W.3d 790 (Tex. App. 2009) ...... 12-56 Freedom Newspapers of Tex. v. Cantu, 126 S.W.3d 185, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1555 (Tex. App. 2003) ...... 3-20 Freedom Newspapers of Tex. v. Cantu, 168 S.W.3d 847, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1907 (Tex. 2005) ...... 5-98, 5-99, 5-111 Freedom Newspapers, Inc. v. Superior Court, 4 Cal. 4th 652, 842 P.2d 138, 14 Cal. Rptr. 2d 839, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2209 (1992) ...... 11-5 Freeman v. Cooper, 390 So. 2d 1355 (La. Ct. App. 1980), aff’d, 414 So. 2d 355 (La. 1982) ...... 2-79, 8-8 Freeman v. Johnston, 84 N.Y.2d 52, 637 N.E.2d 268, 614 N.Y.S.2d 377 (1994) ...... 16-49 Freeman Holdings of Ariz., L.L.C. v. Does, 1–50, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8038 (D. Ariz. 2013) ...... 15-47

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–87 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Freer v. M&I Marshall & Ilsley Corp., 2004 WI App. 201, 688 N.W.2d 756 (Ct. App. 2004) ...... 2-124, 2-136 Freeze Right Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Servs., Inc. v. City of New York, 101 A.D.2d 175, 475 N.Y.S.2d 383, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2032 (1st Dep’t 1984) ...... 6-19, 7-21, 7-31, ...... 7-34, 7-35, 16-5, 16-57 Frega v. N. N.J. Mortg. Ass’n, 51 N.J. Super. 331, 143 A.2d 885 (1958) ...... 13-5, 13-6, 13-22, 13-24 Freier v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 197, 356 N.W.2d 724 (Minn. Ct. App. 1984) ...... 8-39 Freihofer v. Hearst Corp., 65 N.Y.2d 135, 480 N.E.2d 349, 490 N.Y.S.2d 735, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1056 (1985) ...... 12-101, 13-45, 13-46, ...... 13-47, 13-48, 13-50, 13-54 French v. Jadon, Inc., 911 P.2d 20 (Alaska 1996) ...... 2-130, 2-131 French v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 247 Or. 554, 430 P.2d 1021 (1967) ...... 12-40 Freyd v. Whitfield, 972 F. Supp. 940 (D. Md. 1997) ...... 5-35 Frick v. Boyd, 350 Mass. 259, 214 N.E.2d 460 (1966) ...... 12-55 Fridovich v. Fridovich, 598 So. 2d 65 (Fla. 1992) ...... 9-10 Friedan v. Friedan, 414 F. Supp. 77 (S.D.N.Y. 1976) ...... 12-55 Friedman v. Bos. Broads., Inc., 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1742 (Mass. Super. Ct.), rev’d on other grounds, 402 Mass. 376, 522 N.E.2d 959 (1988), cited with approval in Newton v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 930 F.2d 662, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1001 (9th Cir. 1990) ...... 4-10, 6-10 Friedman v. Isr. Labour Party, 957 F. Supp. 701, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2153 (E.D. Pa. 1997) ...... 5-15, 7-32, 15-21 Frigon v. Morrison-Maierle, Inc., 233 Mont. 113, 760 P.2d 57 (1988) ...... 4-10 Frisk v. News Co., 361 Pa. Super. 536, 523 A.2d 347, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1835 (1986) ...... 10-55 Frith v. Associated Press, 176 F. Supp. 671 (E.D.S.C. 1959) ...... 12-55, 12-61 Frobose v. Am. S&L Ass’n, 152 F.3d 602 (7th Cir. 1998) ...... 12-39 Froelich v. Adair, 213 Kan. 357, 516 P.2d 993 (1973) ...... 12-9

TOC–88 Table of Cases

From v. Tallahassee Democrat, Inc., 400 So. 2d 52, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1811 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1981), petition denied, 412 So. 2d 465 (Fla. 1982) ...... 4-9 Fudge v. Penthouse Int’l, Ltd., 840 F.2d 1012, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2353 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 821 (1988) ...... 4-10, 12-25, 12-30, 13-54, 16-3 Fuente Cigar v. Opus One, 985 F. Supp. 1448 (M.D. Fla. 1997) ...... 13-35 Fuji Photo Film U.S.A., Inc. v. McNulty, 669 F. Supp. 2d 405 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) ...... 7-36 Fuller v. Bissell, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1191 (D.N.J. 1989) ...... 13-71 Fullerton v. Thompson, 123 Minn. 136, 143 N.W. 260 (1913) ...... 2-158 Fulton v. Advertiser Co., 388 So. 2d 533, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1351 (Ala. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1125 (1981) ...... 7-35, 9-57 Fulton v. Miss. Publishers Corp., 498 So. 2d 1215, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1746 (Miss. 1986) ...... 2-22 Fuqua Homes, Inc. v. Beattie, 388 F.3d 618, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2548 (8th Cir. 2004) ...... 15-52 Furgason v. Clausen, 109 N.M. 331, 785 P.2d 242, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1369 (Ct. App. 1989) ...... 7-30, 7-39 Fuste v. Riverside Healthcare Ass’n, Inc., 265 Va. 127, 575 S.E.2d 858 (2003) ...... 2-66, 4-8, 4-41, 9-41 Fyffe v. Wright, 93 P.3d 444 (Alaska 2004) ...... 13-50

G Gadach v. Benton Cnty. Coop. Ass’n, 236 Minn. 507, 53 N.W.2d 230 (1952) ...... 2-18 Gadsden Cnty. Times, Inc. v. Horne, 426 So. 2d 1234, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1290 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.), petition denied, 441 So. 2d 631 (Fla. 1983) ...... 14-16 Gaeta v. N.Y. News, Inc., 62 N.Y.2d 340, 465 N.E.2d 802, 477 N.Y.S.2d 82, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1966 (1984) ...... 6-16 Gaetano v. Sharon Herald Co., 426 Pa. 179, 231 A.2d 753 (1967) ...... 2-92 Gagan v. Yast, 966 N.E.2d 177 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) ...... 9-28

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–89 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Gagnon v. Dist. Court, 632 P.2d 567, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1755 (Colo. 1981) ...... 14-12 Galardi v. Steele-Inman, 266 Ga. App. 515, 597 S.E.2d 571 (2004) ...... 2-175 Galarneau v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc., 504 F.3d 189 (1st Cir. 2007) ...... 8-60, 10-26 Gale v. Value Line, Inc., 640 F. Supp. 967, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1198 (D.R.I. 1986) ...... 13-67 Galella v. Onassis, 487 F.2d 986 (2d Cir. 1973) ...... 12-94, ...... 12-96, 12-97, 12-101 Gallagher v. Connell, 123 Cal. App. 4th 1260, 20 Cal. Rptr. 3d 673, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1173 (2004) ...... 16-17 Gallagher v. Johnson, 188 Mont. 117, 611 P.2d 613, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1793 (1980) ...... 2-18, 2-140 Gallant v. City of Carson, 128 Cal. App. 4th 705, 27 Cal. Rptr. 3d 318 (2005) ...... 16-10 Gallo v. Barile, 284 Conn. 459, 935 A.2d 103 (2007) ...... 8-5, 9-10 Gallo v. Princeton Univ., 281 N.J. Super. 134, 656 A.2d 1267 (1995) ...... 9-12, 9-31 Galvin v. Gallagher, 81 Ill. App. 3d 927, 401 N.E.2d 1243, 37 Ill. Dec. 150, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1030 (1980) ...... 2-18, 13-50 Gambardella v. Apple Health Care, Inc., 291 Conn. 620, 969 A.2d 736 (2009) ...... 2-104, 9-47 Gang v. Hughes, 111 F. Supp. 27 (D. Cal. 1953), aff’d, 218 F.2d 432 (9th Cir. 1954) ...... 2-13 Gannett Co. v. Kanaga, 750 A.2d 1174, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1697 (Del. 2000) ...... 6-9, 10-28, 10-40 Gannett Co. v. Re, 496 A.2d 553, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2327 (Del. 1985) ...... 5-59, 6-3, ...... 10-25, 10-41, 10-45 Gantry Constr. Co. v. Am. Pipe & Constr. Co., 49 Cal. App. 3d 186, 122 Cal. Rptr. 834 (1975) ...... 3-2 Garamendi v. Golden Eagle Ins. Co., 128 Cal. App. 4th 452, 27 Cal. Rptr. 3d 239 (2005) ...... 8-37 Garcia v. Burris, 961 S.W.2d 603 (Tex. App. 1997) ...... 2-97, 2-104, 9-28 Gardner v. Martino, 563 F.3d 981 (9th Cir. 2009) ...... 4-34 Gardner v. West-Col, Inc., 136 Vt. 381, 392 A.2d 383 (1978) ...... 13-22 Garland v. State, 211 Ga. 44, 84 S.E.2d 9 (1954) ...... 2-75 Garland v. Torre, 259 F.2d 545 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 910 (1958) ...... 14-13, 14-15 Garley v. Sandia Corp., 236 F.3d 1200 (10th Cir. 2001) ...... 8-57

TOC–90 Table of Cases

Garrett v. Tandy Corp., 295 F.3d 94 (1st Cir. 2002) ...... 4-14, 4-31 Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64 (1964) ...... 1-25, 1-26, 1-30, 1-31, 1-32, ...... 1-38, 2-7, 3-3, 3-4, 3-6, 3-7, 3-9, ...... 5-3, 5-7, 5-18, 5-22, 5-23, ...... 5-75, 5-76, 12-78, 16-46 Garvelink v. Detroit News, 206 Mich. App. 604, 522 N.W.2d 883, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2503 (1994) ...... 2-48, 4-33, 4-34, 5-119 Gary v. Crouch, 867 So. 2d 310 (Ala. 2003) ...... 2-91, 9-41 Gary Null & Assoc. v. Phillips, 29 Misc. 3d 245, 906 N.Y.S.2d 449 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 2010) ...... 15-12 Garza v. Hearst Corp., 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1733 (W.D. Tex. 1995) ...... 6-9, 16-53 Garziano v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., 818 F.2d 380 (5th Cir. 1987) ...... 2-80, 9-20 Gasperini v. Ctr. for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415 (1998) ...... 10-43, 10-47 Gast v. Brittain, 277 Ga. 340, 589 S.E.2d 63 (2003) ...... 4-22 Gates v. Discovery Commc’ns, Inc., 34 Cal. 4th 679, 101 P.3d 552 (2004) ...... 12-66 Gates v. N.Y. Recorder Co., 155 N.Y. 228, 49 N.E. 769 (1898) ...... 2-26 Gautier v. Pro-Football, Inc., 304 N.Y. 354, 107 N.E.2d 485 (1952) ...... 12-83, 12-86 Gawel v. Chi. Am. Publ’g Co., 1 Ill. App. 3d 481, 274 N.E.2d 628 (1971) ...... 7-29 Gay v. Carlson, 60 F.3d 83 (2d Cir. 1995) ...... 8-58, 9-6 Gay v. Williams, 486 F. Supp. 12, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1785 (D. Alaska 1979) ...... 5-100, 6-14 Gazette, Inc. v. Harris, 229 Va. 1, 325 S.E.2d 713, 54 A.L.R.4TH 685, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1609, cert. denied, 472 U.S. 1032 (1985) ...... 2-149, 3-16, 6-5, ...... 10-26, 10-38, 10-42, 10-46, ...... 10-52, 10-53, 16-70 Gbye v. Gbye, 130 N.C. App. 585, 587, 503 S.E.2d 434 (1998) ...... 15-49 Gearhart v. WSAZ, Inc., 150 F. Supp. 98 (E.D. Ky. 1957), aff’d, 254 F.2d 242 (6th Cir. 1958) ...... 2-77 Gearlds v. Entergy Servs., Inc., 709 F.3d 448, 452 (5th Cir. 2013) ...... 13-10 Geary v. Goldstein, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11288 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 2-24, 2-25, ...... 2-62, 12-101

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–91 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Gee v. Pima City, 126 Ariz. 116, 612 P.2d 1079 (Ct. App. 1980) ...... 13-21 Gehrke v. Janowitz, 55 Mich. App. 643, 223 N.W.2d 107 (1974) ...... 13-17, 13-18 Geiger v. Dell Publ’g Co., 719 F.2d 515, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2420 (1st Cir. 1983) ...... 13-68 Geisler v. Petrocelli, 616 F.2d 636, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1023 (2d Cir. 1980) ....2-148, 2-152, 2-165, 5-121, 12-17 Geller v. Randi, 40 F.3d 1300, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1401 (D.C. Cir. 1994) ...... 10-73 Gen. Elec. Co. v. Sargent & Lundy, 916 F.2d 1119 (6th Cir. 1990) ...... 13-3, 13-21, 13-25 Gen. Motors Corp. v. Mendicki, 367 F.2d 66 (10th Cir. 1966) ...... 8-56 Gen. Motors Corp. v. Piskor, 277 Md. 165, 352 A.2d 810 (1976) ...... 2-60, 9-21 Gen. Prods. Co. v. Meredith Corp., 526 F. Supp. 546, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2257 (E.D. Va. 1981) ...... 13-21 Genesis Publ’ns, Inc. v. Goss, 437 So. 2d 169, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2149 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983) .... 10-25 Gengler v. Phelps, 92 N.M. 465, 589 P.2d 1056 (1978) ...... 8-63 Gentry v. Nebraska, 174 Neb. 515, 118 N.W.2d 643 (1962) .... 13-28 George v. Fabri, 345 S.C. 440, 548 S.E.2d 868 (2001) .....4-43, 16-32 Ga. Soc’y of Plastic Surgeons, Inc. v. Anderson, 257 Ga. 710, 363 S.E.2d 140, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2065 (1987) ...... 13-10 Geraci v. Eckankar, 526 N.W.2d 391 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 4-20 Geraci v. Probst, 15 N.Y.3d 336, 938 N.E.2d 917, 912 N.Y.S.2d 484 (2010) ...... 2-113, 2-145 Gernander v. Winona State Univ., 428 N.W.2d 473 (Minn. Ct. App. 1988) ...... 4-10 Gersh v. Ambrose, 291 Md. 188, 434 A.2d 547 (1981) ...... 8-38 Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974) ...... 1-13, 1-14, ...... 1-17, 1-18, 1-19, 1-20, 1-21, ...... 1-22, 1-23, 1-29, 1-33, 1-34, 1-35, ...... 1-36, 1-39, 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, 1-43, 1-48, ...... 1-50, 2-6, 2-8, 2-40, 2-48, 2-58, 2-61, 2-82, ...... 2-84, 2-89, 2-113, 2-134, 2-138, 2-145, 2-146, ...... 2-147, 2-149, 2-151, 2-166, 2-168, 2-169, 2-176, ...... 3-2, 3-3, 3-7, 3-9, 3-11, 3-34, 4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-11, ...... 4-13, 4-15, 4-16, 4-24, 4-52, 4-55, 4-73, 5-3, 5-20, 5-21, ...... 5-22, 5-23, 5-24, 5-26, 5-27, 5-28, 5-40, 5-45, 5-46, 5-50, ...... 5-52, 5-55, 5-56, 5-57, 5-58, 5-59, 5-60, 5-62, 5-64, 5-66,

TOC–92 Table of Cases

...... 5-67, 5-68, 5-70, 5-71, 5-74, 5-103, 5-125, 5-127, 5-134, ...... 5-135, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-6, 6-12, 6-19, 6-20, 6-21, 6-22, 6-24, ...... 6-25, 6-26, 6-27, 6-28, 7-17, 7-62, 9-51, 9-53, 9-54, 10-2, ...... 10-4, 10-5, 10-6, 10-7, 10-11, 10-12, 10-13, 10-14, ...... 10-15, 10-22, 10-23, 10-30, 10-34, 10-35, 10-36, ...... 10-41, 10-43, 10-67, 12-18, 12-31, 12-32, ...... 12-48, 12-76, 12-96, 14-9, 15-20, 15-51, ...... 15-60, 15-61, 16-51, 16-52, ...... 16-53, 16-54, 16-70 Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 680 F.2d 527, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1769 (7th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1226 (1983) ...... 5-90, 5-91, 10-41 Gettner v. Fitzgerald, 297 Ga. App. 258, 677 S.E.2d 149 (2009) ...... 4-63, 5-42 Geyer v. Faiella, 279 N.J. Super. 386, 652 A.2d 1245 (1995) ...... 9-10 Ghafur v. Bernstein, 131 Cal. App. 4th 1230, 32 Cal. Rptr. 3d 626 (2005) ...... 5-9 Ghanam v. Does, 303 Mich. App. 522, 845 N.W.2d 128, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1386 (2014) ...... 14-42 Giant Screen Sports v. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, 553 F.3d 527 (7th Cir. 2009) ...... 2-117 Gibson v. Mut. Life Ins. Co. of N.Y., 121 N.C. App. 284, 465 S.E.2d 56 (1996) ...... 2-25, 2-109, ...... 2-111, 2-127 Gibson v. Overnite Transp. Co., 267 Wis. 2d 429, 671 N.W.2d 388 (Ct. App. 2003) ...... 9-17 Gilbert v. Med. Econ. Co., 665 F.2d 305, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2372 (10th Cir. 1981) ...... 12-48, 12-51, ...... 12-52, 12-58, 12-78 Gilbert v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 43 Cal. App. 4th 1135, 51 Cal. Rptr. 2d 91 (1996) ...... 10-60 Gilbert v. Sykes, 147 Cal. App. 4th 13, 53 Cal. Rptr. 3d 752 (2007) ...... 2-66, 5-34, 5-42, 16-11 Gilbert Shoe Co. v. Rumpf Publ’g Co., 112 F. Supp. 228 (D. Mass. 1953) ...... 2-163 Gilbrook v. City of Westminster, 177 F.3d 839 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1061 (1999) ...... 4-21, 4-22 Gill v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 38 Cal. 2d 273, 239 P.2d 630 (1952) ...... 12-13, 12-23, 12-44 Gill v. Del. Park, LLC, 294 F. Supp. 2d 638 (D. Del. 2003) ...... 2-51, 4-64 Gill v. Hearst Publ’g Co., 40 Cal. 2d 224, 253 P.2d 441 (1953) ...... 12-44, 12-60, 12-68, 12-69

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–93 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Gill v. Hughes, 227 Cal. App. 3d 1299, 278 Cal. Rptr. 306 (1991) ...... 4-17 Gill v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 284 A.D. 36, 129 N.Y.S.2d 288, 49 A.L.R.2D 1452 (3d Dep’t 1954) ...... 10-33 Gillan v. City of San Marino, 147 Cal. App. 4th 1033, 55 Cal. Rptr. 3d 158 (2007) ...... 8-51 Gilliam v. Am. Broad. Cos., 538 F.2d 14 (2d Cir. 1976) ...... 2-63 Gillikin v. Bell, 254 N.C. 244, 118 S.E.2d 609 (1961) ...... 2-171 Gilman v. Spitzer, 902 F. Supp. 2d 389, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2345 (S.D.N.Y. 2012), aff’d, 45 F. App’x 538, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2473 (2d Cir. 2013) ...... 16-28 Ginsburg v. Agora, Inc., 915 F. Supp. 733, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1850 (D. Md. 1995) ...... 13-38, 13-67, 13-68 Gintert v. Howard Publ’ns, Inc., 565 F. Supp. 829, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1793 (N.D. Ind. 1983) ...... 2-164, 13-14, 16-38 Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925) ...... 1-4, 16-75 Giusto v. Ashland Chem. Co., 994 F. Supp. 587 (E.D. Pa. 1998) ...... 8-18, 9-52 Glass v. Gulf Oil Corp., 12 Cal. App. 3d 412, 96 Cal. Rptr. 902 (1970) ...... 13-4, 13-5, 13-6, 13-23 Glass v. Jackson, 65 Ill. App. 3d 732, 382 N.E.2d 709, 22 Ill. Dec. 389 (1978) ...... 8-49 Glazer v. Lampkin, 201 Mich. App. 432, 506 N.W.2d 570, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2311 (1993) ...... 6-4 Gleason v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2183 (D.N.J. 1981) ...... 12-25 Gleeson v. Smolinski, 319 Conn. 394, 125 A.3d 920, 933 (2015) ...... 13-58 Gleichenhaus v. Carlyle, 3 Kan. App. 2d 146, 591 P.2d 635, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2553, rev’d on other grounds, 226 Kan. 167, 597 P.2d 611, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1602 (1979) ...5-31, 16-47 Glenn K. Jackson, Inc. v. Roe, 273 F.3d 1192 (9th Cir. 2001) ...... 2-171, 9-47 Glennon v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 83 F.3d 132 (6th Cir. 1996) ...... 8-60, 9-16 Global Relief Found. v. N.Y. Times Co., 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2485, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17081 (N.D. Ill. 2002) ...... 15-21, 15-51

TOC–94 Table of Cases

Global Relief Found. v. N.Y. Times Co., 390 F.3d 973, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1000 (7th Cir. 2004) ...... 3-14, 3-24, 7-46 Global Telemedia Int’l, Inc. v. Bentley-Stevens, 132 F. Supp. 2d 1261, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1385 (C.D. Cal. 2001) ...... 16-11 Global Telemedia Int’l, Inc. v. John Doe 1, 132 F. Supp. 2d 1261, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1385 (C.D. Cal. 2001) ...... 4-45, 5-47, 14-39 Glover v. Herald Co., 549 S.W.2d 858, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1846 (Mo.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 965 (1977) ...... 5-13, 5-95 Glover v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 594 F.2d 715, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2386 (8th Cir. 1979) ...... 2-133 Gnapinsky v. Goldyn, 23 N.J. 243, 128 A.2d 697 (1957) ...... 2-121, 2-151 Gnat v. Universal C.I.T. Credit Corp., 254 S.C. 112, 173 S.E.2d 658 (1970) ...... 12-40 Gobin v. Globe Publ’g Co., 216 Kan. 223, 531 P.2d 76 (1975) ...... 6-3, 6-8 Gobin v. Globe Publ’g Co., 229 Kan. 1, 620 P.2d 1163, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2398 (1980) ...... 10-55 Gobin v. Globe Publ’g Co., 232 Kan. 1, 649 P.2d 1239, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2191 (1982) ...... 2-126 GoDaddy.com v. Toups, 429 S.W.3d 752 (Tex. App. 2014) ...... 7-11, 13-63 Godbehere v. Phx. Newspapers, Inc., 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2050 (Ariz. Super. Ct. 1988) ...... 7-53, 7-59 Godbehere v. Phx. Newspapers, Inc., 162 Ariz. 335, 783 P.2d 781, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1925 (1989) ...... 12-8, 12-14, 12-18, ...... 12-20, 12-22, 12-34 Godbout v. Cousens, 396 Mass. 254, 485 N.E.2d 940 (1985) ...... 16-48 Goddard v. Protective Life Corp., 82 F. Supp. 2d 545 (E.D. Va. 2000) ...... 13-51 Godin v. Schencks, 629 F.3d 79 (1st Cir. 2010) ...... 16-29 Gohari v. Darvish, 363 Md. 42, 767 A.2d 321 (2001) ...... 9-28, 9-57 Gold v. Harrison, 88 Haw. 94, 962 P.2d 353, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2313 (1998) ...... 2-4, 2-50, 4-48, 10-73 Gold Seal Chinchillas, Inc. v. State, 69 Wash. 2d 828, 420 P.2d 698 (1966) ...... 8-47

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–95 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Goldberg v. Brooks, 409 Ill. App. 3d 106, 948 N.E.2d 1108, 350 Ill. Dec. 601 (2011) ...... 8-49 Goldblatt v. Seaman, 225 A.D.2d 585, 639 N.Y.S.2d 438 (2d Dep’t 1996) ...... 5-105 Goldblum v. Nat’l Broad. Corp., 584 F.2d 904, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1718 (9th Cir. 1978) ...... 12-29 Golden v. Mullen, 295 Ill. App. 3d 865, 693 N.E.2d 385, 230 Ill. Dec. 256 (1997) ...... 8-16 Golden Bear Distrib. Sys., Inc. v. Chase Revel, Inc., 708 F.2d 944, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1857 (5th Cir. 1983) ...... 2-35, 2-165, 4-67, 5-49, 5-113 Golden N. Airways, Inc. v. Tanana Publ’g Co., 218 F.2d 612 (9th Cir. 1954) ...... 2-155, ...... 2-156, 2-170, 2-172 Golden Palace, Inc. v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 386 F. Supp. 107 (D.D.C. 1974), aff’d, 530 F.2d 1094 (D.C. Cir. 1976) ...... 2-170 Goldhirsh Grp., Inc. v. Alpert, 107 F.3d 105 (2d Cir. 1997) ..... 13-40 Goldwater v. Ginzburg, 261 F. Supp. 784 (S.D.N.Y. 1966), aff’d, 414 F.2d 324 (2d Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 1049 (1970) ...... 4-4, 4-65, 16-47 Goldwater v. Ginzburg, 414 F.2d 324 (2d Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 1049 (1970) ...... 3-15, 4-4, 4-65, ...... 5-22, 5-83, 5-84, 5-88, ...... 5-110, 10-7, 10-29, 10-30, 16-47 Golub v. Enquirer/Star Grp., Inc., 89 N.Y.2d 1074, 681 N.E.2d 1282, 659 N.Y.S.2d 836, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1863 (1997) ..... 2-14 Golub v. Esquire Publ’g, Inc., 124 A.D.2d 528, 508 N.Y.S.2d 188, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1687 (1st Dep’t 1986) ...... 13-45 Gomba v. McLaughlin, 180 Colo. 232, 504 P.2d 337 (1972) ...... 3-18, 3-19, 3-20, 3-22 Gonsalves v. Nissan Motor Corp. Haw., Ltd., 58 P.3d 1196 (Haw. 2002) ...... 2-97 Gonzales v. Atlanta Constitution, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2146 (N.D. Ill. 1979) ...... 15-24 Gonzales v. Hearst Corp., 930 S.W.2d 275, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1267 (Tex. App. 1996) ...... 5-110, 5-113 Gonzales v. Times Herald Printing Co., 513 S.W.2d 124 (Tex. Civ. App. 1974) ...... 2-171 Gonzalez v. Gray, 69 F. Supp. 2d 561 (S.D.N.Y. 1999), aff’d, 216 F.3d 1072 (2d Cir. 2000) ...... 4-32, 7-31

TOC–96 Table of Cases

Gonzalez v. Sessom, 137 P.3d 1245 (Okla. Civ. Ct. App. 2006) ...... 2-150 Gooch v. Md. Mech. Sys., Inc., 81 Md. App. 376, 567 A.2d 954 (1990) ...... 2-4 Good Gov’t Grp., Inc. v. Superior Court, 22 Cal. 3d 672, 150 Cal. Rptr. 258, 586 P.2d 572, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2082 (1978), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 961 (1979) ...... 2-28, 2-31, 4-53, ...... 4-65, 5-115, 16-37, 16-40 Good Hope Indus., Inc. v. Ryder Scott Co., 378 Mass. 1, 389 N.E.2d 76 (1979) ...... 15-2, 15-4 Goodman v. Carr, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1418 (Mass. Super. 1992) ...... 2-84 Goodman v. Temple Shir Ami, Inc., 712 So. 2d 775 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1998) ...... 4-76 Goodrich v. Waterbury Republican-Am., Inc., 188 Conn. 107, 448 A.2d 1317, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2329 (1982) ...... 3-18, 3-19, 3-27, 4-10, ...... 4-37, 12-8, 12-15, 12-18, 12-19, 12-32 Goodrick v. Gannett Co., 500 F. Supp. 125, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2165 (D. Del. 1980) ...... 5-14 Goolsby v. Forum Printing Co., 23 N.D. 30, 135 N.W. 661 (1912) ...... 11-8 Goolsby v. Wilson, 146 Ga. App. 288, 246 S.E.2d 371 (1978) ...... 8-52 Goral v. Kulys, 2014 IL App (1st) 133236, 21 N.E.3d 64, 386 Ill. Dec. 578, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2643 (2014) ...... 16-20 Gordon v. Boyles, 9 P.3d 1106, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2409 (Colo. 2000) ...... 14-17, 14-25 Gordon v. Boyles, 99 P.3d 75 (Colo. Ct. App. 2004) ...... 2-11, 2-33, ...... 2-133, 2-135, 13-74 Gordon & Breach Sci. Publishers S.A. v. Am. Inst. of Physics, 859 F. Supp. 1521 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) ...... 13-33, 13-35 Gordy v. Daily News LP, 95 F.3d 829, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2301 (9th Cir. 1996) ...... 15-20, 15-21, ...... 15-25, 15-29 Gore v. Health-Tex, Inc., 567 So. 2d 1307 (Ala. 1990) ...... 2-97 Gore v. Trans World Airlines, 210 F.3d 944 (8th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 921 (2001) ...... 2-4, 8-58 Gorman v. Swaggart, 524 So. 2d 915, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2107 (La. Ct. App. 1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1017 (1989) ...... 2-165, 12-30

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–97 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Gorst v. Ferguson, 431 F. Supp. 125 (W.D. Okla. 1977) ...... 8-34 Gosden v. Louis, 116 Ohio App. 3d 195, 687 N.E.2d 481 (1996) ...... 2-117, 10-7, 10-35, ...... 10-54, 10-55, 13-69 Gosling v. Conagra, Inc., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5356 (N.D. Ill. 1996) ...... 2-25, 2-47 Gottschalk v. State, 575 P.2d 289 (Alaska 1978) ...... 2-33, 3-4 Gough v. Tribune-Journal Co., 75 Idaho 502, 275 P.2d 663 (1954) ...... 2-20 Gould v. Md. Sound Indus., Inc., 31 Cal. App. 4th 1137, 37 Cal. Rptr. 2d 718 (1995) ...... 2-25, ...... 9-19, 16-4 Gov’t Micro Res., Inc. v. Jackson, 271 Va. 29, 624 S.E.2d 63 (2006) ...... 10-26 Govito v. W. Jersey Health Sys., Inc., 332 N.J. Super. 293, 753 A.2d 716 (App. Div. 2000) ...... 9-55 Grab v. Poughkeepsie Newspapers, Inc., 91 Misc. 2d 1003, 399 N.Y.S.2d 97 (Dutchess Cnty. 1977) ...... 3-22 Graboff v. Colleran Firm, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44245 (E.D. Pa. 2013), aff'd on other grounds, 744 F.3d 128, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1545 (3d Cir. 2014) ...... 2-34, 3-19, ...... 12-18, 12-20, 12-21 Grafton v. Am. Broad. Cos., 70 Ohio App. 2d 205, 435 N.E.2d 1131, 24 Ohio Op. 3d 259, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1134 (1980) ...... 7-35 Graham v. Contract Transp., Inc., 220 F.3d 910 (8th Cir. 2000) ...... 8-57 Graham v. N.Y. News, Inc., 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2356 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1977) ...... 2-144, 5-10 Granada Biosciences, Inc. v. Forbes, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 610, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2281 (Tex. App. 2001) ...... 8-2, 13-20 Grand Park Surgical Ctr., Inc. v. Inland Steel Co., 930 F. Supp. 1214 (N.D. Ill. 1996) ...... 8-58 Granger v. Time, Inc., 174 Mont. 42, 568 P.2d 535, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1021 (1977) ...... 2-148, 2-149, ...... 2-154, 2-155, 2-158 Grant v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 151 F.2d 733 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 326 U.S. 797 (1945) ...... 15-51 Grass v. News Grp. Publ’ns, Inc., 570 F. Supp. 178, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2129 (S.D.N.Y. 1983) ...... 5-26, 15-56 Grasso v. Mathew, 164 A.D.2d 476, 564 N.Y.S.2d 576 (3d Dep’t 1991) ...... 8-6 Grau v. Kleinschmidt, 31 Ohio St. 84, 509 N.E.2d 399, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1353 (1987) ...... 16-58, 16-60 Gravel v. United States, 408 U.S. 606 (1972) ...... 8-25, 8-26

TOC–98 Table of Cases

Graves v. City of Durant, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20335 (N.D. Iowa 2010) ...... 9-58 Graves v. Man Grp. USA, Inc., 479 F. Supp. 2d 850 (N.D. Ill. 2007) ...... 2-68 Gray v. Allison Div., Gen. Motors Corp., 52 Ohio App. 2d 348, 6 Ohio Op. 3d 396, 370 N.E.2d 747 (1977) ...... 6-25, 9-21 Gray v. Am. Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., 22 Ill. 2d 432, 176 N.E.2d 761 (1961) ...... 15-4 Gray v. AT&T Corp., 357 F.3d 763 (8th Cir. 2004) ...... 2-102 Gray v. Cent. Bank & Trust Co., 562 S.W.2d 656 (Ky. Ct. App. 1978) ...... 8-45 Gray v. Press Commc’ns, LLC, 342 N.J. Super. 1, 775 A.2d 678, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2078 (2001) ...... 2-34 Gray v. St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 221 F.3d 243 (1st Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1075 (2001) ...... 2-4, 4-23, 4-31, 4-41, 5-31, ...... 5-97, 5-103, 7-54, 14-16 Gray v. State, 624 A.2d 479 (Me. 1993) ...... 13-61 Gray v. Udevitz, 656 F.2d 588, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1872 (10th Cir. 1981) ...... 5-8, 5-11 Grayson v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 72 Wash. 2d 999, 436 P.2d 756 (1967) ...... 1-12, 5-31 Great Coastal Express, Inc. v. Ellington, 230 Va. 142, 334 S.E.2d 846, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1100 (1985) ...... 6-23, 9-47, 9-57, 10-24, 10-34 Great Lakes Capital, Ltd. v. Plain Dealer Publ’g Co., 2008 Ohio 6495 (2008) ...... 5-31 Grebner v. Runyon, 132 Mich. App. 327, 347 N.W.2d 741, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1719 (1984) ...... 5-112 Green v. CBS, Inc., 286 F.3d 281, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1701 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 887 (2002) ...... 2-40, 3-24, 7-46, 12-43 Green v. Chi. Tribune Co., 286 Ill. App. 3d 1, 675 N.E.2d 249, 221 Ill. Dec. 342 (1996) ...... 12-25, 12-39, ...... 12-58, 12-69, 13-55 Green v. Kinsella, 36 A.D.2d 677, 319 N.Y.S.2d 780 (4th Dep’t 1971) ...... 9-56 Green v. N. Publ’g Co., 655 P.2d 736, 38 A.L.R.4TH 817, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2515 (Alaska 1982), cert. denied, 463 U.S. 1208 (1983) ...... 5-12, 16-45 Green v. Rogers, 234 Ill. 2d 478, 917 N.E.2d 450, 334 Ill. Dec. 624 (2009) ...... 2-69, 2-135 Green v. USF&G Corp., 772 F. Supp. 1258 (S.D. Fla. 1991) ...... 15-30

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–99 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Green Acres Trust v. London, 141 Ariz. 609, 688 P.2d 617 (1984) ...... 7-36, 8-2, 8-6, 8-9, 8-16, 8-21 Green Valley Sch. Inc. v. Cowles Fla. Broad., Inc., 327 So. 2d 810 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1976) ...... 12-93, 12-97 Greenbelt Coop. Publ’g Ass’n v. Bresler, 398 U.S. 6 (1970) ...... 1-7, 1-13, 1-26, 1-28, 1-31, ...... 1-45, 2-31, 2-45, 2-47, 2-52, ...... 2-88, 4-13, 4-43, 4-48, 5-26, 5-40, ...... 5-76, 5-80, 5-117, 5-128, 16-62 Greenberg v. CBS, Inc., 69 A.D.2d 693, 419 N.Y.S.2d 988, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1470 (2d Dep’t 1979) ...... 6-9, 6-19, ...... 7-61, 14-33, 16-57 Greenberg v. Dow Jones & Co., N.Y.L.J., Apr. 5, 1978 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1978) ...... 2-48, 2-144 Greenfield v. Schmidt Baking Co., 199 W. Va. 447, 485 S.E.2d 391 (1997) ...... 8-58 Greenky v. Toussaint, 2010 N.Y. Slip Op. 30214U, 2010 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 1183 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 2010) ...... 2-49 Greenwood Trust Co. v. Conley, 938 P.2d 1141 (Colo. 1997) ...... 9-24 Gregoire v. Biddle, 177 F.2d 579 (2d Cir. 1949), cert. denied, 339 U.S. 949 (1950) ...... 8-2, 8-4 Gregoire v. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 298 N.Y. 119, 81 N.E.2d 45 (1948) ...... 2-105, 2-108, 7-5 Gregory v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 17 Cal. 3d 596, 552 P.2d 425, 131 Cal. Rptr. 641 (1976) ...... 2-52, 4-32, 4-53, 4-56, 4-65 Gregory’s, Inc. v. Haan, 1996 S.D. 35, 545 N.W.2d 488 (1996) ...... 13-4, 13-26 Grein v. La Poma, 54 Wash. 2d 844, 340 P.2d 766 (1950) ...... 2-12 Grenier v. Taylor, 234 Cal. App. 4th 471, 482 Cal. Rptr. 3d 867, 75 (2015) ...... 16-11, 16-12 Griffis v. Luban, 646 N.W.2d 527 (Minn. 2002) ...... 15-20, 15-35, 15-36 Grigorenko v. Pauls, 297 F. Supp. 2d 446 (D. Conn. 2003) ...... 12-39, 12-40 Grillo v. John Alden Life Ins. Co., 939 F. Supp. 1685 (D. Minn. 1996) ...... 2-49 Grillo v. Smith, 144 Cal. App. 3d 868, 193 Cal. Rptr. 414 (1983) ...... 2-47 Grimsby v. Samson, 85 Wash. 2d 52, 530 P.2d 291 (1975) ...... 13-52

TOC–100 Table of Cases

Grimsley v. Guccione, 703 F. Supp. 903, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1659 (M.D. Ala. 1988) ...... 2-17, 2-42 Grist v. Upjohn Co., 16 Mich. App. 452, 168 N.W.2d 389 (1969) ...... 2-96, 2-99 Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965) ...... 12-4 Grobe v. Three Vill. Herald, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1829 (Suffolk Cnty. 1978), aff’d, 69 A.D.2d 175, 420 N.Y.S.2d 3, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1769 (2d Dep’t 1979), aff’d, 49 N.Y.2d 932, 406 N.E.2d 491, 428 N.Y.S.2d 676, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1367 (1980) ...... 5-43, 6-19 Groden v. Random House, Inc., 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2257, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11794 (S.D.N.Y. 1994), aff’d, 61 F.3d 1045, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2203 (2d Cir. 1995) ...... 3-31, 4-18, 4-46, 4-58, 4-66, ...... 5-136, 12-87, 12-88, 13-35 Grogan v. KOKH, LLC, 256 P.3d 1021, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1641 (Okla. Ct. App. 2011) ...... 5-81 Gross v. N.Y. Times Co., 82 N.Y.2d 146, 623 N.E.2d 1163, 603 N.Y.S.2d 813, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2142 (1993) ...... 4-26, 4-31, 4-33, ...... 4-48, 4-63, 5-14 Grossman v. Carnes, 254 Ark. 987, 497 S.W.2d 47 (1973) ...... 5-9 Grossman v. Smart, 807 F. Supp. 1404 (C.D. Ill. 1992) ...... 3-8, 5-9, 5-17, 6-28, 10-11 Grotti v. Belo Corp., 188 S.W.3d 768 (Tex. App. 2006) ...... 3-14, 3-24 Grove v. Morgan, 576 P.2d 1155, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2053 (Okla. 1978) ...... 2-154 Grower v. State, 23 A.D.2d 506, 255 N.Y.S.2d 135 (3d Dep’t 1965), aff’d, 19 N.Y.2d 625, 224 N.E.2d 899, 278 N.Y.S.2d 408 (1967) ...... 4-74 Gruschus v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 342 F.2d 775 (10th Cir. 1965) ...... 2-172, 12-25, 12-26 Gruss v. Zwirn, 276 F.R.D. 115 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) ...... 6-18 Grzelak v. Calumet Publ’g Co., 543 F.2d 579 (7th Cir. 1975) ...... 5-13, 16-45 Guam Fed’n of Teachers, Local 1581, A.F.T. v. Ysrael, 492 F.2d 438 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 872 (1974) ...... 16-37, 16-59 Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am. v. Am. Guardian Life Assurance Co., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18772 (E.D. Pa. 1995) ...... 13-35

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–101 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Guardian Royal Exch. Assurance, Ltd. v. English China Clays, P.L.C., 815 S.W.2d 223 (Tex. 1991) .... 15-16 Guccione v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 800 F.2d 298, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1316 (2d Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1091 (1987) ...... 2-83, 3-18 Guerrero v. Carva, 10 A.D.3d 105, 779 N.Y.S.2d 12 (1st Dep’t 2004) ...... 16-28 Gugliuzza v. KCMC, Inc., 606 So. 2d 790, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1866 (La. 1992) ...... 2-171 Guilford Transp. Indus. v. Wilner, 760 A.2d 580 (D.C. 2000) ...... 2-117, 4-32, 4-33, 16-38 Guinn v. Church of Christ, 1989 OK 8, 775 P.2d 766 (1989) ...... 4-79 Guitar v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 396 F. Supp. 1042 (S.D.N.Y. 1975), aff’d without opinion, 538 F.2d 309 (2d Cir. 1976) ...... 16-34 Guldberg v. Greenfield, 259 Iowa 873, 146 N.W.2d 298 (1966) ...... 13-17 Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501 (1947) ...... 15-43 Gulf Publ’g Co. v. Lee, 434 So. 2d 687, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1865 (Miss. 1983) ...... 5-113 Gulrajaney v. Petricha, 381 N.J. Super. 241, 885 A.2d 496 (App. Div. 2005) ...... 5-15 Gunduz v. N.Y. Post Co., 188 A.D.2d 294, 590 N.Y.S.2d 494, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2071 (1st Dep’t 1992) ...... 2-43, 2-45 Gunsberg v. Roseland Corp., 34 Misc. 2d 220, 225 N.Y.S.2d 1020 (Sup. Ct. Queens Cnty. 1962) ...... 2-47 Gurda v. Orange Cnty. Publ’ns Div. of Ottaway Newspapers, Inc., 56 N.Y.2d 705, 436 N.E.2d 1326, 451 N.Y.S.2d 417, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1120 (1982), rev’g, 81 A.D.2d 120, 439 N.Y.S.2d 417, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2000 (2d Dep’t 1981) ...... 3-21, 7-21, 7-41 Guthrie v. Annabel, 50 Ill. App. 3d 969, 365 N.E.2d 1367, 8 Ill. Dec. 905, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1152 (1977) ...... 5-28, 5-99, 5-100 Gutierrez de Martinez v. Lamagno, 515 U.S. 417 (1995) ...... 8-27, 8-28 Gutter v. Dow Jones & Co., 22 Ohio St. 3d 286, 490 N.E.2d 898, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1999 (1986) ...... 13-67, 13-68 Gyonlekaj v. Sot, 308 A.D.2d 471, 764 N.Y.S.2d 278, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1156 (2d Dep’t 2003) ...... 2-30

TOC–102 Table of Cases

H Haas v. Gill, 527 So. 2d 368, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2323 (La. Ct. App. 1988) ...... 4-34 Haas v. Painter, 62 Or. App. 719, 662 P.2d 768, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1665, review denied, 295 Or. 297, 668 P.2d 381 (1983) ...... 4-11 Haberstroh v. Crain Publ’ns, Inc., 189 Ill. App. 3d 267, 545 N.E.2d 295, 136 Ill. Dec. 771, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2423 (1989) ...... 2-50, 2-52, 2-71, 4-33 Hadley v. Subscriber Doe, 2014 IL App (2d) 130489, 12 N.E.3d 75, 382 Ill. Dec. 75 (2014) ...... 14-41 Hagberg v. Cal. Fed. Bank FSB, 32 Cal. 4th 350, 7 Cal. Rptr. 3d 803 (2004) ...... 8-19 Hagendorf v. Brown, 699 F.2d 478 (9th Cir.), amended, 707 F.2d 1018 (1983) ...... 8-13 Haggerty v. Globe Newspaper Co., 383 Mass. 406, 419 N.E.2d 844, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1615 (1981) ...... 12-11, 12-49 Hagler v. Procter & Gamble Mfg. Co., 884 S.W.2d 771 (Tex. 1994) ...... 9-49 Haguewood v. Gannett River States Publ’g Corp., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 47508 (D. Miss. 2007) ...... 5-10 Hahn v. City of Kenner, 984 F. Supp. 436 (E.D. La. 1997) ...... 8-30, 8-31, 16-57 Hahn v. Kotten, 43 Ohio St. 2d 237, 331 N.E.2d 713 (1975) ...... 9-3, 9-5, 9-9 Hahnemannian Life Ins. Co. v. Beebe, 48 Ill. 87 (1868) ...... 4-66 Hailey v. KTBS, Inc., 935S.W.2d 857 (Tex. App. 1996) ...... 5-10 Hailstone v. Martinez, 169 Cal. App. 4th 728, 87 Cal. Rptr. 3d 347 (2008) ...... 16-11 Halbert v. City of Sherman, 33 F.3d 526 (5th Cir. 1994) ...... 9-10 Halco v. Davey, 919 A.2d 626 (Me. 2007) ...... 12-19 Hale v. City of Billings, 986 P.2d 413, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1321 (Mont. 1999) ...... 16-55 Haley v. Casa del Rey Homeowners Ass’n, 153 Cal. App. 4th 863, 63 Cal. Rptr. 3d 514 (2007) ...... 2-92 Hall v. Piedmont Publ’g Co., 46 N.C. App. 760, 266 S.E.2d 397, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1333 (1980) ...... 5-14 Hall v. Post, 323 N.C. 259, 372 S.E.2d 711, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2329 (1988) ...... 12-10, 12-77 Hall v. Smith, 214 Ariz. 309, 152 P.3d 1192 (Ct. App. 2007) ...... 8-6

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–103 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Hallmark Builders, Inc. v. Gaylord Broad. Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1981 (11th Cir. 1984) ...... 2-77 Halpern v. News-Sun Broad. Co., 53 Ill. App. 3d 644, 368 N.E.2d 1062, 11 Ill. Dec. 454, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1536 (1977) ...... 7-31, 10-31 Halsell v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 683 F.2d 285 (8th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1205 (1983) ...... 2-102 Hamberger v. Eastman, 106 N.H.107, 206 A.2d 239 (1964) ...... 12-10 Hamerman v. Kolt, 210 A.D.2d 454, 621 N.Y.S.2d 97 (2d Dep’t 1994) ...... 9-58 Hamilton v. Crown Life Ins. Co., 246 Or. 1, 423 P.2d 771 (1967) ...... 12-69 Hamilton v. Hammons, 792 So. 2d 956 (Miss. 2001) ...... 2-4, 4-49 Hamilton v. Lumbermen’s Mut. Cas. Co., 82 So. 2d 61 (La. Ct. App. 1955) ...... 12-23 Hamilton v. Prewett, 860 N.E.2d 1234 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) ...... 2-62, 5-117, 16-23 Hammer v. City of Osage Beach, 318 F.3d 832 (8th Cir. 2003) ...... 4-31, 4-49, 4-64 Hammer v. Slater, 20 F.3d 1137, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2233 (11th Cir. 1994) ...... 9-47, 13-62 Hammerhead Enters., Inc. v. Brezenoff, 551 F. Supp. 1360 (S.D.N.Y. 1982), aff’d, 707 F.2d 33 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 892 (1983) ...... 6-18 Hammerstein v. Lindsay, 440 Pa. Super. 350, 655 A.2d 597 (1995) ...... 10-70 Hampton v. Dispatch Printing Co., 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2093 (Ohio Ct. App. 1988) ...... 2-127, 2-140 Han Ye Lee v. Colo. Times, Inc., 222 P.3d 957, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1054 (Colo. Ct. App. 2009) ...... 2-133 Hanberry v. Hearst Corp., 276 Cal. App. 2d 680, 81 Cal. Rptr. 519 (1969) ...... 13-69 Hancock v. Variyam, 400 S.W.3d 59 (Tex. 2013) ...... 2-139 Handelman v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 469 F. Supp. 1048 (S.D.N.Y. 1978) ...... 2-75, 2-144, 15-54 Handelsman v. S.F. Chronicle, 11 Cal. App. 3d 381, 90 Cal. Rptr. 188 (1970) ...... 7-41

TOC–104 Table of Cases

Handley v. May, 588 S.W.2d 772 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1979) ...... 10-38 Handlin v. Burkhart, 220 A.D.2d 559, 632 N.Y.S.2d 608 (2d Dep’t 1995) ...... 8-62 Hanenberg v. Borough of Bath, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10161 (E.D. Pa. 1994) ...... 13-48, 16-5 Hanish v. Westinghouse Broad. Co., 487 F. Supp. 397, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1383 (E.D. Pa. 1980) ...... 7-27 Hanley v. Tribune Publ’g Co., 527 F.2d 68 (9th Cir. 1975) ...... 15-53 Hannah v. Belger, 436 F.2d 96 (5th Cir. 1971) ...... 13-70 Hannon v. Timberline Publ’g, Inc., 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1244 (Colo. Dist. 1991) ...... 13-42 Hanrahan v. Horn, 232 Kan. 531, 657 P.2d 561, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1216 (1983) ...... 5-45, 13-48, 13-54 Hansen v. Berger, Lehman Assocs., P.C., 1994 Conn. Super. LEXIS 2608 (Conn. Super. Ct. 1994) ...... 2-102 Hansen v. Kohler, 550 P.2d 186 (Utah 1976) ...... 13-25 Hansen v. Stoll, 130 Ariz. 454, 636 P.2d 1236, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1204 (Ct. App. 1981) ...... 10-25 Hanson v. Globe Newspaper Co., 159 Mass. 293, 34 N.E. 462, 20 L.R.A. 856 (1893) ...... 2-149 Hanzimanolis v. City of New York, 88 Misc. 2d 681, 388 N.Y.S.2d 826 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1976) ...... 8-42 Hardin v. Santa Fe Reporter, Inc., 745 F.2d 1323, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1323 (10th Cir. 1984) ...... 16-71 Harkonen v. Fleming, 880 F. Supp. 2d 1071 (N.D. Cal. 2012) ...... 16-18 Harley-Davidson Motorsports, Inc. v. Markley, 279 Or. 361, 568 P.2d 1359 (1977) ...... 3-30, 6-24 Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800 (1982) ...... 8-34, 8-67 Harman v. Belk, 165 N.C. App. 819, 600 S.E.2d 43 (2004) ...... 8-7, 8-10 Harmon v. Orlando Fla. Sentinel, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2195 (M.D. Fla. 1991) ...... 13-71 Harms v. Miami Daily News, Inc., 127 So. 2d 715 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1961) ...... 12-59, 12-69 Harnish v. Herald-Mail Co., 264 Md. 326, 286 A.2d 146 (1972) ...... 12-57

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–105 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Harper v. Walters, 822 F. Supp. 817, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1673 (D.D.C. 1993) ...... 7-26, 7-27, 7-31 Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters., Inc., 471 U.S. 539, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1969 (1985) ...... 3-9 Harper House, Inc. v. Thomas Nelson, Inc., 889 F.2d 197 (9th Cir. 1989) ...... 13-32 Harrel v. Dillards Dep’t Stores, Inc., 268 Ill. App. 3d 537, 644 N.E.2d 448, 205 Ill. Dec. 892 (1994) ...... 2-97, 9-5, 9-42, 9-48 Harrington v. Costello, 467 Mass. 720, 7 N.E.3d 449 (2014) ...... 2-108 Harris v. Hirsh, 161 A.D.2d 452, 555 N.Y.S.2d 735 (1st Dep’t 1990) ...... 9-39 Harris v. Hirsh, 86 N.Y.2d 207, 654 N.E.2d 975, 630 N.Y.S.2d 701 (1995) ...... 8-58 Harris v. Horton, 341 S.W.3d 264 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009) ...... 12-38 Harris v. Jones, 281 Md. 560, 380 A.2d 611 (1977) ...... 13-48 Harris v. News-Sun, 269 Ill. App. 3d 648, 646 N.E.2d 8, 206 Ill. Dec. 876 (1995) ...... 8-49 Harris v. Quadracci, 856 F. Supp. 513, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2147 (E.D. Wis. 1994), aff’d, 48 F.3d 247, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1296 (7th Cir. 1995) ...... 5-21, 5-24, 5-64, ...... 5-65, 5-71, 5-110, 5-111 Harris v. Sch. Annual Publ’g Co., 466 So. 2d 963 (Ala. 1985) ...... 2-17 Harris v. Tomczak, 94 F.R.D. 687, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2145 (E.D. Cal. 1982) ...... 1-33, 5-20, ...... 5-21, 5-22, 5-26, 5-37 Harrison v. Bush, 119 Eng. Rep. 509 [1855] ...... 9-26 Harrison v. Chi. Sun-Times, Inc., 341 Ill. App. 3d 555, 793 N.E.2d 760, 276 Ill. Dec. 1, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1371 (2003) ...... 2-43, 3-21 Harstad v. Whiteman, 338 S.W.3d 804 (Ky. Ct. App. 2011) ...... 9-29 Hart v. Bennet, 2003 WI App. 231, 672 N.W.2d 306 (Ct. App. 2003) ...... 7-3 Hart v. Elec. Arts, Inc., 808 F. Supp. 2d 757 (D.N.J. 2011) ...... 12-91 Hart v. Playboy Enters., Inc., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1616 (D. Kan. 1978) ...... 14-16

TOC–106 Table of Cases

Hart v. Playboy Enters., Inc., 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1811 (D. Kan. 1979) ...... 5-8 Harte-Hanks Commc’ns, Inc. v. Connaughton, 491 U.S. 657, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1881 (1989) ...... 1-27, 1-47, 1-48, ...... 3-15, 5-4, 5-74, 5-75, 5-77, 5-83, 5-86, ...... 5-87, 5-90, 5-92, 5-95, 5-99, 5-100, 5-103, ...... 5-110, 5-114, 5-132, 7-50, 10-32, 16-62, ...... 16-63, 16-65, 16-72, 16-75 Harte-Hanks Commc’ns, Inc. v. Connaughton, 842 F.2d 825, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2209 (6th Cir. 1988) ...... 1-48 Hartman v. Buerger, 71 Wis. 2d 393, 238 N.W.2d 505 (1976) ...... 8-37, 8-41 Hartman v. Keri, 883 N.E.2d 774 (Ind. 2008) ...... 8-38 Hartman v. Shell Oil Co., 68 Cal. App. 3d 240, 137 Cal. Rptr. 244 (1977) ...... 10-33 Hartmann v. Am. News Co., 171 F.2d 581 (7th Cir. 1948), cert. denied, 337 U.S. 907 (1949) ...... 7-9 Hartmann v. Bos. Herald-Traveler Corp., 323 Mass. 56, 80 N.E.2d 16 (1948) ...... 4-73 Hartmann v. Time, Inc., 166 F.2d 127 (3d Cir. 1947), cert. denied, 334 U.S. 838 (1948) ..... 9-58, 15-50 Harwood Pharmacal Co. v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 9 N.Y.2d 460, 174 N.E.2d 602, 214 N.Y.S.2d 725 (1961) ...... 2-165 Hashemi v. Campaigner Publ’ns, Inc., 572 F. Supp. 331, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2588 (N.D. Ga. 1983), aff’d on other grounds, 737 F.2d 1538, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2256 (11th Cir. 1984) ...... 2-114 Hatfill v. Foster, 372 F. Supp. 2d 725 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), overruled on other grounds, 415 F. Supp. 2d 353 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) ...... 15-50 Hatfill v. Foster, 401 F. Supp. 2d 320, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1005 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), overruled on other grounds, 415 F. Supp. 2d 353 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) ...... 3-24, 15-52, 15-60 Hatfill v. N.Y. Times Co., 416 F.3d 320, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2057 (4th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 1619 (2006) ...... 2-134, 13-55 Hatfill v. N.Y. Times Co., 416 F.3d 320, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2057 (4th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1040 (2006) ...... 2-34, 2-68, 16-6 Hatfill v. N.Y. Times Co., 427 F.3d 253 (4th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 1619 (2006) ...... 13-55, 16-5

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–107 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Hatfill v. N.Y. Times Co., 427 F.3d 253 (4th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1040 (2006) ...... 2-6, 16-4, 16-6, 16-41 Hatfill v. N.Y. Times Co., 532 F.3d 312 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 765 (U.S. 2008) ...... 5-23, 5-26, 5-34, ...... 5-84, 13-62, 14-33 Hatjioannou v. Tribune Co., 3 Fla. Supp. 2d 143, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2637 (Cir. Ct. 1982) ...... 7-35 Haueter v. Cowles Publ’g Co., 61 Wash. App. 572, 811 P.2d 231, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2107 (1991) ...... 2-17, 2-171, 4-19, 9-25, 9-41, 16-51 Hauptman v. Edwards, Inc., 170 Mont. 310, 553 P.2d 975 (1976) ...... 13-25 Hauser v. Urchisin, 231 So. 2d 6 (Fla. 1970) ...... 7-23 Havalunch, Inc. v. Mazza, 294 S.E.2d 70 (W. Va. 1981) ...... 4-11, 6-5 Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. v. Norris, 512 U.S. 246 (1994) ...... 8-58 Hawkins v. Harris, 141 N.J. 207, 661 A.2d 284 (1995) ...... 8-2, 8-3, 8-5, 8-6, 8-13, 8-22 Hawkins v. Mercy Health Servs., Inc., 230 Mich. App. 315, 583 N.W.2d 725 (1998) ...... 2-35 Hawkins v. Multimedia, Inc., 288 S.C. 569, 344 S.E.2d 145, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1878, cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1012 (1986) ...... 12-51, 12-59 Hawley v. Atl. Cellular Tel. Corp., 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13056 (D. Me. 1994), aff’d, 1995 U.S. App. LEXIS 7750 (1st Cir. 1995) .... 12-40, 13-61 Hawran v. Hixson, 209 Cal. App. 4th 256, 147 Cal. Rptr. 3d 88 (2012) ...... 16-11, 16-15 Hay v. Indep. Newspapers, Inc., 450 So. 2d 293, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1928 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1984) ...... 2-32 Hayes v. Booth Newspapers, Inc., 97 Mich. App. 758, 295 N.W.2d 858, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2319 (1980) ...... 5-45 Hayes v. Press Co., 127 Pa. 642, 18 A. 331 (1889) ...... 2-42 Hayes v. Rodgers, 447 S.W.2d 597 (Ky. 1969) ...... 8-25 Hayes v. Smith, 832 P.2d 1022 (Colo. Ct. App. 1981) ...... 2-34 Hayford v. ForresterPaton, (1927) S.C. 740 (Scot.) ...... 9-46 Hayhurst v. Timberlake, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18428 (D.N.H. 1994) ...... 10-29, 10-39 Haynes v. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 8 F.3d 1222, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2161 (7th Cir. 1993) ...... 1-50, 2-86, ...... 3-17, 3-20, 3-22, 4-22, 4-23, 4-34, 4-40, ...... 12-48, 12-52, 12-58, 12-66, 12-72, 12-79, 12-80

TOC–108 Table of Cases

Haynes v. Lemann, 1996 U.S. App. LEXIS 1492 (9th Cir. 1996) ...... 2-91 Hayward v. Watsonville Register-Pajaronian & Sun, 265 Cal. App. 2d 255, 71 Cal. Rptr. 295 (1968) ...... 3-20, 7-29 Haywood v. St. Michaels Coll., 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 177468 (D. Vt. 2012) ...... 16-25 HBO v. Harrison, 983 S.W.2d 31 (Tex. App. 1998) ...... 5-13, 5-71, 16-33 H.E. Crawford Co. v. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., 241 F.2d 387 (4th Cir. 1957) ...... 10-25 Healey v. New Eng. Newspapers, Inc., 520 A.2d 147, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2148 (R.I. 1987) ...... 4-11 Healey v. New Eng. Newspapers, Inc., 555 A.2d 321, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1753 (R.I.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 814 (1989) ..... 2-6, 4-48 Heard v. Johnson, 810 A.2d 871 (D.C. 2002) ...... 4-76 Hearings Concerning Canon 35 of the Canons of Judicial Ethics, In re, 132 Colo. 591, 296 P.2d 465 (1956) ...... 12-56 Hearings on Immunity for Ethics Complainants, In re, 96 N.J. 669, 477 A.2d 339 (1984) ...... 8-43 Hearst Corp. v. Hoppe, 90 Wash. 2d 123, 580 P.2d 246, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2399 (1978) ...... 12-64 Hearst Corp. v. Hughes, 297 Md. 112, 466 A.2d 486, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2504 (1983) ...... 2-80 Hearst Corp. v. Skeen, 159 S.W.3d 633, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1434 (Tex. 2005) ...... 5-87, 5-101 Hebrew Acad. of S.F. v. Goldman, 42 Cal. 4th 883, 70 Cal. Rptr. 3d 178, 173 P.3d 1004, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1149 (2007) ...... 2-110, 7-5 Hecht v. Levin, 66 Ohio St. 3d 458, 613 N.E.2d 585 (1993) ...... 8-7, 8-36 Hecimovich v. Encinal Sch. Parent Teacher Org., 203 Cal. App. 4th 450, 137 Cal. Rptr. 3d 455 (2012) ...... 16-14 Hedgepeth v. Coleman, 183 N.C. 309, 111 S.E. 517, 24 A.L.R. 232 (1922) ...... 2-96 Heeb v. Smith, 613 N.E.2d 416, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1558 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993) ...... 16-38 Heerey v. Berke, 188 Ill. App. 3d 527, 544 N.E.2d 1037, 136 Ill. Dec. 262 (1989) ...... 10-8 Hein v. Lacy, 228 Kan. 249, 616 P.2d 277, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1662 (1980) ...... 2-43

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–109 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Heishman, Inc. v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 217 F. Supp. 2d 690, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2213 (E.D. Va. 2002) ...... 6-5 Held v. Pokorny, 583 F. Supp. 1038, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1974 (S.D.N.Y. 1984) ...... 2-17, 2-46 Held v. Silver, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 148514 (D. Conn. 2013) ...... 2-126, 2-135 Helena Chem. Co. v. Uribe, 281 P.3d 237 (N.M. 2012) ...... 8-12 Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408 (1984) ...... 15-16, 15-17 Hellar v. Bianco, 111 Cal. App. 2d 424, 244 P.2d 757 (1952) ...... 2-93, 12-40 Heller v. Fulare, 454 F.3d 174 (3d Cir. 2006) ...... 8-50 Helmicks v. Stevlingson, 212 Wis. 614, 250 N.W. 402, 91 A.L.R. 1158 (1933) ...... 2-149 Helton v. United Press Int’l, 303 So. 2d 650 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1974) ...... 15-61 Helton v. United States, 191 F. Supp. 2d 179 (D.D.C. 2002) ...... 12-93 Henderson v. Times Mirror Co., 669 F. Supp. 356, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1659 (D. Colo. 1987), aff’d, 876 F.2d 108 (10th Cir. 1989) ...... 2-49, 4-9, 4-53, 4-54, ...... 12-5, 13-16, 13-21, 13-38, 13-42 Henderson v. Walled Lake Consol. Sch., 469 F.3d 479 (6th Cir. 2006) ...... 2-174 Hendry v. Conner, 303 Minn. 317, 226 N.W.2d 921 (1975) ...... 12-40 Henick v. Fast-Track Anesthesia Assocs., 2012 W. Va. LEXIS 950 (2012) ...... 2-75 Henrichs v. Pivarnik, 588 N.E.2d 537, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1787 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992) ...... 10-27, 16-34 Henry v. Collins, 380 U.S. 356 (1965) ...... 5-12, 5-100 Henry v. Del. Law Sch., 1998 Del. Ch. LEXIS 7 (Del. Ch. 1998) ...... 9-29 Henry v. Halliburton, 690 S.W.2d 775, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2185 (Mo. 1985) ...... 4-9, 4-10 Henry v. Lake Charles Am. Press, LLC, 566 F.3d 164 (5th Cir. 2009) ...... 16-29 Henry v. Nat’l Ass’n of Air Traffic Specialists, Inc., 836 F. Supp. 1204 (D. Md. 1993), aff’d, 1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 20293 (4th Cir. 1994) ...... 4-20, 5-37, 5-54 Hensley v. Armstrong World Indus., Inc., 798 F. Supp. 653 (W.D. Okla. 1992) ...... 2-97

TOC–110 Table of Cases

Henson v. Veatch, 1 Blackf. 369 (Ind. 1825) ...... 3-14 Hepps v. Phila. Newspapers, 506 Pa. 304, 485 A.2d 374, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1841 (1984), rev’d on other grounds, 475 U.S. 767, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1977 (1986) ...... 6-4 Herbert v. Lando, 441 U.S. 153, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2575 (1979) ...... 1-7, 1-29, 1-38, 3-6, ...... 5-2, 5-76, 5-77, 5-89, 10-32, ...... 14-2, 14-3, 14-11, 16-47, 16-48 Herbert v. Lando, 781 F.2d 298, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1593 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1182 (1986) ...... 2-35, 2-85, 2-86, ...... 2-87, 5-74, 5-78, 5-82, 5-86, 5-104 Herlihy v. Metro. Museum of Art, 214 A.D.2d 250, 633 N.Y.S.2d 106 (1st Dep’t 1995) ...... 2-48, 2-63, 2-120, 9-26, 13-61 Herman v. Labor Coop. Educ. & Publ’g Soc’y, 139 F. Supp. 35 (D.D.C. 1956) ...... 4-70, 4-74 Herman Miller, Inc. v. Palazzetti Imps. & Exps., Inc., 270 F.3d 298 (6th Cir. 2001) ...... 12-89 Hernandez v. Hayes, 1996 Tex. App. LEXIS 3223 (Tex. App. 1996) ...... 8-40 Herring v. Citizens Bank & Trust Co., 21 Md. App. 517, 321 A.2d 182, 87 A.L.R.3D 527 (1974) ...... 8-23 Herrmann v. Newark Morning Ledger Co., 48 N.J. Super. 420, 138 A.2d 61 (1958) ...... 3-18, 3-19, 3-22 Herron v. King Broad. Co., 108 Wash. 2d 162, 736 P.2d 249, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1097 (1987) ...... 16-32 Herron v. King Broad. Co., 109 Wash. 2d 514, 746 P.2d 295, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2017 (1987) ...... 5-84 Herron v. King Broad. Co., 112 Wash. 2d 762, 776 P.2d 98, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1289 (1989) ...... 2-6, 3-19, 3-20 Hersh v. Ringwalt, 3 Yeates 508 (Pa. 1803) ...... 7-3 Hibdon v. Grabowski, 195 S.W.3d 48 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) ...... 5-36, 15-38 Hickey v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1378 (D. Or. 1991) ...... 2-56 Hickey v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1980 (D. Or. 1992) ...... 2-49, 4-53, 16-38, 16-54 Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495 (1947) ...... 14-2 Hickson Corp. v. N. Crossarm Co., 357 F.3d 1256 (11th Cir. 2002) ...... 3-14 Highfields Capital Mgmt. v. Doe, 385 F. Supp. 2d 969 (N.D. Cal. 2005) ...... 14-37, 14-39

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–111 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Hiles v. Episcopal Diocese of Mass., 437 Mass. 505, 773 N.E.2d 929 (2002) ...... 2-90, 4-77 Hill v. Allan, 259 Cal. App. 2d 470, 66 Cal. Rptr. 676 (1968) ...... 13-4, 13-6, 13-22, ...... 13-23, 13-25, 13-27 Hill v. Lakeland Ledger Publ’g Corp., 231 So. 2d 254 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1970) ...... 3-20 Hill v. MCI Worldcom Commc’ns, Inc., 141 F. Supp. 2d 1205 (S.D. Iowa 2001) ...... 12-41 Hill v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 7 Cal. 4th 1, 865 P.2d 633, 26 Cal. Rptr. 2d 834 (1994) ...... 12-93 Hill v. Petrotech Res. Corp., 325 S.W.3d 302, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2580 (Ky. 2010) ...... 10-60, 10-63 Hillman v. Star Publ’g Co., 64 Wash. 691, 117 P. 594 (1911) ...... 2-148 Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113 (1895) ...... 15-66 Hilton v. Hallmark Cards, 580 F.3d 874, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1753 (9th Cir. 2009) ...... 16-10 Hilton v. Hallmark Cards, 599 F.3d 894, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1753 (9th Cir. 2010) ...... 16-8 Himango v. Prime Time Broad., Inc., 37 Wash. App. 259, 680 P.2d 432, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1724 (1984) ...... 2-80, 5-19, 10-46 Hinerman v. Daily Gazette Co., 188 W. Va. 157, 423 S.E.2d 560, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2169 (1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 960 (1993) ...... 3-17, 4-34, 5-77, ...... 5-92, 5-113, 10-29, 11-3 Hines v. Ark. La. Gas Co., 613 So. 2d 646 (La. Ct. App. 1993) ...... 9-20 Hinish v. Meier & Frank Co., 166 Or. 482, 113 P.2d 438 (1941) ...... 12-9, 12-23 Hinsdale v. Orange Cnty. Publ’ns, Inc., 17 N.Y.2d 284, 217 N.E.2d 650, 270 N.Y.S.2d 592 (1966) ...... 2-30, 2-142, 2-145 Hipsaver, Inc. v. Kiel, 464 Mass. 517, 984 N.E.2d 755 (2013) ...... 13-9, 13-11, 13-17, 13-19, 13-24 Hirman v. Rogers, 257 N.W.2d 563 (Minn. 1977) ...... 5-55 Hirschfeld v. Institutional Investor, Inc., 208 A.D.2d 380, 617 N.Y.S.2d 11 (1st Dep’t 1994) ...... 2-92 H.O. Merren & Co. v. A.H. Belo Corp., 228 F. Supp. 515 (N.D. Tex. 1964), aff’d, 346 F.2d 568 (5th Cir. 1965) ...... 2-20, 2-23

TOC–112 Table of Cases

Hobbs v. Lopez, 96 Ohio App. 3d 670, 617 N.E.2d 1261 (1994) ...... 12-39 Hobson v. Coastal Corp., 962 F. Supp. 1407 (D. Kan. 1997) .... 2-107 Hoch v. Prokop, 244 Neb. 443, 507 N.W.2d 626 (1993) ...... 3-15 Hoch v. Rissman, Weisberg, Barrett, Hurt, Donahue & McLain, P.A., 742 So. 2d 451 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999) ...... 2-94, 2-119 Hodgdon v. Mt. Mansfield Co., 624 A.2d 1122 (Vt. 1992) ...... 12-12 Hodges v. Okla. Journal Publ’g Co., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2492 (Okla. Ct. App. 1979), vacated on grounds of failure to prove “actual malice,” 617 P.2d 191, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1750 (Okla. 1980) ...... 2-42, 5-8, 5-14, 5-79 Hodgins v. Times Herald Co., 169 Mich. App. 245, 425 N.W.2d 522, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1777 (1988) ...... 4-10 Hoechst Celanese Corp. v. Nylon Eng’g Resins, Inc., 896 F. Supp. 1190 (M.D. Fla. 1995) ...... 15-25, 15-30, 15-31 Hoeflicker v. Higginsville Advance, Inc., 818 S.W.2d 650, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1286 (Mo. Ct. App. 1991) ...... 7-27, 7-37 Hoepker v. Kruger, 200 F. Supp. 2d 340, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1737 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) ...... 12-87, 12-88 Hoeppner v. Dunkirk Printing Co., 254 N.Y. 95, 172 N.E. 139, 72 A.L.R. 913 (1930) ...... 4-75 Hoffman v. Wash. Post Co., 433 F. Supp. 600, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1143 (D.D.C. 1977), aff’d without opinion, 578 F.2d 442, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2546 (D.C. Cir. 1978) ...... 4-9, 5-37, 5-113 Hofmann Co. v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., 202 Cal. App. 3d 390, 248 Cal. Rptr. 384 (1988) ...... 4-8, 5-38, 13-16, 13-42 Hogan v. Hearst Corp., 945 S.W.2d 246, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2134 (Tex. App. 1997) ...... 12-46, 13-65 Hogan v. Herald Co., 84 A.D.2d 470, 446 N.Y.S.2d 836, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1137 (4th Dep’t), aff’d, 58 N.Y.2d 630, 444 N.E.2d 1002, 458 N.Y.S.2d 538, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2567 (1982) ...... 7-23, 7-52

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–113 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Hogan v. N.Y. Times Co., 211 F. Supp. 99 (D. Conn. 1962), aff’d, 313 F.2d 354 (2d Cir. 1963) ...... 9-57, 10-11, 10-25, 10-31, 11-6 Hogan v. Winder, 762 F.3d 1096 (10th Cir. 2014) ...... 2-23, 2-43, 2-52 Hoke v. Paul, 65 Haw. 478, 653 P.2d 1155 (1982) ...... 2-107, 7-5 Holbrook v. Casazza, 204 Conn. 336, 528 A.2d 774 (1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1006 (1988) ...... 5-13, 5-54, 5-113, 10-27, 10-42 Holbrook v. Harman Auto., Inc., 58 F.3d 222 (6th Cir. 1995) ...... 2-177, 5-112, 5-137 Holden v. Clary, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1829 (E.D. Va. 1992) ...... 16-55 Holden v. Pioneer Broad. Co., 228 Or. 405, 365 P.2d 845 (1961) ...... 11-13 Holewinski v. Children’s Hosp. of Pittsburgh, 437 Pa. Super. 174, 649 A.2d 712 (1994) ...... 2-60 Holley v. WBNS 10TV, Inc., 149 Ohio App. 3d 22, 775 N.E.2d 579, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2339 (2002) ...... 2-11 Holloway v. Butler, 662 S.W.2d 688, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1068 (Tex. App. 1983) ...... 2-106 Holt v. Cox Enters., 590 F. Supp. 408, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1695 (N.D. Ga. 1984) ...... 2-46 Holter v. WLCY T.V., Inc., 366 So. 2d 445, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2281 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1978), cert. denied, 373 So. 2d 462 (Fla. 1979) ...... 5-110 Holtzscheiter v. Thomson Newspapers, Inc., 306 S.C. 297, 411 S.E.2d 664, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1717 (1991), overruled on other grounds, Holtzscheiter v. Thomson Newspapers, Inc., 332 S.C. 502, 506 S.E.2d 497, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2537 (1998) ...... 2-79, 2-125, 2-126, ...... 2-127, 2-137, 13-48 Holy Spirit Ass’n v. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 101 Misc. 2d 30, 420 N.Y.S.2d 56, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2144 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1979) ...... 4-76 Holy Spirit Ass’n v. N.Y. Times Co., 49 N.Y.2d 63, 399 N.E.2d 1185, 424 N.Y.S.2d 165, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2219 (1979) ...... 7-38

TOC–114 Table of Cases

Holy Spirit Ass’n v. Sequoia Elsevier Publ’g Co., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1744 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1978) ...... 5-29 Holy Spirit Ass’n v. Sequoia Elsevier Publ’g Co., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2311 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1979) ...... 4-64, 4-68 Holy Spirit Ass’n for the Unification of World Christianity v. N.Y. State Cong. of Parents & Teachers, Inc., 95 Misc. 2d 548, 408 N.Y.S.2d 261 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1978) ...... 13-47 Homan v. Goyal, 711 A.2d 812 (D.C. 1998) ...... 13-50 Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg, 512 U.S. 415 (1994) ...... 10-17 Hooper v. Pitney Bowes, Inc., 895 S.W.2d 773 (Tex. App. 1995) ...... 8-60, 13-61 Hoover v. Van Stone, 540 F. Supp. 1118 (D. Del. 1982) ...... 8-13 Hope v. Hearst Consol. Publ’ns, Inc., 294 F.2d 681, 95 A.L.R.2D 213 (2d Cir. 1961), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 956 (1962) ...... 2-155, 10-41 Hopewell v. Midcontinent Broad. Corp., 538 N.W.2d 780 (S.D. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 817 (1996) ...... 14-16 Hopewell v. Vitullo, 299 Ill. App. 3d 513, 701 N.E.2d 99, 233 Ill. Dec. 456 (1998) ...... 4-23, 4-56 Hopkins v. Keith, 348 So. 2d 999 (La. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 350 So. 2d 893 (La. 1977) ...... 3-18 Hopkins v. O’Connor, 282 Conn. 821, 925 A.2d 1030 (2007) ...... 8-24, 8-53 Hoppe v. Hearst Corp., 53 Wash. App. 668, 770 P.2d 203, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2076 (1989) ...... 4-32, 5-120, 12-10 Hornberger v. Am. Broad. Cos., 351 N.J. Super. 577, 799 A.2d 566 (2002) ...... 12-93 Horne v. Matthews, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14518 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 2-28, 2-30 Horne v. Patton, 291 Ala. 701, 287 So. 2d 824 (1973) ...... 12-59, 12-68 Horning v. Hardy, 36 Md. App. 419, 373 A.2d 1273 (Ct. Spec. App. 1977) ...... 13-2, 13-5, 13-27 Horowitz v. Baker, 168 Ill. App. 3d 603, 119 Ill. Dec. 711, 523 N.E.2d 179, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1824 (1988) ...... 2-50, 2-52

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–115 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Horsley v. Feldt, 304 F.3d 1125, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2389 (11th Cir. 2002) ...... 4-53, 16-4 Horsley v. Rivera, 292 F.3d 695, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1847 (11th Cir. 2002) ...... 4-53 Horwitz v. Bd. of Educ. of Avoca Sch. Dist. No. 37, 260 F.3d 602 (7th Cir. 2001) ...... 8-49 Hoschler v. YWCA, 1995 Neb. App. LEXIS 130 (Neb. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 2-25 Hoskins v. Howard, 132 Idaho 311, 971 P.2d 1135 (1998) ...... 12-8 Hotchner v. Castillo-Puche, 404 F. Supp. 1041 (S.D.N.Y. 1975), rev’d on other grounds, 551 F.2d 910, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1545 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 834, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1128 (1977) ...... 2-58, 3-22, 4-7, 4-49, ...... 5-102, 5-104, 5-105, ...... 5-108, 5-127, 10-30 Hotze v. Miller, 361 S.W.3d 707 (Tex. App. 2012) ...... 5-12, 16-79 Houbigant, Inc., In re, 182 Bankr. 958 (S.D.N.Y. 1995), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13424 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 2-150, 2-156, 2-159 Hourani v. Mirtchev, 796 F.3d 1 (D.C. Cir. 2015) ...... 8-65 House of Sight & Sound, Inc. v. Faulkner, 912 P.2d 357 (Okla. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 10-60 House of Wheat v. Wright, Montgomery App. No. 8614 (1985) ...... 7-59 Household Fin. Corp. v. Bridge, 252 Md. 531, 250 A.2d 878 (1969) ...... 12-9 Houston v. N.Y. Post Co., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19705 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 2-131, 5-94, 10-36 Houston Chronicle Publ’g Co. v. Wegner, 182 S.W. 45 (Tex. Civ. App. 1915) ...... 7-2, 7-3, 7-62 Hovey v. Iowa State Daily Publ’n Bd., Inc., 372 N.W.2d 253, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1035 (Iowa 1985) ...... 3-21 Howard v. Antilla, 294 F.3d 244, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1936 (1st Cir. 2002) ...... 4-41, 5-80, 7-64, 12-7, ...... 12-10, 12-20, 12-33, 12-36 Howard v. Covenant Apostolic Church, Inc., 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 4180 (1997) ...... 2-177

TOC–116 Table of Cases

Howard v. Des Moines Register & Tribune Co., 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2304 (Iowa Dist. Ct. 1978), aff’d, 283 N.W.2d 289, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1667 (Iowa 1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 904 (1980) ...... 12-47, 12-48, 12-51, 12-52, 12-57, ...... 12-60, 12-71, 12-74, 16-54 Howard v. Lyons, 360 U.S. 593 (1959) ...... 8-34 Howard v. Pope, 282 Ga. App. 137, 637 S.E.2d 854 (2006) ...... 5-54 Howard v. S. Cal. Associated Newspapers, 95 Cal. App. 2d 580, 213 P.2d 399 (Cal. App. 1950) ...... 11-8 Howard v. Suskie, 26 F.3d 84 (10th Cir. 1994) ...... 8-35, 8-68, 16-78 Howard Univ. v. Best, 484 A.2d 958 (D.C. Ct. App. 1984) ...... 2-17 Howarth v. Ostergaard, 30 Utah 2d 183, 515 P.2d 442 (1973) ...... 13-17 Howe v. Detroit Free Press, Inc., 219 Mich. App. 150, 555 N.W.2d 738, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1602 (1996), aff’d, 457 Mich. 870, 586 N.W.2d 85, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1928 (1998) ...... 5-109, 7-15 Howell v. Enter. Publ’g Co., 455 Mass. 641, 920 N.E.2d 1, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1141 (2010) ...... 7-20, 7-35, 7-43 Howell v. Hecht, 821 S.W.2d 627 (Tex. App. 1991) ...... 9-40 Howell v. N.Y. Post Co., 81 N.Y.2d 115, 612 N.E.2d 699, 596 N.Y.S.2d 350, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1273 (1993) ...... 12-101, 12-102, 13-53 Howell v. Tribune Entm’t Co., 106 F.3d 215 (7th Cir. 1997) ...... 12-73, 14-42 Hruby v. Kalina, 228 Neb. 713, 424 N.W.2d 130, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1559 (1988) ...... 2-119 Hubbard v. Journal Publ’g Co., 69 N.M. 473, 368 P.2d 147 (1962) ...... 12-9, 12-56, 12-61 Huckabee v. Time Warner Entm’t Co., 19 S.W.3d 413, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2158 (Tex. 2000) ...... 2-38, 3-25, 5-103, 5-105, 16-32 Huckle v. Money, 2 Wils. 205, 95 Eng. Rep. 768 (K.B. 1763) ...... 10-14 Hudak v. Times Publ’g Co., 534 F. Supp. 2d 546 (W.D. Pa. 2008) ...... 7-41 Hudson v. Guy Gannett Broad. Co., 521 A.2d 714, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2189 (Me. 1987) ...... 6-3, 16-45 Huegerich v. IBP, Inc., 547 N.W.2d 216 (Iowa 1996) ...... 2-60 Huff v. Jennings, 319 S.C. 142, 459 S.E.2d 886 (Ct. App. 1995) ...... 13-4

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–117 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Hugel v. McNell, 866 F.2d 1 (1st Cir. 1989) ...... 15-30 Huggins v. Moore, 94 N.Y.2d 296, 726 N.E.2d 456, 704 N.Y.S.2d 904, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1601 (1999) ...... 6-15, 6-16, 6-18, 6-19 Hughes v. Hughes, 122 Cal. App. 4th 931, 19 Cal. Rptr. 3d 247 (2004) ...... 3-20 Hughes v. New Eng. Newspaper Publ’g Co., 312 Mass. 178, 43 N.E.2d 657 (1942) ...... 2-171 Hultman v. Blumenthal, 67 Conn. App. 613, 787 A.2d 666 (2002) ...... 8-45 Hulton & Co. v. Jones, 2 K.B. 44 (1909), aff’d, A.C. 20 (1910) ...... 2-166 Hunckel v. Voneiff, 69 Md. 179, 14 A. 500 (1888) ...... 8-19 Hunger v. Grand Cent. Sanitation, 447 Pa. Super. 575, 670 A.2d 173 (1996) ...... 13-64 Hunt v. Liberty Lobby, 720 F.2d 631, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1097 (11th Cir. 1983) ...... 5-76, 5-85, 5-88, 5-112, 10-52 Hunt v. Univ. of Minn., 465 N.W.2d 88 (Minn. Ct. App. 1991) ...... 4-16, 4-17 Huntemann v. City of Yonkers, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12714 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 9-15 Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224 (1991) ...... 8-35, 8-68, 16-78 Hunter v. Hartman, 545 N.W.2d 699, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2004 (Minn. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 3-13, 4-25, ...... 4-34, 4-39, 5-39 Hunyadi, In re, 112 Misc. 2d 484, 447 N.Y.S. 226 (Sup. Ct. Wyo. Cnty. 1982) ...... 8-36 Hupp v. Sasser, 200 W. Va. 791, 490 S.E.2d 880 (1997) ...... 2-20 Hurlbut v. Gulf Atl. Life Ins. Co., 749 S.W.2d 762 (Tex. 1987) ...... 8-2, 9-47, 13-12, ...... 13-22, 13-25, 13-26 Hurley v. Nw. Publ’ns, Inc., 273 F. Supp. 967 (D. Minn. 1967), aff’d, 398 F.2d 346 (8th Cir. 1968) ...... 5-101, 12-57 Hurst v. Capital Cities Media, Inc., 323 Ill. App. 3d 812, 754 N.E.2d 429, 257 Ill. Dec. 771 (2001) ...... 7-32, 12-20 Hurvitz v. Hoefflin, 84 Cal. App. 4th 1232, 101 Cal. Rptr. 2d 558, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1215 (2000) ...... 12-76 Hurwitz v. United States, 884 F.2d 684 (2d Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1056 (1990) ...... 12-101 Huskey v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 632 F. Supp. 1282, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2105 (N.D. Ill. 1986) ...... 12-8, 12-93

TOC–118 Table of Cases

Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2281 (1988) ...... 1-23, 1-41, 2-45, 2-58, ...... 4-13, 4-43, 4-53, 5-22, 5-28, 5-117, ...... 5-118, 5-120, 5-126, 5-127, 5-128, 5-132, ...... 12-5, 12-6, 12-22, 12-68, 12-94, 13-20, 13-56 Hutchinson v. Chase & Gilbert, 45 F.2d 139 (2d Cir. 1930) ...... 15-13 Hutchinson v. Proxmire, 443 U.S. 111, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1279 (1979) .....1-35, 1-37, 5-4, 5-5, 5-6, ...... 5-13, 5-20, 5-21, 5-46, 5-48, 5-53, ...... 5-61, 5-71, 6-21, 8-25, 8-26, 8-27, ...... 8-30, 16-45, 16-47, 16-48, 16-49, 16-51 Hyde v. City of Columbia, 637 S.W.2d 251 (Mo. Ct. App. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1226 (1983) ...... 12-54, 12-72 Hyde v. Hibernia Nat’l Bank, 861 F.2d 446 (5th Cir. 1988) ...... 7-7, 7-20 Hylsky v. Globe Democrat Publ’g Co., 348 Mo. 83, 152 S.W.2d 119 (1941) ...... 2-43

I Iacco v. Bohannon, 70 Mich. App. 463, 245 N.W.2d 791 (1976) ...... 9-27, 9-43 Iannone v. Frederic R. Harris, Inc., 941 F. Supp. 403 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 10-20 IBP Confidential Bus. Documents Litig., In re, 797 F.2d 632, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1113 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1088 (1987) ...... 3-12, 5-46, 5-59, 8-26 Ignat v. Yum! Brands, Inc., 214 Cal. App. 4th 808, 154 Cal. Rptr. 3d 275 (2013) ...... 12-39 Ikani v. Bennett, 284 Ark. 409, 682 S.W.2d 747 (1985) ...... 9-21 Ilsley v. Sentinel Co., 133 Wis. 20, 113 N.W. 425 (1907) ...... 7-24 Ilusorio v. Ilusorio-Bildner, 103 F. Supp. 2d 672 (S.D.N.Y. 2000), aff’d, 2001 U.S. App. LEXIS 17157 (2d Cir. 2001) ...... 15-41 Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 (1976) ...... 8-8, 8-11 Imbrogno v. Chamberlin, 89 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 1996) ...... 10-47 I.M.L. v. State, 61 P.3d 1038 (Utah 2002) ...... 3-4, 3-5 Immuno A.G. v. Moor-Jankowski, 74 N.Y.2d 548, 549 N.E.2d 129, 549 N.Y.S.2d 938, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1161 (1989) ...... 4-7, 4-9, 4-11

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–119 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Immuno A.G. v. Moor-Jankowski, 77 N.Y.2d 235, 567 N.E.2d 1270, 566 N.Y.S.2d 906, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1625, cert. denied, 500 U.S. 954 (1991) ...... 4-26, 4-33, ...... 7-3, 16-39, 16-56 Imo Indus., Inc. v. Kiekert AG, 155 F.3d 254 (3d Cir. 1998) ...... 15-20 Imperial v. Drapeau, 351 Md. 38, 716 A.2d 244 (1998) ...... 8-38 Imperial Apparel, Ltd. v. Cosmo’s Designer Direct, Inc., 227 Ill. 2d 381, 882 N.E.2d 1011, 317 Ill. Dec. 855, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1335 (2008) ...... 4-23, 4-24, 6-24 Imperial Apparel, Ltd. v. Cosmo’s Designer Direct, Inc., 67 Ill. App. 3d 48, 853 N.E.2d 770, 304 Ill. Dec. 693, appeal granted, 2006 Ill. LEXIS 1685 (2006) ...... 13-8, 13-28 In re Anonymous Online Speakers, 661 F.3d 1168, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2735 (9th Cir. 2011) ...... 14-44 In re Baxter, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26001, 2001 WL 34806203 (W.D. La. Dec. 20, 2001) ...... 14-39 In re Cable News Network, 106 F. Supp. 2d 1000 (N.D. Cal. 2000) ...... 11-10 In re CNN & Time Magazine “Operation Tailwind” Litig., 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 31732 (N.D. Cal. 2006) ...... 11-10 In re Conservatorship of Turner, 2014 Tenn. App. LEXIS 278 (2014) ...... 10-64 In re Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 495 F. Supp. 582, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1681 (S.D.N.Y. 1980) ...... 14-11 In re Doe, 444 S.W.3d 603 (Tex. 2014) ...... 14-43 In re Elerbee, 177 B.R. 731 (N.D. Ga. 1995) ...... 10-69 In re Farber, 78 N.J. 259, 394 A.2d 330, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1360 (1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 997, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1864 (1979) ...... 14-7, 14-30 In re Hearings Concerning Canon 35 of the Canons of Judicial Ethics, 132 Colo. 591, 296 P.2d 465 (1956) ...... 12-56

TOC–120 Table of Cases

In re Hearings on Immunity for Ethics Complainants, 96 N.J. 669, 477 A.2d 339 (1984) ...... 8-43 In re Houbigant, Inc., 182 Bankr. 958 (S.D.N.Y. 1995), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13424 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 2-150, 2-156, 2-159 In re Hunyadi, 112 Misc. 2d 484, 447 N.Y.S. 226 (Sup. Ct. Wyo. Cnty. 1982) ...... 8-36 In re IBP Confidential Bus. Documents Litig., 797 F.2d 632, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1113 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1088 (1987) ...... 3-12, 5-46, 5-59, 8-26 In re Kennedy, 249 F.3d 576 (6th Cir. 2001) ...... 10-69 In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1793 (Tex. 2015) ...... 2-139, 16-24 In re Pan Am Corp., 16 F.3d 513 (2d Cir. 1994) ...... 8-68 In re Petroleum Prods. Antitrust Litig., 680 F.2d 5, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1525 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 909 (1982) ...... 14-15 In re Phila. Newspapers, LLC, 690 F.3d 161 (3d Cir. 2012) ...... 7-10 In re Spikes, 881 A.2d 1118 (D.C. 2005) ...... 8-10, 8-43, 9-10, 10-73 In re Standard Jury Instructions, 575 So. 2d 194, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2249 (Fla. 1991) ...... 3-15 In re Subpoena to Donovan Slack, 768 F. Supp. 2d 189, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1867 (D.D.C. 2011) ...... 14-11 In re United Press Int’l, 106 B.R. 323, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2401 (D.D.C. 1989) ...... 3-15, 7-57 In re Venezia, 191 N.J. 259, 922 A.2d 1263 (2007) ...... 14-30 In re Westfall, 808 S.W.2d 829 (Mo. 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1009 (1991) ...... 4-17 In re Yagman, 796 F.2d 1165, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1545 (9th Cir. 1986) ...... 15-50, 15-58, 16-69 Indep. Living Aids, Inc. v. Maxi-Aids, Inc., 981 F. Supp. 124 (E.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 4-36 Indep. Newspapers, Inc. v. Brodie, 407 Md. 415, 966 A.2d 432, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1425 (2009) ...... 2-127, 14-36

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–121 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Ind. Area Found. of the United Methodist Church, Inc. v. Snyder, 953 N.E.2d 1174 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) ...... 4-77 Ind. Newspapers Inc. v. Junior Achievement of Cent. Ind., 963 N.E.2d 534, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1353 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) ...... 14-40 Indianapolis Newspapers, Inc. v. Fields, 254 Ind. 219, 259 N.E.2d 651, cert. denied, 400 U.S. 930 (1970) ...... 2-77, 5-83 Indus. Found. of the S. v. Tex. Indus. Accident Bd., 540 S.W.2d 668 (Tex.1976), cert. denied, 430 U.S. 931 (1977) ...... 12-39, 12-64 Info. Control Corp. v. Genesis One Computer Corp., 611 F.2d 781 (9th Cir. 1980) ...... 4-12 Ingalls v. Hastings & Sons Publ’g Co., 304 Mass. 31, 22 N.E.2d 657 (1939) ...... 2-26 Ingenere v. Am. Broad. Cos., 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1227 (D. Mass. 1984) ...... 7-34 Ingle v. Glamore Motor Sales, Inc., 73 N.Y.2d 183, 535 N.E.2d 1311, 583 N.Y.S.2d 771 (1989) ...... 2-61 Ingram v. Flippo, 74 Cal. App. 4th 1280, 89 Cal. Rptr. 2d 60 (1999) ...... 8-51 Inman v. City of Katy, 900 S.W.2d 871 (Tex. App. 1995) ...... 8-64 Innes v. Howell Corp., 76 F.3d 702 (6th Cir. 1996) ...... 2-172 Inset Sys., Inc. v. Instruction Set, Inc., 937 F. Supp. 161 (D. Conn. 1996) ...... 15-35 Inside Radio, Inc. v. Clear Channel Commc’ns, Inc., 209 F. Supp. 2d 302 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) ...... 14-45 Installation Servs., Inc. v. Elecs. Research, Inc., 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29832 (N.D. Ill. 2005) ...... 2-107 Inst. of Athletic Motivation v. Univ. of Ill., 114 Cal. App. 3d 1, 170 Cal. Rptr. 411 (1980) ...... 4-70 Insull v. N.Y. World-Telegram Corp., 172 F. Supp. 615 (N.D. Ill.), aff’d, 273 F.2d 166 (7th Cir. 1959), cert. denied, 362 U.S. 942 (1960) ...... 15-6 Integrated Healthcare Holdings, Inc. v. Fitzgibbons, 140 Cal. App. 4th 515, 44 Cal. Rptr. 3d 517 (2006) ...... 16-11 Intellect Art Multimedia, Inc. v. Milewski, 24 Misc. 3d 1248(A), 899 N.Y.S.2d 60 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 2009) ...... 15-12 Intercity Maint. Co. v. Local 254, Serv. Emps. Int’l Union, 241 F.3d 82 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 818 (2001) ...... 2-82, 5-138

TOC–122 Table of Cases

Intercon Solutions, Inc. v. Basel Action Network, 969 F. Supp. 2d 1026 (N.D. Ill. 2013) ...... 16-30 Int’l Bhd. of Police Officers v. Mem’l Press, Inc., 31 Mass. App. 138, 575 N.E.2d 376, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1222 (1991) ...... 10-32 Int’l Prods. Co. v. Erie R.R., 244 N.Y. 331, 155 N.E. 662, cert. denied, 275 U.S. 527 (1927) ...... 13-66 Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945) ...... 15-2, 15-13, 15-17 Internet Doorway, Inc. v. Parks, 138 F. Supp. 2d 773 (S.D. Miss. 2001) ...... 15-33 Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, 39 So. 3d 1201, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2428 (Fla. 2010) ...... 15-11 Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, 611 F.3d 1368, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2438 (11th Cir. 2010) ...... 15-12 Iqbal v. Hasty, 490 F.3d 143 (2d Cir. 2007), rev’d and remanded on other grounds, 129 S. Ct. 1937 (2009) ...... 8-4 Ireland v. Edwards, 230 Mich. App. 607, 584 N.W.2d 632, 1998 Mich. App. LEXIS 202 (1998) ...... 2-76, 16-39 Irvine v. Akron Beacon Journal, 2002 Ohio App. LEXIS 39, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1225, aff’d in relevant part on reh’g, 147 Ohio App. 3d 428, 770 N.E.2d 1105, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1993 (2002) ...... 12-93 Ishmael v. Andrew, 137 P.3d 1271 (Okla. Ct. App. 2006) ...... 2-102 Iskowitz v. Marciano, No. BC384493 (Cal. Super. Ct. Aug. 27, 2009) ...... 17-2 Isr. Travel Advisory Serv., Inc. v. Isr. Identity Tours, Inc., 61 F.3d 1250 (7th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1220 (1996) ...... 2-19, 10-37, 10-38 Isuzu Motors Ltd. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 12 F. Supp. 2d 1035 (C.D. Cal. 1998) ...... 2-165, 13-24 Ithaca Coll. v. Yale Daily News Publ’g Co., 105 Misc. 2d 793, 433 N.Y.S.2d 530, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2180 (Tompkins Cnty. 1980), aff’d on other grounds, 85 A.D.2d 817, 445 N.Y.S.2d 621, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2510 (3d Dep’t 1981) ...... 5-29, 16-57

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–123 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Ivey v. State, 821 So. 2d 937, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2089 (Ala. 2001), overruled on other grounds by Ex parte Bell, 978 So. 2d 33 (Ala. 2007), rev’d on other grounds, 168 Wash. 2d 515, 229 P.3d 723 (2010) ...... 3-5, 5-3

J Jackson v. City of Columbus, 117 Ohio St. 3d 328, 883 N.E.2d 1060 (2008) ...... 5-132 Jackson v. Hartig, 274 Va. 219, 645 S.E.2d 303, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1944 (2007) ...... 5-87, 5-102 Jackson v. Longcope, 394 Mass. 577, 476 N.E.2d 617, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2282, 50 A.L.R.4TH 1249 (1985) ...... 2-84, 10-7 Jackson v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 68 Cal. App. 4th 10, 80 Cal. Rptr. 2d 1 (1998) ...... 3-24, 7-46 Jacob v. Bezzant, 212 P.3d 535 (Utah 2009) ...... 2-77, 2-137, 16-25 Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 (1964) ...... 2-19, 5-20 Jacobs v. Frank, 60 Ohio St. 3d 111, 573 N.E.2d 609 (1991) ...... 9-40, 9-46 Jacobs v. Shaw, 219 Ga. App. 425, 465 S.E.2d 460 (1995) ...... 2-111 Jacobs v. Underwood, 484 S.W.2d 855 (Ky. Ct. App. 1972) ...... 8-45 Jacobson v. CBS Broad., Inc., 2014 IL App (1st) 132480, 19 N.E.3d 1165, 386 Ill. Dec. 12, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2419 (2014) ...... 5-29, 5-36, 5-45 Jacobson v. Deutsche Bank, A.G., 206 F. Supp. 2d 590 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) ...... 2-94 Jacobson v. Schwarzenegger, 357 F. Supp. 2d 1198 (C.D. Cal. 2004) ...... 2-66 Jacron Sales Co. v. Sindorf, 276 Md. 580, 350 A.2d 688 (1976) ...... 2-137, 6-3, 6-6, 6-8, 6-22, 6-26, 9-53 Jadwin v. Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co., 367 N.W.2d 476, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1905 (Minn. 1985) ...... 2-20, 5-47, 5-48, 5-49, 6-4, 6-8 Jaillet v. Cashman, 235 N.Y. 511, 139 N.E. 714 (1923) ...... 13-67

TOC–124 Table of Cases

Jaillett v. Ga. Television Co., 238 Ga. App. 885, 520 S.E.2d 721 (1999) ...... 4-58 Jaindl v. Mohr, 432 Pa. Super. 220, 637 A.2d 1353 (1994), aff’d, 541 Pa. 163, 661 A.2d 1362 (1995) ...... 2-94 Jaisinghani v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 973 F. Supp. 1450, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1888 (S.D. Fla. 1997) ...... 15-52, 15-62 Jalou II, Inc. v. Liner, 43 So. 3d 1023 (La. Ct. App. 2010) ...... 9-58 Jameel v. Wall St. J. Europe Sprl, 2006 UKHL 44, 2007 1 AC 359 ...... 15-65 Jamerson v. Anderson Newspapers, Inc., 469 N.E.2d 1243 (Ind. Ct. App. 1984) ...... 4-10, 14-34 James v. Bd. of Educ., 37 N.Y.2d 891, 340 N.E.2d 735, 378 N.Y.S.2d 371 (1975) ...... 2-61 James v. Brown, 637 S.W.2d 914 (Tex. 1982) ...... 8-5 James v. Gannett Co., 40 N.Y.2d 415, 353 N.E.2d 834, 386 N.Y.S.2d 871 (1976) ...... 2-20, 2-78, 2-133, 5-33, 16-52 James v. Powel, 154 Va. 96, 152 S.E. 539 (1930) ...... 3-28 James v. San Jose Mercury News, Inc., 17 Cal. App. 4th 1, 20 Cal. Rptr. 2d 890, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1624 (1993) ...... 2-25, 5-15 James v. Screen Gems, Inc., 174 Cal. App. 2d 650, 344 P.2d 799 (1959) ...... 12-25 J&C, Inc. v. Combined Commc’ns Corp., 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2162 (Ky. Ct. App. 1987) ...... 12-30 J&J Constr. Co. v. Bricklayers Local 1, 468 Mich. 722, 664 N.W.2d 728 (2003) ...... 9-38 J&J Sheet Metal Works, Inc. v. Picarazzi, 793 F. Supp. 1104 (N.D.N.Y. 1992) ...... 6-18 Janklow v. Keller, 90 S.D. 322, 241 N.W.2d 364 (1976) ...... 8-21 Janklow v. Newsweek, Inc., 788 F.2d 1300, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1961 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 883 (1986) ...... 1-40, 1-41, 2-38, 4-12, 4-15, 5-96 Janklow v. Viking Press, 378 N.W.2d 875, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1539 (S.D. 1985) ...... 7-16, 7-51 Janklow v. Viking Press, 459 N.W.2d 415, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2220 (S.D. 1990) ...... 4-20, 16-50 Jankovic v. Int’l Crisis Grp., 429 F. Supp. 2d 165 (D.D.C. 2006) ...... 2-163, 13-60

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–125 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Jankovic v. Int’l Crisis Grp., 494 F.3d 1080 (D.C. Cir. 2007) ...... 2-111, 2-150, ...... 2-164, 7-4, 7-7, 12-28 Jankovic v. Int’l Crisis Grp., 593 F.3d 22, 38 Media L. Rep. 1399 (BNA) (D.C. Cir. 2010) ...... 4-67, 13-41 Jaszai v. Christie’s, 279 A.D.2d 186, 719 N.Y.S.2d 235 (1st Dep’t 2001) ...... 4-59 Jaworsky v. Padfield, 211 So. 2d 122 (La. Ct. App. 1968) ...... 5-83 J.C. v. WALA-TV, Inc., 675 So. 2d 360 (Ala. 1996) ...... 12-5, 12-48 J.D. Constr. Corp. v. Isaacs, 51 N.J. 263, 239 A.2d 657 (1968) ...... 8-39 Jeanes v. Milner, 428 F.2d 598 (8th Cir. 1970), aff’d in part, remanded in part, 978 F.2d 1065, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1925 (8th Cir. 1992) ...... 16-41 Jee v. N.Y. Post Co., 176 Misc. 2d 253, 671 N.Y.S.2d 920, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2066 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1998), aff’d, 260 A.D.2d 215, 688 N.Y.S.2d 49, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2024 (1st Dep’t 1999) ...... 5-9 Jefferson v. Winnebago Cnty., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2425, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1641 (N.D. Ill. 1995), aff’d, 90 F.3d 1291 (7th Cir. 1996) ...... 2-73 Jefferson Cnty. Sch. Dist. No. R-1 v. Moody’s Investors Servs., Inc., 175 F.3d 848, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1737 (10th Cir. 1999) ...... 4-19, 13-13, 13-16, 13-43 Jeffries v. Metro-Mark, Inc., 45 F.3d 258 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 830 (1995) ...... 3-12 Jenkins v. Bolla, 411 Pa. Super. 119, 600 A.2d 1293, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2059 (1992) ...... 12-66 Jenkins v. CitiFinancial, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 124744 (D.N.J. 2010) ...... 12-19 Jenkins v. Dell Publ’g Co., 251 F.2d 447 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 357 U.S. 921 (1958) ...... 12-55, 12-60 Jenkins v. KYW, Div. of Grp. W, Westinghouse Broad. & Cable, Inc., 829 F.2d 403, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1718 (3d Cir. 1987) ...... 4-10

TOC–126 Table of Cases

Jenkins v. Liberty Newspapers Ltd. P’ship, 89 Haw. 254, 971 P.2d 1089, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1513 (1999) ...... 2-80, 5-113, ...... 10-40, 10-49, 13-64 Jenkins v. Trinity Lutheran Church, 356 Ill. App. 3d 504, 825 N.E.2d 1206, 292 Ill. Dec. 195 (2005) ...... 4-77 Jennings v. Telegram-Tribune Co., 16 Cal. App. 3d 119, 210 Cal. Rptr. 485, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1419 (1985) ...... 7-38 Jennison v. Prasifka, 391 S.W.3d 660 (Tex. App. 2013) ...... 2-90, 4-77 Jenoff v. Hearst Corp., 453 F. Supp. 541, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1911 (D. Md. 1978) ...... 14-28 Jenoff v. Hearst Corp., 453 F. Supp. 541, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1023 (D. Md. 1978), aff’d, 644 F.2d 1004, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1081 (4th Cir. 1981) ...... 5-16, 5-43, 16-46 Jensen v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 14 Cal. App. 4th 958, 18 Cal. Rptr. 2d 83 (1993) ...... 2-25, 9-19 Jensen v. Sawyers, 2005 UT 81, 130 P.3d 325, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2578 (Utah 2005) ...... 3-17, 12-29, 12-35 Jet Asphalt Corp. v. N.Y. Post Corp., 63 A.D.2d 890, 405 N.Y.S.2d 1014, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1156 (1st Dep’t 1978) ...... 2-16, 5-16 Jetco Elec. Indus., Inc. v. Gardiner, 325 F. Supp. 80 (S.D. Tex. 1971) ...... 13-8 Jewell v. NYP Holdings, Inc., 23 F. Supp. 2d 348 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) ...... 2-57, 2-83, 2-85, ...... 2-140, 3-18, 4-19, 4-33, 7-14 Jews for Jesus, Inc. v. Rapp, 997 So. 2d 1098, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2540 (Fla. 2008) ...... 2-26, 2-35, 12-8, ...... 12-11, 12-15, 12-16, 12-20 Jews for Jesus, Inc. v. Rapp, 998 So. 2d 1098, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2540 (Fla. 2008) ...... 12-23 J.H. Desnick, M.D., Eye Servs., Ltd. v. Am. Broad. Cos., 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1689, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 972 (N.D. Ill. 1999) ...... 10-58

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–127 SACK ON DEFAMATION

J.H. Desnick, M.D., Eye Servs., Ltd. v. Am. Broad. Cos., 44 F.3d 1345, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1161 (7th Cir. 1995) ...... 12-30, 12-92, 12-96, 12-98 J.H. Desnick, M.D., Eye Servs., Ltd. v. Am. Broad. Cos., 233 F.3d 514 (7th Cir. 2000) ...... 5-76, 5-77, 5-97, 5-101 J.H. Desnick, M.D., Eye Servs., Ltd. v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 851 F. Supp. 303, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1937 (N.D. Ill. 1994), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds sub nom. J.H. Desnick, M.D., Eye Servs., Ltd. v. Am. Broad. Cos., 44 F.3d 1345, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1161 (7th Cir. 1995) ...... 2-87, 12-30, 12-91, 13-13 Jiang v. Porter, ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, ___, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 172215 (E.D. Mo. 2015) ...... 13-61, 16-22 Jianguang Wang v. Tang, 260 S.W.3d 149, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1769 (Tex. App. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 1379 (2009) ...... 16-45 Joe Dickerson & Assoc., LLC v. Dittmar, 34 P.3d 995, 29 Media L. Rep. 2618 (Colo. 2001) ...... 12-84, 12-86 Joffe v. Vaughn, 873 P.2d 299 (Okla. Ct. App. 1993) ...... 13-43, 13-61 John v. Journal Commc’ns, Inc., 801 F. Supp. 199, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1425 (E.D. Wis. 1992) ...... 3-33 John v. Tribune Co., 24 Ill. 2d 437, 181 N.E.2d 105, cert. denied, 371 U.S. 877 (1962) ...... 2-71 Johnsen v. Carhart, 353 So. 2d 874 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1977) ...... 8-48 Johnson v. Arden, 614 F.3d 785 (8th Cir. 2010) ...... 15-36, 15-40 Johnson v. Baptist Med. Ctr., 97 F.3d 1070 (8th Cir. 1996) ...... 8-62 Johnson v. Bradstreet Co., 77 Ga. 172 (1886) ...... 9-23 Johnson v. Capital City Press, 346 So. 2d 819, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2255 (La. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 350 So. 2d 677 (La. 1977) ...... 5-13, 5-18 Johnson v. Clark, 484 F. Supp. 2d 1242 (M.D. Fla. 2007), aff’d mem., 294 F. App’x 502 (11th Cir. 2008) ...... 10-46

TOC–128 Table of Cases

Johnson v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 10 F. Supp. 2d 1071, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1148 (D. Minn. 1998) ...... 2-40 Johnson v. Cmty. Nursing Servs., 985 F. Supp. 1321 (D. Utah 1997) ...... 2-119, 4-19, 4-20, 9-20 Johnson v. Delchamps, Inc., 715 F. Supp. 1345 (M.D. La. 1989), aff’d, 897 F.2d 808 (5th Cir. 1990) ...... 2-102 Johnson v. Delta-Democrat Publ’g Co., 531 So. 2d 811, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2117 (Miss. 1988) ...... 2-52, 16-49 Johnson v. Dirkswager, 315 N.W.2d 215 (Minn. 1982) ...... 8-45 Johnson v. Evening Star Newspaper Co., 344 F.2d 507 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 910 (1965) ...... 12-56, 12-61, 12-69 Johnson v. Johnson, 654 A.2d 1212 (R.I. 1995) ...... 2-25, 2-53, 3-10, 10-25 Johnson v. Johnson Publ’g Co., 271 A.2d 696 (D.C. 1970) ...... 2-18 Johnson v. KTBS, Inc., 889 So. 2d 329, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2582 (2004) ...... 2-163 Johnson v. Lanoix, 847 So. 2d 1283 (La. Ct. App. 2003) ...... 10-45 Johnson v. Nickerson, 542 N.W.2d 506 (Iowa 1996) ...... 2-10, 2-125, 10-40 Johnson v. Piper Jaffray, Inc., 530 N.W.2d 790 (Minn. 1995) ...... 10-71 Johnson v. Robbinsdale Indep. Sch. Dist. 281, 827 F. Supp. 1439 (D. Minn. 1993) ...... 5-9, 5-54 Johnson v. Robertson, 8 Port. 486 (Ala. 1839) ...... 10-37 Johnson v. St. Louis Dispatch Co., 65 Mo. 539 (1877) ...... 7-3 Johnson v. Sawyer, 4 F.3d 369 (5th Cir. 1993) ...... 12-39 Johnson v. Sw. Newspapers Corp., 855 S.W.2d 182, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1746 (Tex. App. 1993) ...... 5-9, 5-17 Johnson v. State, 37 N.Y.2d 378, 372 N.Y.S.2d 638, 334 N.E.2d 590 (1975) ...... 13-63 Johnson v. Ward, 4 N.Y.3d 516, 829 N.E.2d 1201, 797 N.Y.S.2d 33 (2005) ...... 15-12 Johnson & Johnson v. Carter-Wallace, Inc., 631 F.2d 186 (2d Cir. 1980) ...... 13-32 Johnson Publ’g Co. v. Davis, 271 Ala. 474, 124 So. 2d 441 (1960) ...... 9-46 Johnston v. Corinthian Television Corp., 583 P.2d 1101, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2518 (Okla. 1978) ...... 5-7, 5-17

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–129 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Jolly v. Fossum, 59 Wash. 2d 20, 365 P.2d 780 (1961) ...... 3-2 Jolly v. Valley Publ’g Co., 63 Wash. 2d 537, 388 P.2d 139 (1964) ...... 9-35, 9-41 Jonap v. Silver, 1 Conn. App. 550, 474 A.2d 800 (1984) ...... 12-20 Jones v. Britt Airways, Inc., 622 F. Supp. 389 (N.D. Ill. 1985) ...... 2-103 Jones v. Dirty World Entm't Recordings, LLC, 766 F. Supp. 2d 828 (E.D. Ky. 2011), rev'd on other grounds, 755 F.3d 398 (6th Cir. 2014) ...... 7-13, 15-34 Jones v. E. Hulton & Co., [1909] 2 K.B. 444, aff’d, [1910] A.C. 20 ...... 2-149, 5-2 Jones v. Garner, 250 S.C. 479, 158 S.E.2d 909, 32 A.L.R.3D 1417 (1968) ...... 2-43 Jones v. Globe Int’l, 1995 WL 819177 (D. Conn. 1995) ...... 2-83 Jones v. Golden Spike Corp., 97 Nev. 24, 623 P.2d 970 (1981) ...... 2-102 Jones v. Johnson & Johnson, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13453 (E.D. Pa. 1995) ...... 2-60 Jones v. Monico, 276 Minn. 371, 150 N.W.2d 213 (1967) ...... 8-44 Jones v. Neighbor Newspapers, Inc., 142 Ga. App. 365, 236 S.E.2d 23, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1149 (1977) ...... 3-18, 11-5 Jones v. Palmer Commc’ns, Inc., 440 N.W.2d 884, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2137 (Iowa 1989) ...... 3-18, 4-11, 4-29, 5-16, 6-3, ...... 6-8, 7-3, 7-59, 11-14, 12-33, 16-38 Jones v. Pinkerton’s, Inc., 700 S.W.2d 456 (Mo. Ct. App. 1985) ...... 2-107 Jones v. Pulitzer Publ’g Co., 195 S.W. 80 (Mo. Ct. App. 1917) ...... 2-42 Jones v. State, 426 S.W.3d 50 (Tenn. 2013) ...... 8-50 Jones v. Taibbi, 400 Mass. 786, 512 N.E.2d 260, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1844 (1987) ...... 5-44, 7-30, 12-12, 12-56 Jones v. Trump, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7324 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 2-83 Jones v. Univ. of Iowa, 836 N.W.2d 127 (Iowa 2013) ...... 8-64 Jones v. W. & S. Life Ins. Co., 91 F.3d 1032 (7th Cir. 1996) ...... 9-5, 10-9, 10-10 Jordan v. Fox, Rothschild, O’Brien & Frankel, 20 F.3d 1250 (3d Cir. 1994) ...... 2-171 Jordan v. Kollman, 269 Va. 569, 612 S.E.2d 203 (2005) ...... 2-5, 3-20, 5-14

TOC–130 Table of Cases

Jorg v. Cincinnati Black United Front, 153 Ohio App. 3d 258, 792 N.E.2d 781 (2003) ...... 4-32 Joseph v. Collins, 272 Ill. App. 3d 200, 649 N.E.2d 964, 208 Ill. Dec. 604 (1995) ...... 2-175, 8-32 Joseph v. Scranton Times, L.P., 2008 PA Super. 217, 959 A.2d 322 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2008) ...... 6-8, 6-9, 10-38 Joseph v. Siegel, 200 Misc. 214, 105 N.Y.S.2d 690 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty.), aff’d, 279 A.D. 574, 107 N.Y.S.2d 553 (1st Dep’t 1951), aff’d, 304 N.Y. 553, 106 N.E.2d 613 (1952) ...... 13-5 Journal Publ’g Co. v. McCullough, 743 So. 2d 352 (Miss. 1999) ...... 2-35 Journal-Gazette Co. v. Bandido’s, Inc., 672 N.E.2d 969 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), aff’d on relevant ground, 712 N.E.2d 446, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2089, cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1005 (1999) ...... 2-15, 2-25, 2-32, 2-44, ...... 2-76, 5-79, 5-113, 6-12 Jovanovic v. U.S.-Algeria Bus. Council, 561 F. Supp. 2d 103 (D.D.C. 2008), aff’d, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 8668 (D.C. Cir. 2009) ...... 2-67, 2-111, 13-62 Julian v. Am. Bus. Consultants, Inc., 2 N.Y.2d 1, 137 N.E.2d 1, 155 N.Y.S.2d 1 (1956) ...... 2-20, 2-148, 4-5, 4-43, ...... 4-54, 4-71, 4-72, 4-73, 4-74 J.V. Peters & Co. v. Knight-Ridder Co., 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1576 (Ohio Ct. App. 1984) ...... 2-127, 7-58, 7-59

K K Corp. v. Stewart, 247 Neb. 290, 526 N.W.2d 429 (1995) ...... 2-127, 4-17 Kaelin v. Globe Commc’ns Corp., 162 F.3d 1036, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1142 (9th Cir. 1998) ...... 2-20, 2-44, 5-89 Kahn v. Bower, 232 Cal. App. 3d 1599, 284 Cal. Rptr. 244, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1236 (1991) ...... 2-78, 3-12, 4-20, ...... 4-65, 5-13, 9-34, 13-59

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–131 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Kalika v. Stern, 911 F. Supp. 594 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 9-27 Kalpoe v. Superior Court, 222 Cal. App. 4th 206, 166 Cal. Rptr. 3d 80 (2013) ...... 11-10 Kamelgard v. Macura, 585 F.3d 334 (7th Cir. 2009) ...... 15-49, 15-54 Kamfar v. New World Rest. Grp., Inc., 347 F. Supp. 2d 38 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) ...... 6-18 Kaminske v. Wis. Cent. Ltd., 102 F. Supp. 2d 1066 (E.D. Wis. 2000) ...... 4-40 Kaminski v. Roadway Express, Inc., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2475 (N.D. Ill. 1995) ...... 8-43 Kamsler v. Chi. Am. Publ’g Co., 82 Ill. App. 2d 86, 225 N.E.2d 434 (1967) ...... 2-49 Kanaga v. Gannett Co., 687 A.2d 173, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1684 (Del. 1996), aff’d in part on other grounds, rev’d in part on other grounds, 750 A.2d 1174, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1697 (Del. 2000) ...... 2-125, 4-49, 6-24 Kanarek v. Bugliosi, 108 Cal. App. 3d 327, 166 Cal. Rptr. 526 (1980) ...... 2-91 Kan. Bankers Sur. Co. v. Bahr, 69 F. Supp. 2d 1004 (E.D. Tenn. 1999) ...... 13-7, 13-32, 13-35 Kapellas v. Kofman, 1 Cal. 3d 20, 459 P.2d 912, 81 Cal. Rptr. 360 (1969) ...... 11-5, 11-13, 12-15, ...... 12-37, 12-49, 12-55, 12-60 Kapiloff v. Dunn, 27 Md. App. 514, 343 A.2d 251 (1975), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 907 (1976) ...... 4-10, 4-70, 5-9 Karaduman v. Newsday, Inc., 51 N.Y.2d 531, 416 N.E.2d 557, 435 N.Y.S.2d 556, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2345 (1980) ...... 2-114, 2-176, 6-17, ...... 6-19, 16-39, 16-56 Karch v. BayBank FSB&A, 147 N.H. 525, 794 A.2d 763 (2002) ...... 12-39, 12-41 Karelas v. Baldwin, 237 App. Div. 265, 261 N.Y.S. 518 (2d Dep’t 1932) ...... 8-7 Karem v. Priest, 744 F. Supp. 136, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2113 (W.D. Tex. 1990) ...... 14-7 KARK-TV v. Simon, 280 Ark. 228, 656 S.W.2d 702, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1049 (1983) ...... 3-18, 6-7

TOC–132 Table of Cases

Karl v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Sec. Corp., 78 F. Supp. 2d 393 (E.D. Pa. 1999) ...... 2-62, 16-3 Karp v. Hill Knowlton, Inc., 631 F. Supp. 360, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2092 (S.D.N.Y. 1986) ...... 7-36 Karp v. Miami Herald Publ’g Co., 45 Fla. Supp. 183 (Cir. Ct. 1977), aff’d, 359 So. 2d 580, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2581 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.), dismissed without opinion, 365 So. 2d 712 (Fla. 1978) ...... 5-107, 15-61, 16-54 Kass v. Great Coastal Express, Inc., 291 N.J. Super. 10, 676 A.2d 1099 (App. Div. 1996), aff’d, 152 N.J. 353, 704 A.2d 1293 (1998) ...... 9-16, 9-40, 9-47, 9-56 Kassel v. Gannett Co., 875 F.2d 935, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1814 (1st Cir. 1989) ...... 2-174, 5-7, ...... 5-16, 6-7, 10-39, 10-52 Katz v. Odin, Feldman & Pittleman, 332 F. Supp. 2d 909 (E.D. Va. 2004) ...... 2-91, 8-43 Kauffman Racing Equip. v. Roberts, 126 Ohio St. 3d 81, 930 N.E.2d 784, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2071 (2010) ...... 15-11, 15-36, 15-37 Kaufman v. Fid. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 140 Cal. App. 3d 913, 189 Cal. Rptr. 818 (1983) ...... 5-38 Kaufman v. Islamic Soc’y of Arlington, 291 S.W.3d 130 (Tex. App. 2009) ...... 16-79 Kaufman v. Rubinton, Coleman & Ostrow, N.Y.L.J., July 25, 1963 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1963) ...... 2-48 Kavanagh v. Zwilling, 997 F. Supp. 2d 241, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1492 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) ...... 4-76, 4-78 Kawaauhau v. Geiger, 523 U.S. 57 (1998) ...... 10-69 KBMT Operating Co. v. Toledo, 434 S.W.3d 276, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2054 (Tex. App. 2014) ...... 16-24 Keane v. Gannett Co., 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2252 (D. Haw. 1986) ...... 5-106 Keddie v. Pa. State Univ., 412 F. Supp. 1264 (M.D. Pa. 1976) ...... 2-102 Keenan v. Computer Assocs. Int’l, 13 F.3d 1266 (8th Cir. 1994) ...... 9-5, 9-9, 9-20, ...... 9-40, 9-43, 9-57, 10-43, 16-58

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–133 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 131 N.H. 6, 549 A.2d 1187, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1077 (1988) ...... 7-5, 15-61 Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 682 F.2d 33, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1748 (1st Cir. 1982), rev’d, 465 U.S. 770, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1405 (1984) ...... 1-44, 1-45, 7-4, 7-5, 15-19, ...... 15-23, 15-25, 15-34 Kefgen v. Davidson, 241 Mich. App. 611, 617 N.W.2d 351 (2000) ...... 5-10, 8-43 Kehoe v. N.Y. Tribune, Inc., 229 A.D. 220, 241 N.Y.S. 676 (1st Dep’t 1930) ...... 11-2 Keller v. Elec. Arts, Inc., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10719, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1353 (N.D. Cal. 2010) ...... 12-91 Keller v. Miami Herald Publ’g Co., 778 F.2d 711, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1561 (11th Cir. 1985) ...... 2-59, 4-7, 4-10, 4-33 Keller v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 111 Mont. 28, 108 P.2d 605 (1940) ...... 2-22, 2-29, 2-73 Kelley v. Bonney, 221 Conn. 549, 606 A.2d 693 (1992) ...... 2-4, 5-17, 5-54, ...... 8-13, 8-17, 8-39, 8-40 Kelley v. Dillon, 5 Ind. 426 (1854) ...... 7-62 Kelley v. Rinkle, 532 S.W.2d 947 (Tex. 1976) ...... 2-109 Kelley v. Tanoos, 865 N.E.2d 593 (Ind. 2007) ...... 2-126, 9-34 Kelly v. Arrington, 624 So. 2d 546, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2217 (Ala. 1993) ...... 2-22, 2-28, ...... 2-76, 2-78, 2-130 Kelly v. Gen. Tel. Co., 136 Cal. App. 3d 278, 186 Cal. Rptr. 184 (1982) ...... 2-103 Kelly v. Greene, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 4553 (1994) ...... 2-172 Kelly v. Hoffman, 9 N.J. Super. 422, 74 A.2d 922 (1950) ...... 10-10 Kelly v. Johnson Publ’g Co., 160 Cal. App. 2d 718, 325 P.2d 659 (1958) ...... 2-171, 12-25 Kelly v. Loew’s, Inc., 76 F. Supp. 473 (D. Mass. 1948) ...... 2-79 Kelly v. Perry, 111 Ariz. 382, 531 P.2d 139 (1975) ...... 13-25 Kelly v. Schmidberger, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1297 (S.D.N.Y. 1985), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 806 F.2d 44, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1700 (2d Cir. 1986) ...... 2-67, 2-76, 15-8 Kelson v. Spin Publ’ns, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1130 (D. Md. 1988) ...... 13-52, 13-54

TOC–134 Table of Cases

Kendall v. Daily News Publ’g Co., 716 F.3d 82 (3d Cir. 2012) ...... 5-80, 16-65 Kendrick v. Fox Television, 659 A.2d 814, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1065 (D.C. 1995) ...... 5-109, 6-8, 6-9, 7-14, 8-52, 16-53 Kennedy, In re, 249 F.3d 576 (6th Cir. 2001) ...... 10-69 Kennedy v. Cannon, 229 Md. 92, 182 A.2d 54 (1962) ...... 8-16 Kennedy v. Children’s Serv. Soc’y of Wis., 17 F.3d 980 (7th Cir. 1994) ...... 2-121, 2-156, 9-30, 9-40 Kennedy v. Mid-Continent Telecasting, Inc., 193 Kan. 544, 394 P.2d 400 (1964) ...... 9-56 Kennedy v. Sheriff of E. Baton Rouge, 935 So. 2d 669 (La. 2006) ...... 2-139, 5-55, 6-3, ...... 6-22, 9-3, 9-10, 9-45, 9-49, 9-53 Kennedy v. Zimmerman, 601 N.W.2d 61, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1188 (Iowa 1999) ...... 8-17 Kenney v. Scripps Howard Broad. Co., 259 F.3d 922, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2567 (8th Cir. 2001) ...... 7-33 Kenney v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 100 S.W.3d 809 (Mo. 2003) ...... 2-81 Kenny v. Cleary, 47 A.D.2d 531, 363 N.Y.S.2d 606 (2d Dep’t 1975) ...... 8-12 Kent v. Buffalo, 29 N.Y.2d 818, 277 N.E.2d 669, 327 N.Y.S.2d 653 (1971) ...... 2-57 Ky. Fried Chicken, Inc. v. Sanders, 563 S.W.2d 8, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2054 (Ky. 1978) ...... 2-158 Keogh v. N.Y. Herald Tribune, Inc., 51 Misc. 2d 888, 274 N.Y.S.2d 302 (N.Y. Cnty. 1966), aff’d, 28 A.D.2d 1209, 285 N.Y.S.2d 262 (1st Dep’t 1967), appeal denied, 21 N.Y.2d 955, 237 N.E.2d 235, 289 N.Y.S.2d 984 (1968) ...... 7-34 Keohane v. Stewart, 882 P.2d 1293, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2545 (Colo. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1127 (1995) ...... 1-9, 2-10, 2-53, 2-127, ...... 4-12, 4-19, 4-20, 4-33, 10-37, 10-42 Kerik v. Tacopina, 64 F. Supp. 3d 542, (S.D.N.Y. 2014) ...... 2-123, 5-89, 16-8 Kerndt v. Rolling Hills Nat’l Bank, 558 N.W.2d 410 (Iowa 1997) ...... 2-138, 2-140 Kerr v. Kerr, 134 A.D. 141, 118 N.Y.S. 801 (2d Dep’t 1909) ...... 2-36

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–135 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Kerwick v. Orange Cnty. Publ’ns, 53 N.Y.2d 625, 420 N.E.2d 970, 438 N.Y.S.2d 78, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1152 (1981) ...... 5-113 Kevorkian v. Am. Med. Ass’n, 237 Mich. App. 1, 602 N.W.2d 233 (1999) ...... 2-84 Kevorkian v. Glass, 913 A.2d 1043 (R.I. 2007) ...... 9-16 Khan v. Parsons Global Servs. Ltd., 521 F.3d 421 (D.C. Cir. 2008) ...... 13-50, 13-52, 13-53 Khaury v. Playboy Publ’ns, Inc., 430 F. Supp. 1342 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) ...... 2-106 Khawar v. Globe Int’l, Inc., 19 Cal. 4th 254, 965 P.2d 696, 79 Cal. Rptr. 2d 178, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2505 (1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1114 (1999) ...... 5-67, 7-2, 7-50, 7-55 Kibbe v. Potter, 196 F. Supp. 2d 48 (D. Mass. 2002) ...... 2-67 Kibler v. N. Inyo Cnty. Local Hosp. Dist., 39 Cal. 4th 192, 138 P.3d 193, 46 Cal. Rptr. 3d 41 (Cal. 2006) ...... 8-59, 16-13 Kidder v. Anderson, 345 So. 2d 922, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1645 (La. Ct. App. 1977), rev’d on other grounds, 354 So. 2d 1306, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1881 (La.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 829, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1560 (1978) ...... 10-45, 16-60 Kidder v. Anderson, 354 So. 2d 1306, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1881 (La.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 829, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1560 (1978) ...... 5-78, 5-104, 5-107 Kiesau v. Bantz, 686 N.W.2d 164 (Iowa 2004) ...... 2-140, 4-11, 4-29, 5-11, 12-19, 13-74 Kilcoyne v. Plain Dealer Publ’g Co., 112 Ohio App. 3d 229, 678 N.E.2d 581 (1996) ...... 2-47, 4-43, 5-14, 5-96 Kilgore v. Koen, 133 Or. 1, 288 P. 192 (1930) ...... 7-30 Kilgore v. Younger, 30 Cal. 3d 770, 640 P.2d 793, 180 Cal. Rptr. 657, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1886 (1982) ...... 7-24, 7-32, 7-49, ...... 7-60, 8-51, 13-57 Kilian v. Doubleday & Co., 367 Pa. 117, 79 A.2d 657 (1951) ...... 3-18, 3-28, 10-55 Killilea v. Sears, Roebuck Co., 27 Ohio App. 3d 163, 499 N.E.2d 1291 (1985) ...... 12-39

TOC–136 Table of Cases

Kimmerle v. N.Y. Evening Journal, Inc., 262 N.Y. 99, 186 N.E. 217 (1933) ...... 2-16, 2-26, 2-163 King v. Borges, 28 Cal. App. 3d 27, 104 Cal. Rptr. 414 (1972) ...... 8-41 King v. Globe Newspaper Co., 400 Mass. 705, 512 N.E.2d 241, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1811 (1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 940 & 962 (1988) ...... 2-59, 4-33, 16-39 King v. Sioux City Radiological Grp., P.C., 985 F. Supp. 869 (D. Iowa 1997) ...... 2-125 King v. Skinner, Lofft 55, 98 Eng. Rep. 529 (K.B. 1772) ...... 8-4 Kings Creations, Ltd. v. Conde Nast Publ’ns, Inc., 34 A.D.2d 935, 311 N.Y.S.2d 757 (1st Dep’t 1970) ...... 13-8 Kinney v. Barnes, 443 S.W.3d 87, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2390 (Tex. 2014) ...... 10-60, 10-64 Kinzel v. Discovery Drilling, Inc., 93 P.3d 427 (Alaska 2004) ...... 4-23, 4-41, 6-14 Kirch v. Liberty Media Corp., 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 82175 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) ...... 2-29 Kirch v. Liberty Media Corp., 449 F.3d 388 (2d Cir. 2006) ...... 2-29, 2-148, 2-164 Kirchner v. Greene, 294 Ill. App. 3d 672, 691 N.E.2d 107, 229 Ill. Dec. 171 (1998) ...... 12-19 Kirkman v. Westchester Newspapers, Inc., 287 N.Y. 373, 39 N.E.2d 919 (1942) ...... 2-170 Kirsch v. Barnes, 153 F. Supp. 260 (D. Cal. 1957) ...... 13-4, 13-5, 13-16, 13-22 Kirwin v. N.Y. State Office of Mental Health, 665 F. Supp. 1034 (E.D.N.Y. 1989) ...... 13-51 Kisser v. Coal. for Religious Freedom, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18818 (N.D. Ill. 1994) ...... 5-28, 5-35, ...... 5-108, 10-9 Kisser v. Coal. for Religious Freedom, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3906 (N.D. Ill. 1996) ...... 10-59 Kitt v. Capital Concerts, Inc., 742 A.2d 856 (D.C. 1999) ...... 12-16 Kittinger v. Boeing Co., 21 Wash. App. 484, 585 P.2d 812 (1978) ...... 2-109 Kittler v. Eckberg, Lammers, Briggs, Wolff & Vierling, 535 N.W.2d 653 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 8-13 Klagsbrun v. Va’ad Harabonim of Greater Monsi, 53 F. Supp. 2d 732 (D.N.J. 1999) ...... 4-76 Klahr v. Winterble, 4 Ariz. App. 158, 418 P.2d 404 (1966) ...... 4-53, 4-70, 4-71, 5-52 Klaimon v. Cigna Cos., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2180 (S.D. La. 1997) ...... 2-97

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–137 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Klayman v. Segal, 783 A.2d 607 (D.C. 2001) ...... 2-20 Klein v. McGauley, 29 A.D.2d 418, 288 N.Y.S.2d 751 (2d Dep’t 1968) ...... 2-32, 4-62 Klein v. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 263 F. Supp. 919 (D.D.C. 1966) ...... 12-49, 12-61 Klein v. Prial, 32 A.D.2d 925, 302 N.Y.S.2d 295 (2d Dep’t 1969), aff’d, 28 N.Y.2d 506, 267 N.E.2d 589, 318 N.Y.S.2d 946 (1971) ...... 2-16 Klein v. Rathheim, 49 Misc. 2d 771, 268 N.Y.S.2d 211 (Sup. Ct. Kings Cnty.), aff’d, 26 A.D.2d 993, 275 N.Y.S.2d 805 (2d Dep’t 1966) .... 2-52 Klein v. Victor, 903 F. Supp. 1327, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1417 (E.D. Mo. 1995) ...... 12-11 Kliebenstein v. Iowa Conference of the United Methodist Church, 663 N.W.2d 404, cert. denied, 540 U.S. 977 (2003) ...... 4-79 Klouda v. Sw. Baptist Theological Seminary, 543 F. Supp. 2d 594 (N.D. Tex. 2008) ...... 2-90 Knafel v. Chi. Sun-Times, Inc., 413 F.3d 637, 33 Media L. Rep. 2104 (7th Cir. 2005) ...... 2-71 Knelman v. Middlebury Coll., 898 F. Supp. 2d 697 (D. Vt. 2012) ...... 2-98 Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1097 (9th Cir. 2005) ...... 2-20, 2-76, ...... 4-21, 4-64, 5-120, 16-3, 16-4 Knight v. Baker, 173 Ind. App. 314, 363 N.E.2d 1048 (1977) ...... 9-21 Knowles v. Ohio State Univ., 2002 Ohio App. LEXIS 6779 (Ohio Ct. App. 2002) ...... 2-93 Knoxville Publ’g Co. v. Taylor, 31 Tenn. App. 368, 215 S.W.2d 27 (1948) ...... 11-8 Knudsen v. Kan. Gas & Elec. Co., 248 Kan. 469, 807 P.2d 71, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1900 (1991) .....5-36, 6-22 Koch v. Goldway, 607 F. Supp. 223, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1362 (C.D. Cal. 1984), aff’d, 817 F.2d 507, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1213 (9th Cir. 1987) ...... 2-54, 4-8, 4-31, ...... 4-43, 4-53, 13-51, 13-60 Koeppel v. Speirs, 808 N.W.2d 177 (Iowa 2011) ...... 12-92, 12-94 Kohn v. W. Haw. Today, Inc., 65 Haw. 584, 656 P.2d 79, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1238 (1982) ...... 3-20

TOC–138 Table of Cases

Kolegas v. Heftel Broad. Corp., 217 Ill. App. 3d 803, 578 N.E.2d 299, 161 Ill. Dec. 172 (1991), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 154 Ill. 2d 1, 607 N.E.2d 201, 180 Ill. Dec. 307, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2105 (1992) ...... 2-50, 2-61, ...... 2-71, 2-127, 4-50, 4-63, ...... 12-13, 12-23, 12-32, 13-10, ...... 13-48, 13-49, 13-52, 13-55, 17-9 Koniak v. Heritage Newspapers, Inc., 198 Mich. App. 577, 499 N.W.2d 346, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2286 (1993) ...... 7-42 Konigsberg v. Time, Inc., 288 F. Supp. 989 (S.D.N.Y. 1968) ...... 10-60 Konikoff v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 234 F.3d 92, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1129 (2d Cir. 2000) ...... 5-78, 6-15, 6-16, 6-17, ...... 6-18, 7-61, 9-12, 9-31, 9-46 Konop v. Hawaiian Airlines, Inc., 302 F.3d 868 (9th Cir. 2002) ...... 5-136 Konowitz v. Archway Sch., Inc., 65 A.D.2d 752, 409 N.Y.S.2d 757 (2d Dep’t 1978) ...... 9-41, 9-51 Korbar v. Hite, 43 Ill. App. 3d 636, 357 N.E.2d 135, 2 Ill. Dec. 158 (1976), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 837 (1977) ...... 2-19, 5-36 Korn v. Rennison, 21 Conn. Supp. 400, 156 A.2d 476 (Conn. App. Ct. 1959) ...... 12-68 Korndorffer v. Autumn Hills Convalescent Ctr., 1994 Tex. App. LEXIS 2359 (Tex. App. 1994) ...... 2-169 Kostolecki v. Buffalo Courier Express Co., 163 A.D.2d 856, 558 N.Y.S.2d 385, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1368 (4th Dep’t 1990) ...... 10-33 Kotlikoff v. Cmty. News, 89 N.J. 62, 444 A.2d 1086, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1549 (1982) ....4-8, 4-11 Koussevitsky v. Allen, Towne & Heath, 188 Misc. 479, 68 N.Y.S.2d 779 (N.Y. Cnty.), aff’d, 272 A.D. 759, 69 N.Y.S.2d 432 (1st Dep’t 1947) ..... 12-29 KOVR-TV v. Superior Court, 31 Cal. App. 4th 1023, 37 Cal. Rptr. 2d 431, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1371 (1995) ...... 13-55 Kraisnger v. Liggett, 3 Kan. App. 2d 235, 592 P.2d 477 (1979) ...... 2-135 Krajewski v. Gusoff, 2012 PA Super. 166, 53 A.3d 793 (2013) ...... 12-18, 12-21 Krajewski v. Gusoff, 74 A.3d 119 (Pa. 2013) ...... 12-21 Krajewski v. Gusoff, 84 A.3d 1057 (Pa. 2014) ...... 12-21

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–139 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Kramer v. Thompson, 947 F.2d 666 (3d Cir. 1991) ...... 10-67 Krase v. Graco Children Prods., Inc., 79 F.3d 346, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1599 (2d Cir. 1996) ...... 14-30 Krauss v. Champaign News Gazette, Inc., 59 Ill. App. 3d 745, 375 N.E.2d 1362, 17 Ill. Dec. 78, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2507 (1978) ...... 7-56, 7-58 Krauss v. Globe Int’l, Inc., 251 A.D.2d 191, 674 N.Y.S.2d 662, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2118 (1st Dep’t 1998) ...... 5-29, 6-16, 6-19 Krebs v. Oliver, 78 Mass. 239 (1858) ...... 9-33 Krinsky v. Doe 6, 159 Cal. App. 4th 1154, 72 Cal. Rptr. 3d 231, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1321 (2008) ...... 4-45, 14-37, 14-40 Kroll Assocs. v. City & Cnty. of Honolulu, 833 F. Supp. 802 (D. Haw. 1993) ...... 5-16, 5-46, 5-52, 5-73 Kropp v. Prather, 526 S.W.2d 283 (Tex. Civ. App. 1975) ...... 8-24 Krouse v. Bower, 20 P.3d 895 (Utah 2001) ...... 8-5, 8-12 Krueger v. Austad, 1996 SD 26, 545 N.W.2d 205 (S.D. 1996) ...... 4-20, 5-37 Krueger v. Lewis, 359 Ill. App. 3d 515, 834 N.E.2d 457, 295 Ill. Dec. 876 (2005) ...... 8-32 Krulic v. Petcoff, 122 Minn. 517, 142 N.W. 897 (1913) ...... 3-29 Krumholz v. TRW, Inc., 142 N.J. Super. 80, 360 A.2d 413 (1976) ...... 9-23 Kruteck v. Schimmel, 27 A.D.2d 837, 278 N.Y.S.2d 25 (2d Dep’t 1967) ...... 1-12, 5-12 KTRK Television, Inc. v. Robinson, 409 S.W.3d 682, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2191 (Tex. App. 2013) ...... 2-139, 16-25 Kuelbs v. Williams, 609 N.W.2d 10 (Minn. Ct. App. 2000) ...... 9-14 Kugel v. United States, 947 F.2d 1504 (D.C. Cir. 1991) ...... 8-28 Kuhn v. Account Control Tech., Inc., 865 F. Supp. 1443 (D. Nev. 1994) ...... 12-40, 12-93 Kuhn v. Tribune-Republican Publ’g Co., 637 P.2d 315, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2137 (Colo. 1981) ...... 5-85, 16-71 Kuhn v. Veloz, 252 A.D. 515, 299 N.Y.S. 924 (App. Div. 1st Dep’t 1937) ...... 2-141 Kumaran v. Brotman, 247 Ill. App. 3d 216, 617 N.E.2d 191, 186 Ill. Dec. 952, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1833 (1993) ...... 2-50, 4-50, 5-17 Kurata v. L.A. News Publ’g Co., 4 Cal. App. 2d 224, 40 P.2d 520 (1935) ...... 3-19, 7-27 Kurczaba v. Pollock, 318 Ill. App. 3d 686, 742 N.E.2d 425, 252 Ill. Dec. 175 (2000) ...... 7-36

TOC–140 Table of Cases

Kuwik v. Star Mktg. & Admin., Inc., 156 Ill. 2d 16, 619 N.E.2d 129, 188 Ill. Dec. 765 (1993) ...... 9-5, 9-42, 9-48, 9-57 Kyser-Smith v. Upscale Commc’ns, Inc., 873 F. Supp. 1519 (M.D. Ala. 1995) ...... 12-33

L L. Cohen & Co. v. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., 629 F. Supp. 1425 (D. Conn. 1986) ...... 2-104, 2-105, 2-107, ...... 2-109, 12-29, 12-30 La Mon v. Butler, 110 Wash. 2d 216, 751 P.2d 842, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1191 (1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 814 (1989) ...... 6-23 La Placa v. Lowery, 134 Vt. 56, 349 A.2d 235 (1975) ...... 8-9 La Rocca v. N.Y. News, Inc., 156 N.J. Super. 59, 383 A.2d 451, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2048 (1978) ...... 2-59, 4-69, 5-11 Lacey v. Zartman, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8733 (N.D.N.Y. 1998) ...... 15-9 LaChance v. Boston Herald, 78 Mass. App. Ct. 910, 942 N.E.2d 185, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1422 (2011) ...... 5-34 Ladany v. William Morrow & Co., 465 F. Supp. 870, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2153 (S.D.N.Y. 1978) ...... 2-21, 2-130, 2-143, 12-87 Ladd v. Uecker, 323 Wis. 2d 798, 780 N.W.2d 216 (Ct. App. 2010) ...... 7-8, 7-14 Lafayette Morehouse, Inc. v. Chronicle Publ’g Co., 37 Cal. App. 4th 855, 44 Cal. Rptr. 2d 46, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2389 (1995) ...... 10-75, 10-76 Laffer v. Levinson, Miller, Jacobs & Phillips, 34 Cal. App. 4th 117, 40 Cal. Rptr. 2d 233 (1995) ...... 8-12 Lake v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 582 Minn. 231, 582 N.W.2d 231, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2175 (1998) ...... 12-12, 12-84 Lake Havasu Estates, Inc. v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 441 F. Supp. 489, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1433 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) ...... 16-54 Lake Minnewaska Mountain Houses v. Smiley, 58 Misc. 2d 1001, 297 N.Y.S.2d 243 (Sup. Ct. Ulster Cnty. 1969) ...... 13-46 Lake Park Post, Inc. v. Moore, 264 Ga. App. 299, 590 S.E.2d 254 (2003) ...... 5-10

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–141 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Lakeshore Cmty. Hosp., Inc. v. Perry, 212 Mich. App. 396, 538 N.W.2d 24 (1995) ...... 2-170, 5-37, 13-43 Lakewood Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Sadow, 43 So. 3d 710 (Fla. Ct. App. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 905 (2011) ...... 10-22, 10-30, 10-54 Lal v. CBS, Inc., 726 F.2d 97, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1276 (3d Cir. 1984) ...... 7-42, 12-97 Lamb v. Rizzo, 391 F.3d 1133 (10th Cir. 2004) ...... 2-83 Lambdin Funeral Serv., Inc. v. Griffith, 559 S.W.2d 791 (Tenn. 1978) ...... 7-28 Lambert v. Corcoran, 209 A.D.2d 674, 619 N.Y.S.2d 326 (2d Dep’t 1994) ...... 5-16 Lambert v. Dow Chem. Co., 215 So. 2d 673 (La. Ct. App. 1968) ...... 12-40, 12-59 Lamelza v. Bally’s Park Place, Inc., 580 F. Supp. 445, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1523 (E.D. Pa. 1984) ...... 2-46, 2-119, 15-54 Lamz v. Wells, 938 So. 2d 792 (La. Ct. App. 2006) ...... 16-21 Landmark Commc’ns, Inc. v. Virginia, 435 U.S. 829, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2153 (1978) ...... 1-50, 12-63 Lando v. State, 39 N.Y.2d 803, 351 N.E.2d 426, 385 N.Y.S.2d 759 (1976) ...... 13-63 Lane v. MPG Newspapers, 438 Mass. 476, 781 N.E.2d 800, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1279 (2003) ...... 5-7 Lane v. Random House, Inc., 985 F. Supp. 141, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1385 (D.D.C. 1995) ...... 2-25, ...... 4-9, 4-58, 4-66, 4-67, ...... 12-14, 12-22, 12-23, 12-86, 12-87 Lane v. Schilling, 130 Or. 119, 279 P. 267, 65 A.L.R. 1042 (1929) ...... 2-101 Langford v. Vanderbilt Univ., 199 Tenn. 389, 287 S.W.2d 32 (1956) ...... 11-7, 12-57, 12-61 Langford v. Vanderbilt Univ., 44 Tenn. App. 694, 318 S.W.2d 568 (1958) ...... 7-28 Langston v. Eagle Printing Co., 797 S.W.2d 66 (Tex. App. 1990) ...... 3-20 Langworthy v. Pulitzer Publ’g Co., 368 S.W.2d 385 (Mo. 1963) ...... 12-56 Lann v. Third Nat’l Bank, 198 Tenn. 70, 277 S.W.2d 439 (1955) ...... 13-25 Lansdowne v. Beacon Journal Publ’g Co., 32 Ohio St. 3d 176, 512 N.E.2d 979, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1801 (1987) ...... 6-4, 6-7, 6-10, 16-70 Laphan v. Journal Co., 30 Wis. 2d 146, 140 N.W.2d 417 (1966) ...... 2-16

TOC–142 Table of Cases

LaPointe v. Van Note, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 90641, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1646 (D.D.C. 2006) ...... 5-32 Lara v. Thomas, 512 N.W.2d 777 (Iowa 1994) ...... 2-16, ...... 2-122, 9-6, 9-9, 9-26 Larez v. City of Los Angeles, 946 F.2d 630 (9th Cir. 1991) ...... 2-94 Larimore v. Blaylock, 259 Va. 568, 528 S.E.2d 119 (2000) ...... 2-102, 2-103, 9-20, 9-29 LaRouche v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 780 F.2d 1134, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1585 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 818 (1986) ...... 14-33 Larrick v. Gilloon, 176 Cal. App. 2d 408, 1 Cal. Rptr. 360 (1959) ...... 10-27, 10-28 Larrimore v. Dubose, 827 So. 2d 60 (Ala. 2001) ...... 2-163 Larsen v. Chinwuba, 377 Md. 92, 832 A.2d 193 (2003) ...... 8-36 Larsen v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 75 Pa. Super. 66, 543 A.2d 1181 (1988) ...... 12-18, 12-20 Larson v. Doner, 32 Ill. App. 2d 471, 178 N.E.2d 399 (1961) ...... 8-49 Las Vegas Sun, Inc. v. Dist. Court, 104 Nev. 508, 761 P.2d 849, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2189 (1988) ...... 14-34 Las Vegas Sun, Inc. v. Franklin, 74 Nev. 282, 329 P.2d 867 (1958) ...... 3-30 Lashlee v. Sumner, 570 F.2d 107 (6th Cir. 1978) ...... 13-57 Laskowski v. Cnty. of Nassau, 57 A.D.2d 888, 394 N.Y.S.2d 442 (2d Dep’t 1977) ...... 10-46 Lasky v. Am. Broad. Cos., 631 F. Supp. 962, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1379 (S.D.N.Y. 1986) ...... 7-54 Lassa v. Rongstad, 718 N.W.2d 673 (Wis. 2006) ...... 14-41 Lassiter v. Int’l Union of Operating Eng’rs, 349 So. 2d 622 (Fla. 1976) ...... 10-27 Lassiter v. Lassiter, 456 F. Supp. 2d 876 (E.D. Ky. 2006) ...... 10-64 Lassonde v. Stanton, 157 N.H. 582, 956 A.2d 332 (2008) ...... 5-23 Lathwell v. Lorain Cnty. Jobs, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 1955 (2000) ...... 2-94 Lauga v. McDougall, 463 So. 2d 754 (La. Ct. App. 1985) ...... 8-8 Laughland v. Beckett, 365 Wis. 2d 148, 870 N.W.2d 466 (Ct. App. 2015) ...... 2-64 Lavin v. N.Y. News, Inc., 757 F.2d 1416, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1873 (3d Cir. 1985) .... 7-27, 7-28, 7-40 Law Firm of Daniel P. Foster, P.C. v. Turner Broad. Sys., Inc., 844 F.2d 955, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1225 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 994 (1988) ...... 7-28, 7-32, 7-35, 16-50 Lawler v. Merritt, 182 Misc. 648, 48 N.Y.S.2d 843 (1944), aff’d, 269 A.D. 662, 53 N.Y.S.2d 465 (App. Div. 1945) ...... 8-53

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–143 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Lawlor v. Gallagher Presidents’ Report, Inc., 394 F. Supp. 721 (S.D.N.Y. 1975), remanded without opinion, 538 F.2d 311 (2d Cir. 1976) ...... 2-27, 5-43, 10-49, 10-54 Lawlor v. N. Am. Corp., 2012 IL 112530, 983 N.E.2d 414, 368 Ill. Dec. 1 (2012) ...... 12-92 Lawrence v. A.S. Abell Co., 299 Md. 697, 475 A.2d 448, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2001 (1984) ...... 12-9, 12-87 Lawrence v. Bauer Publ’g & Printing, Ltd., 89 N.J. 451, 446 A.2d 469, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1536, cert. denied, 459 U.S. 999, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2454 (1982) ...... 5-26, ...... 5-37, 5-78, 7-2 Lawrence v. Cohn, 197 F. Supp. 2d 16 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) ...... 2-3 Lawrence v. Evans, 573 So. 2d 695, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1524 (Miss. 1990) ...... 2-22, 2-75 Lawrence v. Grinde, 534 N.W.2d 414 (Iowa 1995) ...... 13-65 Lawrence v. Jewell Cos., 53 Wis. 2d 656, 193 N.W.2d 695 (1972) ...... 10-46 Lawrence v. Moss, 639 F.2d 634, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2377 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 1031 (1981) ...... 6-23 Lawson v. Helmer, 77 P.3d 724 (Alaska 2003) ...... 8-5 Laxalt v. McClatchy, 116 F.R.D. 438, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1199 (D. Nev. 1987) ...... 14-8, 14-33, 15-50 Laxalt v. McClatchy, 622 F. Supp. 737, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1377 (D. Nev. 1985) ...... 15-21, 15-29 Layne v. Builders Plumbing Supply Co., 210 Ill. App. 3d 966, 569 N.E.2d 1104, 155 Ill. Dec. 493 (1991) ...... 2-97 Layne v. Kirby, 208 Cal. 694, 284 P. 441 (1930) ...... 15-51 Layne v. Tribune Co., 108 Fla. 177, 146 So. 234, 86 A.L.R. 466 (1933) ...... 4-5, 5-109, 7-14 Le Dans, Ltd. v. Daley, 10 A.D.2d 502, 200 N.Y.S.2d 618 (1st Dep’t 1960) ...... 2-133 Le Mistral, Inc. v. Columbia Broad. Sys., N.Y.L.J., Mar. 10, 1976, Apr. 8, 1976, and Dec. 30, 1976 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty.), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 61 A.D.2d 491, 402 N.Y.S.2d 815, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1913 (1st Dep’t 1978) ...... 12-93, 12-96, ...... 12-98, 12-99

TOC–144 Table of Cases

Leang v. Jersey City Bd. of Educ., 198 N.J. 557, 969 A.2d 1097 (2009) ...... 12-19 Leatherman v. Tarrant Cnty. Narcotics Intelligence & Coordination Unit, 507 U.S. 163 (1993) ...... 2-67 Leatherwood v. Prairie View A&M Univ., 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 1455 (Tex. App.-Houston 1st Dist. Feb. 12, 2004) ...... 15-43 Leavitt v. Bickerton, 855 F. Supp. 455 (D. Mass. 1994) ...... 8-22 LeBlanc v. Skinner, 103 A.D.3d 202, 955 N.Y.S.2d 391 (2d Dep’t 2012) ...... 2-112, 2-140 Lechtner v. Brownyard, 522 F. Supp. 675, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2377 (W.D. Pa. 1981), vacated on other grounds, 679 F.2d 322 (3d Cir. 1982) ...... 5-10 Leder v. Feldman, 173 A.D.2d 317, 569 N.Y.S.2d 702 (1st Dep’t 1991) ...... 7-36 LeDoux v. Nw. Publ’g, Inc., 521 N.W.2d 59 (Minn. Ct. App. 1994) ...... 5-16, 10-37, 10-38 Ledvina v. Cerasani, 146 P.3d 70 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2006) ...... 8-19 Lee v. Bankers Trust Co., 166 F.3d 540 (2d Cir. 1999) ...... 2-59, ...... 4-61, 8-54, 15-59 Lee v. City of Rochester, 195 A.D.2d 1000, 600 N.Y.S.2d 564 (4th Dep’t 1993) ...... 9-35 Lee v. City of Rochester, 254 A.D.2d 790, 677 N.Y.S.2d 848 (4th Dep’t 1998) ...... 9-35 Lee v. Columbian, Inc., 64 Wash. App. 534, 826 P.2d 217, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1865 (1991) ...... 10-73, 13-51 Lee v. Dep’t of Justice, 413 F.3d 53, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2096 (D.C. Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1187 (2006) ...... 14-7, 14-39 Lee v. Dep’t of Justice, 428 F.3d 299, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2537 (D.C. Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1187 (2006) ...... 14-7 Lee v. Dong-A Ilbo, 849 F.2d 876, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1593 (4th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1067 (1989) ...... 7-32, 7-33 Lee v. Edwards, 101 F.3d 805 (2d Cir. 1996) ...... 10-20 Lee v. Paulsen, 273 Or. 103, 539 P.2d 1079 (1975) ...... 8-60 Lee v. Radulovic, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12887 (N.D. Ill. 1994) ...... 5-4, 5-11 Lee v. TMZ Prods., Inc., ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, ___, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 104387, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 3243 (D.N.J. 2015) ...... 7-32 Leech v. Am. Booksellers Ass’n, Inc., 582 S.W.2d 738 (Tenn. 1979) ...... 6-4

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–145 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Leedom v. Bell, 1997 Tenn. App. LEXIS 742 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) ...... 2-107 Leers v. Green, 24 N.J. 239, 131 A.2d 781 (1957) ...... 4-37, 4-54, ...... 4-67, 4-68, 4-75 LeFlore v. Reflections of Tulsa, Inc., 708 P.2d 1068, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1817 (Okla. 1985) ...... 12-9 Lego A/S v. Best-Lock Constr. Toys, Inc., 886 F. Supp. 2d 65 (D. Conn. 2012) ...... 15-9 Legrande v. Emmanuel, 889 So. 2d 991 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2004) ...... 4-77 Legros v. Irving, 38 A.D.2d 53, 327 N.Y.S.2d 371 (1st Dep’t 1971) ...... 15-10 Lehigh Chem. Co. v. Celanese Corp. of Am., 278 F. Supp. 894 (D. Md. 1968) ...... 13-10, 13-21, 13-28 Lehman v. Discovery Commc’ns, Inc., 332 F. Supp. 2d 534, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2377 (E.D.N.Y. 2004) ...... 7-6 Leidholdt v. L.F.P., Inc., 860 F.2d 890, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2201 (9th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1080 (1989) ...... 5-38, 13-60 Leiendecker v. Asian Women United of Minn., 848 N.W.2d 224 (Minn. 2014) ...... 16-22 Leinberger v. Campion, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9474 (N.D. Ill. 1994) ...... 8-9 LeMarc’s Mgmt. Corp. v. Valentin, 349 Md. 645, 709 A.2d 1222 (1998) ...... 10-26 Lemerond v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26947 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1743 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) ...... 12-102 Lemons v. Chronicle Publ’g Co., 253 Ill. App. 3d 888, 625 N.E.2d 789, 192 Ill. Dec. 634, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1222 (1994) ...... 3-20 Lence v. Hagadone Inv. Co., 853 P.2d 1230, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1641 (Mont. 1993) ...... 7-30, 12-12 Lent v. Huntoon, 143 Vt. 539, 470 A.2d 1162, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2547 (1983) ...... 2-119, 2-125, 9-47 Leon v. Edinburgh News, [1907] Sess. Cas. 1014 ...... 2-42 Leonardo Da Vinci’s Horse, Inc. v. O’Brien, 761 F. Supp. 1222 (E.D. Pa. 1991) ...... 15-42 Leopold v. Levin, 45 Ill. 2d 434, 259 N.E.2d 250 (1970) ...... 12-49, 12-55, 12-61, 12-67 Lerette v. Dean Witter Org., Inc., 60 Cal. App. 3d 573, 131 Cal. Rptr. 592 (1976) ...... 8-8, 8-14 Lerman v. Chuckleberry Publ’g, Inc., 521 F. Supp. 228, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2282 (S.D.N.Y. 1981) ...... 7-9

TOC–146 Table of Cases

Lerman v. Flynt Distrib. Co., 745 F.2d 123, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2497 (2d Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1054 (1985) ...... 5-25, 5-36, 5-59, ...... 5-61, 10-42, 10-44, 12-87 Lesesne v. Brimecome, 918 F. Supp. 2d 221 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) ... 13-44 Leslie v. W. Steel Co., 202 F. Supp. 27 (S.D. Tex. 1962) ...... 13-5, 13-16, ...... 13-17, 13-22, 13-26 Lester v. Powers, 596 A.2d 65 (Me. 1991) ...... 2-4, 9-29, 9-49 Leutwyler v. Office of Her Majesty Queen Rania, 184 F. Supp. 2d 277 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) ...... 8-66 Levan v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 190 F.3d 1230, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2555 (11th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1198 (2000) ...... 5-82 Levee v. Beeching, 729 N.E.2d 215 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) ...... 2-130 Lever v. Century 21 Action Realty, Inc., 989 P.2d 634 (Wyo. 1999) ...... 9-29 Leverton v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 192 F.2d 974 (3d Cir. 1951) ...... 12-60, 12-67 Levesque v. Doocy, 557 F. Supp. 2d 157 (D. Me. 2008), aff’d, 560 F.3d 82, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1481 (1st Cir. 2009) ...... 5-10, ...... 5-74, 5-89, 5-121 Levin v. McPhee, 917 F. Supp. 230 (S.D.N.Y. 1996), aff’d on other grounds, 119 F.3d 189, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1946 (2d Cir. 1997) ...... 2-20, 4-26, 4-41, ...... 7-53, 7-54, 7-56, 7-63, 13-59, 13-60, 15-57 Levin v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co., 639 So. 2d 606 (Fla. 1994) ...... 8-5, 13-42 Levine v. CMP Publ’ns, Inc., 738 F.2d 660, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2337 (5th Cir. 1984) ...... 5-46, 7-44, 15-53, 16-69 Levine v. Steve Scharn Custom Homes, Inc., 448 S.W.3d 637, 650 (Tex. App. 2014) ...... 2-139 Levinsky v. Diamond, 151 Vt. 178, 559 A.2d 1073 (1989) ...... 8-48 Levinsky’s, Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 127 F.3d 122, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1161 (1st Cir. 1997) ...... 2-25, 4-53, 4-58, 6-22, 10-11 Lewis v. Benson, 101 Nev. 300, 701 P.2d 751 (1985) ...... 8-37 Lewis v. Coursolle Broad. of Wis., Inc., 127 Wis. 2d 105, 377 N.W.2d 166, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1641 (1985) ...... 5-29, 5-52, ...... 5-64, 5-72, 5-101

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–147 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Lewis v. Elliott, 628 F. Supp. 512 (D.D.C. 1986) ...... 9-34, 10-7, ...... 10-36, 10-38, 10-39, 10-44 Lewis v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y of the U.S., 389 N.W.2d 876, 62 A.L.R.4TH 581 (Minn. 1986) ...... 2-96, 2-99, 9-57 Lewis v. Kei, 281 Va. 715, 708 S.E.2d 884 (2011) ...... 8-22 Lewis v. McGraw-Hill Broad. Co., 832 P.2d 1118, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1240 (Colo. Ct. App. 1992) ...... 5-37, 5-46, 5-106 Lewis v. Meredith Corp., 293 Ga. App. 747, 667 S.E.2d 716 (2008) ...... 2-102 Lewis v. News-Press & Gazette Co., 782 F. Supp. 1338, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1946 (W.D. Mo. 1992) ...... 13-73 Lewis v. Newschannel 5 Network, L.P., 238 S.W.3d 270, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1897 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) ...... 5-65, 6-4, 7-28, 7-33, 16-47 Lewis v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 2003 PA Super. 350, 833 A.2d 185, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2249 (2003) ...... 3-13, 5-14 Lewis v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 162 Mont. 401, 512 P.2d 702 (1973) ...... 2-17, 7-5 Lewis v. St. Cloud State Univ., 693 N.W.2d 466, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1660 (Minn. Ct. App. 2005) ...... 2-175 Lewis v. Time, Inc., 83 F.R.D. 455, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1790 (E.D. Cal. 1979), aff’d, 710 F.2d 549, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1984 (9th Cir. 1983) ...... 4-63, 7-9, ...... 7-16, 15-44, 15-46 Lewy v. S. Poverty Law Ctr., Inc., 723 F. Supp. 2d 116 (D.D.C. 2010) ...... 15-10, 15-12 Lex, Inc. v. Marcus, 842 So. 2d 881 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2003) ...... 3-6 Lexecon, Inc. v. Milberg Weiss Bershad Hynes & Lerach, 884 F. Supp. 1388 (D. Ariz. 1995), aff’d, 102 F.3d 1524 (9th Cir. 1996), rev’d on other grounds, 66 U.S.L.W. 4158 (1998) ...... 13-16 Lexington Herald Leader Co. v. Graves, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1065 (Ky. 1982), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 970 (1984) ...... 5-76, 5-79

TOC–148 Table of Cases

Lexington Herald Leader Co. v. Pasma, 202 Mont. 66, 656 P.2d 212, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1004 (1982), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 945 (1983) ...... 5-79 Leyendecker & Assocs., Inc. v. Wechter, 683 S.W.2d 369 (Tex. 1984) ...... 6-25, 10-27 Leyshon v. Diehl Controls N. Am., Inc., 407 Ill. App. 3d 1, 946 N.E.2d 864, 349 Ill. Dec. 368 (2010) ...... 2-32, 8-61, 8-63, 10-22 Liberman v. Gelstein, 80 N.Y.2d 429, 605 N.E.2d 344, 590 N.Y.S.2d 857, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1079 (1992) ...... 2-116, 2-118, 2-119, ...... 2-120, 9-26, 9-29, 9-44, 9-47, 10-8 Libertelli v. Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1734 (S.D.N.Y. 1981) ...... 13-68 Liberty Bank of Seattle, Inc. v. Henderson, 75 Wash. App. 546, 878 P.2d 1259 (1994) ...... 8-49 Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Anderson, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1011 (D.D.C. 1990) ...... 5-97 Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Anderson, 746 F.2d 1563, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1001 (D.C. Cir. 1984), vacated on other grounds, 477 U.S. 242, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2297 (1986) ...... 2-50, 2-84, 2-86, 4-36 Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co., 838 F.2d 1287, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2249 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 825 (1988) ...... 2-112, 3-13, 3-15, ...... 3-16, 3-18, 4-25, 5-92, ...... 5-105, 7-2, 7-26, 7-45, 16-68 Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Rees, 111 F.R.D. 19, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1487 (D.D.C. 1986) ...... 14-16, 14-33 Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Rees, 852 F.2d 595, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1721 (D.C. Cir. 1988) ...... 5-107 Liberty Nat’l Life Ins. Co. v. Daugherty, 840 So. 2d 152 (Ala. 2002) ...... 2-120, 10-38 Liberty Synergistics Inc. v. Microflo Ltd., 718 F.3d 138 (2d Cir. 2013) ...... 16-18 Licata & Co. Inc. v. Goldberg, 812 F. Supp. 403 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) ...... 13-34 Licavoli v. Indianapolis Newspapers, Inc., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1833 (Marion Cnty., Ind. 1978) .... 5-105 Lieberman v. Fieger, 338 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2003) ...... 2-11, 4-21 Lightning Lube, Inc. v. Witco Corp., 4 F.3d 1153 (3d Cir. 1993) ...... 13-39, 13-41

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–149 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Lillig v. Becton-Dickinson, 105 Wash. 2d 653, 717 P.2d 1371 (1986) ...... 9-40 Lind v. Lynch, 665 P.2d 1276, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1786 (Utah 1983) ...... 9-27 Lind v. O’Reilly, 636 P.2d 1319 (Colo. Ct. App. 1981) ...... 2-133 Lindeman v. Lesnick, 268 Va. 532, 604 S.E.2d 55 (2004) ...... 8-15 Lindemuth v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 19 Kan. App. 2d 95, 864 P.2d 744 (1993) ..... 2-103, 9-47, 13-48 Lindsey v. Bd. of Regents, 607 F.2d 672 (5th Cir. 1979) ...... 4-10 Lingle v. Norge Div. of Magic Chef, Inc., 486 U.S. 399 (1988) ...... 8-58 Linkage Corp. v. Trs. of Boston Univ., 425 Mass. 1, 679 N.E.2d 191, cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1015 (1997) ...... 10-50 Linn v. United Plant Guard Workers, Local 114, 383 U.S. 53 (1966) ...... 5-53, 5-136, 5-137, 5-138, 10-29 Lins v. Evening News Ass’n, 129 Mich. App. 249, 342 N.W.2d 573, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2380 (1983) ...... 5-37 Lipsig v. Ramlawi, 760 So. 2d 170 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000) ...... 2-66, 2-70, 3-6, 10-28, 10-47 Lipsky, In re, 460 S.W.3d 579, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1793 (Tex. 2015) ...... 2-139, 16-24 Lisowski v. Chenenoff, 37 Wis. 2d 610, 155 N.W.2d 619 (1968) ...... 9-10 Litman v. Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 739 F.2d 1549 (11th Cir. 1984) ...... 8-61 Little v. Barlow, 26 Ga. 423, 71 Am. Dec. 219 (1858) ...... 2-29 Little v. Breland, 93 F.3d 755 (11th Cir. 1996) ...... 5-35, 5-69 Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. v. Dodrill, 281 Ark. 25, 660 S.W.2d 933, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1063 (1983) ...... 2-80, 10-55 Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. v. Fitzhugh, 330 Ark. 561, 954 S.W.2d 914 (1997) ...... 2-57, 2-81, 5-16, 5-42 Littlefield v. Fort Dodge Messenger, 614 F.2d 581, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2325 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 945 (1980) ...... 10-49 Live Oak Publ’g Co. v. Cohagen, 234 Cal. App. 3d 1277, 286 Cal. Rptr. 198 (1991) ...... 5-29 Lloyd v. Newman, N.Y.L.J., Mar. 3, 1976 ...... 5-10 Lloyds v. United Press Int’l, Inc., 63 Misc. 2d 421, 311 N.Y.S.2d 373 (N.Y. Cnty. 1970) ...... 5-46

TOC–150 Table of Cases

Lluberes v. Uncommon Prods., Inc., 740 F. Supp. 2d 207, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2522 (D. Mass. 2010), aff’d in relevant part, 663 F.3d 6, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1013 (1st Cir. 2011) ...... 5-25, 5-32, 5-41, 5-52, 5-61, 5-69 Loadholtz v. Fields, 389 F. Supp. 1299 (S.D. Fla. 1975) ...... 14-11 Lobiondo v. Schwartz, 323 N.J. Super. 391, 733 A.2d 516 (App. Div. 1999) ...... 16-38 Locricchio v. Evening News Ass’n, 438 Mich. 84, 476 N.W.2d 112, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1065 (1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 907 (1992) ...... 1-46, 2-17, 2-39, ...... 2-53, 16-68, 16-70 Loeb v. Globe Newspaper Co., 489 F. Supp. 481, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1235 (D. Mass. 1980) ...... 5-30 Loeb v. New Times Commc’ns Corp., 497 F. Supp. 85, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1438 (S.D.N.Y. 1980) ...... 2-37, 5-81, 5-102, 16-46 Lofton v. Turbine Design, Inc., 100 F. Supp. 2d 404, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1726 (N.D. Miss. 2000) ...... 15-35, 15-39 Log Creek, L.L.C. v. Kessler, 717 F. Supp. 2d 1239 (N.D. Fla. 2010) ...... 6-23 Logan v. Dist. of Columbia, 447 F. Supp. 1328, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2094 (D.D.C. 1978) ...... 2-84, 5-33, ...... 5-40, 5-113 LoGrasso v. Frey, 10 N.E.3d 1176 (Ohio Ct. App. 2014) ...... 5-10 Lohrenz v. Donnelly, 223 F. Supp. 2d 25 (D.D.C. 2002), aff’d, 350 F.3d 1272 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ...... 5-24, 5-45, 5-111 Long v. Arcell, 618 F.2d 1145 (5th Cir. 1980) ...... 5-94 Long v. Cooper, 848 F.2d 1202, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1617 (11th Cir. 1988) ...... 5-49 Long v. Egnor, 346 S.E.2d 778, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1855 (W. Va. 1986) ...... 5-55, 6-23, ...... 16-5, 16-32, 16-50, 16-77 Long v. Marubeni Am. Corp., 406 F. Supp. 2d 285 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) ...... 8-10 Long v. Tribune Printing Co., 107 Mich. 207, 65 N.W. 108 (1895) ...... 2-9, 10-11, 10-54 Long v. Walt Disney Co., 116 Cal. App. 4th 868, 10 Cal. Rptr. 3d 836, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1944 (2004) ...... 7-7 Longbehn v. Schoenrock, 727 N.W.2d 153 (Minn. Ct. App. 2007) ...... 2-132

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–151 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Loniello v. Fitzgerald, 42 Ill. App. 3d 900, 356 N.E.2d 842, 1 Ill. Dec. 560 (1976) ...... 8-49 Lopez v. Univision Commc’ns, Inc., 45 F. Supp. 2d 348 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) ...... 5-15, 5-73 Loshonkohl v. Kinder, 109 Cal. App. 4th 510, 135 Cal. Rptr. 2d 114, 31 Media L. Rep. 1855 (2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 938 (2004) ...... 8-20 Lothscheutz v. Carpenter, 898 F.2d 1200 (6th Cir. 1990) ...... 10-62 Lott v. Levitt, 469 F. Supp. 2d 575, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1280 (E.D. Ill. 2007) ...... 2-21, 2-29, 2-131 Loughry v. Lincoln First Bank, N.A., 67 N.Y.2d 369, 494 N.E.2d 70, 502 N.Y.S.2d 965 (1986) ...... 9-27 Louisville Times v. Stivers, 252 Ky. 843, 68 S.W.2d 411, 97 A.L.R. 277 (1934) ...... 2-156 Louisville Times Co. v. Emrich, 252 Ky. 210, 66 S.W.2d 73 (1933) ...... 2-148 Love v. William Morrow & Co., 193 A.D.2d 586, 597 N.Y.S.2d 424 (2d Dep’t 1993) ...... 6-17 Lovett v. Caddo Citizen, 584 So. 2d 1197, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1670 (La. Ct. App. 1991) .....7-17, 7-45 Lovgren v. Citizens First Nat’l Bank, 126 Ill. 2d 411, 534 N.E.2d 987, 128 Ill. Dec. 542, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1214 (1989) ...... 12-14, 12-22, 12-33 Lowe v. Hearst Commc’ns, Inc., 487 F.3d 246, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2081 (5th Cir. 2007) ...... 12-55 Lowe v. Shelton, 83 Conn. App. 750, 851 A.2d 1183 (2004) ... 2-126 Lowell v. Hayes, 117 P.3d 745 (Alaska 2005) ...... 5-78, 5-83, ...... 5-84, 5-95, 10-68 Lowenschuss v. W. Publ’g Co., 42 F.2d 180 (3d Cir. 1976) ...... 8-9 Lozovyy v. Kurtz, ___ F.3d ___, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 22788 (5th Cir. 2015) ...... 16-21, 16-29 Lubin v. Kunin, 17 P.3d 422 (Nev. 2001) ...... 2-16, 4-48, 7-37 Lubore v. Pittsburgh Courier Publ’g Co., 101 F. Supp. 234 (D.D.C. 1951), aff’d, 200 F.2d 355 (D.C. Cir. 1952) ...... 10-25 Lucas v. Cranshaw, 289 Ga. App. 510, 659 S.E.2d 612 (2008) ...... 2-50 Lucille Farm Prods., Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co., 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2240 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1985) ...... 2-54 Luckey v. Gioia, 230 Ga. App. 431, 496 S.E.2d 539 (1998) ...... 2-102, 2-104, 9-28

TOC–152 Table of Cases

Lucking v. Maier, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23060, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1246 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) ...... 2-75 Lucy v. Muchnok, 36 Pa. Commw. 272, 387 A.2d 945 (1978) ...... 8-50 Luecke v. Schnucks Mkts., Inc., 85 F.3d 356 (8th Cir. 1996) ...... 8-57 Luedtke v. Nabors Alaska Drilling, Inc., 768 P.2d 1123 (Alaska 1989) ...... 12-8 Lugosi v. Universal Pictures, 25 Cal. 3d 813, 603 P.2d 425, 160 Cal. Rptr. 323, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2185 (1979) ...... 12-3 Luisi v. JWT Grp., Inc., 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1731, N.Y.L.J., Sept. 18, 1987 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1987), aff’d without opinion, 138 A.D.2d 987, 525 N.Y.S.2d 454 (1st Dep’t), appeal denied, 72 N.Y.2d 803, 528 N.E.2d 520, 532 N.Y.S.2d 368 (1988) ...... 6-18 Lulay v. Peoria Journal-Star, Inc., 34 Ill. 2d 112, 214 N.E.2d 746 (1966) ...... 7-21 Lund v. Chi. & Nw. Transp. Co., 467 N.W.2d 366 (Minn. Ct. App. 1991) ...... 4-20, 4-56, 4-65 Lundell Mfg. Co. v. Am. Broad. Cos., 98 F.3d 351, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1001 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1186 (1997) ...... 3-17, 5-41, 10-40, 10-50, 16-68 Lundquist v. Reusser, 7 Cal. 4th 1193, 31 Cal. Rptr. 2d 776, 875 P.2d 1279 (1994) ...... 2-91, 9-3, 9-9, ...... 9-26, 9-27, 9-40, 9-42, 9-43 Lunney v. Prodigy Servs. Co., 94 N.Y.2d 242, 701 N.Y.S.2d 684, 723 N.E.2d 539 (1999), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1908 (2000) ...... 7-11 Luster v. Retail Credit Co., 575 F.2d 609 (8th Cir. 1978) ...... 9-23, 10-10 Luttrell v. United Tel. Sys., Inc., 9 Kan. App. 2d 620, 683 P.2d 1292 (1984), aff’d, 236 Kan. 710, 695 P.2d 1279 (1985) ...... 2-103 Lybrand v. State Co., 179 S.C. 208, 184 S.E. 580, 104 A.L.R. 1118 (1936) ...... 7-28 Lykowski v. Bergman, 299 Ill. App. 3d 157, 700 N.E.2d 1064, 233 Ill. Dec. 356 (1998) ...... 2-70, 5-4, ...... 7-34, 7-35, 8-16, 8-36 Lyle v. Waddle, 144 Tex. 90, 188 S.W.2d 770 (1945) ...... 2-101, 8-60 Lyles v. Micenko, 404 F. Supp. 2d 182 (D.D.C. 2005) ...... 13-50 Lynch v. Borough of Ambler, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7183 (E.D. Pa. 1996) ...... 2-97, 9-20

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–153 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Lynch v. Christie, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 165628 (D. Me. 2012) ...... 2-95, 16-22 Lynch v. N.J. Educ. Ass’n, 161 N.J. 152, 735 A.2d 1129 (1999) ...... 4-31, 4-57, 5-91, 16-38 Lyon v. Allsup’s Convenience Stores, Inc., 997 S.W.2d 345 (Tex. App. 1999) ...... 2-174 Lyons v. Globe Newspaper Co., 415 Mass. 258, 612 N.E.2d 1158 (1993) ...... 4-15, 4-28, 4-65 Lyons v. Nat’l Car Rental Sys., 30 F.3d 240 (1st Cir. 1994) ...... 2-90, 9-46 Lyons v. R.I. Pub. Emps. Council 94, 559 A.2d 130, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1682 (R.I. 1989) ...... 5-81

M Maag v. Ill. Coal. for Jobs, 368 Ill. App. 3d 844, 858 N.E.2d 967, 306 Ill. Dec. 909 (2006) ...... 4-43 Macaluso v. Mondadori Publ’g Co., 527 F. Supp. 1017, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1367 (E.D.N.Y. 1981) ...... 7-9 MacConnell v. Mitten, 131 Ariz. 22, 638 P.2d 689 (1981) ...... 4-10 MacDonald v. Paton, 57 Mass. App. Ct. 290, 780 N.E.2d 1089, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1413 (2003) ...... 16-21 MacDonald v. Riggs, 166 P.3d 12 (Alaska 2007) ...... 2-107 MacDonald v. Sun Printing & Publ’g Ass’n, 45 Misc. 441, 92 N.Y.S. 37 (Kings Cnty. 1904) ...... 4-75 MacDonald v. Time, Inc., 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1981 (D.N.J. 1981) ...... 12-29 MacElree v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 544 Pa. 117, 674 A.2d 1050, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2204 (1996) ...... 2-48 Mach v. Allison, 259 Wis. 2d 686, 656 N.W.2d 766 (Ct. App. 2002) ...... 2-21 Macheras v. Ctr. Art Galleries—Haw., Inc., 776 F. Supp. 1436, 1440 (D. Haw. 1991) ...... 14-43 Machleder v. Diaz, 801 F.2d 46, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1369 (2d Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1088 (1987) ...... 2-14, 3-26, 12-14, ...... 12-17, 12-18, 12-19, 12-22, ...... 12-23, 12-27, 12-34, 12-97, 15-53, 15-57 Macie v. Clark Equip. Co., 8 Ill. App. 3d 613, 290 N.E.2d 912 (1972) ...... 8-7 Mackay v. Real Cars, Inc., 626 N.Y.S.2d 548 (2d Dep’t 1995) ...... 2-174

TOC–154 Table of Cases

MacLeod v. Tribune Publ’g Co., 52 Cal. 2d 536, 343 P.2d 36 (1959) ...... 2-28, 2-35, 2-78 Macon Tel. Co. v. Tatum, 263 Ga. 677, 436 S.E.2d 665, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1126 (1993) ...... 12-54 MacRae v. Afro-Am. Co., 172 F. Supp. 184 (E.D. Pa. 1959), aff’d, 274 F.2d 287 (3d Cir. 1960) ...... 2-29 Madara v. Hall, 916 F.2d 1510, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1386 (11th Cir. 1990) ...... 15-5, 15-10, ...... 15-26, 15-29 Madison v. Frazier, 539 F.3d 646 (7th Cir. 2008) ...... 2-136, 4-64, ...... 5-104, 5-123, 12-16, 16-49 Madison v. Yunker, 180 Mont. 54, 589 P.2d 126, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1337 (1978) ...... 2-17, 5-16, 6-20, 11-7, 11-14 Madsen v. Erwin, 395 Mass. 715, 481 N.E.2d 1160 (1985) ...... 4-78 Magenis v. Fisher Broad., Inc., 103 Or. App. 555, 798 P.2d 1106, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1229 (1990) ...... 12-28 Maggard v. ARCO Prods. Co., 933 F. Supp. 653 (S.D. Tex. 1996) ...... 9-27 Maggio v. Liztech Jewelry, 912 F. Supp. 216 (E.D. La. 1996) ...... 9-12, 9-53 Magnolia Petroleum Co. v. Davidson, 194 Okla. 115, 148 P.2d 468 (1944) ...... 2-102 Magnuson v. Velikanje, Moore & Shore, Inc., 1997 Wash. App. LEXIS 471 (1997) ...... 12-10 Maheu v. Hughes Tool Co., 384 F. Supp. 166 (C.D. Cal. 1974), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 569 F.2d 459, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1847 (9th Cir. 1977) ...... 3-18, 3-19, ...... 6-23, 10-15, 10-27, 10-30 Mahnke v. Nw. Publ’ns, Inc., 280 Minn. 328, 160 N.W.2d 1 (1968) ...... 5-83, 5-88, ...... 5-110, 5-113 Maholick v. WNEP TV, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1022 (M.D. Pa. 1992) ...... 2-22, 4-33 Mahoney v. Adirondack Publ’g Co., 123 A.D.2d 10, 509 N.Y.S.2d 193, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2061 (3d Dep’t 1986), rev’d on other grounds, 71 N.Y.2d 31, 517 N.E.2d 1365, 523 N.Y.S.2d 480, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2200 (1987) ...... 5-86, 5-94, 5-95, 10-25

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–155 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Mahoney v. State of New York, 236 A.D.2d 37, 665 N.Y.S.2d 691 (3d Dep’t 1997) ...... 5-16, 5-46, 6-18 Mahoney & Hagberg, P.A. v. Newgard, 729 N.W.2d 302 (Minn. 2007) ...... 8-5, 8-6, 8-20 Maidman v. Jewish Publ’ns, Inc., 54 Cal. 2d 643, 7 Cal. Rptr. 617, 355 P.2d 265, 87 A.L.R.2D 439 (1960) ...... 4-71, 5-52 Maier v. Maretti, 448 Pa. Super. 276, 671 A.2d 701 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1995) ...... 2-28, 2-29, ...... 2-65, 9-6, 9-10 Maietta Constr., Inc. v. Wainwright, 847 A.2d 1169 (Me. 2004) ...... 16-22 Main v. Royall, 348 S.W.3d 381 (Tex. App. 2011) ...... 2-140 Main v. Walker, 348 S.W.3d 381 (Tex. App. 2011) ...... 16-79 Maison de France, Ltd. v. Mais Oui!, Inc., 126 Wash. App. 34, 108 P.3d 787 (2005) ...... 2-12, 2-147, 10-12 Major v. Drapeau, 507 A.2d 938, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2032 (R.I. 1986) ...... 16-60 Makaeff v. Trump Univ., LLC, 715 F.3d 254, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1637 (9th Cir. 2013) ...... 5-22, 5-32, 16-18 Makaeff v. Trump Univ., LLC, 736 F.3d 1180 (9th Cir. 2013) ...... 16-18 Malerba v. Newsday, Inc., 64 A.D.2d 623, 406 N.Y.S.2d 552, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1110 (2d Dep’t 1978) ...... 5-10, 5-101 Malik v. Carrier Corp., 202 F.3d 97 (2d Cir. 2000) ...... 2-104, 9-28, 9-49, 13-63 Mallette v. Church of God Int’l, 789 So. 2d 120 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001) ...... 4-77 Malmin v. Engler, 124 Idaho 733, 864 P.2d 179 (Ct. App. 1993) ...... 8-7, 8-10 Malone v. Courtyard by Marriott L.P., 74 Ohio St. 3d 440, 659 N.E.2d 1242 (1996) ...... 10-25 Malson v. Palmer Broad. Grp., 936 P.2d 940 (Okla. 1997) ...... 16-55 Malson v. Palmer Broad. Grp., 963 P.2d 13 (Okla. Ct. App. 1998) ...... 6-8 Man v. Warner Bros., Inc., 317 F. Supp. 50 (S.D.N.Y. 1970) ...... 5-31 Mgmt. Servs. of Ill., Inc. v. Health Mgmt. Sys., Inc., 907 F. Supp. 289 (C.D. Ill. 1995) ...... 2-123

TOC–156 Table of Cases

Manasco v. Walley, 216 Miss. 614, 63 So. 2d 91 (1953) ...... 10-58 Mandel v. Bos. Phx., Inc., 322 F. Supp. 2d 39 (D. Mass. 2004), vacated on other grounds, 456 F.3d 198, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2272 (1st Cir. 2006) ...... 5-7, 5-71, 5-74 Mangold v. Analytic Servs., Inc., 77 F.3d 1442 (4th Cir. 1996) ...... 8-23, 8-32, 9-34 Mangual v. Rotgersabat, 317 F.3d 45, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1297 (1st Cir. 2003) ...... 3-5 Manguso v. Oceanside Unified Sch. Dist., 88 Cal. App. 3d 725, 152 Cal. Rptr. 27 (1979) ...... 2-107 Manley v. Bd. of Trs. of Perkins Twp., 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 4924 (Ohio Ct. App. 1996) ...... 5-10 Mann v. Abel, 10 N.Y.3d 271, 885 N.E.2d 884, 856 N.Y.S.2d 31, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2106 (2008), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1170 (2009) ...... 4-26 Mann v. Quality Old Time Serv., Inc., 120 Cal. App. 4th 90, 15 Cal. Rptr. 3d 215 (2004) ...... 16-16 Mann v. Quality Old Time Serv., Inc., 139 Cal. App. 4th 328, 42 Cal. Rptr. 3d 607 (2006) ...... 16-9 Mannex Corp. v. Bruns, 250 Or. App. 50, 279 P.3d 278 (2012) ...... 2-32 Manning v. WPKI, Inc., 2005 PA Super. 343, 886 A.2d 1137, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1072 (2005) ...... 5-83 Manno v. Am. Gen. Fin. Co., 439 F. Supp. 2d 418 (E.D. Pa. 2006) ...... 11-2 Mansfield v. Bernabei, 284 Va. 116, 727 S.E.2d 69 (2012) ...... 8-12 Manuel v. Fort Collins Newspapers, Inc., 599 P.2d 931, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2559 (Colo. Ct. App. 1979), rev’d on other grounds, 631 F.2d 1114, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1793 (Colo. 1981) ...... 5-14 Manufactured Home Cmtys., Inc. v. Cnty. of San Diego, 544 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. 2008) ...... 4-61 Maple Lanes, Inc. v. News Media Corp., 322 Ill. App. 3d 842, 751 N.E.2d 177, 256 Ill. Dec. 124 (2001) ...... 7-33 Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803) ...... 8-67 Marchesi v. Franchino, 283 Md. 131, 387 A.2d 1129 (1978) ...... 4-74, 9-10, 9-49, 9-54 Marchiondo v. Brown, 98 N.M. 394, 649 P.2d 462, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2233 (1982) ...... 4-11, 4-50, 6-4

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–157 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Marchiondo v. N.M. State Tribune Co., 98 N.M. 282, 648 P.2d 321 (Ct. App. 1981) ...... 2-134, 4-8 Marcil v. Kells, 936 A.2d 208 (R.I. 2007) ...... 2-120 Marcone v. Penthouse Int’l, 577 F. Supp. 318, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1193 (E.D. Pa. 1983), rev’d on other grounds, 754 F.2d 1072, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1577 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 864 (1985) ...... 5-33, 5-59, 5-64, ...... 5-65, 5-66, 5-107, ...... 10-24, 10-25, 10-55, 15-53 Maressa v. N.J. Monthly, 89 N.J. 176, 445 A.2d 376, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1473, cert. denied, 459 U.S. 907 (1982) ...... 14-29, 14-31, ...... 14-33, 16-37 Margoles v. Hubbart, 111 Wash. 2d 195, 760 P.2d 324, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1196 (1988) ...... 5-99, 16-50 Margoles v. Johns, 483 F.2d 1212 (D.C. Cir. 1973) ...... 15-4, 15-10 Marich v. MGM/UA Telecomms., Inc., 113 Cal. App. 4th 415, 7 Cal. Rptr. 3d 60 (2003) ...... 12-73, 12-93 Marion v. Davis, 217 Ala. 16, 114 So. 357, 55 A.L.R. 171 (1927) ...... 2-140 Maritote v. Desilu Prods., Inc., 345 F.2d 418 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 883 (1965) ...... 12-26 Mark v. King Broad. Co., 27 Wash. App. 344, 618 P.2d 512, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2224 (1980), aff’d sub nom. Mark v. Seattle Times, 96 Wash. 2d 473, 635 P.2d 1081, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2209 (1981), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1124 (1982) ...... 3-18, 7-21, 7-29 Mark v. Schoen, 48 F.3d 412 (9th Cir. 1995) ...... 5-77, 5-78, 14-7 Mark v. Seattle Times, 96 Wash. 2d 473, 635 P.2d 1081, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2209 (1981), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1124 (1982) ...... 3-16, 3-18, 7-21, 7-29, ...... 7-42, 12-10, 16-39, 16-50, 16-54 Markowitz v. Republic Nat’l Bank, 651 F.2d 825 (2d Cir. 1981) ...... 13-4, 13-22, 13-27 Marks v. Bell Tel. Co., 460 Pa. 73, 331 A.2d 424 (1975) ...... 12-9 Marks v. Estate of Hartgerink, 528 N.W.2d 539 (Iowa 1995) ...... 9-27, 9-45, 9-57

TOC–158 Table of Cases

Marrero v. City of Hialeah, 625 F.2d 499 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 913 (1981) ...... 8-48, 13-73 Mars, Inc. v. Gonzalez, 71 S.W.3d 434 (Tex. App. 2002) ...... 2-93 Marshall v. Courier-Journal & Louisville Times Co., 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2350 (Ky. Ct. App. 1986) ...... 7-29 Marshall v. Midlantic Bank, N.A., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21074 (E.D. Pa. 1997) ...... 9-19 Marshall v. Planz, 145 F. Supp. 2d 1258 (M.D. Ala. 2001) ...... 9-30 Marten v. Godwin, 499 F.3d 290 (3d Cir. 2007) ...... 15-23 Martin v. Comm. for Honesty & Justice at Star Valley Ranch, 2004 WY 128, 101 P.3d 123 (2004) ...... 5-32 Martin v. Daily News L.P., 121 A.D.3d 90, 990 N.Y.S.2d 473, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2082 (1st Dep’t 2014) ...... 7-8 Martin v. Dorton, 210 Miss. 668, 50 So. 2d 391 (1951) ...... 12-49, 12-57 Martin v. Griffin Television, Inc., 549 P.2d 85 (Okla. 1976) ...... 6-4, 6-8, 6-25 Martin v. Hearst Corp., 777 F.3d 546, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1177 (2d Cir. 2015) ...... 3-27, 7-29, 7-47 Martin v. Johnson Publ’g Co., 157 N.Y.S.2d 409 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1956) ...... 2-57 Martin v. Outboard Marine Corp., 15 Wis. 2d 452, 113 N.W.2d 135 (1962) ...... 2-125 Martin v. State, 109 So. 3d 442 (La. Ct. App. 2013) ...... 9-53 Martin v. Wilson Publ’g Co., 497 A.2d 322, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1049 (R.I. 1985) ...... 7-56, 7-58, 7-62 Martin Marietta Corp. v. Evening Star Newspaper Co., 417 F. Supp. 947 (D.D.C. 1976) ...... 5-47, 5-103 Martinez v. Democrat-Herald Publ’g Co., 64 Or. App. 690, 669 P.2d 818, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1340 (1983) ...... 12-86 Martinez v. Hardy, 864 S.W.2d 767 (Tex. App. 1993) ...... 8-42, 8-63 Martinez v. WTVG, Inc., 2008 Ohio 1789, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1791 (2008) ...... 7-26 Martirano v. Frost, 25 N.Y.2d 505, 255 N.E.2d 693, 307 N.Y.S.2d 425 (1969) ...... 8-6 Martonik v. Durkan, 23 Wash. App. 47, 596 P.2d 1054, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1266 (1979) ...... 5-19, 5-55

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–159 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Mashburn v. Collin, 341 So. 2d 1236, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1555 (La. Ct. App. 1976), rev’d on other grounds, 355 So. 2d 879, 96 A.L.R.3D 590, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1673 (La. 1977) ...... 1-7, 4-9, 4-10, 4-31, ...... 4-48, 4-68, 4-69, 4-71, ...... 4-72, 5-39, 5-40, 16-35, 16-49 Mason v. Chattanooga News Weekly, 1995 Tenn. App. LEXIS 423 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 5-16 Mason v. Sullivan, 26 A.D.2d 115, 271 N.Y.S.2d 314 (1st Dep’t 1966) ...... 2-75 Mason v. W. Union Tel. Co., 52 Cal. App. 3d 429, 125 Cal. Rptr. 53, 91 A.L.R.3D 1005 (1975) ...... 7-9 Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 501 U.S. 496, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2241 (1991), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 814 (2001) ...... 1-2, 1-7, 1-25, 1-26, 1-30, ...... 2-63, 2-64, 2-65, 2-85, ...... 3-18, 3-19, 3-22, 3-23, 5-4, 5-37, 5-76, 5-83, ...... 5-85, 5-91, 5-93, 5-99, 5-104, 5-124, 10-32, 10-50 Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 832 F. Supp. 1350 (N.D. Cal. 1993), aff’d on other grounds, 85 F.3d 1394, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1504 (9th Cir. 1996) ...... 5-74, 5-79, ...... 5-105, 5-112, 16-41 Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 960 F.2d 896, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1009 (9th Cir. 1992) ...... 2-85, 5-88, 5-90, 5-95, ...... 5-101, 5-107, 5-108, 5-110 Mast v. Overson, 971 P.2d 928 (Utah Ct. App. 1998) ...... 4-31 Mastro v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 447 F.3d 843 (D.C. Cir. 2006) ...... 9-19, 9-27, 9-42, 9-54 Matchett v. Chi. Bar Ass’n, 125 Ill. App. 3d 1004, 81 Ill. Dec. 571, 467 N.E.2d 271, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2131 (1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1054 (1985) ...... 2-71 Materia v. Huff, 394 Mass. 328, 475 N.E.2d 1212 (1985) ...... 5-29, 5-42, 5-72 Matherson v. Marchello, 100 A.D.2d 233, 473 N.Y.S.2d 998 (2d Dep’t 1984) ...... 2-11, 2-81, 2-141 Mathias v. Carpenter, 587 A.2d 1, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1818 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1991) ...... 4-65 Mathis v. Cannon, 276 Ga. 16, 573 S.E.2d 376 (2002) ...... 5-31, 5-72, 11-11

TOC–160 Table of Cases

Mathis v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 455 F. Supp. 406, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1449 (E.D. Pa. 1978) ...... 2-57, 7-33, 16-55 Matossian v. Fahmie, 101 Cal. App. 3d 128, 161 Cal. Rptr. 532 (1980) ...... 8-33 Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records, Inc., 28 F. Supp. 2d 1120 (C.D. Cal. 1998) ...... 5-34 Mattgo Enters., Inc. v. Aaron, 374 F. Supp. 20 (S.D.N.Y. 1974) ...... 15-8 Matthews v. Wozencraft, 15 F.3d 432, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1385 (5th Cir. 1994) ...... 12-5, 12-83, ...... 12-86, 16-61 Matthis v. Kennedy, 243 Minn. 219, 67 N.W.2d 413 (1954) ...... 8-7 Mattison v. Dall. Carrier Corp., 947 F.2d 95 (4th Cir. 1991) ...... 10-48 Mattox v. News Syndicate Co., 176 F.2d 897, 12 A.L.R.2D 988 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 338 U.S. 858 (1949) ...... 15-51 Mau v. Rio Grande Oil, Inc., 28 F. Supp. 845 (D. Cal. 1939) ...... 15-51 Maughan v. NL Indus., 524 F. Supp. 93, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2129 (D.D.C. 1981) ...... 14-10 Maule v. NYM Corp., 54 N.Y.2d 880, 444 N.Y.S.2d 909, 429 N.E.2d 416, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2092 (1981) ...... 5-30 Mauvais-Jarvis v. Wong, 2013 IL App (1st) 120070, 987 N.E.2d 864, 370 Ill. Dec. 98 (2013) ...... 8-54, 9-29 Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Techs., Inc., 647 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir. 2011) ...... 15-36 Max Daetwyler Corp. v. Input Graphics, Inc., 545 F. Supp. 165 (E.D. Pa. 1982) ...... 13-31 Maxon v. Ottawa Publ’g Co., 402 Ill. App. 3d 704, 929 N.E.2d 666, 341 Ill. Dec. 12, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1953 (Ill. Ct. App. 2010) ...... 14-41 Mayfield v. Fullhart, 444 S.W.3d 222 (Tex. App. 2014) ...... 7-8 Maynard v. Daily Gazette Co., 191 W. Va. 601, 447 S.E.2d 293, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2337 (1994) ...... 4-17, 4-18, ...... 4-20, 4-33, 4-57 Maynard v. Port Publ’ns, Inc., 98 Wis. 2d 555, 297 N.W.2d 500, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2239 (1980) ...... 7-15 Mazzella v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 479 F. Supp. 523, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1983 (E.D.N.Y. 1979) ...... 14-28, 14-30

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–161 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Mazzucco v. Bd. of Med. Exam’rs, 31 N.C. App. 47, 228 S.E.2d 529 (1976) ...... 8-42 McAdams v. Reno, 64 F.3d 1137 (8th Cir. 1995) ...... 8-28, 8-35 McAfee v. Feller, 452 S.W.2d 56 (Tex. App. 1970) ...... 8-43 McBreen v. Beech Aircraft Co., 543 F.2d 26 (7th Cir. 1976) ...... 15-30 McBride v. City of Roanoke & Hous. Auth., 871 F. Supp. 885 (W.D. Va. 1994) ...... 2-25 McBride v. Crowell-Collier Publ’g Co., 196 F.2d 187 (5th Cir. 1952) ...... 2-164, 2-170 McBride v. Merrell Dow & Pharm., Inc., 717 F.2d 1460, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2225 (D.C. Cir. 1983) ...... 2-27, 5-37, 16-36 McBride v. New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung, 894 S.W.2d 6 (Tex. App. 1994) ...... 2-84 McBride v. Owens, 454 F. Supp. 731, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1246 (S.D. Tex. 1978) ...... 15-5, 15-6, 15-22 McBride v. Pizza Hut, Inc., 658 A.2d 205 (D.C. 1995) ...... 8-11 McBride v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 306 Minn. 93, 235 N.W.2d 371 (1975) ...... 9-20 McCabe v. Vill. Voice, Inc., 550 F. Supp. 525, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2580 (E.D. Pa. 1982) ...... 12-27, 12-30 McCaig v. Talladega Publ’g Co., 544 So. 2d 875, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1946 (Ala. 1989) ...... 12-97 McCall v. Courier-Journal & Louisville Times Co., 623 S.W.2d 882, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2118 (Ky. 1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 975 (1982) ...... 2-4, 6-3, 6-7, 7-51, ...... 12-9, 12-15, 12-28, 12-32 McCandliss v. Cox Enters., Inc., 265 Ga. App. 377, 593 So. 2d 856, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1219 (2004) ...... 7-8 McCart v. Morris, 58 A.D.2d 700, 396 N.Y.S.2d 107 (3d Dep’t 1977) ...... 2-144 McCarthy v. Fuller, ___ F.3d ___, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 22051 (7th Cir. 2015) ...... 10-61, 10-62, ...... 10-63, 10-64, 10-65 McClain v. Arnold, 275 S.C. 282, 270 S.E.2d 124, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1831 (1980) ...... 5-11, 16-39 McClain v. Camouflage Assocs., 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2440 (E.D. Pa. 1994) ...... 15-43, 15-58 McClatchy Newspapers, Inc. v. Superior Court, 189 Cal. App. 3d 961, 234 Cal. Rptr. 702, 13 Media L. Rep. 2281 (1987) ...... 7-40

TOC–162 Table of Cases

McCleary v. Keesling, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1028 (Va. Ct. App. 1992) ...... 6-5 McClendon v. Coverdale, 57 Del. 568, 203 A.2d 815 (1964) ...... 8-44 McCluen v. Roane Cnty. Times, Inc., 1996 Tenn. App. LEXIS 397 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 2-54 McClure v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 223 F.3d 845 (8th Cir. 2000) ...... 9-12, 9-41 McClure v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 29 F. Supp. 2d 1046 (D. Minn. 1998) ...... 4-19, 10-35 McClure v. Lovelace, 214 Md. App. 716, 78 A.3d 934 (2013) ...... 5-29 McCormack v. Okla. Publ’g Co., 613 P.2d 737, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1618 (Okla. 1980) ...... 12-66 McCormick v. Miami Herald Publ’g Co., 139 So. 2d 197 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1962) ...... 3-20 McCoy v. Hearst Corp., 42 Cal. 3d 835, 727 P.2d 711, 231 Cal. Rptr. 518, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2169 (1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1041 (1987) ...... 10-25, 16-66 McCracken v. Gainesville Tribune, Inc., 146 Ga. App. 274, 246 S.E.2d 360 (1978) ...... 7-31, 7-59 McCullough v. Cities Serv. Co., 676 P.2d 833, 52 A.L.R.4TH 609, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1411 (Okla. 1984) ...... 2-160 McCullough v. Cook, 679 So. 2d 627 (Miss. 1996) ...... 2-39 McCune v. Neitzel, 235 Neb. 754, 457 N.W.2d 803 (1990) ...... 10-37, 10-38, 10-39 McCusker v. Valley News, 121 N.H. 258, 428 A.2d 493, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1343, cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1017 (1981) ...... 5-72, 6-4 McCutcheon v. Moran, 99 Ill. App. 3d 421, 425 N.E.2d 1130, 54 Ill. Dec. 913 (1981) ...... 5-9 McCutcheon v. State, 746 P.2d 461 (Alaska 1987) ...... 2-109, 15-43 McDermott v. Biddle, 544 Pa. 21, 674 A.2d 665, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1982 (1996) ...... 2-24 McDermott v. Hughley, 317 Md. 12, 561 A.2d 1038 (1989) ...... 8-61 McDonald v. Glitsch, 589 S.W.2d 554 (Tex. App. 1979) ...... 7-3 McDonald v. St. Joseph’s Hosp. of Atlanta, Inc., 574 F. Supp. 123 (N.D. Ga. 1983) ...... 15-31 McDonald v. Smith, 472 U.S. 479 (1985) ...... 8-23, 8-32, 9-37, 9-38 McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. N.Y. Times Co., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1322 (E.D. Mo. 1978) ...... 15-5 McDowell v. Paiewonsky, 769 F.2d 942, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2396 (3d Cir. 1985) ...... 5-38, 5-64, 5-65

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–163 SACK ON DEFAMATION

McEvaddy v. City Univ., 220 A.D.2d 319, 633 N.Y.S.2d 4 (1st Dep’t 1995) ...... 2-175 McFarland v. McFarland, 684 F. Supp. 2d 1073 (N.D. Iowa 2010) ...... 2-69 McFarland v. Miller, 14 F.3d 912, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1205 (3d Cir. 1994) ...... 12-84 McFarlane v. Ben-Menashe, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3463 (D.D.C. 1995), overruled in part on reh’g, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1049 (D.D.C. 1995), aff’d, 91 F.3d 1501, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2249 (D.C. Cir. 1996) ...... 5-89, 5-93, 5-105 McFarlane v. Esquire Magazine, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2033 (D.D.C. 1994), aff’d, 74 F.3d 1296, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1332 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 809 (1996) ...... 5-83, 5-96, 5-99, 5-100, 5-102, 5-107, ...... 5-108, 5-112, 7-26, 7-54, 15-4, 15-5, 15-10 McFarlane v. Sheridan Square Press, 91 F.3d 1501, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2033 (D.C. Cir. 1996) ...... 5-83, 5-84, 5-102, ...... 5-103, 5-106, 5-113 McGanty v. Staudenraus, 321 Or. 532, 901 P.2d 841 (1995) ...... 13-41, 13-50 McGarry v. Univ. of San Diego, 154 Cal. App. 4th 97, 64 Cal. Rptr. 3d 467 (2007) ...... 4-17, 5-17, 16-16 McGaw v. Biovail Pharm., Inc., 300 F. Supp. 2d 371 (D. Md. 2004) ...... 15-50 McGehee v. DePoyster, 708 So. 2d 77 (Miss. 1998) ...... 8-64 McGill v. Parker, 179 A.D.2d 98, 582 N.Y.S.2d 91, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2170 (1st Dep’t 1992) ...... 4-26, 6-18 McGinniss v. Emp’rs Reinsurance Corp., 648 F. Supp. 1263, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2093 (S.D.N.Y. 1986) ...... 17-5 McGowan v. Our Savior’s Lutheran Church, 527 N.W.2d 830 (Minn. 1995) ...... 8-67 McGowen v. Prentice, 341 So. 2d 55 (La. Ct. App. 1976) ...... 9-21 McGranahan v. Dahar, 119 N.H. 758, 408 A.2d 121 (1979) ...... 8-7, 8-8, 8-19, 8-20, 8-21 McGuinness v. Smith, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 560 (1995) ...... 8-20 McGuire v. Brightman, 79 Cal. App. 3d 776, 145 Cal. Rptr. 256, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1031 (1978) ...... 15-6, 15-22

TOC–164 Table of Cases

McGuire v. Jankiewicz, 8 Ill. App. 3d 319, 290 N.E.2d 675 (1972) ...... 2-50 McHale v. Lake Charles Am. Press, 390 So. 2d 556, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2478 (La. Ct. App. 1980) ...... 5-85 McIlvain v. Jacobs, 794 S.W.2d 14, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2207 (Tex. 1990) ...... 3-18, 3-19, 3-20 McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm’n, 514 U.S. 334 (1995) ...... 14-12, 14-34, 14-39 McKay v. Town & Country Cadillac, Inc., 991 F. Supp. 966 (N.D. Ill. 1997) ...... 13-48 McKee v. Laurion, 825 N.W.2d 725 (Minn. 2013) ...... 3-18, 4-60 McKimm v. Ohio Elections Comm’n, 89 Ohio St. 3d 139, 729 N.E.2d 364 (2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 818 (2001) ...... 2-73, 5-77, 5-79 McKinley v. Baden, 777 F.2d 1017 (5th Cir. 1985) ...... 5-11 McKinley v. Simmons, 274 Ala. 335, 148 So. 2d 648 (1963) ...... 8-9 McKinney v. Cnty. of Santa Clara, 110 Cal. App. 3d 787, 168 Cal. Rptr. 89 (1980) ...... 2-99 McLaughlin v. Rosanio, Bailts & Talamo, Inc., 331 N.J. Super. 303, 751 A.2d 1066, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2111 (App. Div. 2000) ...... 2-11, 2-80 McLeod v. State, 350 Mont. 285, 206 P.3d 956 (2009) ...... 8-38 McMann v. Doe, 460 F. Supp. 2d 259, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1789 (D. Mass. 2006) ...... 14-42 McManus v. Doubleday & Co., 513 F. Supp. 1383, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1475 (S.D.N.Y. 1981) ...... 5-104, 5-108, 7-54 McMillan v. Experian Info. Servs., Inc., 170 F. Supp. 2d 278 (D. Conn. 2001) ...... 9-24 McMullen v. Corkum, 143 Me. 47, 54 A.2d 753 (1947) ...... 3-29, 3-30 McMurry v. Howard Publ’ns, Inc., 612 P.2d 14, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1814 (Wyo. 1980) ...... 5-84 McNabb v. Oregonian Publ’g Co., 69 Or. App. 136, 685 P.2d 458, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2181 (1984) ...... 5-86 McNair v. Hearst Corp., 494 F.2d 1309 (9th Cir. 1974) ...... 2-42 McNally v. Pulitzer Publ’g Co., 532 F.2d 69 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 855 (1976) ...... 12-56, 12-61, 12-63 McNally v. Yarnall, 764 F. Supp. 838 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) ...... 6-18

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–165 SACK ON DEFAMATION

McNamara v. Freedom Newspapers, Inc., 802 S.W.2d 901, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1679 (Tex. App. 1991) ...... 12-45, 13-59 McNayr v. Kelly, 184 So. 2d 428 (Fla. 1966) ...... 8-47 McNeilab, Inc. v. Am. Home Prods. Corp., 848 F.2d 34 (2d Cir. 1988) ...... 13-32 McNemar v. Disney Store, Inc., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9454 (E.D. Pa. 1995), aff’d, 91 F.3d 610 (3d Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1115 (1997) ...... 12-39, 13-52 McNichol v. Glandy, [1931] S.C.R. 696 ...... 2-92 McNichols v. Conejos-K. Corp., 29 Colo. App. 205, 482 P.2d 432 (1971) ...... 13-2 McNutt v. N.M. State Tribune Co., 88 N.M. 162, 538 P.2d 804, 84 A.L.R.3D 1148 (1975) ...... 12-56, 12-62 McQuirk v. Donnelley, 189 F.3d 793 (9th Cir. 1999) ...... 8-51, 8-61 McQuoid v. Springfield Newspapers, Inc., 502 F. Supp. 1050, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2417 (W.D. Mo. 1980) ...... 10-48 McWhir v. Krementz, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1367 (N.Y. Cnty. 1988) ...... 12-103 Mead v. True Citizen, Inc., 203 Ga. App. 361, 417 S.E.2d 16 (1992) ...... 2-19 Mead Corp. v. Hicks, 448 So. 2d 308, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1030 (Ala. 1983) ...... 6-3, 6-22 Meador v. New Times, Inc., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11201 (D. Ariz. 1995) ...... 15-49 Meadows v. Taft Broad. Co., 98 A.D.2d 959, 470 N.Y.S.2d 205, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1363 (4th Dep’t 1983) ...... 10-24 Medeiros v. Kondo, 55 Haw. 499, 522 P.2d 1269 (1974) ...... 8-52 Med. Informatics Eng’g, Inc. v. Orthopaedics Ne., P.C., 458 F. Supp. 2d 716 (D. Ind. 2006) ...... 2-174, 8-12, 8-16 Med. Lab. Mgmt. Consultants v. Am. Broad. Cos., 306 F.3d 806 (9th Cir. 2002) ...... 12-92, 12-96 Med. Lab. Mgmt. Consultants v. Am. Broad. Cos., 931 F. Supp. 1487 (D. Ariz. 1996) ...... 5-109, 7-4, ...... 7-10, 7-14, 15-47 Medico v. Time, Inc., 643 F.2d 134, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2529 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 836 (1981) ...... 7-21, 7-22, 7-23, ...... 7-24, 7-43, 7-44, 7-52 Medina v. Time, Inc., 439 F.2d 1129 (1st Cir. 1971) ...... 7-49

TOC–166 Table of Cases

Medow v. Flavin, 336 Ill. App. 3d 20, 782 N.E.2d 733, 270 Ill. Dec. 174 (2002) ...... 8-6 Med-Sales Assocs., Inc. v. Lebhar-Friedman, Inc., 663 F. Supp. 908, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1345 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) ...... 6-16 Medure v. N.Y. Times Co., 60 F. Supp. 2d 477 (W.D. Pa. 1999) ...... 5-34 Meehan v. Snow, 494 F. Supp. 690 (S.D.N.Y. 1980) ...... 10-11 Meeropol v. Nizer, 381 F. Supp. 29 (S.D.N.Y. 1974), aff’d, 560 F.2d 1061, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2269 (2d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1013 (1978) ...... 2-165, 5-50, ...... 5-70, 5-99, 12-5, ...... 12-54, 16-38, 16-54 Meetze v. Associated Press, 230 S.C. 330, 95 S.E.2d 606 (1956) ...... 12-9, 12-57, 12-68, 12-69 Megarry v. Norton, 137 Cal. App. 2d 581, 290 P.2d 571 (1955) ...... 2-29 Mehau v. Gannett Pac. Corp., 66 Haw. 133, 658 P.2d 312, 38 A.L.R.4TH 1088, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1337 (1983) ...... 5-109, 8-31, 16-49 Meiners v. Moriarity, 563 F.2d 343 (7th Cir. 1977) ...... 5-10, 5-14 Melaleuca, Inc. v. Clark, 66 Cal. App. 4th 1344, 78 Cal. Rptr. 2d 627 (1998) ...... 3-16, 5-41, ...... 13-11, 13-12, 13-17, 13-19 Melancon v. Hyatt Corp., 589 So. 2d 1186 (La. Ct. App. 1991) ...... 2-94 Meleen v. Hazelden Found., 928 F.2d 795 (8th Cir. 1991) ...... 13-65 Meloff v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co., 240 F.3d 138 (2d Cir. 2001) ...... 16-70 Melton v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Hamilton Cnty., 267 F. Supp. 2d 859 (S.D. Ohio 2003) ...... 12-38 Melton v. Bow, 241 Ga. 629, 247 S.E.2d 100, cert. denied, 439 U.S. 985 (1978) ...... 8-52 Melvin v. Reid, 112 Cal. App. 285, 297 P. 91 (1931) ...... 12-8, ...... 12-64, 12-66 Memon v. Shaikh, 401 S.W.3d 407 (Tex. App. 2013) ...... 2-119 Memphis Commercial Appeal, Inc. v. Johnson, 96 F.2d 672 (6th Cir. 1938) ...... 2-166 Memphis Publ’g Co. v. Nichols, 569 S.W.2d 412, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1573 (Tenn. 1978) ...... 2-125, 2-146, 3-13, ...... 3-26, 6-4, 6-6, 6-7 Mencher v. Chesley, 193 Misc. 829, 85 N.Y.S.2d 431 (Sup. Ct. 1948) ...... 9-11

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–167 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Mencher v. Chesley, 297 N.Y. 94, 75 N.E.2d 257 (1947) ...... 2-17, 2-144 Mendise v. Plain Dealer Publ’g Co., 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1325 (Ohio Ct. App. 1990) ...... 2-76 Mendoza v. Gallup Indep. Co., 764 P.2d 492, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2319 (N.M. Ct. App. 1988) ...... 2-76 Menefee v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 458 Pa. 46, 329 A.2d 216, 74 A.L.R.3D 290 (1974) ...... 13-8, 13-12, 13-29 Mengel v. Reading Eagle Co., 241 Pa. 367, 88 A. 660 (1913) ...... 7-27 Mercedes-Benz of N. Am., Inc. v. Finberg, 58 A.D.2d 808, 396 N.Y.S.2d 260 (2d Dep’t 1977) ...... 9-46, 9-56 Mercer v. City of Cedar Rapids, 104 F. Supp. 2d 1130 (D. Iowa 2000), rev’d on other grounds, 308 F.3d 840 (8th Cir. 2002) ...... 5-11, 9-12, 9-45 Meridian Star, Inc. v. Williams, 549 So. 2d 1332, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2446 (Miss. 1989) ...... 4-10, 4-43, 5-13 Merlo v. United Way of Am., 43 F.3d 96 (4th Cir. 1994) ...... 9-12, 9-31, 12-57, 16-61 Merrill Lynch Futures, Inc. v. Miller, 686 F. Supp. 1033 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) ...... 15-54 Merrimaker Corp. v. Schwartz, 60 A.D.2d 822, 401 N.Y.S.2d 221 (1st Dep’t 1978) ...... 13-5, 13-26 Merritt v. Detroit Mem’l Hosp., 81 Mich. App. 279, 265 N.W.2d 124 (1978) ...... 8-63 Merriweather v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 453 Pa. Super. 464, 684 A.2d 137 (1996) ...... 2-43, 5-98 Mershon v. Beasley, 994 F.2d 449 (8th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1111 (1994) ...... 8-5 Messenger v. Gruner + Jahr Printing & Publ’g, 94 N.Y.2d 436, 727 N.E.2d 549, 706 N.Y.S.2d 52, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1491 (2000) ...... 12-102 Messenger v. Gruner + Jahr Printing & Publ’g, 208 F.3d 122, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1502 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 818 (2000) ...... 12-102 Messina v. Krakower, 439 F.3d 755 (D.C. Cir. 2006) ...... 8-10, 8-12 Metabolife Int’l, Inc. v. Wornick, 264 F.3d 832 (9th Cir. 2001) ...... 5-91, 16-9, 16-18, 16-30 Metastorm, Inc. v. Gartner Grp., Inc., 28 F. Supp. 2d 665, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1433 (D.D.C. 1998) ...... 5-47, 5-55 Metcalf v. KFOR-TV, Inc., 828 F. Supp. 1515, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1481 (W.D. Okla. 1992) ...... 2-11

TOC–168 Table of Cases

Metge v. Cent. Neighborhood Improvement Ass’n, 649 N.W.2d 488 (Minn. Ct. App. 2002) ...... 3-25, 5-31 Metromedia, Inc. v. Hillman, 285 Md. 161, 400 A.2d 1117, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1620 (1979) ...... 2-127, 2-146 Metro. Opera Ass’n v. Local 100, Hotel Emps. & Rest. Emps. Int’l Union, 239 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2001) ...... 10-59, 10-64 Metzger v. Dell Publ’g Co., 207 Misc. 182, 136 N.Y.S.2d 888 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1955) ...... 2-56, 2-57 Meuser v. Rocky Mountain Hosp., 685 P.2d 776 (Colo. App. 1984) ...... 6-11 Meyer v. McKeown, 266 Ill. App. 3d 324, 204 Ill. Dec. 593, 641 N.E.2d 1212 (1994) ...... 8-31, 8-36, 8-49 Meyer v. Nottger, 241 N.W.2d 911 (Iowa 1976) ...... 13-51 Meyerkord v. Zipatoni Co., 276 S.W.3d 319 (Mo. Ct. App. 2008) ...... 12-11 M.F. Farming Co. v. Couch Distrib. Co., 207 Cal. App. 4th 180, 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d 160 (2012) ...... 13-6, 16-8 M.G. v. Time Warner, Inc., 89 Cal. App. 4th 623, 107 Cal. Rptr. 2d 504, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1883 (2001) ...... 12-46, 12-58 Miami Herald Publ’g Co. v. Ane, 458 So. 2d 239, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2383 (Fla. 1984), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1088 (1987) ...... 2-79, 6-3, 16-69 Miami Herald Publ’g Co. v. Tornillo, 418 U.S. 241 (1974) ...... 2-14, 3-9, 3-26, ...... 6-28, 7-25, 10-66, 11-8 Michaelis v. CBS, Inc., 119 F.3d 697 (8th Cir. 1997) ...... 5-16 Michaels v. Gannett Co., 10 A.D.2d 417, 199 N.Y.S.2d 778 (4th Dep’t 1960) ...... 2-155 Michaud v. Livermore Falls, 381 A.2d 1110 (Me. 1978) ...... 5-55 Mich. Microtech, Inc. v. Federated Publ’ns, Inc., 187 Mich. App. 178, 466 N.W.2d 717, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2131 (1991) ...... 6-8 Mich. United Conservation Clubs v. CBS News, 485 F. Supp. 893, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2566 (W.D. Mich. 1980), aff’d, 665 F.2d 110, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2331 (6th Cir. 1981) ...... 2-153, ...... 2-162, 12-17, 13-14 Michtavi v. N.Y. Daily News, 587 F.3d 551, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2591 (2d Cir. 2009) ...... 2-27 Mid-Am. Food Serv., Inc. v. ARA Servs., Inc., 578 F.2d 691 (8th Cir. 1978) ...... 9-13

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–169 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Middlebrooks v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 281 F. Supp. 1 (D.S.C. 1968), aff’d, 413 F.2d 141 (4th Cir. 1969) ...... 12-42 Middle-Snake-Tamarac Watershed Dist. v. Stengrim, 78 N.W.2d 834 (Minn. 2010) ...... 16-22 Middleton v. Sutton, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 376 (D.N.H. 1995) ...... 15-57 Mid-Fla. Television Corp. v. Boyles, 467 So. 2d 282, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1774 (Fla. 1985) ...... 2-127 Midler v. Ford Motor Co., 849 F.2d 460, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1620 (9th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 951 (1992) ...... 12-83, 12-84 Midwest Glass Co. v. Stanford Dev. Co., 34 Ill. App. 3d 130, 339 N.E.2d 274 (1975) ...... 12-8 Miele v. William Morrow & Co., 670 F. Supp. 136, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1723 (E.D. Pa.), aff’d, 829 F.2d 31 (3d Cir. 1987) ...... 5-103, 6-13 MiGi, Inc. v. Gannett Mass. Broads., Inc., 25 Mass. App. 394, 519 N.E.2d 283, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1557 (1988) ...... 7-38 Mihalik v. Duprey, 11 Mass. App. 602, 417 N.E.2d 1238, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1258 (1981) ...... 2-37 Miketic v. Baron, 450 Pa. Super. 324, 675 A.2d 324 (1996) ...... 2-97 Milam v. Bank of Cabot, 327 Ark. 256, 937 S.W.2d 653 (1997) ...... 2-107, 12-8, 13-52 Mile Marker, Inc. v. Petersen Publ’g, L.L.C., 811 So. 2d 841 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2002) ...... 5-35 Miles v. Perry, 11 Conn. App. 584, 529 A.2d 199, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1985 (1987) ...... 6-20 Miles v. Ramsey, 31 F. Supp. 2d 869, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1876 (D. Colo. 1998) ...... 16-57 Milgroom v. News Grp. Bos., Inc., 412 Mass. 9, 586 N.E.2d 985, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1097 (1992) ...... 2-26, 5-8, 5-14 Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2009 (1990) ...... 1-40, 1-41, 1-46, ...... 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-40, 2-45, 2-47, 2-49, 2-51, ...... 2-52, 3-3, 4-5, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15, ...... 4-16, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-21, 4-22, 4-23, ...... 4-24, 4-26, 4-27, 4-28, 4-29, 4-30, 4-31, 4-32, 4-34, 4-36, ...... 4-37, 4-38, 4-39, 4-41, 4-48, 4-49, 4-51, 4-52, 4-53, ...... 4-54, 4-55, 4-61, 4-62, 4-66, 4-67, 5-117, ...... 5-123, 5-126, 6-2, 6-27, 16-5

TOC–170 Table of Cases

Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 65 Ohio App. 2d 143, 19 Ohio Op. 3d 99, 416 N.E.2d 662, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2185 (Lake Cnty. 1979), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 966, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2189 (1980) ...... 3-32 Milkovich v. News-Herald, 15 Ohio St. 3d 292, 15 Ohio B. 424, 473 N.E.2d 1191, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1598 (1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 953, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1309 (1985) ...... 5-17 Miller v. Argus Publ’g Co., 79 Wash. 2d 816, 490 P.2d 101 (1971) ...... 9-57 Miller v. Bakersfield News-Bulletin, Inc., 44 Cal. App. 3d 899, 119 Cal. Rptr. 92 (1975) ...... 2-52, 4-57 Miller v. Brooks, 123 N.C. App. 204, 472 S.E.2d 350 (1996) ...... 12-10 Miller v. City of W. Columbia, 322 S.C. 224, 471 S.E.2d 683 (1996) ...... 10-42 Miller v. Donovan, 16 Misc. 453, 39 N.Y.S. 820 (1896) ...... 2-12 Miller v. Fenton, 474 U.S. 104 (1985) ...... 16-71 Miller v. Jones, 114 Nev. 1291, 970 P.2d 571 (1998) ...... 4-66, 5-91, 5-96, 13-48, 13-52 Miller v. Journal News, 211 A.D.2d 626, 620 N.Y.S.2d 500 (2d Dep’t 1995) ...... 3-21 Miller v. Kingsley, 194 Neb. 123, 230 N.W.2d 472 (1975) ...... 10-29 Miller v. Kornella Corp., 32 Misc. 2d 869, 229 N.Y.S.2d 675 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1962) ...... 13-45, 13-46 Miller v. Maxwell, 16 Wend. 9 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1836) ...... 2-150, 2-151, 2-155 Miller v. Nestande, 192 Cal. App. 3d 191, 237 Cal. Rptr. 359, 62 A.L.R.4TH 301, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1233 (1987) ...... 5-18, 5-54, 6-22 Miller v. News Syndicate Co., 445 F.2d 356 (2d Cir. 1971) ...... 3-27, 12-55 Miller v. Piggly Wiggly Supermarket, 1995 Tenn. App. LEXIS 121 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 10-13 Miller v. Radin, 32 A.D.2d 1046, 303 N.Y.S.2d 749 (3d Dep’t 1969) ...... 2-142 Miller v. Reinert, 839 N.E.2d 731 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) ...... 8-7 Miller v. Strong, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 93483 (D. Nev. 2012) ...... 8-57 Miller v. Transamerican Press, Inc., 621 F.2d 721, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1598, modified, 628 F.2d 932, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2252 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 1041 (1981) ...... 5-29, 5-73, 14-16, 14-17, 14-26

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–171 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Milligan v. United States, 670 F.3d 686 (6th Cir. 2012) ...... 7-4 Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457 (1940) ...... 15-14, 15-17 Milliner v. Turner, 436 So. 2d 1300 (La. Ct. App. 1983) ...... 2-175 Mills v. Iowa, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22521 (S.D. Iowa 2013) ...... 2-131 Mills v. Iowa, 924 F. Supp. 2d 1016 (S.D. Iowa 2013) ...... 2-116, 2-132, 9-45 Mills v. Kingsport Times-News, 475 F. Supp. 1005, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2288 (W.D. Va. 1979) ...... 10-54 Millus v. Newsday, Inc., 89 N.Y.2d 840, 652 N.Y.S.2d 726, 675 N.E.2d 461, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1063 (1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1144 (1997) ...... 5-99 Milo v. Martin, 311 S.W.3d 210 (Tex. App. 2010) ...... 7-12, 7-13 Milsap v. Journal/Sentinel, Inc., 100 F.3d 1265 (7th Cir. 1996) ...... 5-50 Mims v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 200 F.2d 800 (5th Cir. 1952), cert. denied, 345 U.S. 940 (1953) ...... 2-90, 8-62 Miner v. Novotny, 304 Md. 164, 498 A.2d 269, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1449 (1985) ...... 7-30, 8-39 Mingus v. Dell Publ’g Co., 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1370 (N.Y. Cnty. 1990) ...... 5-108 Mink v. AAAA Dev., LLC, 190 F.3d 333 (5th Cir. 1999) ...... 15-16, 15-39 Mink Hollow Dev. Corp. v. New York, 87 Misc. 2d 61, 384 N.Y.S.2d 373 (N.Y. Ct. Cl. 1976) ...... 13-2, 13-5, 13-22, 13-25 Minton v. Thomson Newspapers, Inc., 175 Ga. App. 525, 333 S.E.2d 913, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1301 (1985) ...... 7-40 Minyard Food Stores, Inc. v. Goodman, 80 S.W.3d 573 (Tex. 2002) ...... 2-174 Miron v. Univ. of New Haven Police Dep’t, 284 Conn. 35, 931 A.2d 847 (2007) ...... 9-15, 9-18 Misco Leasing, Inc. v. Keller, 490 F.2d 545 (10th Cir. 1974) ...... 13-5, 13-15, 13-22, 13-24, 13-26 Miskovsky v. Okla. Publ’g Co., 459 U.S. 923, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2302 (1982) ...... 4-13 Miskovsky v. Tulsa Tribune Co., 678 P.2d 242, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1954 (Okla. 1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1006 (1984) ...... 4-11 Missner v. Clifford, 393 Ill. App. 3d 751, 914 N.E.2d 540 (2009), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 3355 (2010) ...... 7-36

TOC–172 Table of Cases

Mr. Chow v. Ste. Jour Azur S.A., 759 F.2d 219, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1713 (2d Cir. 1985) ...... 1-40, 4-10, ...... 4-34, 4-44, 4-64 Misut v. Mooney, 124 Misc. 2d 95, 475 N.Y.S.2d 233 (Sup. Ct. Suffolk Cnty. 1984) ...... 2-173 Mitan v. Campbell, 474 Mich. 21, 706 N.W.2d 420, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1084 (2005) ...... 7-5 Mitan v. Davis, 243 F. Supp. 2d 719 (W.D. Ky. 2003) ...... 7-8 Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985) ...... 8-67 Mitchell v. Globe Int’l Publ’g, Inc., 773 F. Supp. 1235, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1405 (W.D. Ark. 1991) ...... 2-81, 5-122 Mitchell v. Random House, Inc., 703 F. Supp. 1250, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2033 (S.D. Miss. 1988), aff’d, 865 F.2d 664, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1207 (5th Cir. 1989) ...... 2-76, 12-11, 15-5, 15-29 Mitchell v. Superior Court, 37 Cal. 3d 268, 690 P.2d 625, 208 Cal. Rptr. 152, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1076 (1984) ...... 2-114, 14-16, ...... 14-17, 14-28 Mitchell v. Tribune Co., 343 Ill. App. 446, 99 N.E.2d 397 (1951), cert. denied, 342 U.S. 919 (1952) ..... 2-33 Mitre Sports Int’l Ltd. v. Home Box Office, Inc., 22 F. Supp. 3d 240 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) ...... 5-30, 5-35 Mittelman v. Witous, 135 Ill. 2d 220, 142 Ill. Dec. 232, 552 N.E.2d 973 (1989) ...... 2-3, 2-70, 2-71, ...... 2-72, 2-75, 4-8, 4-10, 4-20, 4-49, 9-4, ...... 9-26, 9-42, 9-48, 10-11, 10-12 Mixter v. Farmer, 215 Md. App. 536, 81 A.3d 631 (2013) ...... 8-14, 13-59 Mize v. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 82 F.R.D. 475, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1156 (S.D. Tex. 1979) ...... 14-16, 14-20 M.J. DiCorpo, Inc. v. Sweeney, 69 Ohio St. 3d 497, 634 N.E.2d 203 (1994) ...... 8-19 MMAR Grp., Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co., 987 F. Supp. 535 (S.D. Tex. 1997) ...... 10-33 Moats v. Republican Party, 281 Neb. 411, 796 N.W.2d 584, cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 251 (2011) ...... 2-135 Mobile Press Register, Inc. v. Faulkner, 372 So. 2d 1282, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1108 (Ala. 1979) ...... 5-28, 5-50, 5-77, 5-104 Mobilisa, Inc. v. Doe, 217 Ariz. 103, 170 P.3d 712 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2007) ...... 14-37, 14-40 Modern Prods., Inc. v. Schwartz, 734 F. Supp. 362, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1813 (E.D. Wis. 1990) ...... 2-57

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–173 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Moe v. Wise, 97 Wash. App. 950, 989 P.2d 1148 (1999) ...... 9-26, 9-28, 9-40, 9-49 Moffatt v. Brown, 751 P.2d 939, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1601 (Alaska 1988) ...... 4-10, 16-32, ...... 16-38, 16-50 Mohler v. Houston, 356 A.2d 646 (D.C. 1976) ...... 8-7, 8-10 Mohr v. Grant, 153 Wash. 2d 812, 108 P.3d 768, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1919 (2005) ...... 2-35, 2-40, 3-18, 3-25 Moldea v. N.Y. Times Co., 15 F.3d 1137, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1321, modified in part on reh’g, 22 F.3d 310, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1673 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 875 (1994) ...... 2-30, 2-85, ...... 4-3, 4-5, 4-19, 4-23, 4-37, ...... 4-38, 4-39, 4-44, 4-45, 4-49, 4-55, 4-69, ...... 12-4, 12-19, 12-26, 16-61 Molever v. Levenson, 539 F.2d 996 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1024 (1976) ...... 9-27 Molin v. Trentonian, 297 N.J. Super. 153, 687 A.2d 1022 (App. Div. 1997) ...... 2-43 Mollan v. Lindner, 544 Pa. 487, 677 A.2d 1194 (1996) ...... 8-50 Mollick v. Beverly Enters.-Pa., Inc., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14991 (E.D. Pa. 1997) ...... 2-97, 2-100, 9-20 Molt v. Lindsay Mfg. Co., 248 Neb. 81, 532 N.W.2d 11 (1995) ...... 2-90, 9-20, 9-41, 9-57 Momah v. Bharti, 144 Wash. App. 731, 182 P.3d 455 (2008) ...... 7-8 Monaghan v. Globe Newspaper Co., 190 Mass. 394, 77 N.E. 476 (1906) ...... 11-8 Moncrief v. Lexington Herald-Leader Co., 807 F.2d 217, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1762 (D.C. Cir. 1986) ...... 15-5, 15-10, 15-27 Monitor Patriot Co. v. Roy, 401 U.S. 265 (1971) ...... 1-13, 1-33, 1-34, 5-18, ...... 5-19, 5-22, 16-72 Monroe v. Host Marriot Servs. Corp., 999 F. Supp. 599 (D.N.J. 1998) ...... 2-99 Montana v. Helfrich, 227 Mont. 452, 922 P.2d 1159 (1996) ...... 3-5 Montandon v. Triangle Publ’ns, Inc., 45 Cal. App. 3d 938, 120 Cal. Rptr. 186, cert. denied, 423 U.S. 893 (1975) ...... 5-83, 11-10 Montecalvo v. Mandarelli, 682 A.2d 918 (R.I. 1996) ...... 13-4

TOC–174 Table of Cases

Montesano v. Donrey Media Grp., 99 Nev. 644, 668 P.2d 1081, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2266 (1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 959 (1984) ...... 12-9, 12-66 Montgomery v. Milam, 910 S.W.2d 237 (Ky. 1995) ...... 13-28 Montgomery Cnty. Ass’n of Realtors, Inc. v. Realty Photo Master Corp., 878 F. Supp. 804 (D. Md. 1995) ...... 3-12 Montgomery Investigative Servs., Ltd. v. Horne, 173 Md. App. 193, 918 A.2d 526 (2007) ...... 9-16, 9-47 Montgomery Props., Inc. v. Econ. Forms Corp., 305 N.W.2d 470 (Iowa 1981) ...... 13-22 Montgomery Ward v. Larragoite, 81 N.M. 383, 467 P.2d 399 (1970) ...... 12-94 Montgomery Ward v. Shope, 286 N.W.2d 806 (1979) ...... 12-9 Moon v. Liu, 2015 IL App (1st) 143606, ___ Ill. Dec. ___, ___ N.E.3d ___, 2015 Ill. App. LEXIS 825 (2015) ...... 12-13 Moore v. Beneficial Nat’l Bank USA, 876 F. Supp. 1247 (M.D. Ala. 1995) ...... 9-22 Moore v. Big Picture Co., 828 F.2d 270, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1865 (5th Cir. 1987) ...... 12-16, 12-84 Moore v. Francis, 121 N.Y. 199, 123 N.E. 1127 (1890) ...... 2-51 Moore v. Greene, 431 F.2d 584 (9th Cir. 1970) ...... 10-42, 15-53 Moore v. Hoff, 821 N.W.2d 591, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2177 (Minn. Ct. App. 2012) ...... 13-42, 13-43 Moore v. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Inc., 402 Ill. App. 3d 62, 932 N.E.2d 448 (Ill. Ct. App. 2010) ...... 2-136 Moore v. Smith, 89 Wash. 2d 932, 578 P.2d 29 (1978) ...... 8-3 Moore v. Streit, 181 Ill. App. 3d 587, 537 N.E.2d 408, 130 Ill. Dec. 341, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1144 (1989) ...... 10-27 Moore v. Sun Publ’g Corp., 118 N.M. 375, 881 P.2d 735 (Ct. App. 1994) ...... 2-5, 2-35, 4-20, 12-9 Moore v. Waldrop, 166 S.W.3d 380 (Tex. App. 2005) ...... 2-32, 2-46, 2-124 Moran v. Kansas, 267 Kan. 583, 985 P.2d 127 (1999) ...... 2-80 More v. Bennett, 48 N.Y. 472 (1872) ...... 2-21 Moreau v. Plain Dealer Publ’g Co., 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1719 (W.D. Ky. 1986) ...... 15-23 Moreno v. Crookston Times Printing Co., 610 N.W.2d 321 (Minn. 2000) ...... 2-66, 5-11, 7-21, 7-22, ...... 7-23, 7-24, 7-27, 7-31, 7-39 Moreno v. Hanford Sentinel, Inc., 172 Cal. App. 4th 1125, 91 Cal. Rptr. 3d 858, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1496 (2009) ...... 12-44

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–175 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Morgan v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 653 F. Supp. 711, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2226 (N.D. Ohio 1987) ..... 12-90, 13-57 Morganroth v. Whitall, 161 Mich. App. 785, 411 N.W.2d 859, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1411 (1987) ...... 12-23 Moriarty v. Greene, 315 Ill. App. 3d 225, 732 N.E.2d 730, 247 Ill. Dec. 675 (2000) ...... 4-20, 12-23 Moriarty v. Lippe, 162 Conn. 371, 294 A.2d 326 (1972) ...... 5-11 Morlan v. Qwest Dex, Inc., 332 F. Supp. 2d 1356 (D. Or. 2004) ...... 9-50 Morningstar, Inc. v. L.A. Superior Court, 23 Cal. App. 4th 676, 29 Cal. Rptr. 2d 547, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1513 (1994) ...... 4-17, 4-36, 13-59 Morris v. Dall. Morning News, Inc., 934 S.W.2d 410 (Tex. App. 1996) ...... 5-107 Morris v. Equifax Info. Serv., LLC, 457 F.3d 460 (5th Cir. 2006) ...... 9-22, 9-24 Morrison v. Dall. Cnty. Cmty. Coll., 273 F. App’x 407 (5th Cir. 2008) ...... 2-139 Morrison v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 19 N.Y.2d 453, 280 N.Y.S.2d 641, 227 N.E.2d 572 (1967) ...... 12-29, 13-46 Morrison Law Firm v. Clarion Co., 860 F.R.D. 340 (S.D.N.Y. 1994), aff’d mem., 60 F.3d 811 (2d Cir. 1995) ...... 15-41, 15-42 Morrow v. II Morrow, Inc., 139 Or. App. 212, 911 P.2d 964 (1996) ...... 2-92, 12-17 Morrow v. L.A. Unified Sch. Dist., 149 Cal. App. 4th 1424, 57 Cal. Rptr. 3d 885 (2007) ...... 12-75 Morsette v. Final Call, 309 A.D.2d 249, 764 N.Y.S.2d 416, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2569 (1st Dep’t 2003) ...... 5-78 Mortg. Specialists, Inc. v. Implode-Explode Heavy Indus., Inc., 160 N.H. 227, 999 A.2d 184, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1641 (2010) ...... 10-64, 14-4, ...... 14-16, 14-37 Mortise v. United States, 102 F.3d 693 (2d Cir. 1996) ...... 13-63 Mosely v. Moss, 6 Gratt. 534 (Va. 1850) ...... 2-46 Moses v. McWilliams, 379 Pa. Super. 150, 549 A.2d 950 (1988) ...... 2-66 Moses v. Parwatikar, 813 F.2d 891 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 832 (1987) ...... 8-22 Mosesian v. McClatchy Newspapers, Inc., 233 Cal. App. 3d 1685, 285 Cal. Rptr. 430, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1815 (1991), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 912 (1992) ...... 5-39, 5-50

TOC–176 Table of Cases

Mosesson v. Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Firm, 683 N.Y.S.2d 88, 257 A.D.2d 381 (1st Dep’t 1999) ...... 8-5 Mosqueda v. Mosqueda, 218 N.C. App. 142, 721 S.E.2d 755 (2012) ...... 15-49 Moss v. Harwood, 102 Va. 386, 392, 46 S.E. 385 (1904) ...... 2-17 Moss v. Stockard, 580 A.2d 1011 (D.C.1990) ...... 2-16 Mott v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 910 F. Supp. 868, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1353 (N.D.N.Y. 1995), aff’d mem., 112 F.3d 504, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1060 (2d Cir. 1996) ...... 6-18 Mount Juneau Enters. v. Juneau Empire, 891 P.2d 829, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1684 (Alaska 1995) ...... 6-14 Moye v. Gary, 595 F. Supp. 738 (S.D.N.Y. 1984) ...... 2-34 Moyer v. Amador Valley Joint Union High Sch. Dist., 225 Cal. App. 3d 720, 275 Cal. Rptr. 494, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1602 (1990) ...... 2-46, 4-17, 4-56, 4-64 Moyer v. Phillips, 462 Pa. 395, 341 A.2d 441, 77 A.L.R.3D 1339 (1975) ...... 2-172, 13-12 Muck v. Van Bibber, 251 Ill. App. 3d 240, 190 Ill. Dec. 590, 621 N.E.2d 1043 (1993) ...... 8-24, 8-36 Muirhead v. Zucker, 726 F. Supp. 613 (W.D. Pa. 1989) ...... 7-36, 8-17, 8-21 Mulgrew v. Taunton, 410 Mass. 631, 574 N.E.2d 389 (1991) ...... 8-46, 9-34 Mulina v. Item Co., 217 La. 842, 47 So. 2d 560 (1950) ...... 2-42 Mullen v. Meredith Corp., 271 Or. App. 698, 353 P.3d 598, 604 (2015) ...... 16-23 Mullen v. Solber, 271 Ill. App. 3d 442, 648 N.E.2d 950, 208 Ill. Dec. 28 (1995) ...... 10-35 Mullenmeister v. Snap-On Tools Corp., 587 F. Supp. 868, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2061 (S.D.N.Y. 1984) ...... 2-46, 2-56, 2-133, 2-140, 2-156 Mullin v. Wash. Free Weekly, Inc., 785 A.2d 296, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1092 (D.C. 2001) ...... 2-109 Mullins v. Thieriot, 19 Cal. App. 3d 302, 97 Cal. Rptr. 27 (1971) ...... 2-35 Multimedia Publ’g Co. of S.C. v. Greenville-Spartanburg Airport Dist., 991 F.2d 154, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1369 (4th Cir. 1993) ...... 16-71 Mulvihill v. Spalding Sports Worldwide, Inc., 184 F. Supp. 2d 99 (D. Mass. 2002) ...... 2-67

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–177 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Munsell v. Ideal Food Stores, 208 Kan. 909, 494 P.2d 1063, 60 A.L.R.3D 1059 (1972) ...... 3-14 Muresan v. Phila. Romanian Pentecostal Church, 154 Or. App. 465, 962 P.2d 711 (1998) ...... 9-27 Murphree v. U.S. Bank of Utah, N.A., 293 F.3d 1220 (10th Cir. 2002) ...... 2-119 Murphy v. Am. Home Prods. Corp., 58 N.Y.2d 293, 448 N.E.2d 86, 461 N.Y.S.2d 232 (1983) ...... 2-61 Murphy v. Bos. Herald, Inc., 449 Mass. 42, 865 N.E.2d 746, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1865 (2007) ...... 2-63, 2-174, ...... 5-90, 5-111, 16-66 Murphy v. Daytona Beach Humane Soc’y, Inc., 176 So. 2d 922 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1965) ...... 4-73 Murphy v. Farmers Educ. & Coop. Union, 72 N.W.2d 636 (N.D. 1955) ...... 4-62 Murphy v. Herfort, 140 A.D.2d 415, 528 N.Y.S.2d 117 (2d Dep’t 1988) ...... 9-41 Murphy v. IRS, 493 F.3d 170 (D.C. Cir. 2007), overruling Murphy v. IRS, 460 F.3d 79 (D.C. Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 2050 (2008) ...... 10-70 Murphy v. Mayfield, 860 F. Supp. 340 (N.D. Tex. 1994) ...... 8-35 Murphy v. Pizarrio, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13920 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 2-34 Murphy v. Plain Dealer Publ’g Co., 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1556 (N.D. Ohio 1991) ...... 13-71 Murray v. Bailey, 613 F. Supp. 1276, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1369 (N.D. Cal. 1985) ...... 7-40 Murray v. N.Y. Magazine Co., 27 N.Y.2d 406, 267 N.E.2d 256, 318 N.Y.S.2d 474 (1971) ...... 12-86 Murray v. Schlosser, 41 Conn. Supp. 362, 574 A.2d 1339, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2069 (Conn. Super. Ct. 1990) ...... 2-53, 13-55 Murray v. United Food & Commercial Workers Int’l Union, 289 F.3d 297 (4th Cir. 2002) ...... 4-61 Murtagh v. Hurley, 40 So. 3d 62 (Fla. Ct. App. 2010) ...... 10-65 Musser v. Smith Protective Servs., Inc., 723 S.W.2d 653 (Tex. 1987) ...... 2-76 Musto v. Bell S. Telecomms. Corp., 748 So. 2d 296 (Fla. Ct. App. 1999) ...... 7-9 Mutafis v. Erie Ins. Exch., 775 F.2d 593, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1279 (4th Cir. 1985) ...... 6-27

TOC–178 Table of Cases

Muzikowski v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 322 F.3d 918 (7th Cir. 2003) ...... 12-42 Muzikowski v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 477 F.3d 899, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1468 (7th Cir. 2007) ...... 2-135, 2-156, 2-168, 13-53 Myers v. Bos. Magazine Co., 380 Mass. 336, 403 N.E.2d 376, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1241 (1980) ...... 5-117 Myers v. Levy, 348 Ill. App. 3d 906, 808 N.E.2d 1139, 283 Ill. Dec. 851 (2003) ...... 9-38, 12-16 Myers v. Pickering Firm, Inc., 959 S.W.2d 152 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) ...... 8-20, 10-50, 13-43 Myers v. Plan Takoma, Inc., 472 A.2d 44 (D.C. 1983) ...... 4-10 Mylan Pharm., Inc. v. Am. Cyanamid Co., 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1748, 1995 U.S. App. LEXIS 4197 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 906 (1995) ...... 5-41, 5-48 Mzamane v. Winfrey, 693 F. Supp. 2d 442 (E.D. Pa. 2010) ...... 5-32, 5-41, 15-54

N NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415 (1963) ...... 1-6 NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886 (1982) ...... 10-51 Naantaanbuu v. Abernathy, 746 F. Supp. 378, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1201 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) ...... 2-149 Naantaanbuu v. Abernathy, 816 F. Supp. 218, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1353 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) ...... 5-44, 6-18 Nabisco, Inc. v. Ellison, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16041 (E.D. Pa. 1994) ...... 12-37 Nacinovich v. Tullet & Tokyo Forex, Inc., 257 A.D.2d 523, 685 N.Y.S.2d 17 (1st Dep’t 1999) ...2-34, 2-58 Nadel v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 28 Cal. App. 4th 1251, 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 188 (1994) ...... 5-35, 5-54, 5-56, 5-78 Nader v. De Toledano, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1233 (D.C. Super. Ct. 1977), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 408 A.2d 31, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1550 (D.C. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1078 (1980) ...... 5-29, 5-108, 16-47

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–179 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Nader v. Gen. Motors Corp., 25 N.Y.2d 560, 307 N.Y.S.2d 647, 255 N.E.2d 765 (1970) ...... 12-92, 12-94 Nader v. Me. Democratic Party, 2012 ME 57, 41 A.3d 551 (2012) ...... 16-22 Nagib v. News-Sun, Div. of Keystone Printing Serv., Inc., 64 Ill. App. 3d 752, 381 N.E.2d 1014, 21 Ill. Dec. 567, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1957 (2d Dist. 1978) ...... 7-41 Nagoya Assocs. v. Esquire, Inc., 184 F. Supp. 184 (E.D. Pa. 1960) ...... 15-6 Naked City, Inc. v. Chi. Sun-Times, 77 Ill. App. 3d 188, 395 N.E.2d 1042, 32 Ill. Dec. 661, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1806 (1979) ...... 2-43 Nam Rai Elecs., Inc. v. Titzer, 93 Cal. App. 4th 1301, 113 Cal. Rptr. 2d 769 (2001) ...... 15-34 Namath v. Sports Illustrated, 48 A.D.2d 487, 371 N.Y.S.2d 10 (1st Dep’t 1975), aff’d, 39 N.Y.2d 897, 352 N.E.2d 584, 386 N.Y.S.2d 397 (1976) ...... 12-87 Nampa Charter Sch., Inc. v. Conrad, 140 Idaho 23, 89 P.3d 863 (2004) ...... 2-170, 10-60 Nash v. Keene Publ’g Corp., 127 N.H. 214, 498 A.2d 348, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1025 (1985) ...... 4-11, 5-11, 5-72, 5-88, 16-48, 16-50 Nassa v. Hook-SuperRx, Inc., 790 A.2d 368 (R.I. 2002) ...... 10-70 Nath v. Tex. Children’s Hosp., 375 S.W.3d 403 (Tex. App. 2012) ...... 10-73 Nat’l Artists Mgmt. Co. v. Weaving, 769 F. Supp. 1224 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) ...... 13-30, 13-35 Nat’l Ass’n of Gov’t Emps. v. Cent. Broad. Corp., 379 Mass. 220, 396 N.E.2d 996, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2078 (1979), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 935 (1980) ...... 4-28, 4-48, 4-50 Nat’l Ass’n of Letter Carriers v. Austin, 418 U.S. 264 (1974) ...... 1-41, 2-24, 2-45, 2-52, 4-7, 4-13, ...... 4-32, 4-65, 5-117, 5-127, 5-137, 5-138 Nat’l Ass’n of Real Estate Appraisers, Inc. v. Schaeffer, 1989 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3098 (C.D. Cal. 1989) ...... 15-31 Nat’l Found. for Cancer Research, Inc. v. Council of Better Bus. Bureaus, Inc., 705 F.2d 98, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1915 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 830 (1983) ...... 5-39, 5-48

TOC–180 Table of Cases

Nat’l Life Ins. Co. v. Phillips Publ’g, Inc., 793 F. Supp. 627, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1393 (D. Md. 1992) ...... 5-40, 5-52, 5-135, 13-30 Nat’l Nutritional Foods Ass’n v. Whelan, 492 F. Supp. 374 (S.D.N.Y. 1980) ...... 2-159 Nat’l Petroleum Mktg., Inc. v. Phoenix Fuel Co., 902 F. Supp. 1459 (D. Utah 1995) ...... 15-21, 15-30 Nationwide Bi-Weekly Admin., Inc. v. Belo Corp., 512 F.3d 137, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1065 (5th Cir. 2007) ...... 7-7, 7-8 Navellier v. Sletten, 29 Cal. 4th 82, 124 Cal. Rptr. 2d 530, 52 P.3d 703 (2002) ...... 16-8 Nazeri v. Mo. Valley Coll., 860 S.W.2d 303 (Mo. 1993) ...... 2-5, 2-12, 2-34, ...... 2-66, 2-70, 2-81, 2-91, 2-116, ...... 2-124, 2-127, 13-39, 13-45, 13-47, 13-60 NBC Subsidiary, Inc. v. Living Will Ctr., 879 P.2d 6 (Colo. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1015 (1995) ...... 2-24, 2-31, 2-50, ...... 4-17, 4-20, 4-50, 4-57, 4-64 Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931) ...... 1-4, 10-60 Near E. Side Cmty. Org. v. Hair, 555 N.E.2d 1324 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990) ...... 6-12 Neb. Press Ass’n v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539 (1976) ...... 10-60, 12-76, 13-31 Neely v. Phila. Inquirer Co., 62 F.2d 873 (D.C. Cir. 1932) ...... 15-27 Neely v. Wilson, 418 S.W.3d 52, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1327 (Tex. 2013) ...... 2-4, 5-43, 7-46 Neff v. Time, Inc., 406 F. Supp. 858 (W.D. Pa. 1976) ...... 1-50, 12-45, 12-48, ...... 12-49, 12-51, 12-72, 12-78 Neighbors v. Kirksville Coll. of Osteopathic Med., 694 S.W.2d 822 (Mo. Ct. App. 1985) ...... 2-96 Neiman-Marcus v. Lait, 13 F.R.D. 311 (S.D.N.Y. 1952) ...... 2-157 Neish v. Beaver Newspapers, Inc., 398 Pa. Super. 588, 581 A.2d 619, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1251 (1990), appeal denied, 593 A.2d 421 (Pa. 1991) ...... 7-24 Nellis v. Miller, 101 A.D.2d 1002, 477 N.Y.S.2d 72, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1933 (4th Dep’t 1984) ...... 2-81, 10-42, 10-45

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–181 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Nelson v. Associated Press, Inc., 667 F. Supp. 1468, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1577 (S.D. Fla. 1987) ...... 5-109, 7-14, 11-5, 11-11 Nelson v. Cail, 120 Ariz. 64, 583 P.2d 1384 (Ct. App. 1978) ...... 6-22 Nelson v. Globe Int’l, Inc., 626 F. Supp. 969, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1785 (S.D.N.Y. 1986) ...... 5-6, 5-16, ...... 5-107, 12-33 Nelson v. Me. Times, 373 A.2d 1221, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2011 (Me. 1977) ...... 12-26, 12-44 Nelson v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 235 F.3d 101 (2d Cir. 2000) ...... 13-63 Nemani v. St. Louis Univ., 33 S.W.2d 184 (Mo. 2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 981 (2001) ...... 12-11 Nemet Chevrolet Ltd. v. Consumeraffairs.com, Inc., 591 F.3d 250, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1065 (4th Cir. 2009) ...... 7-12 Neogen Corp. v. Neo Gen Screening, Inc., 282 F.3d 883 (6th Cir. 2002) ...... 15-39 Nesbitt v. Multimedia, Inc., 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1473 (W.D.N.C. 1982) ...... 16-53 Nestor v. O’Donohue, 429 F. Supp. 25 (D. Haw. 1977) ...... 8-34 Nethercutt Collection v. Regalia, 172 Cal. App. 4th 361, 90 Cal. Rptr. 3d 882 (2009) ...... 2-119, 2-120, 2-122 Netherwood v. Am. Fed’n of State, Cnty. & Mun. Emps., 53 Mass. App. Ct. 11, 757 N.E.2d 257 (2001) ...... 5-10 Neu v. Corcoran, 869 F.2d 662 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 816 (1989) ...... 13-72 Neumann v. Liles, 261 Or. App. 567, 323 P.3d 521, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1513 (2014) ...... 2-32, 16-23 Neurotron, Inc. v. Med. Serv. Ass’n, 254 F.3d 444 (3d Cir. 2001) ...... 13-3, 13-17, 13-18 Nev. Indep. Broad. Corp. v. Allen, 99 Nev. 404, 664 P.2d 337, 37 A.L.R.4TH 1070, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1769 (1983) ...... 2-119, 3-15, 4-8, ...... 4-11, 4-43, 4-66, 5-75, 5-76, ...... 5-79, 5-84, 10-45, 10-52, 10-53 Neville v. Fine Arts & Gen. Ins. Co., [1895] 2 Q.B. 156 ...... 9-43, 9-56

TOC–182 Table of Cases

Nevin v. Citibank, N.A., 107 F. Supp. 2d 333 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) ...... 8-54, 9-10, ...... 13-49, 13-63 New Times, Inc. v. Isaacks, 146 S.W.3d 144, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2480 (Tex. 2004), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 2557 (2005) ...... 5-78, 5-113, 5-116, ...... 5-117, 5-118, 5-119, ...... 5-121, 5-124, 5-127 New Times, Inc. v. Wamstad, 106 S.W.3d 916 (Tex. App. 2003) ...... 5-39, 5-97 New York v. Grasso, 21 A.D.3d 851, 801 N.Y.S.2d 584 (1st Dep’t 2005) ...... 4-48 N.Y. Press Publ’g Co. v. McGraw-Hill Publ’ns Co., 4 A.D.2d 962, 409 N.Y.S.2d 39, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1819 (1st Dep’t 1978) ...... 14-48 N.Y. Times Co. v. Connor, 291 F.2d 492 (5th Cir. 1961), on reh’g, 310 F.2d 133 (5th Cir. 1962) ...... 15-8 N.Y. Times Co. v. Connor, 365 F.2d 567 (5th Cir. 1966) ...... 1-44, 5-97, 5-101, ...... 5-106, 15-8, 15-24 N.Y. Times Co. v. Gonzales, 382 F. Supp. 2d 457 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) ...... 14-22 N.Y. Times Co. v. Gonzales, 459 F.3d 160 (2d Cir. 2006) ...... 14-14 N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 273 Ala. 656, 144 So. 2d 25 (1962), rev’d, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) ...... 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, ...... 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, ...... 1-13, 1-14, 1-15, 1-17, 1-20, 1-21, 1-22, ...... 1-23, 1-24, 1-25, 1-26, 1-27, 1-28, 1-29, 1-30, ...... 1-32, 1-33, 1-34, 1-35, 1-36, 1-37, 1-42, 1-43, 1-44, ...... 1-45, 1-46, 1-47, 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 2-34, 2-44, ...... 2-52, 2-113, 2-138, 2-146, 2-147, 2-152, 2-153, ...... 2-161, 2-168, 2-169, 2-176, 2-177, 3-2, 3-3, ...... 3-4, 3-23, 3-34, 4-3, 4-5, 4-37, 4-39, ...... 4-42, 4-44, 4-65, 4-66, 4-67, 4-70, 4-73, ...... 4-74, 5-3, 5-6, 5-7, 5-8, 5-14, 5-15, 5-16, ...... 5-17, 5-18, 5-19, 5-20, 5-22, 5-23, 5-46, 5-49, ...... 5-51, 5-53, 5-54, 5-55, 5-56, 5-58, 5-60, 2-61, ...... 5-70, 5-71, 5-73, 5-74, 5-75, 5-76, 5-77, 5-78, ...... 5-79, 5-81, 5-83, 5-85, 5-87, 5-94, 5-102, 5-103, ...... 5-112, 5-113, 5-114, 5-120, 5-124, 5-125, 5-129, ...... 5-130, 5-131, 5-132, 5-133, 5-134, 5-137, 5-138, 6-10,

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–183 SACK ON DEFAMATION

...... 6-16, 6-17, 6-21, 6-25, 7-3, 7-17, 7-18, 7-44, 7-48, 7-51, ...... 7-53, 7-61, 7-62, 7-64, 8-32, 8-52, 9-24, 9-35, 9-37, ...... 9-45, 9-47, 9-50, 9-51, 9-53, 9-54, 10-4, 10-5, 10-6, ...... 10-7, 10-20, 10-22, 10-23, 10-30, 10-31, 10-32, 10-67, ...... 11-15, 12-5, 12-18, 12-31, 12-32, 12-46, 12-77, ...... 12-79, 13-18, 13-19, 13-20, 13-30, 13-36, 13-55, ...... 14-2, 14-30, 14-31, 15-7, 15-8, 15-20, 15-24, 16-2, ...... 16-34, 16-35, 16-37, 16-41, 16-42, 16-43, 16-44, 16-45, ...... 16-46, 16-48, 16-49, 16-51, 16-52, 16-55, 16-59, 16-60, ...... 16-61, 16-65, 16-67, 16-70, 16-72, 16-73, 16-74, 16-76 N.Y. Times Co. v. Superior Court, 51 Cal. 3d 453, 796 P.2d 811, 273 Cal. Rptr. 98, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1145 (1990) ..... 14-27 N.Y. Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971) ...... 10-60, 10-61, 12-5, 12-18, ...... 12-31, 12-32, 12-46, 12-77, 12-79 Newcombe v. Adolf Coors Co., 157 F.3d 686, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2364 (9th Cir. 1998) ...... 2-126, 12-83, 12-85, 13-68 Newell v. Field Enters., Inc., 91 Ill. App. 3d 735, 415 N.E.2d 434, 47 Ill. Dec. 429, 20 A.L.R.4TH 551, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2450 (1980) ...... 2-18, 7-51, 7-56 Newfound Mgmt. Corp. v. Sewer, 34 F. Supp. 2d 305 (D.V.I. 1999) ...... 10-59 Newman v. Delahunty, 293 N.J. Super. 491, 681 A.2d 671 (App. Div. 1994) ...... 3-15 News Journal Corp. v. Carson, 741 So. 2d 572 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999) ...... 14-24 News-Journal Co. v. Gallagher, 233 A.2d 166 (Del. 1967) ...... 1-12, 5-28, 5-103, 16-77 Newson v. Henry, 443 So. 2d 817, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1421 (Miss. 1983) ...... 5-8, 5-50, 10-27 Newspaper Holdings, Inc. v. Crazy Hotel Living, Ltd., 416 S.W.3d 71, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1500 (Tex. App. 2013) ...... 16-25, 16-26 Newspapers, Inc. v. Matthews, 161 Tex. 284, 339 S.W.2d 890, 100 A.L.R.2D 218 (1960) ...... 2-165 Newton v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 677 F. Supp. 1066, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1914 (D. Nev. 1987), rev’d on liability, 930 F.2d 662, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1001 (9th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 866 (1991) ...... 2-40, 5-79, 5-80,

TOC–184 Table of Cases

...... 5-84, 5-95, 5-96, 5-120, ...... 6-10, 10-38, 16-64, 16-68 Newton v. Thomason, 22 F.3d 1455, 22 Media L. Rep. 1609 (9th Cir. 1994) ...... 16-61 Nexus v. Swift, 785 N.W.2d 771 (Minn. Ct. App. 2010) ...... 16-22 Nguyen v. Nguyen, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 9048 (Tex. App. 2010) ...... 8-10 Nichols v. Item Publishers, Inc., 309 N.Y. 596, 132 N.E.2d 860 (1956) ...... 2-17, 2-32, 2-144 Nichols v. J.J. Newberry Co., 150 F.2d 15 (9th Cir. 1945) ...... 2-57 Nichols v. Moore, 334 F. Supp. 2d 944 (E.D. Mich. 2004) ...... 7-6, 12-29 Nichols v. Moore, 477 F.3d 396, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1321 (6th Cir. 2007) ...... 3-19 Nicholson v. Promotors on Listings, 159 F.R.D. 343 (D. Mass. 1994) ...... 5-62 Nicosia v. De Rooy, 72 F. Supp. 2d 1093, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1129 (N.D. Cal. 1999) ...... 4-21, 15-2, 15-37, 15-38 Nixon v. Dispatch Printing Co., 101 Minn. 309, 112 N.W. 258 (1907) ...... 7-27 Nizam-Aldine v. City of Oakland, 47 Cal. App. 4th 364, 54 Cal. Rptr. 2d 781 (1996) ...... 3-8, 3-12 No Doubt v. Activision Publ’g, Inc., 192 Cal. App. 4th 1018, 122 Cal. Rptr. 3d 397 (2011) ..... 12-91 Noble v. Ternyik, 273 Or. 39, 539 P.2d 658 (1975) ...... 8-44 Nodar v. Galbreath, 462 So. 2d 803, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1521 (Fla. 1984) ...... 5-17, 6-22, 9-18, 9-43 Noel v. River Hills Wilsons, Inc., 113 Cal. App. 4th 1363, 7 Cal. Rptr. 3d 216 (2003) ...... 9-17 Nolan v. Campbell, 13 Neb. App. 212, 690 N.W.2d 638 (2004) ...... 10-63 Noonan v. Baitler, 707 F. Supp. 2d 85 (D. Mass. 2010) .....2-86, 3-10 Noonan v. Staples, Inc., 556 F.3d 20, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1321 (1st Cir. 2009) ...... 3-6, 3-10 Noonan v. Winston Co., 902 F. Supp. 298 (D. Mass. 1995), aff’d, 135 F.3d 85 (1st Cir. 1998) ...... 15-2, 15-13, 15-15, ...... 15-18, 15-26, 15-41 Norfolk Post Corp. v. Wright, 140 Va. 735, 125 S.E. 656, 40 A.L.R. 579 (1924) ...... 2-42 Norman v. Borison, 418 Md. 630, 17 A.3d 697, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1673 (2011) ...... 8-10, 8-18

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–185 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Norris v. Bangor Publ’g Co., 53 F. Supp. 2d 495 (D. Me. 1999) ...... 5-31, 10-26 Norris v. King, 355 So. 2d 21 (La. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 995 (1978) ...... 12-40, 12-59, 12-79 North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970) ...... 3-33 N. Coast Cable Ltd. P’ship v. Hanneman, 98 Ohio App. 3d 434, 648 N.E.2d 875 (1994) ...... 8-37 N.E. Ohio Elite Gymnastics Training Ctr. Inc. v. Osborne, 183 Ohio App. 3d 104, 2009 Ohio 2612, 916 N.E.2d 484 (2009) ...... 2-130 Northland Wheels Roller Skating Ctr., Inc. v. Knight-Ridder, 213 Mich. App. 317, 539 N.W.2d 774 (1995) ...... 7-24, 7-33, 7-37 Northport Health Servs., Inc. v. Owens, 356 Ark. 630, 158 S.W.3d 164 (2004) ...... 2-81 Northrup v. Farmland Indus., Inc., 372 N.W.2d 193 (Iowa 1985) ...... 13-51 Northrup v. Miles Homes, Inc., 204 N.W.2d 850 (Iowa 1973) ...... 10-32 Nw. Airlines, Inc. v. Astraea Aviation Servs., Inc., 111 F.3d 1386 (8th Cir. 1997) ...... 5-47, 5-48 Nw. Airlines, Inc. v. Friday, 617 N.W.2d 590 (Minn. Ct. App. 2000) ...... 15-9, 15-33 Norton v. Glenn, 580 Pa. 212, 860 A.2d 48, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2409 (2004) ...... 7-52 Norton v. Kanouff, 165 Neb. 435, 86 N.W.2d 72 (1957) ...... 13-2, 13-28 Novecon Ltd. v. Bulgarian-Am. Enter. Fund, 190 F.3d 556 (D.C. Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1037 (2000) ...... 9-11, 9-43, 9-55 Novel v. Garrison, 338 F. Supp. 977 (N.D. Ill. 1971) ...... 5-33, 7-49 November v. Time, Inc., 13 N.Y.2d 175, 194 N.E.2d 126, 244 N.Y.S.2d 309 (1963) ...... 2-21, 2-23, 2-30 Novodzelski v. Astor, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16727 (E.D. Pa. 1994) ...... 8-17 Nunez v. A-T Fin. Info., Inc., 957 F. Supp. 438 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 2-143, 10-8 Nussenzweig v. diCorcia, 9 N.Y.3d 184, 848 N.Y.S.2d 7, 878 N.E.2d 589 (2007) ...... 12-90 Nuwave Inv. Corp. v. Hyman Beck & Co., 221 N.J. 495, 114 A.3d 738 (2015) ...... 10-6, 10-7, 10-8, 10-13 Nygård, Inc. v. Uusi-Kerttula, 159 Cal. App. 4th 1027, 72 Cal. Rptr. 3d 210 (2008) ...... 16-10, 16-11, 16-16

TOC–186 Table of Cases

O Oak Beach Inn Corp. v. Babylon Beacon, Inc., 62 N.Y.2d 158, 464 N.E.2d 967, 476 N.Y.S.2d 269, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1761 (1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1158 (1985) ....14-28, 14-32 Oaks Gallery & Country Store-Winona, Inc. v. Lee Enters., Inc., 613 N.W.2d 800 (Minn. Ct. App. 2000) ...... 3-19 Oao Alfa Bank v. Ctr. for Pub. Integrity, 387 F. Supp. 2d 20, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2410 (D.D.C. 2005) ...... 5-38, 5-97, 5-111, 7-19 Oasis W. Realty, LLC v. Goldman, 51 Cal. 4th 811, 124 Cal. Rptr. 3d 256, 250 P.3d 1115 (2011) ...... 16-10, 16-18 O’Barr v. Feist, 292 Ala. 440, 296 So. 2d 152 (1974) ...... 8-24, 8-53 Oberc v. BP PLC, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 161831 (S.D. Tex. 2013) ...... 2-101 Oberloh v. Johnson, 768 N.W.2d 373 (Minn. Ct. App. 2009) ...... 15-43 Oberman v. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., 586 F.2d 1173, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2137 (7th Cir. 1978) ...... 2-113, 2-114 O’Brien v. Franich, 19 Wash. App. 189, 575 P.2d 258 (1978) ...... 7-26 O’Brien v. Tenants, 42 Ohio St. 2d 242, 327 N.E.2d 753 (1975) ...... 10-63 O’Brien v. Univ. Cmty. Tenants Union, Inc., 42 Ohio St. 2d 242, 327 N.E.2d 753 (1975) ...... 10-64 O’Brien v. Williamson Daily News, 735 F. Supp. 218, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1037 (E.D. Ky. 1990), aff’d mem., 931 F.2d 893 (6th Cir. 1991) ...... 2-160, 2-161, 5-109, 7-14 O’Bryan v. Chandler, 496 F.2d 403 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 986 (1974) ...... 8-9 O’Bryan v. KTIV TV, 868 F. Supp. 1146 (N.D. Iowa 1994), aff’d in part on relevant grounds, 64 F.3d 1188 (8th Cir. 1995) ...... 2-60 O’Bryant v. Catalono, 2011 Ohio 1507, 2011 Ohio App. LEXIS 1295 (Ct. App. 2011) ...... 9-33 Obsidian Fin. Grp., LLC v. Cox, 740 F.3d 1284, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1186 (9th Cir. 2014) ...... 4-60, 5-42, 5-54, 6-3, 6-27

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–187 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Ocala Star-Banner Co. v. Damron, 401 U.S. 295 (1971) ...... 1-33, 5-22, 5-106 O’Connell v. Bank of Bos., 37 Mass. App. 416, 640 N.E.2d 513 (1994) ...... 2-97, 8-5 O’Connell v. Press Publ’g Co., 214 N.Y. 352, 108 N.E. 556 (1915) ...... 2-141 O’Connor v. Burningham, 165 P.3d 1214 (Utah 2007) ...... 5-7, 5-8, 5-17, 8-6, 9-33 O’Connor v. Diocese of Honolulu, 77 Haw. 383, 885 P.2d 361 (1994) ...... 2-89 O’Connor v. Diocese of Honolulu, 77 Haw. 389, 885 P.2d 361 (1994) ...... 4-76 O’Connor v. Donovan, 2012 VT 27, 48 A.3d 584 ...... 8-48 Oden v. Reader, 935 S.W.2d 470 (Tex. App. 1996) ...... 8-11, 8-39, 8-48 O’Donnell v. Barry, 148 F.3d 1126, 1140 (D.C. Cir. 1998) ...... 13-72 O’Donnell v. CBS, Inc., 782 F.2d 1414, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1697 (7th Cir. 1986) ...... 5-28, 5-36 Odyniec v. Schneider, 322 Md. 520, 588 A.2d 786 (1991) ...... 8-18 Oehler v. L. Bamberger & Co., 103 N.J.L. 703, 137 A.2d 425 (1927) ...... 13-48 Oesterle v. Wallace, 272 Mich. App. 260, 725 N.W.2d 470 (Mich. Ct. App. 2006) ...... 8-14 Offen v. Brenner, 402 Md. 191, 935 A.2d 719 (2007) ...... 8-38 O’Grady v. Superior Court of Santa Clara Cnty., 139 Cal. App. 4th 1423, 44 Cal. Rptr. 3d 72, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2089 (2006) ...... 14-4, 14-25, 14-26 Ogren v. Emp’rs Reinsurance Corp., 119 Wis. 2d 379, 350 N.W.2d 725, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2043 (Ct. App. 1984) ...... 2-163 O’Hair v. Skolrood, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1869 (W.D. Tex. 1990) ...... 12-86, 12-87 O’Hara v. Storer Commc’ns, Inc., 231 Cal. App. 3d 1101, 282 Cal. Rptr. 712, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1225 (1991) ...... 10-9, 10-40, 11-5 Oja v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 440 F.3d 1122 (9th Cir. 2006) ...... 7-8 Okla. Publ’g Co. v. Dist. Court, 430 U.S. 308, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1456 (1977) ...... 1-50, 12-62, 12-63 Okla. Publ’g Co. v. Kendall, 96 Okla. 194, 221 P. 762 (1923) ...... 4-30, 5-20 Okun v. Superior Court, 29 Cal. 3d 442, 175 Cal. Rptr. 157, 629 P.2d 1369 (1981) ...... 16-40 Olan Mills, Inc. of Tex. v. Dodd, 234 Ark. 495, 353 S.W.2d 22 (1962) ...... 12-8

TOC–188 Table of Cases

Oliphint v. Richards, 167 S.W.3d 513 (Tex. App. 2005) ...... 8-61, 13-67, 13-68 Oliver v. Vill. Voice, Inc., 417 F. Supp. 235 (S.D.N.Y. 1976) ...... 7-49, 16-38 Olivieri v. McDonald’s Corp., 678 F. Supp. 996 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) ...... 9-26 Olivieri v. Rodriguez, 122 F.3d 406 (7th Cir. 1997) ...... 2-100 Olivit v. City & Borough of Juneau, 171 P.3d 1137 (Alaska 2007) ...... 6-14 Ollman v. Evans, 750 F.2d 970, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1433 (D.C. Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1127, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2015 (1985) ...... 1-40, 1-41, 4-6, 4-7, ...... 4-9, 4-10, 4-11, 4-13, 4-15, ...... 4-20, 4-22, 4-28, 4-29, 4-33, ...... 4-39, 4-40, 4-43, 4-47, 4-64 Olson v. 3M Co., 188 Wis. 2d 25, 523 N.W.2d 578 (Ct. App. 1994) ...... 9-12 Oman v. Davis Sch. Dist., 194 P.3d 956 (Utah 2008) ...... 2-93, 2-94 Omeluk v. Langsten Slip & Batbyggeri A/S, 52 F.3d 267 (9th Cir. 1995) ...... 15-37 O’Neal v. Home Town Bank of Villa Rica, 237 Ga. App. 325, 514 S.E.2d 669 (1999) ...... 2-102 Opaitz v. Gannaway Web Holdings, 454 S.W.3d 61, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 12455 (Tex. App. 2014) ...... 5-11 Oparaugo v. Watts, 884 A.2d 63 (D.C. 2005) ...... 2-95, 2-108, ...... 8-11, 15-62 Operation Rescue Nat’l v. United States, 975 F. Supp. 92 (D. Mass. 1997) ...... 2-170, 8-30 Orbach v. N.Y. News, Inc., 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2229 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1978) ...... 4-69, 4-72, 4-75 O’Reilly v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 31 F. Supp. 364 (D. Mass. 1940) ...... 15-50 Orenstein v. Figel, 677 F. Supp. 2d 706 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) ...... 16-7 Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 (1971) ...... 10-60 Oriko v. Starbucks Corp., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 84702 (W.D. Wash. 2007) ...... 2-68 Ormsby v. Douglass, 37 N.Y. 477 (1868) ...... 9-22 Orr v. Argus-Press Co., 586 F.2d 1108, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1593 (6th Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 960, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2536 (1979) ...... 3-21, 4-9, 4-71, ...... 5-40, 5-76, 5-95

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–189 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Orr v. Lynch, 60 A.D.2d 949, 401 N.Y.S.2d 897, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2047 (3d Dep’t), aff’d, 45 N.Y.2d 903, 383 N.E.2d 562, 411 N.Y.S.2d 10 (1978) ...... 5-11 Ors v. Franklin Mint Trading Corp., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7250 (E.D. Pa. 1995) ...... 2-68 Orso v. Goldberg, 284 N.J. Super. 446, 665 A.2d 786 (App. Div. 1995) ...... 5-10, 7-33 Ortiz v. Valdecastilla, 102 A.D.2d 513, 478 N.Y.S.2d 895, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2193 (1st Dep’t 1984) ...... 6-16, 6-17 Ortiz Algarin v. Fed. Express Corp., 56 F. Supp. 2d 172 (D.P.R. 1999) ...... 2-96 Osborn v. Haley, 549 U.S. 225 (2007) ...... 8-30, 8-68 Osborn v. Knights of Columbus, 401 F. Supp. 2d 830 (N.D. Ohio 2005) ...... 3-33 Osby v. A&E Television Networks, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8656 (E.D. Pa. 1997) ...... 16-3 Osiris Enters. v. Borough of Whitehall, 877 A.2d 560 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2005) ...... 8-50 Oslin v. State, 543 N.W.2d 408 (Minn. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 2-174 Osmers v. Parade Publ’ns, Inc., 234 F. Supp. 924 (S.D.N.Y. 1964) ...... 2-106 Ostrowe v. Lee, 256 N.Y. 36, 175 N.E. 505 (1931) ...... 2-91, 2-92 Ostrzenski v. Seigel, 177 F.3d 245 (4th Cir. 1999) ...... 8-41 Overall v. Univ. of Pa., 412 F.3d 492 (3d Cir. 2005) ...... 8-39, 8-40 Overcast v. Billings Mut. Ins. Co., 11 S.W.3d 62 (Mo. 2000) ...... 2-5, 2-99 Overhill Farms, Inc. v. Lopez, 190 Cal. App. 4th 1248, 119 Cal. Rptr. 3d 127 (2010) ...... 4-54 Overstock.com, Inc. v. Gradient Analytics, Inc., 151 Cal. App. 4th 688, 61 Cal. Rptr. 3d 29, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2135 (2007) ...... 2-173, 4-14, 13-40 Oweida v. Tribune-Review Publ’g Co., 410 Pa. Super. 112, 599 A.2d 230, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1801 (1991) ...... 1-30, 7-39 Owen v. Carr, 113 Ill. 2d 273, 497 N.E.2d 1145, 100 Ill. Dec. 783 (1986) ...... 4-64 Owens v. CBS, Inc., 173 Ill. App. 3d 977, 527 N.E.2d 1296, 123 Ill. Dec. 521 (1988) ...... 10-37, ...... 10-38, 10-39 Owens v. Clark, 154 Okla. 108, 6 P.2d 755 (1931) ...... 2-157 Owens v. Scott Publ’g Co., 46 Wash. 2d 666, 284 P.2d 296 (1955), cert. denied, 350 U.S. 968 (1956) .... 10-36

TOC–190 Table of Cases

P Pace v. Bristol Hosp., 964 F. Supp. 628 (D. Conn. 1997) ...... 12-40 Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Bear Stearns & Co., 50 Cal. 3d 1118, 270 Cal. Rptr. 1, 791 P.2d 587 (1990) .... 13-39 Pac. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Haslip, 499 U.S. 1, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1753 (1991) ...... 10-15, 10-16, 10-19, ...... 10-23, 10-24, 10-28, 10-34 Pac. Packing Co. v. Bradstreet Co., 25 Idaho 696, 139 P. 1007 (1914) ...... 9-15, 9-23 Paducah Newspapers, Inc. v. Bratcher, 274 Ky. 220, 118 S.W.2d 178 (1938) ...... 7-27 Paidar v. Hughes, 615 N.W.2d 276 (Minn. 2000) ...... 13-6 Painter v. E.W. Scripps Co., 104 Ohio App. 237, 148 N.E.2d 503, 4 Ohio Op. 2d 388 (Franklin Cnty. 1957) ...... 2-43 Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc. v. Early, 334 So. 2d 50 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1976), petition denied, 354 So. 2d 351 (Fla. 1977), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 910 (1978) ...... 4-10 Palmer v. Bennington Sch. Dist., Inc., 615 A.2d 498, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1640 (Vt. 1992) ...... 5-9 Palmerlee v. Nottage, 119 Minn. 351, 138 N.W. 312 (1912) ...... 2-158 Palmisano v. Allina Health Sys., Inc., 190 F.3d 881 (8th Cir. 1999) ...... 9-12, 9-57 Palmisano v. News Syndicate Co., 130 F. Supp. 17 (S.D.N.Y. 1955) ...... 15-48 Pan Am Corp., In re, 16 F.3d 513 (2d Cir. 1994) ...... 8-68 Pan Am Sys., Inc. v. Atl. Ne. Rails & Ports, Inc., 804 F.3d 59, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 3004 (1st Cir. 2015) ...... 7-55, 14-17 Pan Am Sys. Inc. v. Hardenbergh, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 137780 (D. Me. 2014) ...... 7-55 Panavision Int’l, L.P. v. Toeppen, 141 F.3d 1316 (9th Cir. 1998) ...... 15-37 Pandow v. Eichsted, 90 Wis. 298, 63 N.W. 284 (1895) ...... 2-22 Pannell v. Associated Press, 690 F. Supp. 546, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2054 (N.D. Miss. 1988) ...... 11-7, 11-10, 11-11, 13-67 Paolucci v. Robinson Mem’l Hosp., 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 886 (1995) ...... 2-60 Papieves v. Lawrence, 437 Pa. 373, 263 A.2d 118 (1970) ...... 13-48

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–191 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Parisi v. Sinclair, 845 F. Supp. 2d 215, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1396 (D.D.C. 2012) ...... 16-6 Park v. Capital Cities Commc’ns, Inc., 181 A.D.2d 192, 585 N.Y.S.2d 902, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1613 (4th Dep’t), appeal dismissed, 80 N.Y.2d 1022, 592 N.Y.S.2d 668, 607 N.E.2d 815 (1992) ...... 4-26, 5-34, ...... 16-39, 16-56 Park v. Chessin, 60 A.D.2d 80, 400 N.Y.S.2d 110 (2d Dep’t 1977), modified, 46 N.Y.2d 401, 386 N.E.2d 807, 413 N.Y.S.2d 895 (1978) ...... 13-66 Park v. Hill, 380 F. Supp. 2d 1002 (N.D. Iowa 2005) ...... 9-13 Park Knoll Assocs. v. Schmidt, 59 N.Y.2d 205, 451 N.E.2d 182, 464 N.Y.S.2d 424 (1983), on remand, 99 A.D.2d 772, 472 N.Y.S.2d 19 (2d Dep’t 1984) ...... 8-6 Parker v. Bank of Marion, 296 Ill. App. 3d 1035, 695 N.E.2d 1370, 231 Ill. Dec. 251 (1998) ...... 13-61 Parker v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 320 F.2d 937 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 373 U.S. 911 (1963) ...... 10-59, 10-60 Parker v. Evening Post Publ’g Co., 317 S.C. 236, 452 S.E.2d 640 (Ct. App. 1994) ...... 3-8, 5-49 Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322 (1979) ...... 16-41 Parks v. Johnson, 84 Mich. App. 162, 269 N.W.2d 514 (1978) ...... 8-52 Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (Tex. 1995) ...... 10-13 Parmelee v. Hearst Publ’g Co., 341 Ill. App. 339, 93 N.E.2d 512 (1950) ...... 4-5 Parmelee v. O’Neel, 145 Wash. App. 223, 186 P.3d 1094, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1865 (2008), rev’d on other grounds, 168 Wash. 2d 515, 229 P.3d 723 (2010) ...... 3-5 Parnell v. Booth Newspapers, Inc., 572 F. Supp. 909 (W.D. Mich. 1983) ...... 13-65 Parrish v. Allison, 376 S.C. 308, 656 S.E.2d 382 (Ct. App. 2007) ...... 3-13 Parrish v. Gannett River States Publ’g Corp., 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1413 (S.D. Miss. 1994) ...... 5-14 Parsi v. Daioleslam, 595 F. Supp. 2d 99 (D.D.C. 2009) .....5-32, 14-6 Parson v. Carroll, 272 Va. 560, 636 S.E.2d 452 (2006) ...... 3-33 Parsons v. Age-Herald Publ’g Co., 181 Ala. 439, 61 So. 345 (1913) ...... 4-68

TOC–192 Table of Cases

Partington v. Bugliosi, 825 F. Supp. 906 (D. Haw. 1993), aff’d on other grounds, 56 F.3d 1147, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1929 (9th Cir. 1995) ...... 2-36, 2-54, ...... 2-127, 4-18, 4-19, ...... 4-23, 4-34, 4-36, 4-39, ...... 4-47, 4-49, 4-50, 4-51, ...... 4-60, 5-29, 5-50, 12-19, 12-21 Pasqualini v. MortgageIT, Inc., 498 F. Supp. 2d 659 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) ...... 2-111 Passman v. Torkan, 34 Cal. App. 4th 607, 40 Cal. Rptr. 2d 291 (1995) ...... 8-19 Patane v. Broadmoor Hotel, Inc., 708 P.2d 473 (Colo. Ct. App. 1985) ...... 11-2 Patch v. Playboy Enters., Inc., 652 F.2d 754, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1717 (8th Cir. 1981) ...... 15-61, 15-62 Pate v. Serv. Merch. Co., 1996 Tenn. App. LEXIS 605 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 6-23, 9-10 Patel v. Soriano, 369 N.J. Super. 192, 848 A.2d 803, cert. denied, 182 N.J. 141, 861 A.2d 845 (N.J. 2004) ...... 13-12, 13-28 Paterno v. Superior Court, 163 Cal. App. 4th 1342, 78 Cal. Rptr. 3d 244 (2008) ...... 16-17 Paterson v. Little, Brown & Co., 502 F. Supp. 2d 1124, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2153 (W.D. Wash. 2007) ...... 5-34 Patio World v. Better Bus. Bureau, Inc., 43 Ohio App. 3d 6, 538 N.E.2d 1098 (1989) ...... 9-25 Patrick v. Superior Court, 22 Cal. App. 4th 814, 27 Cal. Rptr. 2d 883, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1367, petition denied, opinion depublished, 1994 Cal. LEXIS 3284 (1994) ...... 2-62, 4-34, 5-60, ...... 5-116, 5-117, 5-119 Patrick v. Thomas, 376 P.2d 250 (Okla. 1962) ...... 8-62 Patterson v. Colorado, 205 U.S. 454 (1907) ...... 10-60 Patterson v. P.H.P. Healthcare Corp., 90 F.3d 927 (5th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1091 (1997) ...... 10-20 Patton v. Jones, 212 S.W.3d 541 (Tex. App. 2006) ...... 4-77 Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693 (1976) ...... 2-100, 2-130, ...... 8-3, 8-35, 13-71, 14-29 Paul v. Watchtower Bible & Tract Soc’y, 819 F.2d 875 (9th Cir. 1987) ...... 2-90 Paul Gillrie Inst., Inc. v. Universal Computer Consulting, Ltd., 183 S.W.3d 755, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1196 (Tex. App. 2005) ...... 15-21

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–193 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Pauling v. Globe-Democrat Publ’g Co., 362 F.2d 188 (8th Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 388 U.S. 909 (1967) ...... 1-12, 5-95 Pauling v. Nat’l Review, Inc., 49 Misc. 2d 975, 269 N.Y.S.2d 11 (N.Y. Cnty. 1966), aff’d, 27 A.D.2d 903, 281 N.Y.S.2d 716 (1st Dep’t 1967), aff’d, 22 N.Y.2d 818, 239 N.E.2d 654, 292 N.Y.S.2d 913 (1968) ...... 1-12, 5-31, 5-102 Pavesich v. New Eng. Life Ins. Co., 122 Ga. 190, 50 S.E. 68 (1905) ...... 12-8, 12-85 Pavlovsky v. Bd. of Trade, 171 Cal. App. 2d 110, 340 P.2d 63 (1959) ...... 13-25 Pawlovich v. Linke, 2004 SD 109, 688 N.W.2d 218 (2004) ...... 9-49 Payrolls & Tabulating, Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corp., 22 A.D.2d 595, 257 N.Y.S.2d 884 (1st Dep’t 1965) ...... 13-2, 13-7, 13-8, ...... 13-12, 13-22, 13-23 Peagler v. Phx. Newspapers, Inc., 26 Ariz. App. 274, 547 P.2d 1074 (1976), vacated on other grounds, 114 Ariz. 309, 560 P.2d 1216, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1687 (1977) ...... 2-133, 2-165, 5-41, ...... 5-44, 5-89, 6-3, 6-8 Pearce v. Courier-Journal & Louisville Times Co., 683 S.W.2d 633, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1498 (Ky. Ct. App. 1985) ...... 7-21 Pearce v. E.F. Hutton Grp., Inc., 664 F. Supp. 1490 (D.D.C. 1987) ...... 3-12, 4-8, 6-23, 15-49 Pearson v. Dodd, 410 F.2d 701 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 395 U.S. 947 (1969) ...... 12-63, 12-92, ...... 12-94, 12-99 Pearson v. Fairbanks Publ’g Co., 413 P.2d 711 (Alaska 1966) ...... 4-5, 4-43, 4-72, 4-73, 4-74 Pease v. Int’l Union of Operating Eng’rs, 208 Ill. App. 3d 863, 567 N.E.2d 614, 153 Ill. Dec. 656 (1991) ...... 2-51 Pease v. Tel. Publ’g Co., 121 N.H. 62, 426 A.2d 463, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1114 (1981) ...... 4-54 Peay v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 78 F. Supp. 305 (D.D.C. 1948) ...... 2-56, 2-172, 12-15 Peck v. Tribune Co., 214 U.S. 185 (1909) ...... 2-26, 2-79, 5-3 Peckham v. Hirschfeld, 570 A.2d 663 (R.I. 1990) ...... 13-22, 13-23

TOC–194 Table of Cases

Pecora v. Szabo, 94 Ill. App. 3d 57, 418 N.E.2d 431, 49 Ill. Dec. 577 (1981) ...... 13-21 Pecue v. West, 233 N.Y. 316, 135 N.E. 515 (1922) ...... 9-46, 9-51 Peeler v. Spartan Radiocasting, Inc., 324 S.C. 261, 478 S.E.2d 282, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1310 (1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1275 (1997) ...... 1-30, 3-17, 5-75, 5-90 Pegasus v. Reno Newspapers, Inc., 57 P.3d 82, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1353 (Nev. 2002) ...... 4-34, 5-39, 5-74, 5-79 Pegler v. Sullivan, 6 Ariz. App. 338, 432 P.2d 593 (1967) ...... 12-77 Peisner v. Detroit Free Press, Inc., 82 Mich. App. 153, 266 N.W.2d 693, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1062 (1978) ...... 5-43 Peisner v. Detroit Free Press, Inc., 421 Mich. 125, 364 N.W.2d 600, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1553 (1984) ...... 10-24, 10-29 Pelagatti v. Cohen, 370 Pa. Super. 422, 536 A.2d 1337 (1987) ...... 7-36, 8-16, 8-17, 13-70 Pemberton v. Birmingham News Co., 482 So. 2d 257, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1465 (Ala. 1985) ...... 5-102 Pendergrass v. ChoicePoint, Inc., 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99767 (E.D. Pa. 2008) ...... 7-9 Pendleton v. City of Haverhill, 156 F.3d 57 (1st Cir. 1998) ...... 5-17, 5-34, 5-71 Pennekamp v. Florida, 328 U.S. 331 (1946) ...... 4-65 Pennington v. Meredith Corp., 763 F. Supp. 415, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2202 (W.D. Mo. 1991) ...... 2-73 Pennoyer v. Marriott Hotel Servs., Inc., 324 F. Supp. 2d 614 (E.D. Pa. 2004) ...... 8-19 Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878) ...... 15-3, 15-13, 15-14 Penobscot Indian Nation v. Key Bank of Me., 112 F.3d 538 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 913 (1997) ...... 16-55 Pensacola Motor Sales, Inc. v. Daphne Auto., LLC, 155 So. 3d 930 (2013) ...... 10-37, 10-40 People v. Edmondson, 168 Misc. 142, 4 N.Y.S.2d 257 (Gen. Sess. N.Y. Cnty. 1938) ...... 2-162 People v. Heinrich, 104 Ill. 2d 137, 470 N.E.2d 966, 83 Ill. Dec. 546 (1984), appeal dismissed, 471 U.S. 1011 (1985) ...... 3-4, 3-5 People v. Korkala, 99 A.D.2d 161, 472 N.Y.S.2d 310, 10 Media L. Rep. 1355 (1st Dep’t 1984) ...... 14-26

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–195 SACK ON DEFAMATION

People v. Stanistreet, 29 Cal. 4th 497, 127 Cal. Rptr. 2d 633, 58 P.3d 465 (2001) ...... 8-20 People ex rel. Hartigan v. Knecht Servs., Inc., 216 Ill. App. 3d 843, 575 N.E.2d 1378, 159 Ill. Dec. 318 (1991) ...... 8-49 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Berosini, 111 Nev. 615, 895 P.2d 1269, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1961 (1995) ...... 12-9, 12-21 Peoples Bank & Trust Co. v. Globe Int’l, Inc., 786 F. Supp. 791, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2097 (W.D. Ark.), aff’d in part, remanded in part, 978 F.2d 1065, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1925 (8th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 931 (1993) ...... 2-168, 5-87, 5-126, 5-127, ...... 10-38, 10-44, 12-19, 12-24, 16-41 Pep v. Newsweek, Inc., 553 F. Supp. 1000, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1179 (S.D.N.Y. 1983) ...... 5-90 Pepe v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 254 N.J. Super. 662, 604 A.2d 194 (App. Div. 1992) ...... 2-171 Perera v. Peiris, [1949] A.C. 1 ...... 9-3 Perez v. Scripps-Howard Broad. Co., 35 Ohio St. 3d 215, 520 N.E.2d 198, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1318, cert. denied, 488 U.S. 870 (1988) ...... 5-77, 16-39, 16-50 Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill, LLC, 488 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 709 (2007) ...... 7-14 Perfect Fit Indus., Inc. v. Acme Quilting Co., 494 F. Supp. 505 (S.D.N.Y. 1980) ...... 10-42, 10-45, 10-53 Perk v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 931 F.2d 408, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2098 (6th Cir. 1991) ...... 5-84, 5-97 Perkins v. Miss. Publishers Corp., 241 So. 2d 139 (Miss. 1970) ...... 5-28 Perlman v. Vox Media, Inc., ___ A.3d ___, ___, 2015 Del. Ch. LEXIS 248 (Del. Ch. 2015) ...... 7-10 Perruccio v. Arseneault, 7 Conn. App. 389, 508 A.2d 831, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2208 (1986) ...... 4-32 Perry v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 499 F.2d 797 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 883 (1974) ...... 12-49, 12-57, 12-67 Peshak v. Greer, 13 S.W.3d 421 (Tex. App. 2000) ...... 10-26, 10-40

TOC–196 Table of Cases

Peter Scalamandre & Sons v. Kaufman, 113 F.3d 556, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1782 (5th Cir. 1997) ...... 5-86 Petersen v. Dacy, 1996 SD 72, 550 N.W.2d 91 (1996) ...... 9-20 Peterson v. Grisham, 594 F.3d 723, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1330 (10th Cir. 2010) ...... 2-127, 4-30, 5-20, 16-6 Peterson v. Idaho First Nat’l Bank, 83 Idaho 578, 367 P.2d 284 (1961) ...... 12-8, 12-40 Peterson v. Meggitt, 407 N.J. Super. 63, 969 A.2d 500 (App. Div. 2009) ...... 4-28 Peterson v. Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co., 349 F.2d 934 (9th Cir. 1965) ...... 3-14 Peterson v. N.Y. Times Co., 106 F. Supp. 2d 1227, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2498 (D. Utah 2000) ...... 2-56, 5-8, 5-106 Petroleum Prods. Antitrust Litig., In re, 680 F.2d 5, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1525 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 909 (1982) ...... 14-15 Pettengill v. Booth Newspapers, Inc., 88 Mich. App. 587, 278 N.W.2d 682, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1326 (1979) ...... 10-11, 10-24, ...... 10-54, 10-58 Petyan v. Ellis, 200 Conn. 243, 510 A.2d 1337 (1986) ...... 8-6, 8-41 Pfannenstiel v. Osborne Publ’g Co., 939 F. Supp. 1497 (D. Kan. 1996) ...... 2-80, 12-32 Phan v. Pham, 182 Cal. App. 4th 323, 105 Cal. Rptr. 3d 791, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1336 (2010) ...... 7-12 Phantom Touring, Inc. v. Affiliated Publ’ns, 953 F.2d 724, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1786 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 974 (1992) ...... 2-67, 4-17, 4-19, 4-33, ...... 4-37, 4-42, 4-47, 4-49, 4-56 Phelan v. May Dep’t Stores Co., 443 Mass. 52, 819 N.E.2d 550 (2004) ...... 2-59, 2-76 Phelps v. Hamilton, 59 F.3d 1058, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2121 (10th Cir. 1995) ...... 3-4 Phelps v. Wichita Eagle-Beacon, 886 F.2d 1262 (10th Cir. 1989) ...... 13-73 Phila. Newspapers, LLC, In re, 690 F.3d 161 (3d Cir. 2012) ...... 7-10

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–197 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Phila. Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, 475 U.S. 767, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1977 (1986) ...... 1-38, 1-39, 1-40, ...... 1-41, 2-39, 2-47, 2-58, ...... 2-138, 3-2, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-10, ...... 3-11, 3-12, 3-17, 3-34, 4-13, 4-18, ...... 4-22, 4-24, 4-25, 4-52, 4-66, 5-54, 5-58, 5-117, ...... 5-123, 5-126, 6-2, 6-21, 6-27, 7-52, 7-53, 10-35, ...... 10-51, 12-18, 12-19, 13-10, 13-16, 14-29, 16-68, 16-70 Phillips v. Evening Star Newspaper Co., 424 A.2d 81, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2201 (D.C. Super. 1977), aff’d, 424 A.2d 78, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2191 (D.C. 1980), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 989 (1981) ...... 4-70, 5-44, ...... 6-5, 7-29, 7-31 Phillips v. Grendahl, 312 F.3d 357 (8th Cir. 2002) ...... 12-39 Phillips v. Winston-Salem/Forsyth Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 117 N.C. App. 274, 450 S.E.2d 753 (1994) ...... 2-12 Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 472 U.S. 797 (1985) ...... 15-51 Phx. Newspapers v. Choisser, 82 Ariz. 271, 312 P.2d 150 (1957) ...... 7-24 Picard v. Brennan, 307 A.2d 833 (Me. 1973) ...... 2-32, 3-22 Pickering v. Bd. of Educ., 391 U.S. 563 (1968) ...... 5-53 Pickering v. Frink, 123 N.H. 326, 461 A.2d 117 (1983) ...... 8-40, 9-38 Pickle v. Swinehart, 170 Ohio St. 441, 166 N.E.2d 227, 11 Ohio Op. 2d 199 (1960) ...... 10-25 Pierce v. Capital Cities Commc’ns, Inc., 576 F.2d 495, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2259 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 861 (1978) ...... 2-13, 2-21, 2-37, ...... 2-41, 5-8, 5-75, 15-56 Piersall v. SportsVision of Chi., 230 Ill. App. 3d 503, 595 N.E.2d 103, 172 Ill. Dec. 40, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1223 (1992) ...... 2-51, 4-17, ...... 4-36, 4-54, 4-64, 4-65 Pierson v. Hubbard, 802 A.2d 1162, 147 N.H. 760 (2002) ...... 8-31 Pierson v. Robert Griffin Investigations, Inc., 92 Nev. 605, 555 P.2d 843 (1976) ...... 9-16 Pietrafeso v. D.P.I., Inc., 757 P.2d 1113, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1736 (Colo. Ct. App. 1988) ...... 2-38 Pilchesky v. Gatelli, 2011 PA Super. 3, 12 A.3d 430 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2011) ...... 14-37

TOC–198 Table of Cases

Pippen v. NBC Universal Media LLC, 734 F.3d 610, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2441 (7th Cir. 2013) ...... 7-7, 16-6 Piracci v. Hearst Corp., 263 F. Supp. 511 (D. Md. 1966), aff’d, 371 F.2d 1016 (4th Cir. 1967) ...... 3-21, 3-22 Pirone v. MacMillan, Inc., 894 F.2d 579, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1472 (2d Cir. 1990) ...... 12-101 Pirre v. Printing Devs., Inc., 432 F. Supp. 840 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) ...... 2-67, 9-21 Pirre v. Printing Devs., Inc., 468 F. Supp. 1028 (S.D.N.Y.), aff’d without opinion, 614 F.2d 1290 (2d Cir. 1979) ...... 2-103, 10-45 Piscatelli v. Smith, 424 Md. 294, 35 A.3d 1140, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1262 (2012) ...... 4-68, 4-70, ...... 4-73, 7-26, 12-26 Pittman v. Dow Jones & Co., 662 F. Supp. 921, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1284 (E.D. La.), aff’d mem., 834 F.2d 1171, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2384 (5th Cir. 1987) ...... 13-67, 13-68 Pitts v. Newark Bd. of Educ., 337 N.J. Super. 331, 766 A.2d 1206 (2001) ...... 2-82, 8-5, 10-26 Pittsburgh Courier Publ’g Co. v. Lubore, 200 F.2d 355 (D.C. Cir. 1952) ...... 7-30 Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm’n on Human Relations, 413 U.S. 376 (1973) ...... 5-132, 13-34 Planned Parenthood of the Columbia/Willamette, Inc. v. Am. Coal. of Life Activists, 290 F.3d 1058 (9th Cir 2002) ...... 16-67 Plumley v. Landmark Chevrolet, Inc., 122 F.3d 308 (5th Cir. 1997) ...... 2-33, 2-172 Point Ruston, LLC v. Pac. Nw. Reg’l Council of United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 95239 (W.D. Wash. 2010) ..... 5-137 Polakoff v. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2516 (1978), aff’d, 67 A.D.2d 871, 413 N.Y.S.2d 537 (1st Dep’t), appeal dismissed, 48 N.Y.2d 714, 422 N.Y.S.2d 378, 397 N.E.2d 1182 (1979) ...... 5-42 Poland v. Post Publ’g Co., 330 Mass. 701, 116 N.E.2d 860 (1953) ...... 2-17

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–199 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Polish Am. Immigration Relief Comm., Inc. v. Relax, 189 A.D.2d 370, 596 N.Y.S.2d 756, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1818 (1st Dep’t 1993) ...... 4-49, 7-61 Poller v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 368 U.S. 464 (1962) ...... 16-47 Pollnow v. Poughkeepsie Newspapers, Inc., 107 A.D.2d 10, 486 N.Y.S.2d 11, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1528 (2d Dep’t 1985), aff’d, 67 N.Y.2d 778, 492 N.E.2d 125, 501 N.Y.S.2d 17, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1910 (1986) ...... 6-18, 6-19 Polone v. Comm’r, 449 F.3d 1041 (9th Cir. 2006) ...... 10-70 Polygram Records, Inc. v. Superior Court, 170 Cal. App. 3d 543, 216 Cal. Rptr. 252, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2363 (1985) ...... 2-62, 5-119, 5-120, ...... 5-126, 5-127, 13-8, 16-4 Pond Place Partners, Inc. v. Poole, 351 S.C. 1, 567 S.E.2d 881 (Ct. App. 2002) ...... 8-23, 13-25 Poorbaugh v. Mullen, 98 N.M. 11, 653 P.2d 511 (Ct. App.), cert. denied, 99 N.M. 47, 653 P.2d 878 (1982) ...... 6-23 Pope v. ESA Servs., Inc., 406 F.3d 1001 (8th Cir. 2005) ...... 2-66 Pope v. Motel 6, 114 P.3d 277 (Nev. 2005) ...... 9-10 Popko v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 355 Ill. App. 3d 257, 823 N.E.2d 184, 291 Ill. Dec. 174 (2005) ...... 2-103, 2-104 Popp v. O’Neil, 313 Ill. App. 3d 638, 730 N.E.2d 506, 246 Ill. Dec. 481 (2000) ...... 8-6, 8-13 Porous Media Corp. v. Pall Corp., 110 F.3d 1329 (8th Cir. 1997) ...... 10-40, 13-21 Porous Media Corp. v. Pall Corp., 173 F.3d 1109, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1641 (8th Cir. 1999) ...... 5-40, 5-47, ...... 5-135, 13-35 Port Arthur Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Klein & Assocs. Political Relations, 70 S.W.3d 349 (Tex. App. 2002) ...... 2-170 Porter v. City of Royal Oak, 214 Mich. App. 478, 542 N.W.2d 905 (1995) ...... 3-33 Porter v. Guam Publ’ns, Inc., 643 F.2d 615, 7 Media L. Rep. 1368 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 940 (1981) ...... 7-30 Porter v. Joy Realty, Inc., 2005 PA Super. 129, 872 A.2d 846 (2005) ...... 2-91 Post v. Mendel, 510 Pa. 213, 507 A.2d 351 (1986) ...... 8-5, 8-11

TOC–200 Table of Cases

Post v. Regan, 677 F. Supp. 203 (S.D.N.Y.), aff’d, 854 F.2d 1315 (2d Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1043 (1989) ...... 6-18 Postill v. Booth Newspapers, Inc., 118 Mich. App. 608, 325 N.W.2d 511, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2222 (1982) ...... 7-51, 10-24 Poteet v. Roswell Daily Record, Inc., 92 N.M. 170, 584 P.2d 1310, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1749 (Ct. App. 1978) ...... 12-56, 12-62 Potomac Valve & Fitting, Inc. v. Crawford Fitting Co., 829 F.2d 1280 (4th Cir. 1987) ...... 1-41, 2-5, 4-9, ...... 4-10, 4-12, 4-15, 4-20 Potts v. Dies, 132 F.2d 734 (D.C. Cir. 1942), cert. denied, 319 U.S. 762 (1943) ...... 4-64, 4-67, 4-74 Potts v. Hilco Trading Co., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16037 (N.D. Ill. 1997) ...... 8-13, 16-4 Poulston v. Rock, 251 Va. 254, 467 S.E.2d 479 (1996) ...... 2-80, 10-6, 10-12, 10-55 Powers v. Carvalho, 117 R.I. 519, 368 A.2d 1242 (1977) ...... 9-10 Powers v. Durgin-Snow Publ’g Co., 154 Me. 108, 144 A.2d 294, 77 A.L.R.2D 607 (1958) ...... 2-20, 2-28 Powers v. KIRO, Inc., 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1327 (Wash. Ct. App. 1986) ...... 2-156 Pratt v. Nelson, 164 P.3d 366 (Utah 2007) ...... 2-161, 8-16, 9-32, 9-54 Pravda v. Cnty. of Saratoga, 224 A.D.2d 764, 637 N.Y.S.2d 508, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1633 (3d Dep’t 1996) ...... 13-70 Press, Inc. v. Verran, 569 S.W.2d 435, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1229 (Tenn. 1978) ...... 5-13, 6-4 Price v. Armour, 949 P.2d 1251 (Utah 1997) ...... 8-19 Price v. Austintown Local Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 178 Ohio App. 3d 256, 297 N.E.2d 700 (2008) ...... 8-43 Price v. Operating Eng’rs Local Union No. 3, 195 Cal. App. 4th 962, 125 Cal. Rptr. 3d 220 (2011) ...... 16-11, 16-12 Price v. Stossel, 620 F.3d 992, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2153 (9th Cir. 2010) ...... 5-93, 16-17 Price v. Time, Inc., 416 F.3d 1327, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2005 (11th Cir. 2005) ...... 14-22, 14-26 Price v. Viking Penguin, Inc., 881 F.2d 1426, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2169 (8th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1036 (1990) ...... 2-37, 5-78, 5-112, 7-56

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–201 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Price v. Viking Penguin, Inc., 881 F.2d 1426, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2169 (8th Cir. 1989), reh’g denied, 494 U.S. 1013 (1990) ...... 2-37, 5-78, 5-112, 7-56 Price v. Walters, 918 P.2d 1370 (Okla. 1996) ...... 4-20, 7-37 Price v. Wash. State Senate, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2035 (Wash. 1986) ...... 5-19 Pring v. Penthouse Int’l, Ltd., 695 F.2d 438, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2409 (10th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1132 (1983) ...... 5-117, 5-127, ...... 12-4, 12-19, 13-57 Prins v. Holland-N. Am. Mortg. Co., 107 Wash. 206, 181 P. 680 (1919) ...... 2-102 Pritchard v. Times Sw. Broad., Inc., 277 Ark. 458, 642 S.W.2d 877, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1048 (1982) ...... 3-20 Pritsker v. Brudnoy, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1754 (Mass. Ct. App. 1982) ...... 16-77 Pritt v. Republican Nat’l Comm., 210 W. Va. 446, 557 S.E.2d 853 (2001), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 812 (2002) ...... 3-15, 3-19, 3-20, 5-15, 5-22 Privitera v. Town of Phelps, 79 A.D.2d 1, 435 N.Y.S.2d 402 (4th Dep’t 1981) ...... 2-120 Pro Golf Mfg., Inc. v. Tribune Review Newspaper Co., 570 Pa. 242, 809 A.2d 243, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1092 (2002) ...... 13-28 Procter & Gamble Co. v. Amway Corp., 242 F.3d 539, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1449 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 945 (2001) ...... 5-135 Procter & Gamble Co. v. Haugen, 222 F.3d 1262 (10th Cir. 2000) ...... 2-119, 2-120, ...... 7-63, 13-35, 13-36, 13-40 Proto v. Bridgeport Herald Corp., 136 Conn. 557, 72 A.2d 820 (1950) ...... 2-126, 2-135 ProtoComm Corp. v. Fluent, Inc., 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18461 (E.D. Pa. 1994) ...... 13-32 Provencher v. CVS Pharmacy, 145 F.3d 5 (1st Cir. 1998) ...... 13-43, 13-60 Provisional Gov’t of Republic of New Afrika v. Am. Broad. Cos., 609 F. Supp. 104 (D.D.C. 1985) ...... 2-164

TOC–202 Table of Cases

Prozeralik v. Capital Cities Commc’ns, Inc., 222 A.D.2d 1020, 635 N.Y.S.2d 913 (4th Dep’t 1995) ...... 5-111, 10-53 Prozeralik v. Capital Cities Commc’ns, Inc., 82 N.Y.2d 466, 605 N.Y.S.2d 218, 626 N.E.2d 34, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2257 (1993) ...... 5-75, 5-94, 10-26, 10-31 Pruiss v. Bosse, 912 F. Supp. 104 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 2-91 Prysak v. R.L. Polk Co., 193 Mich. App. 1, 483 N.W.2d 629 (1992) ...... 9-4 Prystash v. Best Medium Publ’g Co., 157 Conn. 507, 254 A.2d 872 (1969) ...... 12-23, 12-24 Ptasznik v. St. Joseph Hosp., 464 F.3d 691 (7th Cir. 2006) ...... 8-37, 9-19 Ptasznik v. Schultz, 223 A.D.2d 695, 637 N.Y.S.2d 469 (2d Dep’t 1996) ...... 9-40 Pub. Fin. Corp. v. Davis, 66 Ill. 2d 85, 360 N.E.2d 765 (1976) ...... 13-48, 13-49, ...... 13-50, 13-51, 13-52 Pub. Office Corp. v. Clinton for President Comm., 194 F.3d 139 (D.C. Cir. 1999) ...... 8-55 Puckett v. McKinney, 373 N.E.2d 909 (Ind. Ct. App. 1978) ...... 9-21 Pullum v. Edwin Mac Johnson & Faith Bible Coll., Inc., 647 So. 2d 254 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1994) ...... 4-31 Pulverman v. A.S. Abell Co., 228 F.2d 797 (4th Cir. 1956) ...... 7-24 Purcell v. BankAtlantic Fin. Corp., 85 F.3d 1508, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2048 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 817 (1996) ...... 3-33 Purcell v. Seguin State Bank, 999 F.2d 950 (5th Cir. 1993) ...... 2-97, 2-99, ...... 2-100, 8-60, 9-20 Purdum v. Purdum, 48 Kan. App. 2d 938, 301 P.3d 718 (2013) ...... 4-77 Purgess v. Sharrock, 33 F.3d 134 (2d Cir. 1994) ...... 2-76, 2-77, ...... 10-27, 10-40, 10-50, 10-53 Purvis v. Ballantine, 226 Ga. App. 246, 487 S.E.2d 14 (1997) ...... 5-10 Purvis v. Bremer’s, Inc., 54 Wash. 2d 743, 344 P.2d 705 (1959) ...... 2-18

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–203 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Purvis v. Tatum, 131 Ga. App. 116, 205 S.E.2d 75 (1974) ...... 10-9 Putnam Berkley Grp., Inc. v. Dinin, 734 So. 2d 532 (Fla. App. 1999) ...... 12-90

Q QSP, Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 256 Conn. 343, 773 A.2d 906 (2001) ...... 13-9 Q-Tone Broad. Co. v. MusicRadio of Md., Inc., 1994 Del. Super. LEXIS 453 (Del. Super. Ct. 1994) ...... 2-11 Q-Tone Broad. Co. v. Music Radio of Md., Inc., 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1929, 1995 Del. Super. LEXIS 598 (Del. Super. Ct. 1995) ...... 5-30, 5-35, 5-36, 5-135, 5-136, 13-30 Quantum Elecs. Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 881 F. Supp. 753, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1897 (D.R.I. 1995) ...... 5-27, 5-37 Quigley v. Rosenthal, 327 F.3d 1044 (10th Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1229 (2004) ...... 3-8, 6-11, 12-94, 12-100 Quigley v. Rosenthal, 43 F. Supp. 2d 1163 (D. Colo. 1999) ...... 4-19, 7-27 Quinn v. Jewel Food Stores, 276 Ill. App. 3d 861, 658 N.E.2d 1225, 213 Ill. Dec. 204 (1994) ...... 9-28 Quinn v. Ltd. Express, Inc., 715 F. Supp. 127 (W.D. Pa. 1989) ...... 2-103 Quinones v. United States, 492 F.2d 1269 (3d Cir. 1974) ...... 2-9, 8-64, 13-68 Quixtar Inc. v. Signature Mgmt. Team, LLC, 566 F. Supp. 2d 1205 (D. Nev. 2008) ...... 2-49, 15-33 Qureshi v. St. Barnabas Hosp. Ctr., 430 F. Supp. 2d 279 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) ...... 9-26

R Rabens v. Jackson Park Hosp. Found., 40 Ill. App. 3d 113, 351 N.E.2d 276 (1976) ...... 13-50, 13-51 Radue v. Dill, 74Wis. 2d 239, 246 N.W.2d 507 (1976) ...... 8-20

TOC–204 Table of Cases

Ragano v. Time, Inc., 302 F. Supp. 1005 (M.D. Fla. 1969), aff’d, 427 F.2d 219 (5th Cir. 1970) ...... 16-44, 16-46 Raible v. Newsweek, Inc., 341 F. Supp. 804 (W.D. Pa. 1972) ...... 2-46, 12-24 Rain v. Rolls-Royce Corp., 626 F.3d 372 (7th Cir. 2010) ...... 8-18 Ramada Inns, Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co., 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1586 (Del. Super. Ct. 1988) ...... 10-33, 10-34 Ramey v. Kingsport Publ’g Corp., 905 F. Supp. 355, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1472 (W.D. Va. 1995) ...... 7-45 Ramirez v. Rogers, 540 A.2d 475, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1364 (Me. 1988) ...... 3-8, 3-12, 3-13, 6-27 Ramsey v. Fox News Network, L.L.C., 351 F. Supp. 2d 1145, 33 Media L. Rep. 1161 (D. Colo. 2005) ...... 15-55 Ramunno v. Cawley, 705 A.2d 1029 (Del. 1998) ...... 2-4, 2-42, ...... 4-33, 4-49, 4-63, 13-70, 13-71 Rancho La Costa v. Penthouse Int’l, Ltd., 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1540 (Cal. Super. Ct. 1980) ...... 14-31 Rancho La Costa, Inc. v. Penthouse Int’l, Ltd., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1564 (Cal. Super. Ct. 1978) ...... 14-21 Rand v. Hearst Corp., 31 A.D.2d 406, 298 N.Y.S.2d 405 (1st Dep’t 1969), aff’d, 26 N.Y.2d 806, 257 N.E.2d 895, 309 N.Y.S.2d 348 (1970) ...... 12-86, 12-87 Rand v. N.Y. Times Co., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1556 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1978) ...... 4-50, 4-61, 7-55 Randall’s Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640 (Tex. 1995) ...... 9-20, 9-46, 9-57, 13-52 Randi W. v. Muroc Joint Unified Sch. Dist., 14 Cal. 4th 1066, 929 P.2d 582, 60 Cal. Rptr. 2d 263 (1997) ...... 9-17, 9-18 Randolph v. Jackson Walker L.L.P., 29 S.W.3d 271 (Tex. App. 2000) ...... 8-2, 8-12 Ranier’s Dairies v. Raritan Valley Farms, Inc., 19 N.J. 552, 117 A.2d 889 (1955) ...... 13-25 Ranous v. Hughes, 30 Wis. 2d 452, 141 N.W.2d 251 (1966) ...... 2-16, 2-18 Rapaport v. Interstate Gen’l Media, LLC, 99 A.3d 528 (Pa. 2014) ...... 12-21

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–205 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Rapp v. Jews for Jesus, Inc., 944 So. 2d 460, 2006 Fla. App. LEXIS 19937 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2006) ...... 4-78 Rappaport v. VV Publ’g Corp., 163 Misc. 2d 1, 618 N.Y.S.2d 746 (N.Y. Cnty. 1994), aff’d, 223 A.D.2d 515, 637 N.Y.S.2d 109, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1831 (1st Dep’t 1996) ...... 2-36, 4-27 Rattray v. City of Nat’l City, 36 F.3d 1480, modified, 51 F.3d 79 (9th Cir. 1994) ...... 3-15, 5-11, 5-54 Ravnikar v. Bogojavlensky, 438 Mass. 627, 782 N.E.2d 508 (2003) ...... 2-14, 2-15, 2-119, 3-6 Rawlins v. Hutchinson Publ’g Co., 218 Kan. 295, 543 P.2d 988 (1975) ...... 5-11, 12-49, ...... 12-60, 12-61, 12-66 Rawls v. Conde Nast Publ’ns, Inc., 446 F.2d 313 (5th Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 1038 (1972) ...... 12-43 Ray v. Time, Inc., 452 F. Supp. 618 (W.D. Tenn. 1976), aff’d without opinion, 582 F.2d 1280 (6th Cir. 1978) ...... 2-84, 5-33 Raybestos Prods. Co. v. Younger, 54 F.3d 1234 (7th Cir. 1995) ...... 8-12 Raymond v. Croll, 233 Mich. 268, 206 N.W. 556 (1925) ...... 8-52 Raymond v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 954 F. Supp. 744 (D. Vt. 1997) ...... 2-96, 2-99 Raytheon Technical Servs. Co. v. Hyland, 273 Va. 292, 641 S.E.2d 84 (2007) ...... 4-18 Re v. Gannett Co., 480 A.2d 662, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2267 (Del. Super. Ct. 1984), aff’d, 496 A.2d 553, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2327 (Del. 1985) ...... 6-8, 10-54 Read v. News-Journal Co., 474 A.2d 119, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1399 (Del. 1984) ...... 7-20, 7-23 Read v. Phx. Newspapers, Inc., 169 Ariz. 353, 819 P.2d 939, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1563 (1991) ...... 3-18, 3-21, 7-40, 16-49 Reader’s Digest Ass’n v. Superior Court, 37 Cal. 3d 244, 208 Cal. Rptr. 137, 690 P.2d 610, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1065 (1984), cert. denied, 478 U.S. 1009 (1986) ...... 5-84, 5-85, 5-96, 5-103, 5-106, ...... 12-5, 13-59, 16-40, 16-46, 16-49

TOC–206 Table of Cases

Realuyo v. Villa Abrille, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11529, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1427 (S.D.N.Y. 2003), aff’d mem., 93 F. App’x 297 (2d Cir. 2004) ...... 15-17 Reardon v. News-Journal Co., 53 Del. 29, 164 A.2d 263 (1960) ...... 2-42 Reaves v. Foster, 200 So. 2d 453 (Miss. 1967) ...... 4-71, 5-9, 5-104 Rebozo v. Wash. Post Co., 515 F.2d 1208 (5th Cir. 1975) ...... 15-5, 15-6 Rebozo v. Wash. Post Co., 637 F.2d 375, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2505 (5th Cir. 1981) ...... 16-46 Recorp Partners, Inc. v. Gust Rosenfeld, P.L.C., 198 Ariz. 230, 8 P.3d 418 (Ct. App. 2000) ...... 8-9, 16-3 Redco Corp. v. CBS, Inc., 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1536 (M.D. Pa. 1984) ...... 2-46, 15-53, 15-54 Redco Corp. v. CBS, Inc., 758 F.2d 970, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1861 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 843 (1985) ...... 13-16, 13-42 Redwood Cnty. Tel. Co. v. Luttman, 567 N.W.2d 717 (Minn. Ct. App. 1997) ...... 8-49, 8-68, 16-78 Reed v. Albanese, 78 Ill. App. 2d 53, 223 N.E.2d 419 (1966) ...... 2-43 Reed v. Melnick, 81 N.M. 608, 471 P.2d 178 (1970) ...... 2-134 Reed v. Nw. Publ’g Co., 124 Ill. 2d 495, 125 Ill. Dec. 316, 530 N.E.2d 474, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2233 (1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1067 (1989) ...... 5-11, 5-104, 5-115, 16-60 Reed v. Real Detective Publ’g Co., 63 Ariz. 294, 162 P.2d 133 (1945) ...... 12-8, 12-75 Reesman v. Highfill, 149 Or. App. 374, 942 P.2d 891 (1997), rev’d on other grounds, 327 Or. 597, 965 P.2d 1030 (1998) ...... 2-37, 4-17, 4-19, ...... 5-31, 5-45, 12-33 Reeves v. Am. Broad. Cos., 719 F.2d 602, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2289 (2d Cir. 1983) ...... 7-30, 7-34, ...... 7-40, 15-53 Reeves v. Reiman, 523 N.W.2d 78 (1994) ...... 13-52 Reeves v. W. Co. of N. Am., 867 S.W.2d 385 (Tex. App. 1993) ...... 9-54 Regan v. Sullivan, 557 F.2d 300 (2d Cir. 1977) ...... 2-56, 2-57 Rehak Creative Servs., Inc. v. Witt, 404 S.W.3d 716 (Tex. App. 2013) ...... 13-8, 16-25

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–207 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Reichardt v. Flynn, 374 Md. 361, 823 A.2d 566 (2003) ...... 8-4, 8-38 Reid v. Pierce Cnty., 136 Wash. 2d 195, 961 P.2d 333 (1998) ...... 12-38 Reilly v. Associated Press, 59 Mass. App. Ct. 764, 797 N.E.2d 1204, cert. denied, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1293 (2003) ...... 7-15 Rejent v. Liberation Publ’ns, Inc., 197 A.D.2d 240, 611 N.Y.S.2d 866, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1826 (1st Dep’t 1994) ...... 2-34, 2-121, 2-131 Reliance Ins. Co. v. Barron’s, 428 F. Supp. 200, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1641 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) ...... 10-60, 14-47 Reliance Ins. Co. v. Barron’s, 442 F. Supp. 1341, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1033 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) ...... 1-26, 2-37, 5-2, 5-21, 5-47, 5-48, ...... 5-71, 5-76, 5-77, 5-84, 5-96, 5-99, ...... 5-100, 5-108, 13-37, 16-44, 16-47 Reller v. Ankenny, 160 Neb. 47, 68 N.W.2d 686 (1955) ...... 8-9 RE/MAX Int’l, Inc. v. Smyth Cramer Co., 265 F. Supp. 2d 882 (N.D. Ohio 2003) ...... 2-164 Remeikis v. Boss & Phelps, Inc., 419 A.2d 986 (D.C. 1980) ...... 10-33 Remick v. Manfredy, 238 F.3d 248 (3d Cir. 2001) ...... 2-28, 15-20, 15-26 Renner v. Donsbach, 749 F. Supp. 987, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1930 (W.D. Mo. 1990) ...... 13-70 Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844 (1997) ...... 14-39 Renton v. Watson, 319 Ga. App. 896, 739 S.E.2d 19 (2013) ...... 8-19 Renwick v. News & Observer Publ’g Co., 63 N.C. App. 200, 304 S.E.2d 593 (1983), rev’d on other grounds, 310 N.C. 312, 312 S.E.2d 405, 57 A.L.R.4TH 1, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1443, cert. denied, 469 U.S. 858 (1984) ...... 2-136, 2-140, 4-11, 12-10, 12-13 Reoux v. Glens Falls Post Co., 11 A.D.2d 919, 203 N.Y.S.2d 497 (3d Dep’t 1960) ...... 2-143 Republic Tobacco Co. v. N. Atl. Trading Co., 381 F.3d 717 (7th Cir. 2004) ...... 4-35, 7-36, 10-10, ...... 10-12, 10-24, 10-44, 10-53 Retail Credit Co. v. Russell, 234 Ga. 765, 218 S.E.2d 54 (1975) ...... 6-24, 10-64

TOC–208 Table of Cases

Rety v. Green, 546 So. 2d 410 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1989) ...... 10-47 Reuber v. Food Chem. News, Inc., 925 F.2d 703, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1689 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1212 (1991) ...... 5-26, 5-35, ...... 5-64, 5-67, 5-88, ...... 5-100, 5-102, 7-22, ...... 7-23, 7-24, 7-34, 12-57 Reveley v. Berg Publ’ns, Inc., 601 F. Supp. 44, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1146 (W.D. Tex. 1984) ...... 2-80, 10-44, 10-48 Revell v. Hoffman, 309 F.3d 1228, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1124 (10th Cir. 2002) ...... 5-12 Revell v. Lidov, 317 F.3d 467, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1521 (5th Cir. 2002) ...... 15-17, 15-39 Reynolds v. Int’l Amateur Athletic Fed., 23 F.3d 1110 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 962 (1994) ...... 15-41 Reynolds v. Pegler, 223 F.2d 429 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 350 U.S. 846 (1955) ...... 3-29, 10-7, 10-27, 10-29 Reynolds v. Times Newspapers Ltd., [2001] 2 AC 127 ...... 15-65 Rhinehart v. Seattle Times, Inc., 59 Wash. App. 332, 798 P.2d 1155 (1990) ...... 10-73 R.I. Hosp. Trust Nat’l Bank v. Swartz, Bresenoff, Yavner & Jacobs, 455 F.2d 847 (4th Cir. 1972) ...... 13-65 Ricci v. Teamsters Union Local 456, 781 F.3d 25, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1892 ...... 7-11 Ricci v. Venture Magazine, Inc., 574 F. Supp. 1563, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1016 (D. Mass. 1983) ...... 7-26, 7-40, 7-42 Ricciardi v. Weber, 350 N.J. Super. 453, 795 A.2d 914 (2002) ...... 7-21, 16-54 Rice v. Alley, 2002 ME 43, 791 A.2d 932 (2002) ...... 9-14, 9-41, 9-48, 9-54 Rice v. Hodapp, 919 S.W.2d 240 (Mo. 1996) ...... 2-103 Rice v. Nova Biomedical Corp., 38 F.3d 909 (7th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1111 (1995) ...... 2-96, 2-98, 10-36, 15-53 Rice v. Rose & Atkinson, 176 F. Supp. 2d 585 (D. W. Va. 2001), aff’d mem., 36 F. App’x 97 (4th Cir. 2002) ...... 5-76, 9-48 Rice v. Simmons, 2 Del. (2 Harr.) 417 (1838) ...... 2-10, 2-47 Richards v. Conklin, 94 Nev. 84, 575 P.2d 588 (1978) ...... 8-13

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–209 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Richards v. Ellis, 233 A.2d 37 (Me. 1967) ...... 8-41 Richardson v. Kessler, 73 Idaho 548, 255 P.2d 707 (1953) ...... 8-7 Richie v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 544 N.W.2d 21, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1897 (Minn. 1996) ...... 2-4, 2-82, 2-131, 10-35 Richmond v. McHale, 2012 PA Super. 1, 35 A.3d 779 ...... 8-12 Richmond v. Nodland, 552 N.W.2d 586 (N.D. 1996) ...... 8-19, 9-10 Richmond v. Southwire Co., 980 F.2d 518, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1284 (8th Cir. 1992) ...... 9-12, 9-31, 9-55 Richmond v. Thompson, 79 Wash. App. 327, 901 P.2d 371 (1995), aff’d, 130 Wash. 2d 368, 922 P.2d 1343 (1996) ...... 16-51 Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Lipscomb, 234 Va. 277, 362 S.E.2d 32, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1953 (1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1023 (1988) ...... 5-17, 5-110, 6-7, ...... 10-38, 10-39, 10-46, 16-66 Riddell Sports, Inc. v. Brooks, 872 F. Supp. 73 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 13-11, 13-43, 13-46 Riddle v. Golden Isles Broad., LLC, 275 Ga. App. 701, 621 S.E.2d 822, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1026 (2005) ...... 5-45 Riddle v. Perry, 40 P.3d 1128 (Utah 2002) ...... 8-32 Rielly v. News Grp. Bos., Inc., 38 Mass. App. 909, 644 N.E.2d 982, cert. denied, 516 U.S. 866 (1995) ...... 2-25 Riemers v. Mahar, 2008 ND 95, 748 N.W.2d 714 (2008) ...... 5-33 Rieser v. Dist. of Columbia, 563 F.2d 462 (D.C. Cir. 1977), modified on other grounds, 580 F.2d 647 (D.C. Cir. 1978) ...... 10-33 Rifkin v. Esquire Publ’g, Inc., 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1231 (9th Cir. 1981) ...... 12-29 Riisna v. Am. Broad. Cos., 219 F. Supp. 2d 568 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) ...... 2-94 Riley v. City of Chester, 612 F.2d 708, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2161 (3d Cir. 1979) ...... 14-10, 14-13, 14-15 Riley v. Harr, 292 F.3d 282, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1961 (1st Cir. 2002) ...... 4-22, 4-23, ...... 4-42, 4-51, 12-11 Riley v. Moyed, 529 A.2d 248, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1379 (Del. 1987) ...... 4-10

TOC–210 Table of Cases

Rinaldi v. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 42 N.Y.2d 369, 397 N.Y.S.2d 943, 366 N.E.2d 1299, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2169, cert. denied, 434 U.S. 969 (1977) ...... 2-114, 2-142, 3-22, 4-50, ...... 4-55, 4-56, 4-65, 5-14, 5-107, 5-108, 6-17 Rinaldi v. Viking Penguin, Inc., 101 Misc. 2d 928, 422 N.Y.S.2d 552, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1295 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1979), aff’d as modified, 73 A.D.2d 43, 425 N.Y.S.2d 101 (1st Dep’t 1980), aff’d, 52 N.Y.2d 422, 420 N.E.2d 377, 438 N.Y.S.2d 496, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1202 (1981) ...... 7-6, 16-49 Rinaldi v. Vill. Voice, Inc., 47 A.D.2d 180, 365 N.Y.S.2d 199 (1st Dep’t), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 883 (1975) ...... 5-134 Rincones v. WHM Custom Servs., Inc., 457 S.W.3d 221 (Tex. App. 2015) ...... 2-99 Ringier Am., Inc. v. Enviro-Technics, Ltd., 284 Ill. App. 3d 1102, 673 N.E.2d 444, 220 Ill. Dec. 532 (1996) ...... 8-23 Rinsley v. Brandt, 446 F. Supp. 850 (D. Kan. 1977) ...... 12-29, 12-33 Rinsley v. Brandt, 700 F.2d 1304, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1225 (10th Cir. 1983) ...... 4-10, 12-19, 12-30 Riordan v. Alliance for the Mentally Ill of Greater Milwaukee, 189 Wis. 2d 17, 525 N.W.2d 299 (Ct. App. 1994) ...... 9-31 Rios v. Smithtown Gen. Hosp., 65 A.D.2d 808, 410 N.Y.S.2d 366 (2d Dep’t 1978) ...... 9-31 Rippett v. Bemis, 672 A.2d 82 (Me. 1996) ...... 2-6, 2-120, 9-47 Ripps v. Herrington, 241 Ala. 209, 1 So. 2d 899 (1941) ...... 3-14 Rite Aid Corp. v. Hagley, 374 Md. 665, 824 A.2d 107 (2003) ...... 9-14 Rite Aid Corp. v. Lake Shore Investors, 298 Md. 611, 471 A.2d 735, 44 A.L.R.4TH 1063 (1984) ...... 13-23 Ritzmann v. WeeklyWorld News, Inc., 614 F. Supp. 1336, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1178 (N.D. Tex. 1985) ...... 15-54 Rivera v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 331 F.3d 1074 (9th Cir. 2003) ...... 2-173 Riverhouse Publ’g Co. v. Porter, 287 F. Supp. 1 (D.R.I. 1968) ...... 2-155

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–211 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Roach v. Harper, 143 W. Va. 869, 105 S.E.2d 564 (1958) ...... 12-10 Robart v. Post-Standard, 74 A.D.2d 963, 425 N.Y.S.2d 891, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1058 (3d Dep’t 1980), aff’d, 52 N.Y.2d 843, 418 N.E.2d 664, 437 N.Y.S.2d 71, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2375 (1981) ...... 16-57 Robel v. Roundup Corp., 103 Wash. App. 75, 10 P.3d 1104 (2000), review granted, 143 Wash. 2d 1008, 21 P.3d 291 (2001) ...... 2-46 Robel v. Roundup Corp., 148 Wash. 2d 35, 59 P.3d 611 (2002) ...... 2-49, 4-29 Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Co., 171 N.Y. 538, 64 N.E. 442 (1902) ...... 12-8, 12-100 Robert C. Ozer, P.C. v. Borquez, 940 P.2d 371 (Colo. 1997) ...... 12-37, 12-81 Roberts v. McAfee, Inc., 660 F.3d 1156, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2601 (9th Cir. 2011) ...... 7-8 Roberts v. Saylor, 230 Kan. 289, 637 P.2d 1175 (1981) ...... 13-50, 13-52 Robertson v. McCloskey, 666 F. Supp. 241, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1437 (D.D.C. 1987) ...... 2-16, 3-15 Robertson v. McCloskey, 680 F. Supp. 414 (D.D.C. 1988) ...... 10-9 Robertson v. Rodriguez, 36 Cal. App. 4th 347, 42 Cal. Rptr. 2d 464 (1995) ...... 3-21, 7-41 Robertson v. Sw. Bell Yellow Pages, Inc., 190 S.W.3d 899 (Tex. App. 2006) ...... 2-159 Robertson v. Wegmann, 436 U.S. 584 (1978) ...... 2-172 Robinson v. Bantam Books, Inc., 339 F. Supp. 150 (S.D.N.Y. 1972) ...... 2-143 Robinson v. Globe Newspaper Co., 26 F. Supp. 2d 195, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1756 (D. Me. 1998) ...... 3-33 Robinson v. Guy Gannett Publ’g Co., 297 F. Supp. 722 (D. Me. 1969) ...... 2-155, 2-158 Robinson v. Radio One, Inc., 695 F. Supp. 2d 425 (N.D. Tex. 2010) ...... 2-34, 2-61 Rocci v. Ecole Secondaire MacDonald Cartier, 165 N.J. 149, 755 A.2d 583 (2000) ...... 2-82, 10-13 Roche v. Florida, 589 So. 2d 978, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1632 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1991), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1071 (1993) ...... 14-7

TOC–212 Table of Cases

Roche v. Hearst Corp., 72 A.D.2d 245, 439 N.Y.S.2d 352, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2434 (3d Dep’t 1980), aff’d, 53 N.Y.2d 767, 421 N.E.2d 844, 439 N.Y.S.2d 352, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1208 (1981) ...... 5-12 Rockwood Bank v. Gaia, 170 F.3d 833 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 968 (1999) ...... 8-39, 8-42, 9-18, 9-48, 9-50 Rodrigues v. R.H. Macy & Co., 88 Misc. 2d 985, 391 N.Y.S.2d 44 (N.Y.C. Civ. Ct. 1977) ...... 9-25 Rodriguez v. El Vocero de P.R., Inc., 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1495 (1994) ...... 2-163 Rodriguez v. Nishiki, 65 Haw. 430, 653 P.2d 1145, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1349 (1982) ...... 2-78, 5-54 Rodriguez v. Sarabyn, 129 F.3d 760 (5th Cir. 1997) ...... 8-29, 8-35 Roe v. City of San Francisco, 109 F.3d 578 (1997) ...... 10-11 Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) ...... 12-4 Roegelein Provision Co. v. Mayen, 566 S.W.2d 1 (Tex. Civ. App. 1978) ...... 9-44 Roehrborn v. Lambert, 277 Ill. App. 3d 181, 660 N.E.2d 180, 213 Ill. Dec. 923 (1995) ...... 12-17 Roemer v. Retail Credit Co., 44 Cal. App. 3d 926, 119 Cal. Rptr. 82 (1975) ...... 5-134, 6-22, 6-24 Rogers v. Cassidy, 946 S.W.2d 439 (Tex. App. 1997) ...... 5-12 Rogers v. Florence Printing Co., 233 S.C. 567, 106 S.E.2d 258 (1958) ...... 11-2 Rogers v. Home Shopping Network, Inc., 57 F. Supp. 2d 973, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1097 (C.D. Cal. 1999) ...... 10-76, 16-18, 16-31 Rogers v. Milwaukee Journal, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1767 (Wis. Cir. 1987) ...... 11-7 Rogers Carl Corp. v. Moran, 103 N.J. Super. 163, 246 A.2d 750 (1968) ...... 13-5, 13-27 Rogozinski v. Airstream by Angell, 152 N.J. Super. 133, 377 A.2d 807 (1977), modified, 164 N.J. Super. 465, 397 A.2d 334 (1979) ...... 6-22 Rolla v. Westmoreland Health Sys., 438 Pa. Super. 33, 651 A.2d 160 (1994) ...... 13-64 Romaine v. Kallinger, 109 N.J. 282, 537 A.2d 284, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1209 (1988) ...... 2-62, 2-117, 12-14, ...... 12-20, 12-30, 12-66 Romero v. Abbeville Broad. Serv., Inc., 420 So. 2d 1247 (La. Ct. App. 1982) ...... 5-10

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–213 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Romero v. Prince, 85 N.M. 474, 513 P.2d 717 (Ct. App. 1973) ...... 8-14 Roper v. Mabry, 15 Wash. App. 819, 551 P.2d 1381 (1976) ...... 3-28 Roper v. Markle, 59 Ill. App. 3d 706, 16 Ill. Dec. 827, 375 N.E.2d 934 (1978) ...... 15-4 Rorvig v. Douglas, 123 Wash. 2d 854, 873 P.2d 492 (1994) ...... 13-4 Rosanova v. Playboy Enters., Inc., 411 F. Supp. 440 (S.D. Ga. 1976), aff’d, 580 F.2d 859, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1550 (5th Cir. 1978) ...... 2-9, 5-20, 5-29, 5-33, 5-61, 5-70 Rose v. First Am. Title Ins. Co., 907 S.W.2d 639 (Tex. App. 1995) ...... 8-42 Rose v. Hollinger Int’l, Inc., 383 Ill. App. 3d 8, 889 N.E.2d 644, 321 Ill. Dec. 371 (2008) ...... 4-60 Rose v. Indianapolis Newspapers, Inc., 213 F.2d 227 (7th Cir. 1954) ...... 2-20 Rose v. Koch, 278 Minn. 235, 154 N.W.2d 409 (1967) ...... 5-30, 5-95, 5-99, 5-100, 5-104 Rosen v. Am. Isr. Pub. Affairs Comm., Inc., 41 A.3d 1250 (D.C. Ct. App. 2012) ...... 4-60 Rosenberg v. Helinski, 328 Md. 664, 616 A.2d 866, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2233 (1992) ...... 2-11, 7-19, 7-20, ...... 7-23, 7-24, 7-35, 7-36, 7-42, 8-19 Rosenberg v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 8 N.Y.3d 359, 866 N.E.2d 439 (2007) ...... 8-59 Rosenberg Diamond Dev. Corp. v. Appel, 290 A.D.2d 239, 735 N.Y.S.2d 528 (1st Dep’t 2002) ...... 10-60 Rosenblatt v. Baer, 383 U.S. 75 (1966) ...... 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-11, 1-16, ...... 1-17, 1-31, 1-32, 1-33, 1-34, 2-153, 5-6, ...... 5-7, 5-8, 5-15, 5-52, 5-53, 5-71, 5-72, 16-59, 16-72 Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, Inc., 289 F. Supp. 737 (E.D. Pa. 1968), rev’d on other grounds, 415 F.2d 892 (3d Cir. 1969), aff’d, 403 U.S. 29 (1971) ...... 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-17, 1-18, ...... 1-19, 1-20, 1-22, 1-35, 1-36, 1-47, 2-15, 5-2, ...... 5-26, 5-43, 5-53, 5-58, 5-59, 5-62, 5-71, 5-129, 6-2, 6-6, ...... 6-14, 6-25, 7-52, 10-15, 10-30, 10-42, 10-66, 12-48, 16-60 Rosenfeld v. Curtis Publ’g Co., 163 F.2d 660 (2d Cir. 1947) ...... 2-57 Rosenstein v. City of Dallas, 876 F.2d 392 (5th Cir. 1989), aff’d on relevant grounds, 901 F.2d 61, cert. denied, 498 U.S. 855 (1990) ...... 8-64

TOC–214 Table of Cases

Roskos v. N.Y. News, Inc., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2148 (Sup. Ct. Suffolk Cnty. 1979) ...... 2-56 Rosner v. Field Enters., Inc., 205 Ill. App. 3d 769, 564 N.E.2d 131, 151 Ill. Dec. 154 (1990) ...... 2-18 Ross v. Black & Decker, Inc., 977 F.2d 1178 (7th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 917, 113 S. Ct. 1274 (1993) ...... 16-58 Ross v. Burns, 612 F.2d 271, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2277 (6th Cir. 1980) ...... 13-54 Ross v. Columbia Newspapers, Inc., 266 S.C. 75, 221 S.E.2d 770 (1976) ...... 3-18 Ross v. Gallant, Farrow & Co., P.C., 27 Ariz. App. 89, 551 P.2d 79 (1976) ...... 3-14 Ross v. Gore, 48 So. 2d 412 (Fla. 1950) ...... 11-7 Ross v. Midwest Commc’ns, Inc., 870 F.2d 271, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1463 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 935 (1989) ...... 12-49, 12-52, ...... 12-53, 12-56, 12-64 Ross v. News-Journal Co., 228 A.2d 531 (Del. 1967) ...... 5-12 Ross v. Patterson, 307 Ark. 68, 817 S.W.2d 418 (1991) ...... 13-48, 13-50, 13-52 Ross v. Santa Barbara News Press, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1733 (Super. Ct. L.A. Cnty. 1994) ...... 2-86, 10-45, 10-48 Ross v. Stouffer Hotel Co. (Haw.) Ltd., 76 Haw. 454, 879 P.2d 1037 (1994) ...... 13-49 Ross Yordy Constr. Co. v. Naylor, 55 F.3d 285 (7th Cir. 1995) ...... 8-18 Rossignol v. Silvernail, 185 A.D.2d 497, 586 N.Y.S.2d 343 (3d Dep’t 1992) ...... 10-48 Roth v. Greensboro News Co., 217 N.C. 13, 6 S.E.2d 82 (1940) ...... 11-8 Rothman v. Jackson, 49 Cal. App. 4th 1134, 27 Cal. Rptr. 2d 284 (1996) ...... 8-16, 8-17 Rotkiewicz v. Sadowsky, 431 Mass. 748, 730 N.E.2d 282 (2000) ...... 5-10, 5-11, 5-55 Rotondo v. Keene Corp., 956 F.2d 436 (3d Cir. 1992) ...... 16-58 Rouch v. Cont’l Airlines, Inc., 70 S.W.3d 170 (Tex. App. 2001) ...... 8-62 Rouch v. Enquirer & News of Battle Creek, 184 Mich. App. 19, 457 N.W.2d 74, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2305 (1990), rev’d on other grounds, 440 Mich. 238, 487 N.W.2d 205, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2265 (1992) ...... 10-39

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–215 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Rouch v. Enquirer & News of Battle Creek, 427 Mich. 157, 398 N.W.2d 245, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2201 (1986) ...... 3-16, 6-4, 9-35 Rouly v. Enserch Corp., 835 F.2d 1127 (5th Cir. 1988) ...... 9-4, 9-52 Roush v. Hey, 197 W. Va. 207, 475 S.E.2d 299, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2441 (1996) ...... 8-8, 8-9 Rowe v. Metz, 195 Colo. 424, 579 P.2d 83, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1431 (1978) ...... 6-24, 6-25, 10-10 Rowland v. Fayed, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1257 (D.C. Super. 1987) ...... 4-53 Rowland v. Lepire, 99 Nev. 308, 662 P.2d 1332 (1985) ...... 13-21 Royal Aquarium v. Parkinson, [1892] 1 Q.B. 431 (Eng. C.A.) ..... 9-51 Royal Palace Homes, Inc. v. Channel 7, 197 Mich. App. 48, 495 N.W.2d 392 (1992) ...... 2-65 Royalty Network, Inc. v. Harris, 756 F.3d 1351, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2011 (11th Cir. 2014) ...... 16-30 Rozanski v. Fitch, 134 A.D.2d 944, 521 N.Y.S.2d 950 (4th Dep’t 1987) ...... 2-144 Rozhon v. Triangle Publ’ns, Inc., 230 F.2d 359 (7th Cir. 1956) ...... 12-15, 12-57 RRZ Pub. Mkts., Inc. v. Bond Buyer, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1409, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 604 (E.D. Pa. 1995) ...... 7-21, 7-38, 7-54 Rubel v. Daily News LP, 2010 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 4273, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2396 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. 2010) ...... 16-28 Rubenstein v. Manhattan & Bronx Surface Operating Auth., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16661 (E.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 2-115, 6-18 Rubenstein v. N.Y. Post Corp., 128 Misc. 2d 1, 488 N.Y.S.2d 331, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1329 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1983) ...... 13-65 Ruder & Finn v. Seaboard Sur. Co., 52 N.Y.2d 663, 439 N.Y.S.2d 858, 422 N.E.2d 518 (1981) ...... 17-5 Ruderer v. Schlitz, 462 F.2d 897 (8th Cir. 1972) ...... 8-64 Rudin v. Dow Jones & Co., 510 F. Supp. 210, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1105 (S.D.N.Y. 1981) ...... 2-28, 15-57 Rudin v. Dow Jones & Co., 557 F. Supp. 535, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1305 (S.D.N.Y. 1983) ..... 2-9, 2-25, 2-29 Rudloe v. Karl, 2004 Fla. App. LEXIS 16610 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2004) ...... 7-8 Rudnick v. McMillan, 25 Cal. App. 4th 1183, 31 Cal. Rptr. 2d 193, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2008 (1994) ...... 4-32, 5-34

TOC–216 Table of Cases

Rudwall v. Blackrock, Inc., 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 89801 (N.D. Cal. 2006) ...... 9-19 Rue v. K-Mart Corp., 552 Pa. 13, 713 A.2d 82 (1998) ...... 3-33 Ruebke v. Globe Commc’ns Corp., 241 Kan. 595, 738 P.2d 1246, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1193 (1987) ...... 3-18, 5-33, ...... 5-63, 5-64, 16-48 Ruffin-Steinback v. de Passe, 17 F. Supp. 2d 699, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1474 (E.D. Mich. 1998) ...... 10-59 Ruffin-Steinback v. dePasse, 267 F.3d 457, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2400 (6th Cir. 2001) ...... 12-86 Ruiz v. Harbor View Cmty. Ass’n, 134 Cal. App. 4th 1456, 37 Cal. Rptr. 3d 133 (2005) ...... 16-12 Ruiz v. Sysco Food Servs., 122 Cal. App. 4th 520, 18 Cal. Rptr. 3d 700 (2004) ...... 8-57 Rumbauskas v. Cantor, 138 N.J. 173, 649 A.2d 853 (1994) ...... 12-9, 12-28, 12-89 Rumney v. Worthley, 186 Mass. 144, 71 N.E. 316 (1904) ...... 2-92 Rupert v. Sellers, 65 A.D.2d 473, 411 N.Y.S.2d 75 (4th Dep’t 1978), aff’d, 50 N.Y.2d 881, 430 N.Y.S.2d 263, 408 N.E.2d 671, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 901 (1980) ...... 6-18, 6-19 Rush v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 1999 Pa. Super. 141, 732 A.2d 648 (1999) ...... 2-25 Rush v. Scott Specialty Gases, Inc., 930 F. Supp. 194 (E.D. Pa. 1996) ...... 10-20 Rush-Hampton Indus., Inc. v. Home Ventilating Inst., 419 F. Supp. 19 (M.D. Fla. 1976) ...... 9-30 Rushford v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 846 F.2d 249, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1437 (4th Cir. 1988) ...... 7-42 Russell v. Alta Bates Med. Ctr., 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13920 (N.D. Cal. 1994) ...... 2-25 Russell v. Am. Broad. Cos., 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2428, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7528 (N.D. Ill. 1995) ...... 12-8, 12-27 Russell v. Am. Broad. Cos., 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1012, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14589 (N.D. Ill. 1997) ...... 5-111, 16-54 Russell v. Marboro Books, 18 Misc. 2d 166, 183 N.Y.S.2d 8 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1959) ...... 2-57 Russell v. Standard Corp., 898 P.2d 263, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2372 (Utah 1995) ...... 2-109 Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic v. Cibrario, 235 N.Y. 255, 139 N.E. 259 (1923) ...... 15-66 Russo v. Advance Publ’ns, Inc., 33 A.D.2d 1025, 307 N.Y.S.2d 916 (2d Dep’t 1970) ...... 13-70

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–217 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Russo v. Conde Nast Publ’ns, Inc., 806 F. Supp. 603, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2113 (E.D. La. 1992) ...... 5-33 Rust Commc’ns Grp., Inc. v. 70 State St. Travel Serv., Ltd., 122 A.D.2d 584, 504 N.Y.S.2d 927, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1063 (4th Dep’t 1986) ...... 2-176, 6-17 Ruta v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 322 F. Supp. 2d 391 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) ...... 2-112 Ruth v. Fletcher, 237 Va. 366, 377 S.E.2d 412 (1989) ...... 13-48 Rutledge v. Phx. Newspapers, Inc., 148 Ariz. 335, 715 P.2d 1243, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1969 (Ct. App. 1986) ...... 13-57 Ruzicka v. Conde Nast Publ’ns, Inc., 939 F.2d 578, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1048 (8th Cir. 1991) ...... 13-54 Ryan v. Brooks, 634 F.2d 726, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2155 (4th Cir. 1980) ...... 5-43, 5-86, 5-99 Ryan v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 2012 IL App (1st) 120005, 979 N.E.2d 954, 366 Ill. Dec. 153 (2012) ...... 16-20 Ryan v. Hearst Publ’ns, Inc., 3 Wash. 2d 128, 100 P.2d 24 (1940) ...... 2-155 Ryan v. Herald Ass’n, Inc., 152 Vt. 275, 566 A.2d 1316, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2472 (1989) ...... 2-26, 4-8, 4-11, ...... 6-5, 6-24, 7-58, 10-25 Ryan v. Shreveport Times Publ’g Co., 344 So. 2d 114, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1828 (La. Ct. App. 1977) ...... 2-20, 2-78 Rybachek v. Sutton, 761 P.2d 1013, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2291 (Alaska 1988) ...... 5-36 Ryckman v. Delavan, 25 Wend. 186 (N.Y. 1840) ...... 2-162 Ryder Truck Rentals, Inc. v. Latham, 593 S.W.2d 334 (Tex. Civ. App. 1979) ...... 6-22 Rydzewski v. TEAM, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11977 (N.D. Ill. 1995) ...... 2-111 Rye v. Seattle Times Co., 37 Wash. App. 45, 678 P.2d 1282, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1483, cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1087 (1984) ...... 16-77 Rymer v. Pool, 574 A.2d 283 (D.C. 1990) ...... 15-62

S Saad v. Am. Diabetes Ass’n, ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, ___, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108977 (D. Mass. 2015) ...... 4-61 Saathoff v. Kuhlman, 2009 SD 17, 763 N.W.2d 800 (2009) ...... 5-35, 5-72

TOC–218 Table of Cases

Sabrina W. v. Willman, 4 Neb. 149, 540 N.W.2d 364 (1995) ...... 12-92 Sacchetti v. Gannett Co., 123 A.D.2d 497, 507 N.Y.S.2d 337 (4th Dep’t 1986) ...... 2-75 Sacco v. Herald Statesman, Inc., 32 Misc. 2d 739, 223 N.Y.S.2d 329 (Sup. Ct. Westchester Cnty. 1961) ...... 13-67 Sacco v. High Country Indep. Press, 896 P.2d 411 (Mont. 1995) ...... 8-20, 9-10, 13-50, 13-63 Sacco v. Pataki, 114 F. Supp. 2d 264 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) ...... 13-74 Sadallah v. City of Utica, 383 F.3d 34 (2d Cir. 2004) ...... 13-72 Sadowy v. Sony Corp. of Am., 496 F. Supp. 1071 (S.D.N.Y. 1980) ...... 2-144 Saenz v. Playboy Enters., Inc., 653 F. Supp. 552, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1977 (N.D. Ill. 1987), aff’d, 841 F.2d 1309, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1043 (7th Cir. 1988) ...... 2-39, 2-40, ...... 2-134, 5-80, 5-108 Safarets, Inc. v. Gannett Co., 80 Misc. 2d 109, 361 N.Y.S.2d 276 (Broome Cnty. 1974), aff’d, 49 A.D.2d 666, 373 N.Y.S.2d 858 (3d Dep’t 1975) ...... 7-4 Safe Site, Inc. v. Nat’l Rifle Ass’n, 253 F. Supp. 418 (D.D.C. 1966) ...... 4-72 Sagan v. Apple Computer Inc., 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2141 (C.D. Cal. 1994) ...... 5-119 Sahara Gaming Corp. v. Culinary Workers Union Local 226, 984 P.2d 164 (Nev. 1999) ...... 7-21 St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 727 (1968) ...... 1-26, 1-29, ...... 1-31, 2-173, 5-10, 5-53, ...... 5-74, 5-75, 5-84, 5-85, 5-87, ...... 5-95, 5-101, 5-109, 6-11, 7-52, 16-46 St. James Healthcare v. Cole, 341 Mont. 368, 178 P.3d 696 (2008) ...... 10-64 St. John v. Town of Ellettsville, 46 F. Supp. 2d 834 (S.D. Ind. 1999) ...... 12-9 St. Margaret Mercy Healthcare Ctrs., Inc. v. Ho, 663 N.E.2d 1220 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 10-60 St. Surin v. V.I. Daily News, Inc., 21 F.3d 1309, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1545 (3d Cir. 1994) ...... 2-31, 3-20, ...... 3-21, 3-24, 3-28 Salamone v. Hollinger Int’l, Inc., 347 Ill. App. 3d 837, 807 N.E.2d 1086, 283 Ill. Dec. 245, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1986 (2004) ...... 2-71 Salazar v. Morales, 900 S.W.2d 929 (Tex. App. 1995) ...... 8-48

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–219 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Salek v. Passaic Collegiate Sch., 255 N.J. Super. 355, 605 A.2d 276, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1196 (App. Div. 1992) ...... 2-62 Salit v. Rudin, 742 So. 2d 381 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999) ...... 13-2, 13-17, 13-22 Sall v. Barber, 782 P.2d 1216, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1700 (Colo. Ct. App. 1989) ...... 4-33, 4-50 Salomone v. MacMillan Publ’g Co., 97 Misc. 2d 346, 411 N.Y.S.2d 105, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1710 (N.Y. Cnty. 1978), rev’d on other grounds, 77 A.D.2d 501, 429 N.Y.S.2d 441, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1655 (1st Dep’t 1980) ...... 2-61, 2-81, 5-116 Salvo v. Salem News Publ’g Co., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1856 (Mass. Dist. Ct. Essex Cnty. 1978) ...... 4-57 Salyer v. S. Poverty Law Ctr., Inc., 701 F. Supp. 2d 912 (W.D. Ky. 2009) ...... 7-10 Salzano v. N. Jersey Media Grp. Inc., 201 N.J. 500, 993 A.2d 778, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1769 (2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 1045 (2011) ...... 7-19, 7-20, 7-23, ...... 7-24, 7-26, 7-28, 7-37 Salzano v. N. Jersey Media Grp., Inc., 403 N.J. Super. 403, 958 A.2d 1023, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2569 (App. Div. 2008) ...... 16-48 Samborsky v. Hearst Corp., 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1638 (D. Md. 1977) ...... 5-7, 5-101, 5-107, 5-113 Sampson v. Rumsey, 1 Kan. App. 2d 191, 563 P.2d 506 (1977) ...... 8-11 Samson Inv. Co. v. Chevaillier, 988 P.2d 327 (Okla. 1999) ...... 8-13 Samuels v. Tschechtelin, 135 Md. App. 483, 763 A.2d 209, 245 (2000) ...... 2-137 San Antonio Express News v. Dracos, 922 S.W.2d 242 (Tex. App. 1996) ...... 2-25, 5-36 S.F. Bay Guardian v. Superior Court, 17 Cal. App. 4th 655, 21 Cal. Rptr. 2d 464, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1792 (1993) ...... 2-62, 5-119 Sanborn v. Chronicle Publ’g Co., 18 Cal. 3d 406, 556 P.2d 764, 134 Cal. Rptr. 402 (1976) ...... 8-51 Sanchez Duran v. Detroit News, Inc., 200 Mich. App. 622, 504 N.W.2d 715, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1891 (1993) ...... 12-92 Sand Livestock Sys. v. Svoboda, 17 Neb. App. 28, 756 N.W.2d 299 (2008) ...... 16-22

TOC–220 Table of Cases

Sandals Resorts Int’l Ltd. v. Google, Inc., 86 A.D.3d 32, 925 N.Y.S.2d 407, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2065 (1st Dep’t 2011) ...... 2-81, 4-26, 4-45, 4-46 Sanders v. Am. Broad. Cos., 20 Cal. 4th 907, 978 P.2d 67, 85 Cal. Rptr. 2d 909, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2025 (1999) ...... 12-95 Sanders v. Canal Ins. Co., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14691 (D. Or. 1995) ...... 13-65 Sanderson v. Bellevue Maternity Hosp. Inc., 259 A.D.2d 888, 686 N.Y.S.2d 535 (3d Dep’t 1999) ...... 9-44 Sandholm v. Kuecker, 2012 IL 111443, 962 N.E.2d 418, 356 Ill. Dec. 733, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1209 ...... 16-19 Sandler v. Calcagni, 565 F. Supp. 2d 184, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2286 (D. Me. 2008) ...... 7-15 Sands v. Living Word Fellowship, 34 P.3d 955 (Alaska 2001) ..... 4-21 Sands v. News Am. Publ’g, Inc., 161 A.D.2d 30, 560 N.Y.S.2d 416, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1064 (1st Dep’t 1990) ...... 14-32, 14-33 S&W Seafoods Co. v. Jacor Broad., 194 Ga. App. 233, 390 S.E.2d 228, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1340 (1989) ...... 2-11, 4-10 Sanford v. Bos. Herald-Traveler Corp., 318 Mass. 156, 61 N.E.2d 5 (1945) ...... 7-27, 11-8 Sanguedolce v. Wolfe, 62 A.3d 810, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1530 (N.H. 2012) ...... 2-27 Sannerud v. Brantz, 879 P.2d 826 (Wyo. 1994) ...... 13-4 Santiesteban v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 306 F.2d 9 (5th Cir. 1962) ...... 12-26, 12-41, ...... 12-59, 12-70, 12-75 Sapia v. Regency Motors of Metarie, Inc., 276 F.3d 747 (5th Cir. 2002) ...... 12-9 Sarate v. Loop Transfer, Inc., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13170 (N.D. Ill. 1997) ...... 10-70 Saro Corp. v. Waterman Broad. Corp., 595 So. 2d 87, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2031 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1992) ...... 5-41 Sassone v. Elder, 626 So. 2d 345, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1049 (La. 1993) ...... 2-39, 2-41, 2-55, ...... 2-76, 6-9, 16-38 Sassower v. Finnerty, 96 A.D.2d 585, 465 N.Y.S.2d 543 (2d Dep’t 1983) ...... 8-6 Saucer v. Giroux, 54 Cal. App. 732, 202 P. 887 (1921) ...... 2-171

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–221 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Saunders v. WHYY-TV, 382 A.2d 257, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1959 (Del. Super. Ct. 1978) ...... 2-27 Savage v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 21 Cal. App. 4th 434, 26 Cal. Rptr. 2d 305, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1737 (1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 820 (1994) ...... 3-13, 4-19, 4-24, ...... 4-57, 13-42, 13-43 Savarirayan v. English, 45 Ill. App. 3d 105, 359 N.E.2d 236, 3 Ill. Dec. 826 (1977) ...... 8-34 Savitsky v. Shenandoah Valley Publ’g Corp., 389 Pa. Super. 176, 566 A.2d 901, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1219 (1989) ...... 2-52 Saxton v. Ark. Gazette Co., 264 Ark. 133, 569 S.W.2d 115, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1587 (1978) ...... 14-28 Sbarbati v. N.Y. Post, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2190 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1984) ...... 7-33 Scaccia v. Dayton Newspapers, Inc., 170 Ohio App. 3d 471, 867 N.E.2d 874, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1429 (2007) ...... 5-12, 5-44 Scarpelli v. Jones, 229 Kan. 210, 626 P.2d 785, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1284 (1981) ...... 9-29 Schaecher v. Bouffault, 290 Va. 83, 92, 772 S.E.2d 589, 594 (2015) ...... 2-17, 2-124, 2-129 Schaefer v. Lynch, 406 So. 2d 185, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2302 (La. 1981) ...... 2-37, 2-38, ...... 2-39, 16-77 Schafer v. Time, Inc., 142 F.3d 1361 (11th Cir. 1998) ...... 2-8, 2-9, 3-28, 10-56 Schaffer v. Zekman, 196 Ill. App. 3d 727, 554 N.E.2d 988, 143 Ill. Dec. 916, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1931 (1990) ...... 2-128, 10-8, 12-27 Schafroth v. Baker, 276 Or. 39, 553 P.2d 1046 (1976) ...... 9-34, 9-43 Schanne v. Addis, ___ Pa. ___, ___, 121 A.3d 942, 949 (2015) ...... 8-22 Scharpenberg v. Carrington, 686 F. Supp. 2d 655 (E.D. Va. 2010) ...... 8-23, 16-7 Schatz v. Republican State Leadership Comm., 669 F.3d 50, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1417 (1st Cir. 2012) ...... 16-6 Schauer v. Mem’l Care Sys., 856 S.W.2d 437 (Tex. App. 1993) ...... 9-40, 9-46

TOC–222 Table of Cases

Scheidler v. NOW, Inc., 751 F. Supp. 743 (N.D. Ill. 1990) ...... 4-16, 4-17 Scheinblum v. Long Island Daily Press Publ’g Co., 37 Misc. 2d 1015, 239 N.Y.S.2d 435 (Sup. Ct. Kings Cnty. 1962), aff’d, 18 A.D.2d 841, 239 N.Y.S.2d 533 (2d Dep’t 1963) ...... 2-150 Schenck v. Or. Television, Inc., 146 Or. App. 430, 934 P.2d 480 (1997) ...... 11-7 Schermerhorn v. Rosenberg, 73 A.D.2d 276, 426 N.Y.S.2d 274, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1376 (2d Dep’t 1980) ...... 2-32, 2-43, 2-63, 7-54 Schiavone Constr. Co. v. Time, Inc., 646 F. Supp. 1511, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1664 (D.N.J. 1986), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 847 F.2d 1069, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1417 (3d Cir. 1988) ...... 2-80, 3-28, 5-84, 5-89, 10-27 Schiavone Constr. Co. v. Time, Inc., 735 F.2d 94, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1831 (3d Cir. 1984) ...... 2-112, 7-2, 7-21, 7-39 Schibursky v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 820 F. Supp. 1169 (D. Minn. 1993) ...... 2-48, 2-70 Schifano v. Greene Cnty. Greyhound Park, Inc., 624 So. 2d 178 (Ala. 1993) ...... 12-33 Schimizzi v. Ill. Farmers Ins. Co., 928 F. Supp. 760 (N.D. Ind. 1996) ...... 10-20 Schivarelli v. CBS, Inc., 333 Ill. App. 3d 755, 776 N.E.2d 693, 267 Ill. Dec. 321, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2268 (2002) ...... 4-23, 12-19 Schlagenhauf v. Holder, 379 U.S. 104 (1964) ...... 14-2 Schlegel v. Ottumwa Courier, 585 N.W.2d 217, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1178 (Iowa 1998) ...... 2-80, 2-125 Schlieman v. Gannett Minn. Broad., Inc., 637 N.W.2d 297 (Minn. Ct. App. 2001) ...... 2-38, 2-118 Schmalenberg v. Tacoma News, Inc., 87 Wash. App. 579, 943 P.2d 350 (1997) ...... 2-5 Schmitz v. Aston, 197 Ariz. 264, 3 P.3d 1184 (Ct. App. 2000) ...... 2-130, 9-8, 9-14, 9-32, ...... 9-40, 9-47, 10-26, 12-15, 13-61 Schmitz v. Smentowski, 109 N.M. 386, 785 P.2d 726 (1989) ...... 13-45, 13-45 Schnabel v. Meredith, 378 Pa. 609, 107 A.2d 860 (1954) ...... 2-15 Schneider v. Amazon.com, Inc., 108 Wash. App. 454, 31 P.3d 37, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2421 (2001) ...... 7-12, 8-55 Schneider v. Pay ’N Save Corp., 723 P.2d 619 (Alaska 1986) ...... 9-21

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–223 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Schnupp v. Smith, 249 Va. 353, 457 S.E.2d 42 (1995) ...... 10-38, 10-44 Schoen v. Schoen, 5 F.3d 1289, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1961 (9th Cir. 1993) ...... 14-7 Schoepflin v. Coffey, 162 N.Y. 12, 56 N.E. 502 (1900) ...... 2-114 Schoff v. York Cnty., 2000 ME 205, 761 A.2d 869 (2000) ...... 2-35 Scholz v. Boston Herald, Inc., 473 Mass. 242, 41 N.E.3d 38, 46, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 3172 (2015) ...... 4-12, 4-61 Schrader v. Eli Lilly & Co., 639 N.E.2d 258 (Ind. 1994) ...... 9-6, 9-40, 9-52, 9-54 Schrob v. Catterson, 967 F.2d 929 (3d Cir. 1992) ...... 8-29 Schrottman v. Barnicle, 386 Mass. 627, 437 N.E.2d 205, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2068 (1982) ...... 6-8, 6-9 Schulman v. Anderson Russell Kill & Olick, 117 Misc. 2d 162, 458 N.Y.S.2d 448 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1982) ...... 8-13 Schultz v. Boy Scouts of Am., 65 N.Y.2d 189, 480 N.E.2d 679, 491 N.Y.S.2d 90 (1985) ...... 15-52 Schultz v. Newsweek, Inc., 668 F.2d 911, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2552 (6th Cir. 1982) ...... 16-45 Schultz v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 468 F. Supp. 551, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2356 (E.D. Mich. 1979) ...... 2-15, 2-16, 5-29, 5-42, ...... 5-62, 5-76, 5-103, 5-115, 14-19 Schulze v. Bd. of Educ., 221 Kan. 351, 559 P.2d 367 (1977) ...... 8-40 Schuster v. U.S. News & World Report, Inc., 459 F. Supp. 973, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1911 (D. Minn. 1978), aff’d, 602 F.2d 850, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1773 (8th Cir. 1979) ...... 2-157, 2-158, ...... 2-162, 7-26, 13-15, 16-38 Schwaiger v. Avera Queen of Peace Health Servs., 714 N.W.2d 874 (S.D. 2006) ...... 9-25, 9-26 Schwartz v. Am. Coll. of Emergency Physicians, 215 F.3d 1140, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1929 (10th Cir. 2000) ...... 2-4 Schwartz v. OneWest Bank, FSB, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 162613 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 13, 2013) ...... 16-7 Schwartz v. Time, Inc., 71 Misc. 2d 769, 337 N.Y.S.2d 125 (N.Y. Cnty. 1972) ...... 14-19 Schwartz v. Worrall Publ’ns, Inc., 258 N.J. Super. 493, 610 A.2d 425, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1661 (1992) ...... 5-38, 5-114, 16-39

TOC–224 Table of Cases

Schweihs v. Burdick, 96 F.3d 917 (7th Cir. 1996) ...... 2-109 Sciandra v. Lynett, 409 Pa. 595, 187 A.2d 586 (1963) ...... 7-21, 7-24, 7-38 SCO Grp., Inc. v. Novell, Inc., 692 F. Supp. 2d 1287 (D. Utah 2010) ...... 13-6, 13-29 Scofield v. Milwaukee Free Press Co., 126 Wis. 81, 105 N.W. 227 (1905) ...... 2-16 Scott v. Hull, 22 Ohio App. 2d 141, 259 N.E.2d 160 (1970) ...... 2-93 Scott v. McCain, 272 S.C. 198, 250 S.E.2d 118 (1978) ...... 5-55 Scott v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 37 Cal. App. 3d 277, 112 Cal. Rptr. 609 (1974) ...... 4-43, 4-56, 8-45 Scott v. News-Herald, 25 Ohio St. 3d 243, 496 N.E.2d 699, 25 Ohio B. 302, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1241 (1986) ...... 4-11, 4-28, 5-10, 5-52 Scott v. Robert Trent Jones II, 984 F. Supp. 37 (D. Me. 1997) ...... 15-32 Scott v. Stansfield, L.R. 3 Ex. 220 (1868) ...... 8-8 Scott v. Statesville Plywood & Veneer Co., 240 N.C. 73, 81 S.E.2d 146 (1954) ...... 8-7 Scott v. Times-Mirror Co., 181 Cal. 345, 184 P. 672 (1919) ...... 10-36 Scott Fetzer Co. v. Williamson, 101 F.3d 549 (8th Cir. 1996) ...... 10-42 Scott Paper Co. v. Ft. Howard Paper Co., 343 F. Supp. 229 (E.D. Wis. 1972) ...... 13-8, 13-17, 13-21, 13-28 Scottsdale Publ’g, Inc. v. Superior Court, 159 Ariz. 72, 764 P.2d 1131, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1033 (Ct. App. 1988) ...... 16-77 Scott-Taylor, Inc. v. Stokes, 425 Pa. 426, 229 A.2d 733 (1967) ...... 2-13 Scripps Tex. Newspapers, L.P. v. Belacazar, 99 S.W.3d 829 (Tex. App. 2003) ...... 7-40 SDV/ACCI, Inc. v. AT&T Corp., 522 F.3d 955 (9th Cir. 2008) ...... 2-151, 2-171 Seale v. Gramercy Pictures, 964 F. Supp. 918 (E.D. Pa. 1997) ...... 5-123 Sears v. Kaiser, 2012 Ohio 1777 (Ct. App.) ...... 9-29 Seaton v. City of N. Charleston, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 176053 (D.S.C. 2012) ...... 2-138 Seaton v. TripAdvisor LLC, 728 F.3d 592 (6th Cir. 2013) ...... 4-60, 6-4 Seattle Times Co. v. Rhinehart, 467 U.S. 20, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1705 (1984) ...... 14-46

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–225 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Secord v. Cockburn, 747 F. Supp. 779, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1209 (D.D.C. 1990) ...... 5-101, 5-102, ...... 5-112, 16-38 Secrist v. Harkin, 874 F.2d 1244 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 933 (1989) ...... 4-10 Secured Fin. Solutions, LLC v. Winer, 2010 Tenn. App. LEXIS 70 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) ...... 2-55 Sec. Nat’l Bank v. Lish, 311 A.2d 833 (D.C. 1973) ...... 13-65 Seefried v. Hummel, 2005 Colo. App. LEXIS 1208 (Colo. Ct. App. July 28, 2005) ...... 4-76 Seegmiller v. KSL, Inc., 626 P.2d 968, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1012 (Utah 1981) ...... 6-5, 6-8 Seelig v. Infinity Broad. Corp., 97 Cal. App. 4th 798, 119 Cal. Rptr. 2d 108, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1691 (2002) ...... 4-58 Seide v. Gannett Co., 44 Misc. 2d 710, 254 N.Y.S.2d 911 (Monroe Cnty. 1964) ...... 10-60 Seith v. Chi. Sun-Times, Inc., 371 Ill. App. 3d 124, 861 N.E.2d 1117, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1630 (2007) ...... 4-43, 16-4 Selby v. Ilabaca, 1996 Tenn. App. LEXIS 254 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 5-11, 5-55 Selby v. Savard, 134 Ariz. 222, 655 P.2d 342 (1982) ...... 5-54 Sellers v. Henry, 329 S.W.2d 214 (Ky. Ct. App. 1959) ...... 12-38 Sellers v. Okla. Publ’g Co., 687 P.2d 116, 10 Media L. Rep. 1795 (Okla. 1984) ...... 2-140 Semco, Inc. v. Amcast, Inc., 52 F.3d 108 (6th Cir. 1995) ...... 13-30, 13-35 Senear v. Daily Journal-Am., 97 Wash. 2d 148, 641 P.2d 1180, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1151 (1982) ...... 14-15, 14-16, 14-17 Senna v. Florimont, 196 N.J. 469, 958 A.2d 427 (2008) ...... 5-134, 6-13 Serbian Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 696 (1976) ...... 4-77, 4-78, 4-79 Seropian v. Forman, 652 So. 2d 490 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 2-26, 5-54 Serv. Emps. Int’l Union Local 5 v. Prof’l Janitorial Serv. of Houston, Inc., 415 S.W.3d 387 (Tex. App. 2013) ...... 16-78 Serv. Parking Corp. v. Wash. Times Co., 92 F.2d 502 (D.C. Cir. 1937) ...... 2-162 Seven-Up Co. v. Coca-Cola Co., 86 F.3d 1379 (5th Cir. 1996) ...... 13-35

TOC–226 Table of Cases

Sewell v. Brookbank, 119 Ariz. 422, 581 P.2d 267, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1475 (Ct. App. 1978) ...... 5-54 Sewell v. Trib Publ’ns, Inc., 276 Ga. App. 250, 622 S.E.2d 919 (2005) ...... 5-44 Sexter & Warmflash, P.C. v. Margrabe, 38 A.D.3d 163, 828 N.Y.S.2d 315 (1st Dep’t 2007) ...... 8-6, 8-8, 8-12 Seymour v. A.S. Abell Co., 557 F. Supp. 951, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1098 (D. Md. 1983) ...... 3-21, 7-35, 15-45, 16-38 Seymour v. N.Y. State Elec. & Gas, 215 A.D.2d 971, 627 N.Y.S.2d 466 (3d Dep’t 1995) ...... 2-174 Shaari v. Harvard Student Agencies, Inc., 427 Mass. 129, 691 N.E.2d 925 (1998) ...... 3-9 Shady Grove Orthopedic Assocs. v. Allstate Ins., 559 U.S. 393 (2010) ...... 16-30 Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186 (1977) ...... 15-3, 15-14 Shafii v. British Airways, PLC, 83 F.3d 566 (2d Cir. 1996) ...... 8-58 Shafir v. Steele, 431 Mass. 365, 727 N.E.2d 1140 (2000) ...... 2-91 Shallenberger v. Scroggins-Tomlinson, Inc., 439 N.E.2d 699 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982) ...... 9-30 Shamoun v. Mushlin, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 45617 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) ...... 15-9, 15-12 Shanks v. AlliedSignal, Inc., 169 F.3d 988 (5th Cir. 1999) ...... 8-40 Shapiro v. Health Ins. Plan of Greater N.Y., 7 N.Y.2d 56, 163 N.E.2d 333, 194 N.Y.S.2d 509 (1959) ...... 9-27 Shapiro v. Massengill, 105 Md. App. 743, 661 A.2d 202 (1995) ...... 2-131 Sharon v. Time, Inc., 103 F.R.D. 86, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1044 (S.D.N.Y. 1984) ...... 3-28, 3-30, 10-55 Sharon v. Time, Inc., 575 F. Supp. 1162, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1146 (S.D.N.Y. 1983) ...... 2-20, 2-41, 2-85 Sharon v. Time, Inc., 599 F. Supp. 538, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1153 (S.D.N.Y. 1984) ...... 2-81, 4-71, ...... 5-15, 5-92, 7-32, ...... 14-30, 14-32, 14-33, 14-34 Sharratt v. Hous. Innovations, Inc., 365 Mass. 141, 310 N.E.2d 343 (1974) ...... 2-27, 2-125, 2-127 Shaw v. Hughes Aircraft Co., 83 Cal. App. 4th 1336, 100 Cal. Rptr. 2d 446 (2000) ...... 2-174 Shay v. Walters, 702 F.3d 76 (1st Cir. 2012) ...... 2-76, 3-29, 16-6 Shearer v. Bakery & Confectionery Workers’ Int’l Union, 294 F.2d 235 (D.C. Cir. 1961) ...... 2-172

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–227 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc. v. Tucker, 806 S.W.2d 914 (Tex. App. 1991) ...... 4-17 Sheehan v. Tobin, 326 Mass. 185, 93 N.E.2d 524 (1950) ...... 9-26 Sheetz v. Morning Call, Inc., 946 F.2d 202, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1385 (3d Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1095 (1992) ...... 13-71 Shelby v. Sun Printing & Publ’g Ass’n, 38 Hon. 474, aff’d, 109 N.Y. 611, 15 N.E. 895 (1886) ...... 2-51 Shell Oil Co. v. Writt, 464 S.W.3d 650 (Tex. 2015) ...... 8-23 Shenandoah Publ’g House, Inc. v. Gunter, 245 Va. 320, 427 S.E.2d 370, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1124 (1993) ...... 5-87, 6-5, 10-12 Shenefield v. Axtell, 274 Or. 279, 545 P.2d 876 (1976) ...... 13-2, 13-22, 13-23 Shepard v. Schurz Commc’ns, Inc., 847 N.E.2d 219 (Ind. App. 2006) ...... 16-23 Shepard v. TheHuffingtonPost.Com, Inc., 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 163374, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2605 (D. Minn. 2012) ...... 7-8 Sheppard v. Nicholas, 374 F. Supp. 804 (W.D. Pa. 1974) ...... 2-173 Sheridan v. Carter, 48 A.D.3d 444, 851 N.Y.S.2d 252 (2d Dep’t 2008) ...... 6-18 Sherman v. Rinchem Co., 687 F.3d 996 (8th Cir. 2012) ...... 9-19 Sherrod v. Breitbart, 843 F. Supp. 2d 83, 40 Media L. Rep (BNA) 1442 (D.D.C. 2012), aff’d on other grounds, 720 F.3d 932, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2007 (D.C. Cir. 2013) ...... 16-27 Sherry v. Quirk, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9174 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 8-10 Sherwood v. Evening News Ass’n, 256 Mich. 318, 239 N.W. 305 (1931) ...... 7-30 Shevin v. Sunbeam Television Corp., 351 So. 2d 723, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1312 (Fla. 1977), appeal dismissed, 435 U.S. 920 (1978) ...... 12-92, 12-96, 12-99 Shiamili v. Real Estate Grp. of N.Y., Inc., 17 N.Y.3d 281, 952 N.E.2d 1011, 929 N.Y.S.2d 19, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1922 (2011) ...... 7-11 Shifflet v. Thomson Newspapers Consol., Inc., 69 Ohio St. 2d 179, 431 N.E.2d 1014, 23 Ohio Op. 3d 205, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1199 (1982) ...... 2-127, 7-23 Shiles v. News Syndicate Co., 27 N.Y.2d 9, 261 N.E.2d 251, 313 N.Y.S.2d 104 (1970), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 999 (1971) ...... 7-35 Shipley v. Knoxville Journal Corp., 670 S.W.2d 222, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1099 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984) ...... 5-12

TOC–228 Table of Cases

Shipp v. Malouf, 439 S.W.3d 432 (Tex. App. 2014) ...... 16-24 Shively v. Bozanich, 31 Cal. 4th 1230, 80 P.3d 676, 7 Cal. Rptr. 3d 576 (2003) ...... 2-91, 2-109, ...... 2-109, 2-113, 7-2, 7-5 Shiver v. Valdosta Press, 82 Ga. App. 406, 61 S.E.2d 221 (1950) ...... 7-27 Shockley v. Cox Enters., Inc., 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1222 (N.D. Ga. 1983) ...... 2-53, 5-37 Shor v. Billingsley, 4 Misc. 2d 857, 158 N.Y.S.2d 476 (N.Y. Cnty. 1956), aff’d, 4 A.D.2d 1017, 169 N.Y.S.2d 416 (1st Dep’t 1957) ...... 2-11 Shulman v. Grp. W Prods., Inc., 18 Cal. 4th 200, 74 Cal. Rptr. 2d 843, 955 P.2d 469, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1737 (1998) ...... 12-36, 12-47, 12-48, ...... 12-52, 12-53, 12-54, 12-57, ...... 12-72, 12-81, 12-92, 12-93, 12-95 Shumate v. Johnson Publ’g Co., 139 Cal. App. 2d 121, 293 P.2d 531 (1956) ...... 3-29 Shupe v. Rose’s Stores, Inc., 213 Va. 374, 192 S.E.2d 766 (1972) ...... 2-119 Sibley v. Holyoke Transcript-Telegram Publ’g Co., 391 Mass. 468, 461 N.E.2d 823, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1557 (1984) ...... 7-28, 7-47 Sid Dillon Chevrolet-Oldsmobile-Pontiac, Inc. v. Sullivan, 251 Neb. 722, 559 N.W.2d 740 (1997) ...... 10-63 Sidis v. F-R Publ’g Corp., 113 F.2d 806 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 311 U.S. 711 (1940) ...... 12-46, 12-49, 12-54, ...... 12-57, 12-67, 12-68, 12-70, ...... 12-71, 12-72, 12-77, 15-50 Sieger v. Union of Orthodox Rabbis, 767 N.Y.S.2d 78, 1 A.D.3d 180 (1st Dep’t 2003) ...... 4-77 Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S. 226 (1991) ...... 13-71 Sierra Breeze v. Superior Court, 86 Cal. App. 3d 102, 149 Cal. Rptr. 914, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2141 (1978) ...... 4-54, 4-56, 16-77 Sierra Life Ins. Co. v. Magic Valley Newspapers, Inc., 101 Idaho 795, 623 P.2d 103, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1769 (1980) ...... 14-18, 14-21, 14-32 Sigafus v. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, L.L.C., 109 S.W.3d 174 (Mo. Ct. App. 2003), cert. denied, 124 S. Ct. 1413 (2004) ...... 5-31 Sikoski v. Eaton Leonard USA, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29721 (M.D. Tenn. 2005) ...... 2-102

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–229 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Silberg v. Anderson, 50 Cal. 3d 205, 266 Cal. Rptr. 638, 786 P.2d 365 (1990) ...... 8-5, 8-8, 8-23 Silberman v. Georges, 91 A.D.2d 520, 456 N.Y.S.2d 395, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2647 (1st Dep’t 1982) ...... 2-81 Silbowitz v. Lepper, 32 A.D.2d 520, 299 N.Y.S.2d 564 (1st Dep’t 1969) ...... 5-12 Silence v. Journal Star Printing Co., 201 Neb. 159, 266 N.W.2d 533, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2550 (1978) ...... 2-22 Silk v. City of Chicago, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8334 (N.D. Ill. 1996) ...... 2-68, 12-16 Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 563 F.2d 433 (10th Cir. 1977) ...... 14-4 Sillars v. Collier, 151 Mass. 50, 23 N.E. 723 (1890) ...... 4-57 Silver v. Levinson, 648 So. 2d 240 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1994) ...... 15-40 Silvera v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 189 F. Supp. 2d 304 (D. Md. 2002) ...... 2-94 Silvester v. Am. Broad.Cos., 839 F.2d 1491, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1138 (11th Cir. 1988) ...... 5-24, 5-38, 5-59 Simas v. First Citizens’ Fed. Credit Union, 63 F. Supp. 2d 110 (D. Mass. 1999) ...... 2-60 Simmons Ford, Inc. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 516 F. Supp. 742, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1776 (S.D.N.Y. 1981) ...... 2-83, 2-85, 5-95, 13-9 Simms v. Seaman, 308 Conn. 523, 69 A.3d 880 (2013) ...... 2-80 Simon v. Shearson Lehman Bros., Inc., 895 F.2d 1304 (11th Cir. 1990) ...... 2-116, 10-47, 10-49 Simonson v. United Press Int’l, Inc., 654 F.2d 478, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1737 (7th Cir. 1981) ...... 3-21 Simpkins v. Snow, 139 N.H. 735, 661 A.2d 772 (1995) ...... 2-94 Simpson v. Mars, Inc., 113 Nev. 188, 929 P.2d 966 (1997) ...... 2-102, 2-103 Simpson Strong-Tie Co. v. Gore, 49 Cal. 4th 12, 230 P.3d 1117, 109 Cal. Rptr. 3d 329, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1737 (2010) ...... 16-15 Simpson Strong-Tie Co. v. Stewart, Estes & Donnell, 232 S.W.3d 18 (Tenn. 2007) ...... 8-13 Sims v. Barnes, 689 N.E.2d 734 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) ...... 8-36 Sims v. KIRO, Inc., 20 Wash. App. 229, 580 P.2d 642, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1149 (1978), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 945 (1979) ...... 2-21, 2-149, 2-159

TOC–230 Table of Cases

Sims v. Mack Truck Corp., 488 F. Supp. 592 (E.D. Pa. 1980) ...... 13-27 Sinai v. Mitchell Books, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1800 (N.D. Cal. 1991) ...... 13-67 Sinatra v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 854 F.2d 1191, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1949 (9th Cir. 1988) ...... 12-86, 15-32 Sinclair v. Gannett, 148 Me. 229, 91 A.2d 551 (1952) ...... 2-42 Sinclair v. TubeSockTedD, 596 F. Supp. 2d 128 (D.D.C. 2009) ...... 14-39, 14-42 Singer Mfg. Co. v. Domestic Sewing Mach. Co., 49 Ga. 70 (1873) ...... 10-60 Singh v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mass., Inc., 182 F. Supp. 2d 164 (D. Mass. 2001), aff’d, 308 F.3d 25 (1st Cir. 2002) ...... 8-56 Sinnett v. Albert, 188 Neb. 176, 195 N.W.2d 506 (1972) ....8-7, 8-43 Sipple v. Chronicle Publ’g Co., 154 Cal. App. 3d 1040, 201 Cal. Rptr. 665, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1690 (1984) ...... 12-44, 12-50 Sipple v. Found. for Nat’l Progress, 71 Cal. App. 4th 226, 83 Cal. Rptr. 2d 677 (1999) ...... 5-31, 7-27, 7-37, 10-76, 16-16 Sisemore v. U.S. News & World Report, Inc., 662 F. Supp. 1529, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1590 (D. Alaska 1987) ...... 6-14 Sisler v. Gannett Co., 104 N.J. 256, 516 A.2d 1083, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1577 (1986) ...... 6-13 Sisley v. Seattle Pub. Sch., 321 P.3d 276 (Wash. Ct. App. 2014) ...... 2-18 Skakel v. Grace, 5 F. Supp. 3d 199, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1437 (D. Conn. 2014) ...... 2-132, 5-64 Skinner v. Dwyer, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1935 (N.D.N.Y. 1992) ...... 13-71 Skolnick v. Nudelman, 95 Ill. App. 2d 293, 237 N.E.2d 804 (1968) ...... 2-50 Sky Fun 1 v. Schuttloffel, 27 P.3d 361 (Colo. 2001) ...... 8-54 Slawek v. Stroh, 62 Wis. 2d 295, 215 N.W.2d 9 (1974) ...... 13-48 Slawik v. News-Journal Co., 428 A.2d 15, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1112 (Del. 1981) ...... 2-76 Sleepy’s LLC v. Select Comfort Wholesale Corp., 779 F.3d 191 (2d Cir. 2015) ...... 4-27, 8-60, 8-61 Sleem v. Yale Univ., 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1897 (M.D.N.C. 1993) ...... 2-136 Slue v. N.Y. Univ. Med. Ctr., 409 F. Supp. 2d 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) ...... 3-14, 9-29 Smalls v. Wright, 241 Va. 52, 399 S.E.2d 805 (1991) ...... 9-40

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–231 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Smiley’s Too, Inc. v. Denver Post Corp., 935 P.2d 39, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2272 (Colo. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 3-8 Smitek v. Lorain Cnty. Printing & Publ’g Co., 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1403 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995) ...... 7-21, 7-37 Smitek v. Peaco, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 3639 (1994) ...... 9-2, 9-3, 9-6 Smith v. Airborne Freight Co., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5607 (N.D. Cal. 1996) ...... 2-132 Smith v. Ameriflora 1992, Inc., 96 Ohio App. 3d 179, 644 N.E.2d 1038 (1994) ...... 13-43 Smith v. Anonymous Joint Enter., 487 Mich. 102, 793 N.W.2d 533 (2010) ...... 5-87 Smith v. Ark. La. Gas Co., 645 So. 2d 785 (La. Ct. App. 1994) ...... 12-17 Smith v. Barnes, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14150 (M.D. Pa. 1995) ...... 8-51 Smith v. California, 361 U.S. 147 (1959) ...... 5-132, 7-16, 16-36 Smith v. Cuban Am. Nat’l Found., 657 So. 2d 86 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 15-30 Smith v. Cuban Am. Nat’l Found., 731 So. 2d 702, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2499 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999) ...... 2-21, 3-18 Smith v. Daily Mail Publ’g Co., 443 U.S. 97, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1305 (1979) ..... 1-49, 12-62, 12-63, 12-66 Smith v. Danielczyk, 400 Md. 98, 928 A.2d 795 (2007) ...... 5-11, 8-3, 8-53 Smith v. DataCard Corp., 9 F. Supp. 2d 1067, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9352 (D. Minn. 1998) ...... 13-63 Smith v. Des Moines Pub. Schs., 259 F.3d 942 (8th Cir. 2001) ...... 9-45 Smith v. Devers, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1125 (M.D. Ala. 2002) ...... 12-92 Smith v. Doss, 251 Ala. 250, 37 So. 2d 118 (1948) ...... 12-8, 12-55, 12-67, 12-75 Smith v. Dunlop Tire & Rubber Co., 186 S.C. 456, 196 S.E. 174 (1938) ...... 8-62 Smith v. Durden, 276 P.3d 943 (N.M. 2012) ...... 2-81, 2-124, 2-126 Smith v. Esquire, Inc., 494 F. Supp. 967, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1825 (D. Md. 1980) ...... 12-29 Smith v. Fairman, 98 F.R.D. 445 (C.D. Ill. 1982) ...... 12-93 Smith v. Farha, 266 Kan. 991, 974 P.2d 563 (1999) ...... 9-30 Smith v. Humane Soc’y of the U.S., ___ S.W.3d ___, 2015 Mo. App. LEXIS 684 (Mo. Ct. App. 2015) ...... 12-11 Smith v. Huntington Publ’g Co., 410 F. Supp. 1270 (S.D. Ohio 1975), aff’d, 535 F.2d 1255 (6th Cir. 1976) ...... 2-149

TOC–232 Table of Cases

Smith v. IMG Worldwide, Inc., 437 F. Supp. 2d 297 (E.D. Pa. 2006) ...... 2-106, 2-108 Smith v. Intercosmos Media Grp., Inc., 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24251 (E.D. La. 2002) ...... 8-55 Smith v. Iowa State Univ. of Sci. Tech., 851 N.W.2d 1, 30 (Iowa 2014) ...... 13-51 Smith v. Levitt, 227 F.2d 855 (9th Cir. 1955) ...... 4-75 Smith v. Long Island Youth Guidance, Inc., 181 A.D.2d 820, 581 N.Y.S.2d 401 (2d Dep’t 1992) ...... 2-163 Smith v. Maldonado, 72 Cal. App. 4th 637, 85 Cal. Rptr. 2d 397 (1999) ...... 2-13, 3-14 Smith v. McDonald, 472 U.S. 479 (1985) ...... 8-40 Smith v. McDonald, 895 F.2d 147, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1499 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 814 (1990) ...... 8-40 Smith v. McMullen, 589 F. Supp. 642, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2250 (S.D. Tex. 1984) ...... 2-53 Smith v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 138 Cal. App. 2d 807, 292 P.2d 600 (1956) ...... 12-43, 12-65, 12-73 Smith v. Russell, 456 So. 2d 462, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1275 (Fla. 1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1027 (1985) ...... 5-11 Smith v. Smith, 194 S.C. 247, 9 S.E.2d 584 (1940) ...... 3-14, 3-16 Smith v. Smith, 236 N.Y. 581, 142 N.E. 292 (1923) ...... 2-141 Smith v. Stewart, 291 Ga. App. 86, 660 S.E.2d 822 (2008) ...... 2-168 Smith v. Suburban Rests., Inc., 374 Mass. 528, 373 N.E.2d 215 (1978) ...... 8-15 Smith v. Superior Court, 105 Cal. App. 4th 1169, 130 Cal. Rptr. 2d 315 (2003) ...... 8-19 Smith v. United Church Ministry, Inc., 212 A.D.2d 1038, 623 N.Y.S.2d 46 (4th Dep’t 1995) ...... 2-25 Smith v. White, 799 So. 2d 83 (Miss. 2001) ...... 9-49 Smith-Johnson Motor Corp. v. Hoffman Motors Corp., 411 F. Supp. 670 (E.D. Va. 1975) ...... 10-33 Smoot v. Chi., Rock Island & Pac. R.R. Co., 378 F.2d 879 (10th Cir. 1967) ...... 15-45 Snead v. Forbes, Inc., 2 Ill. App. 3d 22, 275 N.E.2d 746 (1971) ...... 15-54 Snead v. Redland Aggregates Ltd., 998 F.2d 1325, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1865 (5th Cir. 1993), cert. dismissed, 511 U.S. 1050 (1994) ...... 3-8, 5-46, 6-27, 10-27 Snider v. Nat’l Audubon Soc’y, Inc., 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1218 (E.D. Cal. 1992) ...... 2-22

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–233 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Snitowsky v. NBC Subsidiary (WMAQ-TV), Inc., 297 Ill. App. 3d 304, 696 N.E.2d 761, 231 Ill. Dec. 465, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2265 (1998) ...... 5-17, 7-3, 7-39 Snowden v. Pearl River Broad. Corp., 251 So. 2d 405 (La. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 259 La. 887, 253 So. 2d 217 (1971) ...... 5-83, 5-110, 7-18, 10-13 Snyder v. AG Trucking, Inc., 57 F.3d 484 (6th Cir. 1995) ...... 2-90 Snyder v. Fatherly, 153 Va. 762, 151 S.E. 149 (1929) ...... 3-30 Snyder v. Phelps, 562 U.S. 443 (2011) ...... 13-57, 13-58, 16-61 Socorro v. IMI Data Search, Inc., 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7400 (N.D. Ill. 2003) ...... 2-68 Sodergren v. Johns Hopkins Univ. Applied Physics Lab., 138 Md. App. 686, 773 A.2d 592 (2001) ...... 8-14 Soke v. Plain Dealer, 69 Ohio St. 3d 395, 632 N.E.2d 1282, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1910 (1994) ...... 5-10, 5-18 Sola v. Leighton, 45 A.3d 502 (R.I. 2012) ...... 2-108 Solaia Tech., LLC v. Specialty Publ’g Co., 221 Ill. 2d 558, 852 N.E.2d 825, 304 Ill. Dec. 369, 34 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1997 (2006) ...... 2-72, 2-131, ...... 7-20, 7-27, 7-38 Solano v. Playgirl, Inc., 292 F.3d 1078, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1878 (9th Cir. 2002) ...... 12-24, 12-89 Solers, Inc. v. Doe, 977 A.2d 941, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2229 (D.C. 2009) ...... 14-38 Soliz v. Williams, 74 Cal. App. 4th 577, 88 Cal. Rptr. 2d 184 (1999) ...... 8-9 Sommer v. Gabor, 40 Cal. App. 4th 1455, 48 Cal. Rptr. 2d 235, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1225 (1995) ...... 10-54 Sommer v. Oak Brook Park Dist., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10438 (N.D. Ill. 1996) ...... 3-9, 13-72 Sony Music Entm’t, Inc. v. Does 1-40, 326 F. Supp. 2d 556 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) ...... 14-36 Soraghan v. Henlopen Acres, Inc., 236 F. Supp. 489 (D. Del. 1964) ...... 2-172 Sosa v. DIRECTV,Inc., 437 F.3d 923 (9th Cir. 2006) ...... 9-38 Soto-Lebron v. Fed. Express Corp., 538 F.3d 45 (1st Cir. 2008) ...... 2-103, 9-19, 9-21, 9-28, 10-49 S.C. State Ports Auth. v. Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Inc., 676 F. Supp. 346, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2132 (D.D.C. 1987) ...... 13-69

TOC–234 Table of Cases

Southall v. Little Rock Newspapers, Inc., 332 Ark. 123, 964 S.W.2d 187 (1998) ...... 5-33 Southard v. Forbes, Inc., 588 F.2d 140, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2019 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 832 (1979) ...... 2-19, 2-77 Se. Newspapers, Inc. v. Walker, 76 Ga. App. 57, 44 S.E.2d 697 (1947) ...... 11-8 S. Air Transp. Inc. v. Am. Broad. Cos., 670 F. Supp. 38, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2345 (D.D.C. 1987) ...... 12-30 S. Air Transp., Inc. v. Am. Broad. Cos., 877 F.2d 1010, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1858 (D.C. Cir. 1989) ...... 2-35, 2-36 S. Bell Tel. & Tel. v. Coastal Transmission, 167 Ga. App. 611, 307 S.E.2d 83 (1983) ...... 2-93 S. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Barnes, 443 So. 2d 1085 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1984) ...... 2-103 Southwell v. S. Poverty Law Ctr., 949 F. Supp. 1303 (W.D. Mich. 1996) ...... 14-19 Spacecon Specialty Contractors, LLC v. Bensinger, 713 F.3d 1028, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1690 (10th Cir. 2013) ...... 6-11 Spahn v. Julian Messner, Inc., 21 N.Y.2d 124, 233 N.E.2d 840, 286 N.Y.S.2d 832, 30 A.L.R.3D 196 (1967), appeal dismissed, 393 U.S. 1046 (1969) ...... 2-62, 5-124, 12-4, 12-101 Spalding v. Vilas, 161 U.S. 483 (1896) ...... 8-4, 8-33 Spanel v. Pegler, 160 F.2d 619, 171 A.L.R. 699 (7th Cir. 1947) ...... 2-43, 2-45 Sparagon v. Native Am. Publishers, Inc., 1996 SD 3, 542 N.W.2d 125 (1996) ...... 5-72, 11-4 Sparks v. Reneau Publ’g Inc., 245 F.R.D. 583, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2185 (E.D. Tex. 2007) ...... 5-12 SPCA of Upstate N.Y., Inc. v. Am. Working Collie Ass’n, 18 N.Y.3d 400, 963 N.E.2d 1226, 940 N.Y.S.2d 525 (2012) ...... 15-12 Sparrow, Ex parte, 14 F.R.D. 351 (D. Ala. 1953) ...... 14-28 Spears v. McCormick & Co., Inc., 520 So. 2d 805 (La. Ct. App. 1987) ...... 16-50, 16-54 Spector Motor Serv., Inc. v. McLaughlin, 323 U.S. 101 (1944) ...... 5-6 Speed v. Scott, 787 So. 2d 626 (Miss. 2001) ...... 2-119 Speer v. Ottaway Newspapers, Inc., 828 F.2d 475, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1601 (8th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 970 (1988) ...... 2-177, 5-102, 5-108, 5-112

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–235 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513 (1958) ...... 1-6, 3-11, 16-35 Spence v. Flynt, 647 F. Supp. 1266 (D. Wyo. 1986) ...... 15-46 Spence v. Flynt, 816 P.2d 771, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1129 (Wyo. 1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 984 (1992) ...... 2-53 Spence v. Funk, 396 A.2d 967, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1981 (Del. 1978) ...... 2-10, 2-15, ...... 2-16, 2-64, 2-122, 2-123 Spencer v. Harmon Enters., Inc., 234 Cal. App. 2d 614, 44 Cal. Rptr. 683 (1965) ...... 13-4, 13-16, 13-17, 13-24, 13-25 Spencer v. Minnick, 41 Okla. 613, 139 P. 130 (1913) ...... 2-53 Spikes, In re, 881 A.2d 1118 (D.C. 2005) ...... 8-10, 8-43, 9-10, 10-73 Spoehr v. Mittelstadt, 34 Wis. 2d 653, 150 N.W.2d 502 (1967) ...... 8-10 Spokane Truck & Dray Co. v. Hoefer, 2 Wash. 45, 25 P. 1072 (1891) ...... 10-29 Sports Unlimited, Inc. v. Lankford Enters., Inc., 275 F.3d 996 (10th Cir. 2002) ...... 13-43 Spradley v. Sutton, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1481 (Fla. Cir. Ct. 1982) ...... 12-44 Sprague v. Am. Bar Ass’n, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18707, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1220 (E.D. Pa. 2001) ...... 2-28 Sprague v. Walter, 441 Pa. Super. 1, 656 A.2d 890 (1995) ...... 5-106, 10-15, 10-25, ...... 10-31, 10-37, 10-46 Sprague v. Walter, 518 Pa. 425, 543 A.2d 1078, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1625, appeal dismissed, 488 U.S. 988 (1988) ...... 14-32 Sprewell v. NYP Holdings, Inc., 43 A.D.3d 16, 841 N.Y.S.2d 7, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1124 (1st Dep’t 2007) ...... 14-20 Springer v. Swift, 59 S.D. 208, 239 N.W. 171, 78 A.L.R. 1171 (1931) ...... 8-53 Springer v. Viking Press, 90 A.D.2d 315, 457 N.Y.S.2d 246, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2613 (1st Dep’t 1982), aff’d, 60 N.Y.2d 916, 470 N.Y.S.2d 579, 458 N.E.2d 1256, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2560 (1983) ...... 2-168 Sprouse v. Clay Commc’n, Inc., 158 W. Va. 427, 211 S.E.2d 674, cert. denied, 423 U.S. 882 (1975) ...... 2-42, 2-43, 2-44, 5-83, 10-31 Squire Records, Inc. v. Vanguard Recording Soc’y, Inc., 25 A.D.2d 190, 268 N.Y.S.2d 251 (1st Dep’t), aff’d, 19 N.Y.2d 797, 226 N.E.2d 542, 279 N.Y.S.2d 737 (1967) ...... 13-46

TOC–236 Table of Cases

Sriberg v. Raymond, 370 Mass. 105, 345 N.E.2d 882 (1976) ...... 8-13 S.R.W. Assocs. v. Bellport Beach Prop. Owners, 129 A.D.2d 328, 517 N.Y.S.2d 741, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1493 (2d Dep’t 1987) ...... 13-45 Stafford v. Cross Country Bank, 262 F. Supp. 2d 776 (W.D. Ky. 2003) ...... 9-25 Stalvey v. Atlanta Bus. Chronicle Inc., 202 Ga. App. 597, 414 S.E.2d 898, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1389 (1992) ...... 2-78 Stamathis v. Flying J, Inc., 389 F.3d 429 (4th Cir. 2004) ...... 10-47 Standard Jury Instructions, In re, 575 So. 2d 194, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2249 (Fla. 1991) ...... 3-15 Standing Comm. on Discipline v. Yagman, 55 F.3d 1430 (9th Cir. 1995) ...... 2-48, 4-23, 4-37, 4-49, ...... 4-50, 4-51, 4-52, 4-58, 4-63 Standridge v. Ramey, 323 N.J. Super. 538, 733 A.2d 1197 (App. Div. 1999) ...... 5-9, 14-8, 16-48 Stange v. Cox Enters., Inc., 211 Ga. App. 731, 440 S.E.2d 503 (1994) ...... 5-90 Stanley v. CF-VH Assocs., Inc., 956 F. Supp. 55, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1587 (D. Mass. 1997) ...... 15-49 Stanton v. Metro Corp., 438 F.3d 119 (1st Cir. 2006) ...... 2-59, 2-76, 2-151 Staples v. Bangor Hydro-Elec. Co., 629 A.2d 601 (Me. 1993) ...... 2-103 Star Editorial v. U.S. Dist. Court, 7 F.3d 856 (9th Cir. 1993) ...... 14-44 Starace v. Chi. Tribune Co., 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2330 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) ...... 15-54 Starnes v. Capital Cities Media, Inc., 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2115 (Ill. App. Ct. 1992) ...... 4-17, 4-56, 5-14 Starnes v. Int’l Harvester Co., 141 Ill. App. 3d 652, 96 Ill. Dec. 26, 490 N.E.2d 1062 (1986) ...... 8-36 Starnes v. Int’l Harvester Co., 184 Ill. App. 3d 199, 132 Ill. Dec. 566, 539 N.E.2d 1372 (1989) ...... 8-5, 8-19 Starr v. Boudreaux, 978 So. 2d 384, 36 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2499 (La. Ct. App. 2007) ...... 5-36, 16-21 Starr v. Pearle Vision, Inc., 54 F.3d 1548 (10th Cir. 1995) ...... 2-94, 2-96, 2-102, 2-173 Star-Telegram, Inc. v. Doe, 915 S.W.2d 471, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2492 (Tex. 1995) ...... 12-52, 12-53 State v. Carpenter, 171 P.3d 41 (Alaska 2007) ...... 12-19, 13-55, 13-59

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–237 SACK ON DEFAMATION

State v. Crawley, 819 N.W.2d 94 (Minn. 2012), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 1493 (2013) ...... 3-5 State Bank v. Potosi Tie & Lumber Co., 299 Ill. App. 524, 20 N.E.2d 893 (1939) ...... 10-32 State ex rel. BP Prods. N. Am., Inc. v. Ross, 163 S.W.3d 922 (Mo. 2005) ...... 13-7, 13-9, 13-28 State ex rel. Lincoln Journal, Inc. v. Hustead, 28 W. Va. 17, 716 S.E.2d 507, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1721 (2011) ...... 14-16 State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Compupay, Inc., 654 So. 2d 944 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 13-2 State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Radcliff, 987 N.E.2d 121 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) ..... 9-49, 10-8, 10-15, 10-37 State Farm Mut. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408 (2003) ...... 10-21 Stauffer v. Fredericksburg Ramada, Inc., 411 F. Supp. 1136 (D. Va. 1976) ...... 13-68 Stead-Bowers v. Langley, 636 N.W.2d 334 (Minn. Ct. App. 2001) ...... 2-80 Steadman v. Lapensohn, 408 Mich. 50, 288 N.W.2d 580, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2579 (1980) ...... 5-84 Steak Bit of Westbury, Inc. v. Newsday, Inc., 70 Misc. 2d 437, 334 N.Y.S.2d 325 (Sup. Ct. Nassau Cnty. 1972) ...... 4-72, 13-10 Steaks Unlimited, Inc. v. Deaner, 468 F. Supp. 779, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2569 (W.D. Pa. 1979), aff’d, 623 F.2d 264, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1129 (3d Cir. 1980) ...... 5-40, 5-43, 5-48, 16-34 Steaks Unlimited, Inc. v. Deaner, 80 F.R.D. 140, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1655 (W.D. Pa. 1978), aff’d, 623 F.2d 264, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1129 (3d Cir. 1980) ...... 14-29, 14-30 Steam Press Holdings, Inc. v. Haw. Teamsters Union, Local 996, 302 F.3d 998 (9th Cir. 2002) ...... 4-32 Stearns v. McManis, 543 S.W.2d 659 (Tex. Civ. App. 1976) ...... 9-43 Steer v. Lexleon, Inc., 58 Md. App. 199, 472 A.2d 1021, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1582 (1984) ...... 7-21 Steere v. Cupp, 226 Kan. 566, 602 P.2d 1267, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2046 (1979) ...... 5-16, 5-29, 5-40, 5-43 Stegall v. WTWV, Inc., 609 So. 2d 348, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1280 (Miss. 1992) ...... 1-29, 2-140 Steinbach v. Nw. Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 728 F. Supp. 1389 (D. Minn. 1989) ...... 2-102

TOC–238 Table of Cases

Steinhausen v. HomeServices of Neb., Inc., 289 Neb. 927, 857 N.W.2d 816, 828 (2015) ...... 2-6, 2-48, 4-53, ...... 12-26, 12-35, 13-44 Steinhilber v. Alphonse, 68 N.Y.2d 283, 508 N.Y.S.2d 901, 501 N.E.2d 550, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1562 (1986) ...... 2-52, 4-26, 4-27, 4-33 Stepanian v. Addis, 699 F.2d 1046 (11th Cir. 1983) ...... 8-18 Stepanov v. Dow Jones & Co., 120 A.D.3d 28, 987 N.Y.S.2d 37, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1973 (1st Dep’t 2014) ...... 2-36 Stepek v. Doe, 392 Ill. App. 3d 739, 910 N.E.2d 655, 331 Ill. Dec. 246 (2009) ...... 2-90, 4-77 Stephan v. Baylor Med. Ctr., 20 S.W.3d 880 (Tex. App. 2000) ...... 7-7, 8-60 Stephano v. News Grp. Publ’ns, Inc., 64 N.Y.2d 174, 474 N.E.2d 580, 485 N.Y.S.2d 220, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1303 (1984) ...... 12-103 Stephens v. Geoghegan, 702 So. 2d 517 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997) ...... 8-48 Stephens Indus., Inc. v. Haskins & Sells, 438 F.2d 357 (10th Cir. 1971) ...... 13-65 Sterling Interiors Grp., Inc. v. Haworth, Inc., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10756 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 2-70 Stern v. Cosby, 645 F. Supp. 2d 258 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) ...... 2-33 Stern v. Delphi Internet Servs. Corp., 165 Misc. 2d 21, 626 N.Y.S.2d 694 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1995) ...... 12-87, 12-88 Stevens v. Indep. Newspapers, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1097 (Del. Super. Ct. 1988) ...... 2-42 Stevens v. Iowa Newspapers, Inc., 728 N.W.2d 823, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1385 (Iowa 2007) ...... 2-35, 2-39, 5-30 Stevens v. Sun Publ’g Co., 270 S.C. 65, 240 S.E.2d 812, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2025, cert. denied, 436 U.S. 945 (1978) ...... 5-88, 5-90, 5-91, 5-110 Stevens v. Tillman, 855 F.2d 394 (7th Cir. 1988) ...... 2-46, 4-4, 4-31, 5-9 Stevenson v. Balt. Baseball Club, Inc., 250 Md. 482, 243 A.2d 533 (1968) ...... 9-54 Stevenson v. Hearst Consol. Publ’ns, Inc., 214 F.2d 902 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 348 U.S. 874 (1954) ...... 10-24, 10-28 Stevenson v. Nottingham, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1585 (Fla. Cir. Ct. 1978) ...... 12-57, 12-63

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–239 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Stewart v. Fahey, 14 Ariz. App. 149, 481 P.2d 519 (1971) ...... 8-23 Stewart v. Pantry, Inc., 715 F. Supp. 1361 (W.D. Ky. 1988) ...... 2-103 Stewart v. Sun Sentinel Co., 695 So. 2d 360, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1763 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997) ...... 5-11, 7-24, 8-47, 16-38 Stewart v. Troutt, 73 Mich. App. 378, 251 N.W.2d 594 (1977) ...... 8-52 Stien v. Marriott Ownership Resorts, Inc., 944 P.2d 374 (Utah Ct. App. 1997) ...... 12-19 Stiles v. Chrysler Motor Corp., 89 Ohio App. 3d 256, 624 N.E.2d 238 (1993) ...... 8-56, 13-42, 13-59, 13-70 Stiles v. Kearney, 168 Wash. App. 250, 277 P.3d 9 (2012) ...... 10-72 Stillman v. Ford, 22 N.Y.2d 48, 290 N.Y.S.2d 893, 238 N.E.2d 394 (1968) ...... 9-26 Stockstill v. Shell Oil Co., 3 F.3d 868 (5th Cir. 1993) ...... 9-4, 9-11, 9-52 Stoddard v. W. Telemarketing, L.P., 501 F. Supp. 2d 862 (W.D. Tex. 2007) ...... 9-20 Stokes v. Cross, 327 F.3d 1210 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ...... 8-29 Stokes v. Meimaris, 111 Ohio App. 3d 176, 675 N.E.2d 1289 (1996) ...... 2-118, 10-8 Stolz v. KSFM 102 FM, 30 Cal. App. 4th 195, 35 Cal. Rptr. 2d 740, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1233 (1994) ...... 3-8, 5-29, 5-72 Stone v. Banner Publ’g Corp., 677 F. Supp. 242, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1698 (D. Vt. 1988) ...... 7-29 Stone v. Essex Cnty. Newspapers, Inc., 367 Mass. 849, 330 N.E.2d 161 (1975) ...... 5-72, 5-130, 6-3, ...... 10-30, 10-52, 10-53 Stone v. Hutchinson Daily News, 125 Kan. 715, 266 P. 78, 58 A.L.R. 718 (1928) ...... 7-28 Stone v. Pa. Merch. Grp., Ltd., 949 F. Supp. 316 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 10-71 Stones River Motors, Inc. v. Mid-South Publ’g Co., 651 S.W.2d 713 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983) ...... 4-11 Stoody Co. v. Royer, 374 F.2d 672 (10th Cir. 1967) ...... 13-8 Storms v. Action Wis. Inc., 309 Wis. 2d 704, 750 N.W.2d 739 (2008) ...... 10-73 Story v. Shelter Bay Co., 52 Wash. App. 334, 760 P.2d 368, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2338 (1988) ...... 8-40 Stout v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, ___, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 155217 (N.D. Ohio 2015) ...... 12-28

TOC–240 Table of Cases

Stover v. Journal Publ’g Co., 105 N.M. 291, 731 P.2d 1335 (Ct. App. 1985), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 897 (1987) ...... 7-36 Stover v. O’Connell Assocs., Inc., 84 F.3d 132 (4th Cir. 1996) ...... 15-27 Strada v. Conn. Newspapers, Inc., 193 Conn. 313, 477 A.2d 1005, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2165 (1984) ...... 2-37, 3-26, 5-99 Straitwell v. Nat’l Steel Corp., 869 F.2d 248, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1329 (4th Cir. 1989) ...... 9-12, 9-31, 9-55 Strange v. Henderson, 223 Ga. App. 218, 477 S.E.2d 330 (1996) ...... 2-11 Strasburger v. Bd. of Educ., 143 F.3d 351 (7th Cir. 1998) ...... 13-51, 13-72 Stratman v. Brent, 291 Ill. App. 3d 123, 225 Ill. Dec. 448, 683 N.E.2d 951 (1997) ...... 8-49 Stratton Oakmont, Inc. v. Prodigy Servs. Co., 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1794, 1995 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 229 (Sup. Ct. Nassau Cnty. 1995) ...... 7-11 Street v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 645 F.2d 1227, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1001 (6th Cir.), cert. granted, 454 U.S. 815, cert. dismissed, 454 U.S. 1095 (1981) ...... 3-1, 3-33, 5-50, 5-65, 5-123 Streeter v. Emmons Cnty. Farmers’ Press, 57 N.D. 438, 222 N.W. 445 (1928) ...... 4-74 Strehl v. Case Corp., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17681 (N.D. Ill. 1997) ...... 8-58 Streips v. LTV Corp., 216 A.D.2d 923, 629 N.Y.S.2d 132 (4th Dep’t 1995) ...... 2-60 Strelsin v. Barrett, 36 A.D.2d 923, 320 N.Y.S.2d 885 (1st Dep’t 1971) ...... 15-8 Stringer v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 151 S.W.3d 781 (Ky. 2004) ...... 2-115, 2-116, 2-119, 2-126, ...... 5-55, 9-28, 13-48, 13-51, 13-52 Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359 (1931) ...... 1-4, 1-13 Strong v. Okla. Publ’g Co., 899 P.2d 1185 (Okla. Ct. App. 1995) ...... 2-57, 5-8, 5-10 Stryker v. Republic Pictures Corp., 108 Cal. App. 2d 191, 238 P.2d 670 (1951) ...... 12-49 Stuart v. Porcello, 193 A.D.2d 311, 603 N.Y.S.2d 597 (3d Dep’t 1993) ...... 9-30 Stuart v. Spademan, 772 F.2d 1185 (5th Cir. 1985) ...... 15-16

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–241 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Stuborn Ltd. P’ship v. Bernstein, 245 F. Supp. 2d 312 (D. Mass. 2003) ...... 16-30 Stuempges v. Parke, Davis & Co., 297 N.W.2d 252, 24 A.L.R.4TH 132 (Minn. 1980) ...... 2-80, 2-117, ...... 2-125, 5-78, 6-24, 9-5, 9-41 Stukuls v. State of New York, 42 N.Y.2d 272, 366 N.E.2d 829, 397 N.Y.S.2d 740 (1977) ...... 3-14, 8-50, 9-29, 9-44 Stultz v. Cousins, 242 F. 794 (6th Cir. 1917) ...... 2-33 Suarez v. CBS, Inc., 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1711, 1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 9373 (6th Cir. 1994) ...... 2-67 Subpoena to Donovan Slack, In re, 768 F. Supp. 2d 189, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1867 (D.D.C. 2011) ...... 14-11 Suchomel v. Suburban Life Newspapers, Inc., 84 Ill. App. 2d 239, 228 N.E.2d 172 (1967), aff’d, 40 Ill. 32, 240 N.E.2d 1 (1968) ...... 7-49 Suggs v. Stanley, 324 F.3d 672 (8th Cir. 2003) ...... 2-81, 9-43 Sullivan v. Baptist Mem’l Hosp., 995 S.W.2d 569 (Tenn. 1999) ...... 2-97, 6-4 Sullivan v. Conway, 157 F.3d 1092 (7th Cir. 1998) ...... 4-49, 4-58, 5-137, 9-30 Sullivan v. Meyer, 141 F.2d 21 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 322 U.S. 743 (1944) ...... 4-64 Sullivan v. Pulitzer Broad. Co., 709 S.W.2d 475, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2187 (Mo. 1986) ...... 12-11, 12-13, ...... 12-14, 12-29 Summa Corp. v. Greenspun, 98 Nev. 528, 655 P.2d 513 (1982) ...... 13-22, 13-23 Summers v. Bailey, 55 F.3d 1564 (11th Cir. 1995) ...... 12-93 Summit Bank v. Rogers, 206 Cal. App. 4th 669, 142 Cal. Rptr. 3d 40 (2012) ...... 3-5, 4-45, 5-47, 16-17 Sun Printing & Publ’g Ass’n v. Schenck, 98 Fed. 925 (2d Cir. 1900) ...... 3-29 Sundance Image Tech., Inc. v. Cone Editions Press, Ltd., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16356, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2451 (S.D. Cal. 2007) ...... 7-10 Sunshine Sportswear & Elecs., Inc. v. WSOC Television, Inc., 738 F. Supp. 1499, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2273 (D.S.C. 1989) ...... 5-49, 7-53, 16-38 Sunward Corp. v. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., 811 F.2d 511 (10th Cir. 1987) ...... 9-23, 10-50

TOC–242 Table of Cases

Suozzo v. Bergreen, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11726 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) ...... 8-58 Suppan v. Kratzer, 660 A.2d 226 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1995) ...... 8-50 Supry v. Bolduc, 112 N.H. 274, 293 A.2d 767 (1972) ...... 9-57 Susan A. v. Sonoma Cnty., 2 Cal. App. 4th 88, 3 Cal. Rptr. 2d 27, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1889 (1991) ...... 8-21 Sussex Real Estate Corp. v. Sbrocca, 634 P.2d 999 (Colo. Ct. App. 1981) ...... 13-23 Sussman v. Damian, 355 So. 2d 809 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1977) ...... 8-10, 8-11 Sutter Health v. Unite Here, 186 Cal. App. 4th 1193, 113 Cal. Rptr. 3d 132 (2010) ...... 5-137 Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 330 F.3d 1110, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2089 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 983 (2003) ...... 5-90, 5-110, 16-37, 16-43 Swafford v. Memphis Individual Practice Ass’n, 1998 Tenn. App. LEXIS 361 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) ...... 7-7 Swan v. Boardwalk Regency Corp., 407 N.J. Super. 108, 969 A.2d 1145 (App. Div. 2009) ...... 12-29 Swanson v. Bogatin, 149 Cal. App. 2d 755, 308 P.2d 918 (1957) ...... 10-9 Swanson v. Speidel Corp., 110 R.I. 335, 293 A.2d 307 (1972) ...... 9-17 Swate v. Schiffers, 975 S.W.2d 70, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2258 (Tex. App. 1998) ...... 2-84 Sweeney v. Patterson, 128 F.2d 457 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 317 U.S. 678 (1942) ...... 1-2, 1-3, 4-5, 4-43, 4-70 Sweeney v. Prisoners’ Legal Servs. of N.Y., Inc., 197 A.D.2d 189, 610 N.Y.S.2d 628 (3d Dep’t 1994), rev’d on other grounds, 84 N.Y.2d 786, 622 N.Y.S.2d 896, 647 N.E.2d 101 (1995) ...... 5-11, 5-110, 10-48 Sweeney v. Schenectady Union Publ’g Co., 122 F.2d 288 (2d Cir. 1941), aff’d, 316 U.S. 642 (1942) ...... 4-6 Sweeney v. Sengstacke Enters., Inc., 180 Ill. App. 3d 1044, 536 N.E.2d 823, 129 Ill. Dec. 773, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1506 (1989) ...... 2-71 Sweetzel, Inc. v. Hawk Hill Cookies, Inc., 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13495 (E.D. Pa. 1995) ...... 13-32 Swengler v. ITT Corp., 993 F.2d 1063 (4th Cir. 1993) ...... 4-14, 9-7, 9-9, 9-26, ...... 9-43, 9-56, 10-24, 16-34

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–243 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Swerdlick v. Koch, 721 A.2d 849, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1801 (R.I. 1998) ...... 2-5, 2-76, 3-19, 12-44, 12-94, 13-39, 13-64 Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506 (2002), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1040 (2006) ...... 2-68, 16-6 Swinton Creek Nursery v. Edisto Farm Credit, 326 S.C. 426, 483 S.E.2d 789 (Ct. App. 1997) ...... 12-40 Sydney v. MacFadden Newspaper Publ’g Corp., 242 N.Y. 208, 151 N.E. 209, 44 A.L.R. 1419 (1926) ...... 2-26, 2-28, 2-141, 2-142, 2-152 Sys. Operations, Inc. v. Scientific Games Dev. Corp., 555 F.2d 1131 (3d Cir. 1977) ...... 13-3, 13-7, 13-8, 13-15, ...... 13-16, 13-17, 13-21, 13-28, 15-53

T Tabacinic v. Frazier, 372 S.W.3d 658 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2012, no pet.) ...... 15-16 Tabora v. Gottlieb Mem’l Hosp., 279 Ill. App. 3d 108, 215 Ill. Dec. 870, 664 N.E.2d 267 (1996) ...... 8-54 Tacket v. Delco Remy, 937 F.2d 1201, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1500 (7th Cir. 1991) ...... 2-93, 2-127 Tacket v. Gen. Motors Corp., 836 F.2d 1042 (7th Cir. 1987) ...... 2-93 Taggart v. Drake Univ., 549 N.W.2d 796 (Iowa 1996) ...... 2-4, 9-29, 9-48 Tague v. Citizens for Law & Order, Inc., 75 Cal. App. 3d Supp. 16, 142 Cal. Rptr. 689 (1977) ...... 5-14 Taj Mahal Travel, Inc. v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 164 F.3d 186 (3d Cir. 1998) ...... 2-77, 2-79, 2-150, 2-151, 8-59 Talbot v. Johnson Newspaper Corp., 71 N.Y.2d 827, 527 N.Y.S.2d 729, 522 N.E.2d 1027, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1206 (1988) ..... 15-11 Talley v. California, 362 U.S. 60 (1960) ...... 14-34 Talley v. Time, Inc., 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16558, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1818 (W.D. Okla. 2015) ...... 16-8 Tamburo v. Calvin, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3399 (N.D. Ill. 1995) ...... 15-47 Tanner v. Jupiter Realty Corp., 433 F.3d 913 (7th Cir. 2006) ...... 15-54 Tappe v. Iowa Methodist Med. Ctr., 477 N.W.2d 396 (Iowa 1991) ...... 13-52

TOC–244 Table of Cases

Taquino v. Teledyne Monarch Rubber, 893 F.2d 1488 (5th Cir. 1990) ...... 13-7 Taranto v. N. Slope Borough, 992 P.2d 1111 (Alaska 1999), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1130 (2000) ...... 5-56, 6-14, 9-36 Tarpley v. Colfax Chronicle, 650 So. 2d 738, 23 Media L. Rep. 1799 (La. 1995) ...... 5-12, 5-110 Taskett v. King Broad. Co., 86 Wash. 2d 439, 546 P.2d 81 (1976) ...... 5-44, 6-5, 6-6, 6-7 Tatlow v. Jaquett, 1 Harr. 333 (Del. 1834) ...... 7-3 Tatro v. Esham, 335 A.2d 623 (Del. Super. Ct. 1975) ...... 8-39, 8-43 Tatur v. Solsrud, 174 Wis. 2d 735, 498 N.W.2d 232 (1993) ...... 2-16, 2-76 Taus v. Loftus, 40 Cal. 4th 683, 54 Cal. Rptr. 3d 775, 151 P.3d 1185, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1657 (2007) ...... 9-28, 10-75, 12-54, ...... 12-75, 12-96, 12-99, 16-9, 16-17 Tavoulareas v. Comnas, 720 F.2d 192 (D.C. Cir. 1983) ...... 15-41 Tavoulareas v. Piro, 567 F. Supp. 651, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1553 (D.D.C. 1983) ...... 10-2 Tavoulareas v. Piro, 817 F.2d 762, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2377 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 870 (1987) ...... 2-36, 5-24, 5-25, 5-28, ...... 5-39, 5-43, 5-77, 5-86, ...... 5-88, 5-89, 5-99, 10-3, 16-64 Tavoulareas v. Piro, 93 F.R.D. 11 (D.D.C. 1981) ...... 2-114, 14-11, 14-20 Tavoulareas v. Piro, 93 F.R.D. 35, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1528 (D.D.C. 1981) ...... 14-11 Tavoulareas v. Wash. Post Co., 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2262 (D.D.C. 1982) ...... 15-50, 15-56 Taylor v. I.U.E., 25 Kan. App. 2d 671, 968 P.2d 685 (1998) ...... 13-43 Taylor v. K.T.V.B., Inc., 96 Idaho 202, 525 P.2d 984 (1974) ...... 12-46, 12-56, 12-69, 12-79 Taylor v. Lewis, 132 Cal. App. 381, 22 P.2d 569 (1933) ...... 4-59 Taylor v. McDaniels, 139 Okla. 262, 281 P. 967, 66 A.L.R. 1246 (1929) ...... 8-60 Taylor v. Miskovsky, 640 P.2d 959, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2408 (Okla. 1981) ...... 14-16 Tebbutt v. Virostek, 65 N.Y.2d 931, 493 N.Y.S.2d 1010, 483 N.E.2d 1142 (1985) ...... 13-63 Tebo v. Tebo, 550 F.3d 492, 503 (5th Cir. 2008) ...... 13-72

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–245 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Teel v. Deloitte & Touche LLP, ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 172645 (N.D. Tex. 2015) ...... 13-10 Teichner v. Bellan, 7 A.D.2d 247, 181 N.Y.S.2d 842 (App. Div. 1959) ...... 2-90 Teilhaber Mfg. Co. v. Unarco Materials Storage, 791 P.2d 1164 (Colo. Ct. App. 1989) ...... 13-6 Tellado v. Time-Life Books, Inc., 643 F. Supp. 904, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1401 (D.N.J. 1986) ...... 12-87 Tellez v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 817 F.2d 536 (9th Cir. 1987) ...... 8-57 Telnikoff v. Matusevitch, 347 Md. 561, 702 A.2d 230, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2473 (1997) ...... 15-67 Telnikoff v. Matusevitch, 4 All E.R. 817 (House of Lords 1991) ...... 4-55 Teltchik v. Wiliams & Jensen, PLLC, 748 F.3d 1285 (D.C. Cir. 2014) ...... 8-11 Tepper v. Copley Press, Inc., 308 Ill. App. 3d 713, 721 N.E.2d 669, 242 Ill. Dec. 390, 28 Media L. Rep. 1213 (1999) ...... 7-21 Terrell v. Holmes, 226 Ga. App. 341, 487 S.E.2d 6 (1997) ...... 2-103 Terry v. Davis Cmty. Church, 131 Cal. App. 4th 1534, 33 Cal. Rptr. 3d 145 (2005) ...... 16-13 Terwilliger v. Wands, 17 N.Y. 54 (1858) ...... 2-15 Testa v. City of Philadelphia, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18030 (E.D. Pa. 2003) ...... 8-45 Testing Sys., Inc. v. Magnaflux Corp., 251 F. Supp. 286 (E.D. Pa. 1966) ...... 13-8, 13-10, 13-21, ...... 13-22, 13-23, 13-27 Tex. Monthly, Inc. v. Transamerican Natural Gas Corp., 7 S.W.3d 801 (Tex. App. 1999) ...... 3-17, 3-22, 7-40 Thacker v. City of Hyattsville, 135 Md. App. 268, 762 A.2d 172 (2000) ...... 4-40 Tharp v. Media Gen., Inc., 987 F. Supp. 2d 673 (D.S.C. 2013) ...... 6-20 Tharpe v. Saunders, 285 Va. 476, 737 S.E.2d 890, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1505 (2013) ...... 4-55 The King v. Westfall, Lofft 776 98 Eng. Rep. 914 (1774) ...... 5-3 The Savage Is Loose Co. v. United Artists Theatre Circuit, Inc., 413 F. Supp. 555 (S.D.N.Y. 1976) ...... 7-42

TOC–246 Table of Cases

Theisen v. Covenant Med. Ctr., 636 N.W.2d 74 (Iowa 2001) ...... 2-60, 2-100 Theme Promotions, Inc. v. News Am. Mktg. FSI, 546 F.3d 991 (9th Cir. 2008) ...... 9-38 Themed Rests., Inc. v. Zagat Survey, LLC, 4 Misc. 3d 974, 781 N.Y.S.2d 441, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1427 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 2004), aff’d, 21 A.D.3d 826, 801 N.Y.S.2d 38 (1st Dep’t 2005) ...... 4-34, 5-39 Thiagarajan v. Tadepalli, 430 S.W.3d 589 (Tex. App. 2014) ...... 4-77 Thibideau v. Am. Baptist Churches of Conn., 120 Conn. App. 666, 994 A.2d 212 (2010) ...... 4-76 Thiry v. Atl. Monthly Co., 74 Wash. 2d 679, 445 P.2d 1012 (1968) ...... 15-6 Thomas v. BET Sound-Stage Rest./Brettco, Inc., 61 F. Supp. 2d 448 (D. Md. 1999) ...... 2-34 Thomas v. City of Baxter Springs, 369 F. Supp. 2d 1291 (D. Kan. 2005) ...... 3-5 Thomas v. E.J. Korvette, Inc., 329 F. Supp. 1163 (E.D. Pa. 1971), rev’d on other grounds, 476 F.2d 471 (3d Cir. 1973) ...... 10-41 Thomas v. Ford Motor Co., 137 F. Supp. 2d 575 (D.N.J. 2001) ...... 8-20 Thomas v. Fuerst, 349 Ill. App. 3d 929, 803 N.E.2d 619, 281 Ill. Dec. 215 (2004) ...... 4-77 Thomas v. Jacksonville Television, Inc., 699 So. 2d 800 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997) ...... 2-159, 13-14 Thomas v. Kaufmann’s, 436 F. Supp. 293 (W.D. Pa. 1977) ...... 9-21, 9-44 Thomas v. News World Commc’ns, 681 F. Supp. 55, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1065 (D.D.C. 1988) ...... 4-43, 5-99, 13-73 Thomas v. Pearl, 998 F.2d 447 (7th Cir. 1993) ...... 3-29 Thomas v. Tel. Publ’g Co., 151 N.H. 435, 859 A.2d 1166 (2004) ...... 15-31 Thomas v. Tel. Publ’g Co., 155 N.H. 314, 929 A.2d 991, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1769 (2007) ...... 2-84, 5-44, 7-26, ...... 7-30, 7-38, 9-35 Thomas v. United Steelworkers Local 1938, 743 F.3d 1134 (8th Cir. 2014) ...... 9-57 Thomas M. Cooley Law Sch. v. Doe 1, 300 Mich. App. 245, 833 N.W.2d 331, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1715 (2013) ...... 14-41

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–247 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Thomas M. Cooley Law Sch. v. Kurzon Strauss, LLP, 759 F.3d 522, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1965 (6th Cir. 2014) ...... 5-32 Thomas Merton Ctr. v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 497 Pa. 460, 442 A.2d 213, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2586 (1981), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1134 (1982) ...... 2-20, 2-75 Thomason v. Times-Journal, Inc., 190 Ga. App. 601, 379 S.E.2d 551, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2200 (1989) ...... 2-14, 12-24 Thompson v. Emmis Television Broad., 894 So. 2d 480 (La. Ct. App. 2005) ...... 5-33 Thompson v. Evening Star Newspaper Co., 394 F.2d 774 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 884 (1968) ...... 16-54 Thompson v. Frank, 313 Ill. App. 3d 661, 730 N.E.2d 143, 246 Ill. Dec. 463 (2000) ...... 8-15 Thompson v. Nat’l Catholic Reporter Publ’g Co., 4 F. Supp. 2d 833, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2039 (E.D. Wis. 1998) ...... 5-35 Thompto v. Coborn’s Inc., 871 F. Supp. 1097 (N.D. Iowa 1994) ...... 9-11 Thomson v. Cash, 119 N.H. 371, 402 A.2d 651, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1234 (1979) ...... 2-20, 2-23, 2-29, ...... 2-76, 2-78, 5-85 Thomson v. Doe, 189 Wash. App. 45, 356 P.3d 727, 43 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1997 (2015) ...... 14-38, 14-44 Thomson v. Kan. City Star Co., 387 S.W.2d 493 (Mo. 1965) ...... 2-20 Thomson Newspaper Publ’g, Inc. v. Coody, 320 Ark. 455, 896 S.W.2d 897 (1995) ...... 5-77, 5-94, 7-63 Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940) ...... 1-10, 1-13, 5-133, 10-23, 12-47, 16-51 Thornton v. Equifax, Inc., 619 F.2d 700 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 835 (1980) ...... 9-24 Thornton v. Rhoden, 245 Cal. App. 2d 80, 53 Cal. Rptr. 706, 23 A.L.R.3D 1152 (1966) ...... 8-7 Thuma v. Hearst Corp., 340 F. Supp. 867 (D. Md. 1972) ...... 2-50, 7-49 Thurston v. Ballinger, 884 S.W.2d 22 (Mo. Ct. App. 1994) ...... 9-10, 9-49 Ticketmaster-N.Y., Inc. v. Alioto, 26 F.3d 201, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1682 (1st Cir. 1994) ...... 15-30, 15-31 Tidmore v. Mills, 33 Ala. App. 243, 32 So. 2d 769 (1947) ...... 2-93

TOC–248 Table of Cases

Tiedemann v. Superior Court of Alameda Cnty., 83 Cal. App. 3d 918, 148 Cal. Rptr. 242 (1978) ...... 8-37, 8-39, 8-41 Tierney v. Davidson, 133 F.3d 189 (2d Cir. 1998) ...... 8-67 Tilton v. Cowles Publ’g Co., 76 Wash. 2d 707, 459 P.2d 8 (1969), cert. denied, 399 U.S. 927 (1970) ...... 5-79 Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 332 So. 2d 68 (Fla. 1976) ...... 6-3 Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 424 U.S. 448 (1976) ...... 1-34, 2-79, 3-7, 5-4, 5-37, ...... 5-46, 5-58, 5-71, 7-44, 15-61 Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374 (1967) ...... 1-9, 1-13, 1-24, 4-2, ...... 5-123, 12-5, 12-21, 12-22, ...... 12-31, 12-32, 12-35, 12-60, 12-71, ...... 12-76, 12-101, 13-20, 16-35, 16-51 Time, Inc. v. Johnston, 448 F.2d 378 (4th Cir. 1971) ...... 2-50, 5-30, 5-50, 16-46 Time, Inc. v. McLaney, 406 F.2d 565 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 395 U.S. 922 (1969) ...... 1-14, 16-35, 16-77 Time, Inc. v. Pape, 401 U.S. 279 (1971) ...... 1-28, 2-65, 2-113, ...... 5-10, 5-86, 5-95, 5-98, ...... 7-17, 7-39, 16-42, 16-67 Times Herald Printing Co. v. Bessent, 601 S.W.2d 487 (Tex. App. 1980) ...... 5-11 Times-Dispatch Publ’g Co. v. Zoll, 148 Va. 850, 139 S.E. 507 (1927) ...... 7-28 Times-Mirror Co. v. Harden, 628 S.W.2d 859, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1194 (Tex. App. 1982) ...... 5-11 Times-Mirror Co. v. Superior Court, 198 Cal. App. 3d 1420, 244 Cal. Rptr. 556, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1129 (1988), cert. dismissed, 489 U.S. 1094 (1989) ...... 12-50, 12-51, 12-54, ...... 12-59, 12-70, 12-72, 12-74, 12-79 Tin Pan Apple, Inc. v. Miller Brewing Co., 737 F. Supp. 826, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2273 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) ...... 12-89, 13-21 Tischmann v. ITT/Sheraton Corp., 882 F. Supp. 1358 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 2-98 Titan Sports, Inc. v. Comics World Corp., 870 F.2d 85 (2d Cir. 1989) ...... 12-88 Tiwari v. NBC Universal, Inc., 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 123362 (N.D. Cal. 2011) ...... 7-6 TMIRS Enter., Ltd. v. Godaddy.com, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78006 (S.D. Tex. 2010) ...... 13-12 TMJ Implants, Inc. v. Aetna, Inc., 498 F.3d 1175 (10th Cir. 2007) ...... 2-7, 4-18, 4-30, ...... 4-52, 13-12, 13-44

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–249 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Tobkin v. Jarboe, 710 So. 2d 975 (Fla. 1998) ...... 8-43 Tocco v. Piersante, 69 Mich. App. 616, 245 N.W.2d 356 (1976) ...... 8-47, 8-52 Toffoloni v. LFB Publ’g Grp., 572 F.3d 1201 (11th Cir. 2009) ...... 12-88 Toker v. Pollak, 44 N.Y.2d 211, 376 N.E.2d 163, 405 N.Y.S.2d 1 (1978) ...... 9-10 Toler v. Süd-Chemie, Inc., 458 S.W.3d 276 (Ky. 2014) ...... 2-6, 9-10, 9-45 Tollefson v. Price, 247 Or. 398, 430 P.2d 990 (1967) ...... 12-40, 12-59 Tollett v. United States, 485 F.2d 1087 (8th Cir. 1973) ...... 3-3, 3-4 Tom Olesker’s Exciting World of Fashion, Inc. v. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., 61 Ill. 2d 129, 334 N.E.2d 160 (1975) ...... 2-109 Tomiewicz v. Detroit News, Inc., 246 Mich. App. 662, 635 N.W.2d 36 (2001) ...... 5-10 Toney v. WCCO TV, 85 F.3d 383, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1993 (8th Cir. 1996) ...... 2-35, 2-38, ...... 2-40, 2-41, 3-26, 16-61 Tonnessen v. Denver Publ’g Co., 5 P.3d 959, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2039 (Colo. Ct. App. 2000) ...... 2-86, 7-35 Tonsmeire v. Tonsmeire, 281 Ala. 102, 199 So. 2d 645 (1967) ...... 8-53 Too Much Media, LLC v. Hale, 206 N.J. 209, 20 A.3d 364, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1849 (2011) ...... 14-25, 14-26, 14-30 Toogood v. Spyring, 1 C.M.&R. 181, 149 Eng. Rep. 1044 (Ex. 1834) ...... 9-2, 9-4 Toomey v. Farley, 2 N.Y.2d 71, 138 N.E.2d 221, 156 N.Y.S.2d 840 (1956) ...... 2-105 Topper v. Midwest Div., Inc., 306 S.W.3d 117 (Mo. App. 2010) ...... 4-23 Torgerson v. Journal/Sentinel, Inc., 210 Wis. 2d 524, 563 N.W.2d 472, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2249 (1997) ...... 2-5, 5-12, ...... 5-90, 5-98, 16-39 Torosyan v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharm., Inc., 234 Conn. 1, 662 A.2d 89 (1995) ...... 2-103, 2-104, 9-28, 9-49 Torrance v. Morris Publ’g Grp. LLC, 281 Ga. App. 563, 636 S.E.2d 740 (2006) ...... 7-30 Torres v. Playboy Enters., Inc., 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1182 (S.D. Tex. 1980) ...... 5-11

TOC–250 Table of Cases

Torres-Silva v. El Mundo, Inc., 106 D.P.R. 415, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1508 (1977) ...... 2-163, 6-5 Tosti v. Ayik, 394 Mass. 482, 476 N.E.2d 928 (1985), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 964 (1987) ...... 10-45, 10-49, 10-52 Touma v. St. Mary’s Bank, 142 N.H. 762, 712 A.2d 619 (1998) ...... 10-12 Town & Country Props., Inc. v. Riggins, 249 Va. 387, 457 S.E.2d 356, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2045 (1995) ...... 12-86, 12-103 Towne v. Eisner, 245 U.S. 418 (1918) ...... 2-31 Townshend v. Hazelroth, 875 F. Supp. 1293 (E.D. Mich. 1995) ...... 2-107 Towse v. Hawaii, 64 Haw. 624, 647 P.2d 696 (1982) ...... 8-52 Trachsel v. Two Rivers Psychiatric Hosp., 883 F. Supp. 442 (W.D. Mo. 1995) ...... 8-11 Trachtenberg v. Failedmessiah.com, 43 F. Supp. 2d 198 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) ...... 15-12 Tracy v. N.Y. Magazine Co., 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2294 (Sup. Ct. Bronx Cnty. 1978) ...... 2-74 Tracy v. Newsday, Inc., 5 N.Y.2d 134, 182 N.Y.S.2d 1, 155 N.E.2d 853 (1959) ...... 2-20, 2-23 Traditional Cat Ass’n, Inc. v. Gilbreath, 118 Cal. App. 4th 392, 13 Cal. Rptr. 3d 353, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1998 (2004) ...... 7-8 Trail v. Boys & Girls Clubs of Nw. Ind., 845 N.E.2d 130 (Ind. 2006) ...... 2-66, 2-105, 2-119, 9-15, 9-27 Trainor v. Standard Times, 924 A.2d 766, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1920 (R.I. 2007) ...... 7-40 Trammell v. Citizens News Co., 285 Ky. 529, 148 S.W.2d 708 (1941) ...... 12-59, 12-68 Trans World Accounts, Inc. v. Associated Press, 425 F. Supp. 814, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1334 (N.D. Cal. 1977) ...... 2-170, 5-40, 5-47, ...... 5-63, 5-95, 5-102, 5-103 Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 814 S.W.2d 144 (Tex. 1994) ...... 10-23 Transure, Inc. v. Marsh & McLennan, Inc., 766 F.2d 1297 (9th Cir. 1985) ...... 15-30 Traube v. Arnold, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2143 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1979) ...... 2-48 Travel All Over The World, Inc. v. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 73 F.3d 1423 (7th Cir. 1996) ...... 8-59

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–251 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Travers v. Paton, 261 F. Supp. 110 (D. Conn. 1966) ...... 12-56 Trentecosta v. Beck, 703 So. 2d 552 (La. 1997) ...... 9-53 Treutler v. Meredith Corp., 455 F.2d 255 (8th Cir. 1972) ...... 2-75 Triangle Publ’ns, Inc. v. Chumley, 253 Ga. 179, 317 S.E.2d 534, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2076 (1984) ...... 2-78, 6-3, 6-8 Triangle Publ’ns, Inc. v. New Eng. Newspaper Publ’g Co., 46 F. Supp. 198 (D. Mass. 1942) ...... 15-50 Trice v. Burress, 137 P.3d 1253 (Okla. Civ. App. 2006) ...... 2-34, 2-121, 4-77 Triester v. 191 Tenants Ass’n, 272 Pa. Super. 271, 415 A.2d 698 (1979) ...... 13-25 Trim-a-Way Figure Contouring, Ltd. v. Nat’l Better Bus. Bureau, Inc., 37 A.D.2d 43, 322 N.Y.S.2d 154 (1st Dep’t 1971) ...... 9-25 Trivedi v. Slawecki, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 169128 (M.D. Pa. 2012) ...... 10-63 Troman v. Wood, 62 Ill. 2d 184, 340 N.E.2d 292 (1975) ...... 5-44, 6-3, 6-6, 6-7 Trombetta v. Conkling, 82 N.Y.2d 549, 626 N.E.2d 653, 605 N.Y.S.2d 678 (1993) ...... 13-63 Tronfeld v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 272 Va. 709, 636 S.E.2d 447 (2006) ...... 2-135, 4-63 Tropeano v. Atl. Monthly Co., 379 Mass. 745, 400 N.E.2d 847, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2526 (1980) ...... 12-11, 12-86 Trotter v. Jack Anderson Enters., Inc., 818 F.2d 431, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1180 (5th Cir. 1987) ...... 5-21, 5-24, 5-25, ...... 5-35, 5-41, 5-62, 5-72 Trout Point Lodge, Ltd. v. Handshoe, 729 F.3d 481, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2413 (5th Cir. 2013) ...... 15-68 Troy Grp., Inc. v. Tilson, 364 F. Supp. 2d 1149 (C.D. Cal. 2005) ...... 10-76, 16-15 True v. Ladner, 513 A.2d 257 (Me. 1986) ...... 4-10 Trump v. O’Brien, 422 N.J. Super. 540, 29 A.3d 1090, 39 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2471 (App. Div. 2011) ...... 5-38, 14-20 Trustco Bank of N.Y. v. Hearst Corp., 213 A.D.2d 940, 627 N.Y.S.2d 456 (3d Dep’t 1995) ...... 4-48 Truxes v. Kenco Enters., Inc., 80 S.D. 104, 119 N.W.2d 914 (1963) ...... 12-9, 12-44, 12-57, 12-68, 12-69 T.S. Haulers, Inc. v. Kaplan, 295 A.D.2d 595, 744 N.Y.S.2d 193 (2d Dep’t 2002) ...... 16-28

TOC–252 Table of Cases

Tubra v. Cooke, 233 Or. App. 339, 225 P.3d 862, cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 1569 (2010) ...... 4-79 Tucci v. Guy Gannett Publ’g Co., 464 A.2d 161, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2344 (Me. 1983) ...... 5-76, 5-104, ...... 16-45, 16-49, 16-60 Tucker v. Fischbein, 237 F.3d 275 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 816 (2001) ...... 5-105 Tucker v. News Publ’g Co., 197 Ga. App. 85, 397 S.E.2d 499, 18 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1684 (1990) ...... 12-56, 13-48 Tucker v. Phila. Daily News, 577 Pa. 598, 848 A.2d 113, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1705 (2004) ...... 2-16 Tuite v. Corbitt, 358 Ill. App. 3d 889, 830 N.E.2d 779, 294 Ill. Dec. 367, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1967, rev’d, 224 Ill. 2d 490, 866 N.E.2d 114, 310 Ill. Dec. 303, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1193 (2006) ...... 2-71, 2-72, ...... 2-117, 2-131, 12-16 Tuman v. Genesis Assocs., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5406 (E.D. Pa. 1996) ...... 2-67 Tuman v. Genesis Assocs., 894 F. Supp. 183 (E.D. Pa. 1995) ...... 2-175 Tumbarella v. Kroger Co., 85 Mich. App. 482, 271 N.W.2d 284 (1978) ...... 9-58 Tumminello v. Bergen Evening Record, Inc., 454 F. Supp. 1156, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2547 (D.N.J. 1978) ...... 13-48 Tunca v. Conway, 965 N.E.2d 1237, 358 Ill. Dec. 758 (Ill. App. Ct. 2012) ...... 2-121 Tunnell v. Edwardsville Intelligencer, Inc., 43 Ill. 2d 239, 252 N.E.2d 538 (1979) ...... 2-172 Tunney v. Am. Broad. Co., 109 Ill. App. 3d 769, 441 N.E.2d 86, 65 Ill. Dec. 294 (1982) ...... 7-51, 7-55 Tureen v. Equifax, Inc., 571 F.2d 411 (8th Cir. 1978) ....12-40, 12-74 Turf Lawnmower Repair, Inc. v. Bergen Record Corp., 139 N.J. 392, 655 A.2d 417, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1609 (1995) ...... 5-110, 6-5, 6-13, 6-14 Turley v. ISG Lackawanna, Inc., 774 F.3d 140, 159 (2d Cir. 2014) ...... 13-49, 13-60 Turner v. Boy Scouts of Am., 856 N.E.2d 106 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) ...... 2-90 Turner v. Devlin, 848 P.2d 286, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1588 (Ariz. 1993) ...... 4-17, 5-11

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–253 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Turner v. Garrow, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2314 (W.D. Tenn. 1986) ...... 7-30, 9-48 Turner v. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1437 (W.D. Ky. 1979) ...... 2-173, 16-53 Turner v. KTRK Television, Inc., 38 S.W.3d 103, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1673 (Tex. 2000) ...... 2-20, 2-21, 2-38, ...... 3-21, 3-25, 5-80, 5-84, 5-89, 5-96 Turner v. Welliver, 226 Neb. 275, 411 N.W.2d 298 (1987) ...... 3-6, 4-11, 9-4, 9-30 Tusino v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 169 Fed. Appx. 39 (2d Cir. 2006) ...... 10-46 Tutor-Saliba Corp. v. Herrera, 136 Cal. App. 4th 604, 39 Cal. Rptr. 3d 21 (2006) ...... 8-51, 16-12 Tuttle v. Raymond, 494 A.2d 1353, 58 A.L.R.4TH 859 (Me. 1985) ...... 10-25 T.V. Azteca, S.A.B. de C.V. v. Ruiz, ___ S.W.3d ___, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 950 (Tex. App. 2014), review granted, 2015 Tex. LEXIS 108 (2015) ...... 15-4, 15-25 Twelker v. Shannon & Wilson, Inc., 88 Wash. 2d 473, 564 P.2d 1131 (1977) ...... 8-21 Twenty-Five E. 40th St. Rest. Corp. v. Forbes, Inc., 37 A.D.2d 546, 322 N.Y.S.2d 408 (1st Dep’t 1971), aff’d, 30 N.Y.2d 595, 282 N.E.2d 118, 331 N.Y.S.2d 29 (1972) ...... 4-72 Twiggar v. Ossining Printing & Publ’g Co., 161 A.D. 718, 146 N.Y.S. 529 (App. Div. 2d Dep’t 1914), appeal dismissed, 220 N.Y. 716, 116 N.E. 1080 (1917) ...... 2-74 Twist v. TCI Cablevision, 110 S.W.3d 363 (Mo. 2003), cert. denied, 124 S. Ct. 1058 (2004) ...... 12-84 Twyman v. Twyman, 855 S.W.2d 619 (Tex. 1993) ...... 13-47 TXO Prod. Corp. v. Alliance Res. Corp., 187 W. Va. 457, 419 S.E.2d 870 (W. Va. 1992), aff’d, 509 U.S. 443 (1993) ...... 10-16, 10-17, 10-19, 13-4, 16-75 Tym v. Ludwig, 196 Wis. 2d 375, 538 N.W.2d 600 (Ct. App. 1995) ...... 13-6 Tynecki v. Tufts Univ. Sch. of Dental Med., 875 F. Supp. 26 (D. Mass. 1994) ...... 9-22 Tyson v. Austin Eating Disorders Partners, LLC, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87249 (W.D. Tex. 2013) ...... 15-16 Tzougrakis v. Cyveillance, Inc., 145 F. Supp. 2d 325 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) ...... 13-33

TOC–254 Table of Cases

U Uebelacker v. Paula Allen Holdings, Inc., 464 F. Supp. 2d 791 (W.D. Wis. 2006) ...... 2-64 Uhl v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 476 F. Supp. 1134, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1801 (W.D. Pa. 1979) ...... 12-28 Ultramares Corp. v. Touche, 255 N.Y. 170, 174 N.E. 441 (1931) ...... 13-66 Underground Solutions, Inc., v. Palermo, 41 F. Supp. 2d 720 (N.D. Ill. 2014) ...... 16-23, 16-29 Underwager v. Channel 9 Austl., 69 F.3d 361, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1039 (9th Cir. 1995) ...... 4-12, 4-21, 4-22, 5-3, 16-61 Underwager v. Dudley, 75 F.3d 307 (7th Cir. 1996) ...... 4-46 Underwager v. Salter, 22 F.3d 730, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1852 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 943 (1994) ...... 4-46, 5-35, 5-54, ...... 5-71, 5-75, 5-99 Unelko Corp. v. Rooney, 912 F.2d 1049, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2317 (9th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 961 (1991) ...... 4-16, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, ...... 4-20, 4-21, 4-34, 4-39, 4-62, 12-4, 13-13 Uni-Service Risk Mgmt., Inc. v. N.Y. State Ass’n of Sch. Bus. Officials, 62 A.D.2d 1093, 403 N.Y.S.2d 592 (3d Dep’t 1978) ...... 8-21 Union of Needletrades, Indus. & Textile Emps. v. Jones, 268 Va. 512, 603 S.E.2d 920 (2004) ...... 9-45 Unique Concepts, Inc. v. Manuel, 669 F. Supp. 185 (N.D. Ill. 1987) ...... 2-72, 13-13 Uniroyal, Inc. v. Heller, 65 F.R.D. 83 (S.D.N.Y. 1974) ...... 15-8 United Consumers Club, Inc. v. Bledsoe, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 57668 (N.D. Ind. 2006) ...... 4-23, 8-16 United Elec., Radio & Mach. Workers of Am. v. 163 Pleasant St. Corp., 960 F.2d 1080 (1st Cir. 1992) ...... 15-17 United Elec., Radio & Mach. Workers of Am. v. 163 Pleasant St. Corp., 987 F.2d 39 (1st Cir. 1993) ...... 15-17, 15-18 United Ins. Co. of Am. v. Murphy, 331 Ark. 364, 961 S.W.2d 752 (1998) ...... 2-80 United Med. Labs., Inc. v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 404 F.2d 706 (9th Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 921 (1969) ...... 1-12, 1-14, 16-38 United Mine Workers of America v. Pennington, 381 U.S. 657 (1965) ...... 9-38

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–255 SACK ON DEFAMATION

United Press Int’l, In re, 106 B.R. 323, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2401 (D.D.C. 1989) ...... 3-15, 7-57 United Prof’l Planning, Inc. v. Superior Court, 9 Cal. App. 3d 377, 88 Cal. Rptr. 551 (1970) ...... 5-130 United States v. Bronx Reptiles, Inc., 217 F.3d 82 (2d Cir. 2000) ...... 5-88 United States v. Caporale, 806 F.2d 1487 (11th Cir. 1986) ...... 14-39 United States v. Cuthbertson, 630 F.2d 139, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1545 (3d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1126 (1981) ...... 14-10 United States v. Dennis, 341 U.S. 494 (1951) ...... 3-34 United States v. Hanna, 293 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. 2002) ...... 16-67 United States v. Johnson, 383 U.S. 169 (1966) ...... 8-25 United States v. Liddy, 478 F.2d 586 (D.C. Cir. 1972) ...... 14-15 United States v. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 190 F.3d 963 (9th Cir. 1999) ...... 16-29 United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974) ...... 8-2 United States v. Shelnutt, 37 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2594 (M.D. Ga. 2009) ...... 2-12 United States v. Taylor, 464 F.2d 240 (2d Cir. 1972) ...... 5-131 United States v. Walker, 191 F.3d 326 (2d Cir. 1999) ...... 5-88 United States ex rel. Klein v. Omeros Corp., 897 F. Supp. 2d 1058, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2608 (W.D. Wash. 2012) ...... 2-147 United States ex rel. Klein v. Omeros Corp., 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 148118, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2608 (D. Wash. 2012) ...... 7-10 United States ex rel. Newsham v. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 190 F.3d 963 (9th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1203 (2000) ...... 10-76, 16-18 U.S. Healthcare, Inc. v. Blue Cross of Greater Phila., 898 F.2d 914, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1681 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 816 (1990) ...... 2-4, 5-134, 13-7, ...... 13-10, 13-11, 13-30, ...... 13-31, 13-32, 13-34 U.S. Mission Corp. v. KIRO TV, Inc., 172 Wash. App. 767, 292 P.3d 137, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1241 (2013) ...... 3-18 United Way of San Antonio, Inc. v. Helping Hands Lifeline Found., Inc., 949 S.W.2d 707 (Tex. App. 1997) ...... 2-26 Universal Commc’n Sys., Inc. v. Lycos, Inc., 478 F.3d 413 (1st Cir. 2007) ...... 7-14

TOC–256 Table of Cases

UNR Lighting v. T.L. Enters., Inc., 632 F. Supp. 1033, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2347 (N.D. Ill. 1986) ...... 2-71 Upchurch v. N.Y. Times Co., 431 S.E.2d 558 (S.C. 1993) ...... 13-54 USA Techs., Inc. v. Doe, 713 F. Supp. 2d 901 (N.D. Cal. 2010) ...... 2-50, 14-37 Utah Foam Prods. Co. v. Upjohn Co., 930 F. Supp. 513 (D. Utah 1996) ...... 10-20 Utah State Farm Bureau v. Nat’l Farm Union Serv. Corp., 198 F.2d 20, 33 A.L.R.2D 1186 (10th Cir. 1952) ...... 4-62 Utecht v. Shopko Dep’t Store, 324 N.W.3d 652 (Minn. 1982) ...... 9-58

V Vachet v. Cent. Newspapers, Inc., 816 F.2d 313, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2337 (7th Cir. 1987) ...... 3-18 Vail v. Plain Dealer Publ’g Co., 72 Ohio St. 3d 279, 649 N.E.2d 182, 23 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1881 (1995) ...... 4-28, 4-29 Valadez v. Emmis Commc’ns, 290 Kan. 472, 229 P.3d 389, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1748 (2010) ...... 2-172, 13-51 Valentine v. Chrestensen, 316 U.S. 52 (1942) ...... 5-133 Valentine v. N. Am. Co., 16 Ill. App. 3d 277, 305 N.E.2d 746 (1973), aff’d, 60 Ill. 2d 168, 328 N.E.2d 265 (1974) ...... 2-49 Van Arsdale v. Time, Inc., 35 N.Y.S.2d 951 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty.), aff’d, 265 A.D. 919, 39 N.Y.S.2d 413 (1st Dep’t 1942) ...... 4-74 Van Buskirk v. Cable News Network, Inc., 284 F.3d 977 (9th Cir. 2002) ...... 3-25, 3-29 Van Buskirk v. N.Y. Times Co., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12150, 28 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2525 (S.D.N.Y. 2000), aff’d, 325 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 2002) ...... 2-78, 2-108, 7-5, 7-8 Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 612 (1964) ...... 15-55 Van Duzer v. Bourisseau, 23 Mich. App. 720, 179 N.W.2d 214 (1970) ...... 11-9 Van Dyke v. KUTV, 663 P.2d 52, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1546 (Utah 1983) ...... 5-9

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–257 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Van Horne v. Muller, 185 Ill. 2d 299, 705 N.E.2d 898, 235 Ill. Dec. 715, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1010 (1998), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 811 (1999) ...... 2-116, 13-74 Van Meter v. Morris, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 9847 (Tex. App. 2011) ...... 2-34 Van Straten v. Milwaukee Journal Newspaper Publisher, 151 Wis. 2d 905,447 N.W.2d 105, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2408 (Ct. App. 1989), cert. denied, 496 U.S. 929 (1990) ...... 5-24, 5-64, 5-69 Van-Go Transp. Co. v. N.Y.C. Bd. of Educ., 971 F. Supp. 90 (E.D.N.Y. 1997) ...... 2-98, 8-62 Vance v. Judas Priest, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2241 (D. Nev. 1989) ...... 13-69 Vandenburg v. Newsweek, Inc., 507 F.2d 1024 (5th Cir. 1975) ...... 5-88 Vandentoorn v. Bonner, 129 Mich. App. 198, 342 N.W.2d 297(1983) ...... 5-55 Vanover v. Kan. City Life Ins. Co., 553 N.W.2d 192 (N.D. 1996) ...... 2-127 Vantassell-Matin v. Nelson, 741 F. Supp. 698 (N.D. Ill. 1990) ...... 2-151 Varanese v. Gall, 35 Ohio St. 3d 78, 518 N.E.2d 1177, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2361 (1988) ...... 5-76, 5-78, 5-102 Varian Med. Sys., Inc. v. Delfino, 113 Cal. App. 4th 273, 6 Cal. Rptr. 3d 325 (2003) ...... 2-10, 4-32, 4-46, ...... 5-49, 10-60, 10-64 Varian Med. Sys., Inc. v. Delfino, 35 Cal. 4th 180, 25 Cal. Rptr. 3d 298, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1396 (2005) ...... 16-10 Various Mkts., Inc. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 908 F. Supp. 459 (E.D. Mich. 1995) ...... 8-14 Varnish v. Best Medium Publ’g Co., 405 F.2d 608 (2d Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 987 (1969) ...... 5-83, 12-13, 12-21 Varrato v. Unilife Corp., 2011 WL 1522170 (M.D. Pa. 2011) ...... 2-67 Vascular Solutions, Inc. v. Marine Polymer Techs., Inc., 590 F.3d 56 (1st Cir. 2009) ...... 13-20, 13-21, 13-24 Vasquez v. Courtney, 276 Or. 1053, 557 P.2d 672 (1976) ...... 8-25

TOC–258 Table of Cases

Vassiliades v. Garfinckel’s, Brooks Bros., 492 A.2d 580 (D.C. 1985) ...... 10-39 Vazquez v. Buhl, 150 Conn. App. 117, 90 A.3d 331, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1845 (2014) ...... 7-10 Vedovi v. Watson & Taylor, 104 Cal. App. 80, 285 P. 418 (1930) ...... 2-155 Vegod Corp. v. Am. Broad. Cos., 88 Cal. App. 3d 95, 151 Cal. Rptr. 575, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1990, rev’d onother grounds, 25 Cal. 3d 763, 603 P.2d 14, 160 Cal. Rptr. 97, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2043 (1979), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 886 (1980) ...... 2-112, 5-41, 5-43, ...... 5-47, 5-60, 6-22, 7-3, 7-17 Veilleux v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 206 F.3d 92 (1st Cir. 2000) ...... 2-4, 2-17, 2-29, 3-8, ...... 3-20, 12-9, 12-18, 12-19, 12-34, ...... 12-47, 12-54, 12-68, 13-64, ...... 13-74, 16-2, 16-68 Velle Transcendental Research Ass’n v. Esquire, Inc., 41 Ill. App. 3d 799, 354 N.E.2d 622 (1976) ...... 2-152 Velle Transcendental Research Ass’n v. Sanders, 518 F. Supp. 512, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1878 (C.D. Cal. 1981) ...... 5-78 Velocity Databank, Inc. v. Shell Offshore, Inc., 456 S.W.3d 605 (2014) ...... 2-109, 2-110 Venn v. Tennessean Newspapers, Inc., 201 F. Supp. 47 (D. Tenn. 1962), aff’d, 313 F.2d 639 (6th Cir. 1963), cert. denied, 374 U.S. 830 (1963) ...... 10-58 Venezia, In re, 191 N.J. 259, 922 A.2d 1263 (2007) ...... 14-30 Ventura v. Kyle, 63 F. Supp. 3d 1001 (D. Minn. 2014) ...... 13-75 Ventura v. Titan Sports, Inc., 65 F.3d 725 (8th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1174 (1996) ...... 12-12, 12-84 Vern Simms Ford, Inc. v. Hagel, 42 Wash. App. 675, 713 P.2d 736 (1986) ...... 4-63 Vicars-Duncan v. Tactikos, 2014 IL App (4th) 131064, 16 N.E.3d 935, 384 Ill. Dec. 542 (2014) ...... 5-12 Vickers v. Abbott Labs., 308 Ill. App. 3d 393, 719 N.E.2d 1101, 241 Ill. Dec. 698 (1999) ...... 9-8, 9-19, 9-42

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–259 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Victoria v. Le Blanc, 168 Or. App. 586, 7 P.3d 668 (2000) ...... 5-8 Vidal Sassoon, Inc. v. Bristol-Myers Co., 661 F.2d 272 (2d Cir. 1981) ...... 13-30, 13-31, 13-34 Vill. of Bayou Vista v. Glaskox, 899 S.W.2d 826 (Tex. App. 1995) ...... 8-40 Villarreal v. Harte-Hanks Commc’ns, Inc., 787 S.W.2d 131, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1575 (Tex. App. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 923 (1991) ...... 5-12 Vinson v. Linn-Mar Cmty. Sch. Dist., 360 N.W.2d 108 (Iowa 1984) ...... 6-24 Virelli v. Goodson-Todman Enters., Ltd., 142 A.D.2d 479, 536 N.Y.S.2d 571, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2447 (3d Dep’t 1989) ...... 12-75, 12-96 Virgil v. Sports Illustrated, 424 F. Supp. 1286, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1271 (S.D. Cal. 1976) ...... 12-57 Virgil v. Time, Inc., 527 F.2d 1122 (9th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 998 (1976) ...... 1-50, 12-48, ...... 12-50, 12-72, 12-73, ...... 12-74, 12-78, 12-79 Va. State Bd. of Pharmacy v. Va. Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., 425 U.S. 748 (1976) ...... 5-133, 5-136, 13-30 Vishipco Line v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 660 F.2d 854 (2d Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 976 (1982) ...... 15-62 Vitale v. Nat’l Lampoon, Inc., 449 F. Supp. 442, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2223 (E.D. Pa. 1978) ...... 5-33 Vocational Guidance Manuals v. United Newspaper Magazine Corp., 280 A.D. 593, 116 N.Y.S.2d 429 (App. Div. 1st Dep’t 1952), aff’d, 305 N.Y. 780, 113 N.E.2d 299 (1953) ...... 2-21 Vogel v. Felice, 127 Cal. App. 4th 1006, 26 Cal. Rptr. 3d 350 (2005) ...... 16-13 Voiles v. Santa Fe Minerals, Inc., 911 P.2d 1205 (Okla. 1996) ...... 13-4 Vojak v. Jensen, 161 N.W.2d 100 (Iowa 1968) ...... 9-50 von Bulow by Auersberg v. von Bulow, 811 F.2d 136, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2041 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1015 (1987) ...... 14-4, 14-30 Von Solbrig Mem’l Hosp. v. Licata, 15 Ill. App. 3d 1025, 305 N.E.2d 252 (1973) ...... 2-50 Voyles v. Sandia Mortg. Corp., 196 Ill. 2d 288, 751 N.E.2d 1126, 256 Ill. Dec. 289 (2001) ...... 3-13

TOC–260 Table of Cases

Vreven v. Am. Ass’n of Retired Persons, 604 F. Supp. 2d 9 (D.D.C. 2009) ...... 2-95 Vultaggio v. Yasko, 215 Wis. 2d 325, 572 N.W.2d 450 (1998) ...... 8-32

W Wachs v. Winter, 569 F. Supp. 1438 (E.D.N.Y. 1983) ...... 10-38, 10-39 Wachtel v. Storm, 796 F. Supp. 114 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) ...... 15-42 Wade v. Sterling Gazette Co., 56 Ill. App. 2d 101, 205 N.E.2d 44 (1965) ...... 2-51 Wagner v. Fawcett Publ’ns, 307 F.2d 409 (7th Cir. 1962), cert. denied, 372 U.S. 909 (1963) ...... 12-47 Wagner v. Lewis, 1996 Neb. App. LEXIS 19 (Neb. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 12-33 Wagner, Nugent, Johnson v. Flanagan, 629 So. 2d 113 (Fla. 1993) ...... 2-109 Waicker v. Scranton Times L.P., 113 Md. App. 621, 688 A.2d 535(1997) ...... 5-40 Wainman v. Bowler, 176 Mont. 91, 576 P.2d 268, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2044 (1978) ...... 2-13, 2-22, 2-73, 2-168 Wainwright’s Vacations, LLC v. Pan Am. Airways Corp., 130 F. Supp. 2d 712 (D. Md. 2001) ...... 8-59 Waits v. Frito-Lay,Inc., 978 F.2d 1093, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1585 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1080 (1993) ...... 12-84 Waldbaum v. Fairchild Publ’ns, Inc., 627 F.2d 1287, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2629 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 898 (1980) ...... 5-23, 5-28, ...... 5-32, 5-43, 5-50, ...... 5-57, 5-59, 5-61, 5-69 Walker v. Associated Press, 388 U.S. 130 (1967) ...... 4-6 Walker v. Braes Feed Ingredients, Inc., 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6873 (N.D. Ill. 2003) ...... 12-17 Walker v. Colo. Springs Sun, Inc., 188 Colo. 86, 538 P.2d 450, cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1025 (1975) ...... 6-10, 6-11

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–261 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Walker v. Grand Cent. Sanitation, Inc., 430 Pa. Super. 236, 634 A.2d 237 (1993) ...... 2-123, 10-11, 10-12 Walker v. IMS Am., Ltd., 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18620 (E.D. Pa. 1994) ...... 2-97 Walker v. Kan. City Star Co., 406 S.W.2d 44 (Mo. 1966) ...... 2-73, 2-140 Walker v. Kiousis, 93 Cal. App. 4th 1432, 114 Cal. Rptr. 2d 69, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1033 (2001) ...... 2-147, 5-11, 8-20 Walker v. Majors, 496 So. 2d 726 (Ala. 1986) ...... 8-11 Walker v. Pulitzer Publ’g Co., 394 F.2d 800 (8th Cir. 1968) ...... 4-6 Wallace v. Casa Grande Union High Sch. Dist., 184 Ariz. 419, 909 P.2d 486 (Ct. App. 1995) ...... 2-94 Wallace v. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, 715 A.2d 873 (D.C. 1998) ...... 2-60, 9-15 Wallulis v. Dymowski, 134 Or. App. 219, 895 P.2d 315 (1995), aff’d, 323 Or. 337, 918 P.2d 755 (1996) ...... 2-103, 8-58, 9-10 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Lee, 348 Ark. 707, 74 S.W.3d 634 (2002) ...... 9-6, 9-54, 12-97 Walter v. Bauer, 109 Misc. 2d 189, 439 N.Y.S.2d 821 (Sup. Ct. Erie Cnty. 1981), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 88 A.D.2d 787, 451 N.Y.S.2d 533 (4th Dep’t 1982) ...... 13-67 Walters v. Cnty. of Maricopa, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60272 (D. Ariz. 2006) ...... 5-54, 5-76, 8-47, 9-8 Walters v. Sanford Herald, Inc., 31 N.C. App. 233, 228 S.E.2d 766, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1959 (1976) ...... 6-4 Walters v. Seventeen Magazine, 195 Cal. App. 3d 1119, 241 Cal. Rptr. 101 (1987) ...... 13-68 Walz v. Tax Comm’n of N.Y., 397 U.S. 664 (1970) ...... 4-75, 4-76 Wampler v. Higgins, 93 Ohio St. 3d 111, 752 N.E.2d 962, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2377 (2001) ...... 4-24, 4-29, 4-65, 6-23 Wanless v. Rothballer, 115 Ill. 2d 158, 503 N.E.2d 316, 104 Ill. Dec. 759, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1849 (1986) ...... 5-101 Ward v. News Grp. Int’l, Ltd., 733 F. Supp. 83, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1583 (C.D. Cal. 1990) ...... 7-53

TOC–262 Table of Cases

Ward v. Zelikovsky, 136 N.J. 516, 643 A.2d 972 (1994) ...... 2-10, 2-16, 2-20, 2-22, ...... 2-46, 2-48, 2-50, 2-76, 2-116, ...... 2-118, 2-123, 4-27, 4-35, 4-53, 4-54 Ward Telecomms. & Computer Servs., Inc. v. State, 42 N.Y.2d 289, 366 N.E.2d 840, 397 N.Y.S.2d 751 (1977) ...... 8-47 Warford v. Lexington Herald-Leader, 789 S.W.2d 758, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1785 (Ky. 1990) ...... 5-26, 5-44 Warner v. Kan. City Star Co., 726 S.W.2d 384 (Mo. Ct. App. 1987) ...... 5-36 Warner-Lambert Co. v. Execuquest Corp., 427 Mass. 46, 691 N.E.2d 545 (1998) ...... 12-91 Washburn v. Lavoie, 437 F.3d 84 (D.C. Cir. 2005) ...... 12-16 Washburn v. LaVoie, 437 F.3d 84 (D.C. Cir. 2006) .... 9-9, 9-41, 9-57 Washburn v. Wright, 261 Cal. App. 2d 789, 68 Cal. Rptr. 224 (1968) ...... 2-170 Washington v. Smith, 893 F. Supp. 60 (D.D.C. 1995), aff’d, 80 F.3d 555 (D.C. Cir. 1996) ...... 3-8, 4-34, 4-58, 12-5 Washington v. Thomas, 778 S.W.2d 792 (Mo. Ct. App. 1989) ...... 2-102 Wash. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Adm’rs, 2 F.3d 192 (7th Cir. 1993) ...... 5-79, 5-113, 8-54, 9-50 Wash. Post Co. v. Chaloner, 250 U.S. 290 (1919) ...... 2-29 Wash. Post Co. v. Kennedy, 3 F.2d 207 (D.C. Cir. 1925) ...... 2-149, 2-166 Wash. Post Co. v. Keogh, 365 F.2d 965 (D.C. Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 1011 (1967) ...... 5-90, 5-110, 16-36, ...... 16-54, 16-56, 16-77 Waskow v. Associated Press, 462 F.2d 1173 (D.C. Cir. 1972) ...... 5-109, 5-114 Wasser v. San Diego Union, 191 Cal. App. 3d 1455, 236 Cal. Rptr. 772, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1083 (1987) ...... 16-40 Wasserman v. Haller, 627 N.Y.S.2d 456 (2d Dep’t 1995) ...... 4-34 Wasserman v. Time, Inc., 424 F.2d 920 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 398 U.S. 940 (1970) ...... 16-59 Waste Distillation Tech., Inc. v. Blasland & Bouck Eng’rs, 136 A.D.2d 633, 523 N.Y.S.2d 875 (2d Dep’t 1988) ...... 13-7 Waste Mgmt. of Tex., Inc. v. Tex. Disposal Sys. Landfill, Inc., 434 S.W.3d 142 (Tex. 2014) ...... 2-170, 10-14, 10-23

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–263 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Watchtower Bible & Tract Soc’y of N.Y. v. Vill. of Stratton, 536 U.S. 150 (2002) ...... 14-34, 14-39 Waters v. Collins & Aikman Prods. Co., 208 F. Supp. 2d 593 (W.D.N.C. 2002) ...... 13-39 Watson v. Leach, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 2474 (Ohio Ct. App. 1996) ...... 2-43, 7-53 Watt v. Longsdon, [1929] All E.R. Rep. 284, [1930] 1 K.B. 130 ...... 9-7, 9-8, 9-14, 9-15, 9-33, 9-43 Watt v. McKelvie, 219 Va. 645, 248 S.E.2d 826, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1781 (1978) ...... 2-115 Wattigny v. Lambert, 408 So. 2d 1126 (La. Ct. App. 1981), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1132 (1982) ...... 6-22 Watts-Wagner Co. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 64 F. Supp. 506 (S.D.N.Y. 1945) ...... 2-158 Wayment v. Clear Channel Broad., Inc., 2005 UT 25, 116 P.3d 271, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1940 (2005) ...... 5-36, 5-45 WDM Planning, Inc. v. United Credit Corp., 62 A.D.2d 940, 404 N.Y.S.2d 5 (1st Dep’t 1978), rev’d on other grounds, 47 N.Y.2d 50, 389 N.E.2d 1099, 416 N.Y.S.2d 579 (1979) ...... 2-143 Weatherall v. Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 432 So. 2d 988 (La. Ct. App. 1983) ...... 10-45 Weatherhead v. Globe Int’l, Inc., 832 F.2d 1226, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1949 (10th Cir. 1987) ...... 2-159 Weaver v. Beneficial Fin. Co., 199 Va. 196, 98 S.E.2d 687 (1957) ...... 2-114 Weaver v. Beneficial Fin. Co., 200 Va. 572, 106 S.E.2d 620 (1959) ...... 2-135 Weaver v. Forbes, Inc., 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1444 (S.D. Tex. 1988) ...... 5-96 Weaver v. Lancaster Newspapers, Inc., 592 Pa. 458, 926 A.2d 899, 35 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2170 (2007) ...... 5-104, 5-115 Weaver v. Oregonian Publ’g Co., 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1858 (D. Or. 1987) ...... 15-45, 15-46 Weaver v. Pryor Jeffersonian, 569 P.2d 967, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1425 (Okla. 1977) ...... 5-23, 7-3 Webb v. Gray, 181 Ala. 408, 62 So. 194 (1913) ...... 3-29, 3-30 Webb v. Sessions, 531 S.W.2d 211 (Tex. Civ. App. 1975) ...... 2-160 Webb v. Virginian-Pilot Media Cos., 287 Va. 84, 752 S.E.2d 808, 811 (2014) ...... 2-128, 2-152 Weber v. Woods, 31 Ill. App. 3d 122, 334 N.E.2d 857 (1975) ...... 7-18

TOC–264 Table of Cases

Wecht v. P.G. Publ’g Co., 353 Pa. Super. 493, 510 A.2d 769, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1020 (1986) ...... 2-59 Weenig v. Wood, 169 Ind. App. 413, 349 N.E.2d 235 (1976) ...... 9-21, 9-27, 9-46, 9-56 Wegman v. Dairylea Coop., Inc., 50 A.D.2d 108, 376 N.Y.S.2d 728 (4th Dep’t 1975) ...... 13-45, 13-46 Wegner v. Rodeo Cowboys Ass’n, 417 F.2d 881 (10th Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 398 U.S. 903 (1970) ...... 10-27, 10-42 Wehling v. Columbia Broad. Sys., 608 F.2d 1084, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2228 (5th Cir. 1979) ...... 14-45 Wehringer v. Newman, 60 A.D.2d 385, 400 N.Y.S.2d 533, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1708 (1st Dep’t 1978) ...... 4-70, 4-74, 6-19, 16-57 Weidman v. Ketcham, 278 N.Y. 129, 15 N.E.2d 426 (1938) ...... 2-92 Weinberg v. Pollock, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1442 (Conn. Super. Ct. 1991) ...... 2-31, 2-52, 4-14 Weinberger v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 622, 668 N.W.2d 667, 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2281 (Minn. 2003) ...... 14-8, 14-24, 14-26, 14-28 Weinberger v. Maplewood Review, 648 N.W.2d 249, 30 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2097 (Minn. Ct. App. 2002) ...... 14-26 Weiner v. Doubleday & Co., 74 N.Y.2d 586, 549 N.E.2d 453, 550 N.Y.S.2d 251, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1165 (1989), cert. denied, 495 U.S. 930 (1990) ...... 2-23, 2-76, 5-107, 5-109, ...... 6-17, 6-19, 7-53, 7-61, 16-56 Weiner v. San Diego Cnty., 210 F.3d 1025 (9th Cir. 2000) ...... 4-40 Weiner v. Time & Life, Inc., 133 Misc. 2d 622, 507 N.Y.S.2d 784, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1939 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1986) ...... 2-27 Weingarten v. Block, 102 Cal. App. 3d 129, 162 Cal. Rptr. 701, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2585, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 899 (1980) ...... 5-38 Weinstein v. Bullick, 827 F. Supp. 1193, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1481 (E.D. Pa. 1993) ...... 8-50, 13-49 Weinstein v. Friedman, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1769, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3672 (S.D.N.Y.), aff’d mem., 1996 U.S. App. LEXIS 27300 (2d Cir. 1996) ...... 2-27, 15-58

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–265 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Weinstein v. Friedman, 859 F. Supp. 786, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2089 (E.D. Pa. 1994) ...... 15-42 Weissman v. Mogol, 118 Misc. 2d 911, 462 N.Y.S.2d 383 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1983) ...... 8-38 Weitz v. Green, 230 P.3d 743 (2010) ...... 13-5 Weitzner v. U.S. Precast Corp., 645 So. 2d 180 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1994) ...... 8-56 Welch v. Am. Publ’g Co. of Ky., 3 S.W.3d 724 (Ky. 1999) ...... 16-37 Weldy v. Piedmont Airlines, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7958 (W.D.N.Y. 1995) ...... 10-3, 10-37, 10-48, 10-49 Weldy v. Piedmont Airlines, Inc., 985 F.2d 57 (2d Cir. 1993) ...... 2-119, 9-9, 9-26, ...... 9-39, 9-40, 9-41, 9-46 Weller v. Am. Broad.Cos., 232 Cal. App. 3d 991, 283 Cal. Rptr. 644, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1161 (1991) ...... 2-35, 4-14, 10-10 Weller v. Home News Publ’g Co., 112 N.J. Super. 502, 271 A.2d 738 (1970) ...... 12-24, 12-25 Welling v. Weinfeld, 113 Ohio St. 3d 464, 866 N.E.2d 1051, 35 Media L. Rep. 1979 (2007) .....12-9, 12-14 Wellman v. Fox, 108 Nev. 83, 825 P.2d 208, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2028 (1992) ...... 4-19 Wells v. Liddy, 186 F.3d 505 (4th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1118 (2000) ...... 2-114, 2-119, 5-66, ...... 15-50, 15-61 Welsh v. Pritchard, 125 Mont. 517, 241 P.2d 816 (1952) ...... 12-12 Wennhak v. Morgan, [1888] 20 Q.B.D. 635, 57 L.J.Q.B. 2411 ...... 8-53 Wenz v. Becker, 948 F. Supp. 319 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ...... 7-27, 7-44 Werner v. S. Cal. Associated Newspapers, 35 Cal. 2d 121, 216 P.2d 825, 13 A.L.R.2D 252 (1950), appeal dismissed, 340 U.S. 910 (1951) ...... 11-7, 11-13, ...... 11-14, 11-15 Werner v. Times-Mirror Co., 193 Cal. App. 2d 111, 14 Cal. Rptr. 208 (1961) ...... 12-29 Wesko v. G.E.M., Inc., 19 Md. App. 161, 310 A.2d 191 (1973), aff’d, 272 Md. 192, 321 A.2d 529 (1974) ...... 8-23 West v. Brazos River Harbor Navigation Dist., 836 F. Supp. 1331 (S.D. Tex. 1993), aff’d without opinion, 32 F.3d 566 (5th Cir. 1994) .....9-40, 9-46

TOC–266 Table of Cases

West v. Media Gen. Convergence, Inc., 53 S.W.3d 640, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2454 (Tenn. 2001) ...... 12-10, 12-16, 12-20, 12-21, 12-33 West v. Morehead, 396 S.C. 1, 720 S.E.2d 495 (Ct. App. 2011) ...... 7-37 West v. N.Y. Daily News, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1269 (N.Y. Cnty. 1979) ...... 5-95, 5-113 West v. Thomson Newspapers, 872 P.2d 999 (Utah 1994) ...... 1-3, 2-3, 2-5, 2-7, 2-16, ...... 2-20, 2-24, 2-52, 4-5, 4-9, 4-28, ...... 4-33, 4-44, 4-51, 4-66, 4-67, 16-39 W. Coach Corp. v. Vaughn, 9 Ariz. App. 336, 452 P.2d 117 (1969) ...... 10-32 W. Techs., Inc. v. Sverdrup & Parcel, Inc., 154 Ariz. 1, 739 P.2d 1318 (Ct. App. 1986) ...... 13-25, 13-42 West Virginia v. Gaughan, 198 W. Va. 339, 480 S.E.2d 548 (1996) ...... 5-26, 5-35 W. Va. Bd. of Educ. v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943) ...... 16-74 Westfall, In re, 808 S.W.2d 829 (Mo. 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1009 (1991) ...... 4-17 Westby v. Madison Newspapers, Inc., 81 Wis. 2d 1, 259 N.W.2d 691 (1977) ...... 2-20, 2-76, 11-7 Westfall v. Erwin, 484 U.S. 292 (1988) ...... 8-27 Westmoreland v. CBS, Inc., 596 F. Supp. 1170, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2417 (S.D.N.Y. 1984) ...... 5-14, 5-78, 5-92, 5-97 Westmoreland v. CBS, Inc., 601 F. Supp. 66 (S.D.N.Y. 1984) ...... 5-100 Westmoreland v. CBS, Inc., 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2493 (D.S.C. 1982) ...... 15-42 Weston v. State, 258 Ark. 707, 528 S.W.2d 412 (1975) ...... 3-5 Westphal v. Lakeland Ledger Publ’g Co., 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2262 (Fla. Cir. Ct. 1977), aff’d, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1336 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1978) ...... 11-5, 11-7, 12-57, 12-61, 16-38 Wetherby v. Retail Credit Co., 235 Md. 237, 201 A.2d 344 (1964) ...... 3-14 Weyrich v. New Republic, 235 F.3d 617, 29 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1257 (D.C. Cir. 2001) ...... 2-18, 2-76, 2-77, 4-18, 4-19, 4-32, ...... 4-43, 4-59, 12-15, 12-26, 14-48, 15-54, 16-58 WFAA-TV, Inc. v. McLemore, 978 S.W.2d 568, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2385 (Tex. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1051 (1999) ...... 5-25, 5-36, 16-33

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–267 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Whalen v. Hanley, 63 P.3d 254 (Alaska 2003) ...... 8-30 Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589 (1977) ...... 12-4 Whalen v. Weaver, 464 S.W.2d 176 (Tex. Civ. App. 1971) ...... 10-41 WHC, Inc. v. Tri-State Rd. Boring, Inc., 468 So. 2d 764 (La. Ct. App. 1985) ...... 6-22 Wheeler v. Dell Publ’g Co., 300 F.2d 372 (7th Cir. 1962) ...... 7-6 Wheeler v. Green, 286 Or. 99, 593 P.2d 777, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1132 (1979) ...... 5-46, 5-55, 6-24, ...... 6-25, 10-30, 10-36 Wheeler v. Neb. State Bar Ass’n, 244 Neb. 786, 508 N.W.2d 917 (1993) ...... 2-75, 3-12, 4-17, ...... 4-20, 4-25, 4-54 Whelan v. Trans Union Credit Reporting Agency, 862 F. Supp. 824 (E.D.N.Y. 1994) ...... 9-24 Whisenhunt v. Lippincott, 416 S.W.3d 689 (Tex. App. 2013) ...... 16-25 Whitaker v. Denver Post, Inc., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1351 (D. Wyo. 1978) ...... 7-53 Whitaker v. Denver Post, Inc., 401 F. Supp. 60 (D. Wyo. 1975), rev’d on other grounds sub nom. Anselmi v. Denver Post, Inc., 552 F.2d 316, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1530 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 432 U.S. 911 (1977) ...... 5-28 Whitby v. Assocs. Disc. Corp., 59 Ill. App. 2d 337, 207 N.E.2d 482 (1965) ...... 2-16 Whitcomb v. Hearst Corp., 329 Mass. 193, 107 N.E.2d 295 (1952) ...... 11-2 White v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mass., Inc., 442 Mass. 64, 809 N.E.2d 1034 (2004) ...... 2-98, 2-100, 2-101, 3-7 White v. Fraternal Order of Police, 707 F. Supp. 579, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1552 (D.D.C. 1989), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 909 F.2d 512, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2137 (D.C. Cir. 1990) ...... 2-26, 2-30, ...... 2-36, 2-77, 3-26, 4-17, 5-54, 7-30, 7-34, ...... 7-44, 8-39, 12-19, 12-27, 12-28, 12-36, 12-81 White v. Gurnsey, 48 Or. App. 931, 618 P.2d 975 (1980) ...... 2-109 White v. Manchester Enter., Inc., 871 F. Supp. 934 (E.D. Ky. 1994) ...... 5-44, 12-9, ...... 12-29, 13-50, 13-52 White v. Manchester Enter., Inc., 910 F. Supp. 311, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1627 (E.D. Ky. 1996) ...... 11-13

TOC–268 Table of Cases

White v. Nicholls, 44 U.S. (3 How.) 266 (1845) ...... 9-15 White v. Samsung Elecs. Am., 971 F.2d 1395, 20 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1457 (9th Cir. 1992), petition for reh’g and suggestion for reh’gen banc denied, 989 F.2d 1512, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1330, cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993) ...... 12-89 White v. Wilkerson, 328 S.C. 179, 493 S.E.2d 345 (1997) ...... 2-137 White Motor Co. v. United States, 372 U.S. 253 (1963) ...... 16-47 Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927) ...... 16-74 Whitten v. Commercial Dispatch Publ’g Co., 487 So. 2d 843, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2227 (Miss. 1986) ...... 2-43, 5-44, 5-64 Wicklund v. O’Connell, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9895 (W.D. Va. 1995) ...... 15-40 Widener v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 75 Cal. App. 3d 415, 142 Cal. Rptr. 304, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1260 (1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 918 (1978) ...... 5-37, 5-88, 10-42, 10-53 Wieder v. Chem. Bank, 202 A.D.2d 168, 608 N.Y.S.2d 195 (1st Dep’t 1994) ...... 2-98 Wiegel v. Capital Times Co., 145 Wis. 2d 71, 426 N.W.2d 43, 15 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1569 (Ct. App. 1988) ...... 5-64 Wiemer v. Rankin, 117 Idaho 566, 790 P.2d 347, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1753 (1990) ...... 4-48, 6-3, 7-29, 7-35, 10-24 Wiest v. E-Fense, Inc., 356 F. Supp. 2d 604 (E.D. Va. 2005) ...... 12-103 Wiggins v. Equifax Servs., Inc., 848 F. Supp. 213 (D.D.C. 1993) ...... 9-24 Wiggins v. Mallard, 905 So. 2d 776, 33 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1025 (2004) ...... 5-78, 9-46 Wilbanks v. Wolk, 121 Cal. App. 4th 883, 117 Cal. Rptr. 3d 497 (2004) ...... 16-9, 16-13 Wilcher v. City of Wilmington, 60 F. Supp. 2d 298 (D. Del. 1999) ...... 12-92 Wilcox v. Newark Valley Cent. Sch. Dist., 74 A.D.3d 1558, 904 N.Y.S.2d 523 (3d Dep’t 2010) ...... 9-58 Wilcox v. Superior Court, 27 Cal. App. 4th 809, 33 Cal. Rptr. 2d 446 (1994) ...... 9-37, 9-38, 10-75, 16-9 Wilder v. Cody Cnty. Chamber of Commerce, 868 P.2d 211 (Wyo. 1994) ...... 13-62 Wilder v. Johnson Publ’g Co., 551 F. Supp. 622, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1145 (E.D. Va. 1982) ...... 2-128

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–269 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Wilhoit v. WCSC, Inc., 293 S.C. 34, 358 S.E.2d 397, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2156 (Ct. App. 1987) ...... 2-56 Wilkins v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 71 Cal. App. 4th 1066, 84 Cal. Rptr. 329, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1865 (1999) ..... 12-94 Wilkins v. Record Publ’g Co., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1605 (N.D. Ohio 1978) ...... 16-50 Wilkinson v. Downston, [1897] 2 Q.B.D. 57 ...... 13-48 Wilkinson v. Russell, 973 F. Supp. 437 (D. Vt. 1997) ...... 8-22 William H. Morris Co. v. Grp. W, Inc., 66 F.3d 255 (9th Cir. 1995) ...... 13-31 Williams v. Am. Broad. Cos., 96 F.R.D. 658, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1687 (W.D. Ark. 1983) ...... 14-11 Williams v. Bell Tel. Labs., Inc., 132 N.J. 109, 623 A.2d 234 (1993) ...... 9-56 Williams v. Burns, 540 F. Supp. 1243 (D. Colo. 1982) ...... 13-38 Williams v. Cont’l Airlines, Inc., 943 P.2d 10 (Colo. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 3-8, 3-16 Williams v. Daily Review, Inc., 236 Cal. App. 2d 405, 46 Cal. Rptr. 135 (1965) ...... 2-133, 4-72 Williams v. Detroit Bd. of Educ., 523 F. Supp. 2d 602 (E.D. Mich. 2007) ...... 5-9 Williams v. Dist. Ct., Second Judicial Dist., 866 P.2d 908, 911 n.4 (Colo. 1993) ...... 2-6 Williams v. First Fed. Sav. Bank, 14 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1033 (D.V.I. 1987) ...... 5-102, 13-57 Williams v. Garraghty, 249 Va. 224, 455 S.E.2d 209, cert. denied, 516 U.S. 814 (1995) ...... 4-65, 6-23, 9-49, ...... 10-26, 10-40, 10-44, 10-70 Williams v. Hicks Printing Co., 159 Wis. 90, 150 N.W. 183 (1914) ...... 11-8 Williams v. Kenney, 379 N.J. Super. 118, 877 A.2d 277 (App. Div. 2005) ...... 8-7, 8-9, 8-17 Williams v. KMCO Broad. Div.-Meredith Corp., 472 S.W.2d 1, 56 A.L.R.3D 378 (Mo. Ct. App. 1971) ...... 12-68 Williams v. New York, 508 F.2d 356 (2d Cir. 1974) ...... 10-33 Williams v. Newsweek, Inc., 63 F. Supp. 2d 734 (E.D. Va.), aff’d, 1999 U.S. App. LEXIS 34272 (4th Cir. 1999) ...... 12-103 Williams v. Newsweek, Inc., 63 F. Supp. 2d 734 (E.D. Va.), aff’d, 202 F.3d 262 (4th Cir. 1999) ...... 16-3 Williams v. Pasma, 202 Mont. 66, 656 P.2d 212, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1004 (1982), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 945 (1983) ...... 3-21, 5-55

TOC–270 Table of Cases

Williams v. Tharp, 914 N.E.2d 756 (Ind. 2009) ...... 9-5, 9-47, 9-51, 9-54 Williams v. Trust Co., 140 Ga. App. 49, 230 S.E.2d 45 (1976) ...... 5-33, 5-54 Williams v. United States, 71 F.3d 502, 24 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1281 (5th Cir. 1995) ...... 8-29 Williams v. Williams, 23 N.Y.2d 592, 246 N.E.2d 333, 298 N.Y.S.2d 473 (1969) ...... 7-36, 8-21 Williamson v. Lucas, 171 Ga. App. 695, 320 S.E.2d 800 (1984) ...... 11-11 Williamson v. New Times, Inc., 980 S.W.2d 706, 27 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1408 (Tex. App. 1998) ...... 2-106, 7-5 Willnerd v. Sybase, Inc., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 114544 (D. Idaho 2010) ...... 16-7 Wilson v. Belin, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2028 (N.D. Tex. 1993), aff'd, 20 F.3d 644, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1748 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 930 (1994) ...... 15-15, 15-17, 15-31 Wilson v. Birmingham Post Co., 482 So. 2d 1209, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1668 (Ala. 1986) ...... 7-29 Wilson v. Capital City Press, 315 So. 2d 393 (La. Ct. App.), writ denied, 320 So. 2d 203 (1975) ...... 7-29 Wilson v. Grant, 297 N.J. Super. 128, 687 A.2d 1009 (App. Div. 1996), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 844 (1997) ...... 2-47, 5-36, 12-52 Wilson v. Harvey, 164 Ohio App. 3d 278, 842 N.E.2d 83 (2005) ...... 2-34 Wilson v. IBP, Inc., 558 N.W.2d 132 (Iowa 1996), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 810 (1997) ...... 10-28 Wilson v. Libby, 535 F.3d 697 (D.C. Cir. 2008) ...... 8-29 Wilson v. Scripps-Howard Broad. Co., 642 F.2d 371, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1169 (6th Cir.), cert. granted, 454 U.S. 962, cert. dismissed, 454 U.S. 1130 (1981) ...... 3-11, 10-55 Wilt v. Kansas City Area Trans. Auth., 629 S.W.2d 669, 671 (Mo. Ct. App. 1982) ...... 13-61 Winegard v. Larsen, 260 N.W.2d 816 (Iowa 1977) ...... 12-18, 12-61 Winn v. Associated Press, 903 F. Supp. 575 (S.D.N.Y. 1995), aff’d without opinion, 104 F.3d 350 (2d Cir. 1996) ...... 7-15 Winn v. United Press Int’l, 938 F. Supp. 39 (D.D.C. 1996), aff’d, 1997 U.S. App. LEXIS 19025 (D.C. Cir. 1997) ...... 5-109, 7-14

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–271 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Winstead v. Sweeney, 205 Mich. App. 664, 517 N.W.2d 874, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1563 (1994) ...... 12-50, 12-51, 12-52, 12-79 Winter v. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 938 F.2d 1033, 19 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1053 (9th Cir. 1991) ...... 13-67, 13-68, 13-69 Winter v. N. Tier Publ’g Co., 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1348 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Westchester Cnty. 1978) ...... 5-31 Winters v. Morgan, 576 P.2d 1152, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2021 (Okla. 1978) ...... 2-140 Winters v. New York, 333 U.S. 507 (1948) ...... 12-60 Wirig v. Kinney Shoe Corp., 461 N.W.2d 374 (Minn. 1990) ...... 9-57 Wiseman v. Spaulding, 573 S.W.2d 490 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1978) ...... 8-23 Wisner v. Harvey, 694 So. 2d 348 (La. Ct. App. 1996) ...... 2-90 W.J.A. v. D.A., 210 N.J. 229, 43 A.3d 1148, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1830 (2002) ...... 2-12 W.J.A. v. D.A., 210 N.J. 229, 43 A.3d 1148, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1830 (2012) ...... 2-80 WJLA-TV v. Levin, 264 Va. 140, 564 S.E.2d 383 (2002) ...... 4-65 WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 80 F.3d 1315 (9th Cir. 1996) ...... 13-73 Wojcik v. Bos. Herald, Inc., 60 Mass. App. Ct. 510, 803 N.E.2d 1261, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1649 (2004) ...... 14-12 Wojtowicz v. Delacorte Press, 43 N.Y.2d 858, 374 N.E.2d 129, 403 N.Y.S.2d 218, 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1992 (1978) ...... 12-17, 12-42, 12-101 Wolf v. F&M Banks, 193 Wis. 2d 439, 534 N.W.2d 877 (Ct. App. 1995) ...... 10-70 Wolf v. Regardie, 553 A.2d 1213 (D.C. 1989) ...... 12-8, 12-37 Wolf v. Williamson, 269 Mont. 397, 889 P.2d 1177 (1995) ...... 9-16 Wolford v. Herald-Mail Co., 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1426 (Md. Cir. Ct. 1984) ...... 13-65 Wolinsky v. Standard Oil of Conn., Inc., 712 F. Supp. 2d 46 (D. Conn. 2010) ...... 2-22, 2-75 Wolston v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 578 F.2d 427 (1978) 3 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2334, rev’d on other grounds, 443 U.S. 157, 5 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1273 (1979) ...... 1-35, 4-9, 5-4, 5-5, ...... 5-20, 5-21, 5-45, 5-48, ...... 5-50, 5-63, 5-65, 5-71, 6-5

TOC–272 Table of Cases

Wood v. Battleground Sch. Dist., 107 Wash. App. 550, 27 P.3d 1208 (2001) ...... 8-49, 10-50 Wood v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 736 F.2d 1084, 10 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2113 (5th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1107 (1985) ...... 10-42, 12-17, ...... 12-29, 12-33 Wood v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 207 F.3d 674 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 927 (2000) ...... 10-72 Wood v. Wood, 693 A.2d 673 (Vt. 1997) ...... 2-81 Woodard v. Sunbeam Television Corp., 616 So. 2d 501, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1286 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1993) ...... 12-46, 12-61, 12-74 Woodcock v. Journal Publ’g Co., 230 Conn. 525, 646 A.2d 92 (1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1149 (1995) ...... 5-13, 5-77, 5-95, ...... 5-96, 5-99, 5-100, 5-113 Woodfield v. Providence Hosp., 779 A.2d 933 (D.C. 2001) ...... 8-60 Woodmont Corp. v. Rockwood Ctr. P’ship, 811 F. Supp. 1478, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1177 (D. Kan. 1993) ...... 2-130, 2-135 Woods v. Evansville Press Co., 791 F.2d 480, 12 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2179 (7th Cir. 1986) ...... 2-36, 4-10, 5-79, ...... 5-80, 5-81, 5-102, 5-136 Woods v. Helmi, 758 S.W.2d 219 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) ...... 2-102 Woods v. Prestwick House, Inc., 247 P.3d 1183, 1188 (Okla. 2011) ...... 12-9, 12-90 World Boxing Council v. Cosell, 715 F. Supp. 1259, 16 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2119 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) ...... 5-109, 5-111 World Publ’g Co. v. Mullen, 43 Neb. 126, 61 N.W. 108 (1894) ...... 2-23 Worldnet Software Co. v. Gannett Satellite Info. Network, Inc., 122 Ohio App. 3d 499, 702 N.E.2d 149, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 3991, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2331 (1997) ...... 5-41, 9-36 Worldwide Ass’n of Specialty Programs v. PURE, Inc., 450 F.3d 1132 (10th Cir. 2006) ...... 3-16, 5-32, 10-56

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–273 SACK ON DEFAMATION

World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286 (1980) ...... 15-14, 15-18, 15-26 Woy v. Turner, 573 F. Supp. 35, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2447 (N.D. Ga. 1983) ...... 5-54 Wozniak v. Local 111 of United Elec., Radio & Mach. Workers of Am. (UE), 57 Wis. 2d 725, 205 N.W.2d 369 (1973) ...... 2-53, 10-27 Wright v. Dollar Gen. Corp., 602 So. 2d 772 (La. Ct. App. 1992) ...... 3-16, 16-50, 16-54 Wright v. Grove Sun Newspaper Co., 873 P.2d 983, 22 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1801 (Okla. 1994) ...... 7-19, 7-26, 7-31, 7-33 Wright v. Guarinello, 629 N.Y.S.2d 378 (Sup. Ct. Kings Cnty. 1995) ...... 2-96 Wright v. Lawson, 530 P.2d 823 (Utah 1975) ...... 8-15 Wright v. Truman Road Enters., Inc., 443 S.W.2d 13 (Mo. Ct. App. 1969) ...... 8-20 Wright v. Xerox Corp., 882 F. Supp. 399 (D.N.J. 1995) ...... 15-40 W.T. Grant Co. v. Owens, 149 Va. 906, 141 S.E. 860 (1928) ...... 2-5 Writt v. Shell Oil Co., 409 S.W.3d 59 (Tex. App. 2013) ...... 9-35 Wuterich v. Murtha, 562 F.3d 375 (D.C. Cir. 2009) ...... 8-29, 8-30, 8-68 Wyatt v. Elcom of La., Inc., 792 So. 2d 832 (La. Ct. App. 2001) ...... 3-27 Wyllie v. Dist. Attorney of the Cnty. of Kings, 2 A.D.3d 714, 770 N.Y.S.2d 110 (1st Dep’t 2003) ...... 9-36 Wynberg v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 564 F. Supp. 924, 8 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2398 (C.D. Cal. 1982) ...... 2-83 Wynn v. Smith, 16 P.3d 424 (Nev. 2001) ...... 7-32, 7-34 Wynn v. Wachovia Bank, N.A., 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 38250 (E.D. Va. 2009) ...... 2-97 Wynne v. Creigle, 63 Mass. App. Ct. 246, 825 N.E.2d 559 (2005) ...... 16-21

X Xcentric Ventures, LLC v. Bird, 683 F. Supp. 2d 1068, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1699 (D. Ariz. 2010) ...... 15-38

TOC–274 Table of Cases Y Yaggi v. Ind. Ky. Synod Lutheran Church, 860 F. Supp. 1194, 1198 (W.D. Ky. 1994), aff’d, 64 F.3d 664 (6th Cir. 1995) ...... 4-76 Yagman, In re, 796 F.2d 1165, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1545 (9th Cir. 1986) ...... 15-50, 15-58, 16-69 Yancey v. Hamilton, 786 S.W.2d 854, 17 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1012 (Ky. 1989) ...... 2-78, 4-10, 4-48, 12-32 Yankee Publ’g, Inc. v. News Am. Publ’g, Inc., 809 F. Supp. 267, 21 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1033 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) ...... 5-121 Yanni v. Variety, Inc., 48 A.D.2d 803, 369 N.Y.S.2d 448 (1st Dep’t 1975) ...... 15-8 Yarbray v. S. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 261 Ga. 703, 409 S.E.2d 835 (1991) ...... 13-62 Yaselli v. Goff, 12 F.2d 396, 56 A.L.R. 1239 (2d Cir. 1926), aff’d, 275 U.S. 503 (1927) ...... 8-3, 8-11 Yates v. Iowa W. Racing Ass’n, 721 N.W.2d 762 (Iowa 2006) ...... 4-16, 4-59 Yeager v. Local Union 20, 6 Ohio St. 3d 369, 453 N.E.2d 666 (1983) ...... 2-73, 2-76, 13-47, 13-49 Yeagle v. Collegiate Times, 255 Va. 293, 497 S.E.2d 136, 26 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2337 (1998) ...... 4-54, 4-58 Yeitrakis v. Schering-Plough Corp., 804 F. Supp. 238 (D.N.M. 1992) ...... 2-97 Yelp, Inc. v. Hadeed Carpet Cleaning, Inc., 62 Va. App. 678, 752 S.E.2d 554, 42 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1086, rev’d on other grounds, 770 S.E.2d 440 (Va. 2015) ...... 2-4 Yerkie v. Post-Newsweek Stations, 470 F. Supp. 91, 4 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2566 (D. Md. 1979) ...... 4-8, 4-69 Yetman v. English, 168 Ariz. 71, 811 P.2d 323 (1991) ...... 2-25, 2-33, 2-52, 2-53, 2-78, ...... 2-114, 4-17, 4-24, 4-30, 4-65, 4-74 Yetter v. Ward Trucking Corp., 401 Pa. Super. 467, 585 A.2d 1022 (1991) ...... 2-97 Yeung v. Maric, 232 P.3d 1281 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2010) ...... 8-43 Yiamouyiannis v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 619 F.2d 932, 6 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1065 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 839 (1980) ...... 5-35, 5-129, 16-45

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–275 SACK ON DEFAMATION

Yip v. Pagano, 606 F. Supp. 1566 (D.N.J. 1985) ...... 8-32 Yohe v. Nugent, 321 F.3d 35, 32 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1354 (1st Cir. 2003) ...... 7-22 Yonaty v. Mincolla, 97 A.D.3d 141, 945 N.Y.S.2d 774, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2014 (3d Dep’t 2012) ...... 2-34, 2-121 York v. Amos Press, 11 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2319 (Sup. Ct. Westchester Cnty. 1985) ...... 15-8 Yorty v. Chandler, 13 Cal. App. 3d 467, 91 Cal. Rptr. 709 (1970) ...... 2-13, 2-58, 2-78, 5-117 Youmans v. Smith, 153 N.Y. 214, 47 N.E. 265 (1897) ...... 8-5, 8-13 Young v. CBS Broad., Inc., 212 Cal. App. 4th 551, 151 Cal. Rptr. 3d 237, 40 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1065 (2012) ...... 5-13 Young v. Cnty. of Marin, 195 Cal. App. 3d 863, 241 Cal. Rptr. 169 (1987) ...... 5-14 Young v. Davis, 314 P.3d 350 (Or. Ct. App. 2013) ...... 16-23 Young v. First Bank of Bellevue, 246 Neb. 43, 516 N.W.2d 256 (1994) ...... 3-6, 9-4, 9-27, 9-45 Young v. Gannett Satellite Info. Network, Inc., 734 F.3d 544, 41 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2648 (6th Cir. 2013) ...... 5-10, 16-67 Young v. Krantz, 434 S.W.3d 335 (Tex. App. 2014) ...... 16-24 Young v. Morning Journal, 76 Ohio St. 3d 627, 669 N.E.2d 1136, 25 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1024 (1996) ...... 7-51, 7-53 Young v. New Haven Advocate, 315 F.3d 256 (4th Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1035 (2003) ...... 15-16, 15-38 Young v. N.M. Broad. Co., 60 N.M. 475, 292 P.2d 776 (1956) ...... 2-170 Young v. Suffolk Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 705 F. Supp. 2d 183, 38 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2283 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) ...... 7-8 Young v. That Was the Week That Was, 312 F. Supp. 1337 (N.D. Ohio 1969), aff’d, 423 F.2d 265 (6th Cir. 1970) ...... 12-26, 15-54 Younger v. Solomon, 38 Cal. App. 3d 289, 113 Cal. Rptr. 113 (1974) ...... 8-6

TOC–276 Table of Cases

Z Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broad. Co., 433 U.S. 562, 2 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2089 (1977) ...... 12-85 Zamarello v. Yale, 514 P.2d 228 (Alaska 1973) ...... 13-25 Zarate v. Cortinas, 553 S.W.2d 652 (Tex. Civ. App. 1977) ...... 9-10 Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court, 471 U.S. 626 (1985) ...... 5-135 Zechman v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 742 F. Supp. 1359 (N.D. Ill. 1990) ...... 2-61 Zeck v. Spiro, 52 Misc. 2d 629, 276 N.Y.S.2d 395 (N.Y. Cnty. 1966) ...... 5-16 Zeran v. Am. Online, Inc., 129 F.3d 327 (4th Cir. 1997) ...... 2-93, 7-12, 8-55 Zeran v. Diamond Broad., Inc., 203 F.3d 714 (10th Cir. 2000) ...... 10-9, 12-14, ...... 12-32, 13-48, 13-50 Zerangue v. TSP Newspapers, Inc., 814 F.2d 1066, 13 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 2438 (5th Cir. 1987) ...... 3-18, 3-19, 5-8, 5-90 Zerilli v. Smith, 656 F.2d 705, 7 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1121 (D.C. Cir. 1981) ...... 14-2, 14-10, 14-15, 14-17 Zerman v. Sullivan & Cromwell, 677 F. Supp. 1316 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) ...... 15-57 Zerpol Corp. v. DMP Corp., 561 F. Supp. 404, 9 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1802 (E.D. Pa. 1983) ...... 13-10, 13-21 Zerr v. Johnson, 894 F. Supp. 372 (D. Colo. 1995) ...... 2-5 Zhao v. Wong, 48 Cal. App. 4th 1114 (1996) ...... 10-76 Zielinski v. Clorox Co., 227 Ga. App. 760, 490 S.W.2d 448 (1997) ...... 2-174, 12-27 Zieve v. Hairston, 266 Ga. App. 753, 598 S.E.2d 25 (2004) ...... 12-23 Zinda v. La.-Pac. Corp., 140 Wis. 2d 277, 409 N.W.2d 436 (Ct. App. 1987), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 149 Wis. 2d 913, 440 N.W.2d 548 (1989) ...... 9-40, 9-55, 10-39, ...... 10-46, 10-48, 10-49, 12-10 Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F. Supp. 1119 (W.D. Pa. 1997) ...... 15-37, 15-39, 15-40 Zirn v. Cullom, 187 Misc. 241, 63 N.Y.S.2d 439 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1946) ...... 8-14 Zito v. Am. Fed’n of Musicians, 60 A.D.2d 967, 401 N.Y.S.2d 929 (4th Dep’t 1978) ...... 9-30

(Sack, Rel. #6, 4/16) TOC–277 SACK ON DEFAMATION

ZLTechs., Inc. v. Gartner, Inc., 709 F. Supp. 2d 789 (N.D. Cal. 2010), aff’d sub nom. ZLTechs., Inc. v. Gartner Grp., Inc., 433 F. App’x 547 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 181 L. Ed. 2d 295 (2011) ...... 4-49, 4-52 Zoll v. Jordache Enters., Inc., 31 Media L. Rep. (BNA) 1779, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24570 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) ...... 7-6, 12-28, 12-103 Zuck v. Interstate Publ’g Co., 317 F.2d 727 (2d Cir. 1963) ...... 2-106 Zucker v. Cnty. of Rockland, 111 A.D.2d 325, 489 N.Y.S.2d 308 (2d Dep’t 1985) ...... 2-163 Zuschek v. Whitmoyer Labs., Inc., 430 F. Supp. 1163 (E.D. Pa. 1977), aff’d, 571 F.2d 573 (3d Cir. 1978) ...... 9-16 Zutz v. Kamrowski, 787 N.W.2d 286 (N.D. 2010) ...... 8-22, 8-47 Zutz v. Nelson, 788 N.W.2d 58 (Minn. 2010) ...... 8-22, 8-37, 8-47

TOC–278