DOCSLIB.ORG

Seasonal Dynamics of Alkaloids of Genista Tinctoria L. Growing at the Southern Ural Region

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seasonal Dynamics of Alkaloids of Genista Tinctoria L. Growing at the Southern Ural Region id7717921 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ISSN : 0974 - 7508 Volume 10 Issue 7 NNaattuurraall PPrrAoon dIdnduuian ccJotutrnssal Full Paper NPAIJ, 10(7), 2014 [215-218] Seasonal dynamics of alkaloids of Genista tinctoria L. growing at the Southern Ural Region Inna P.Tsypysheva1*, Polina R.Petrova2, Irina P.Baykova1, Eugeniy G.Galkin1, Nikolay I.Fedorov3, Fanur Z.Galin1,2, Marat S.Yunusov1 1Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ufa Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, prosp. Oktyabrya, 71, (RUSSIAN FEDERATION) 2Bashkir State University, Ufa, (RUSSIAN FEDERATION) 3Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, (RUSSIAN FEDERATION) E-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The seasonal dynamics of alkaloids of the aerial part of Genista tinctoria L. Genista tinctoria; growing in the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkortostan Republic (South- Quinolizidine alkaloids; ern Ural region) was investigated by GC/MS. It was shown, that the con- Seasonal dynamics; tent of quinolizidine alkaloids is maximal in the branches of the flowering GC/MS. period. Two alkaloids - baptifoline and ( )-cytisine are the major compo- nents of the total alkaloids of this plant. 2014 Trade Science Inc. - INDIA INTRODUCTION dynamics of alkaloids of Genista tinctoria L. The plants of genera Fabaceae are one of the most Plants of genus Genista (Fabaceae) are used by popular producers of quinolizidine alkaloids which are traditional medicine owing to their known biological known for their high biological activities[13-16]. And the activity - anti-inflammatory, ulceroprotective, hypogly- data about alkaloids of G. tinctoria growing in the East- cemic, antioxidant, phytoestrogenic and antitumor ac- ern Europe, Turkey, and Central Asia is presented in tivity[1-6]. Partially these properties are caused by pres- literature[17-19]. However, the total content and the com- ence of quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) in the plants, and it position of the alkaloids of G. tinctoria growing in the is necessary to mention that some of them, first of all (- Southern Ural have not yet been studied. )-cytisine, is the precursor for a new drugs for treat- Genista tinctoria L. (Fabaceae) (a shrub, 50-150 ment of neurodegenerative diseases[7], including our own cm in height with narrow leaves and yellow papiliona- researches[8-10]. ceous flowers) is wild throughout the steppe and for- It is known, that existence of accessible plant est-steppe zones of Western Siberia, and the Ural re- source of starting natural compounds is necessary for gion[20], it is found mainly in the dry forests and their the achievement of such purpose. Therefore, in the fringes, pine forests, among other shrubs, and on hill course of our search for accessible sources of QA among slopes primarily inhabiting limestone or sandy soils[21]. plants of genera Fabaceae growing at the territory of In order to identify the accessible plant sources of our region[11, 12] in this work we describe the seasonal quinolizidine alkaloids in the territory of the 216 Seasonal dynamics of alkaloids. of Genista tinctoria L. growing NPAIJ, 10(7) 2014 Full Paper Bashkortostan Republic (Southern Ural) and the opti- the alkaloid mixtures were identified from full mass mal period for collection of raw plant materials, we car- spectra: the probability of similarity (Q) between the ried out the study of seasonal dynamics of alkaloids of recorded spectra and the spectra found in the database the aerial parts of G. tinctoria collected at different (by library search[22]) is provided in TABLE 1. phenological phases - budding, flowering, and fruiting. Commercial available alkaloids ( )-cytisine (CAS 458-35-8), N-methylcytisine (CAS 486-86-2), d- EXPERIMENTAL lupanine (CAS 550-90-3), and also anagyrin and N- formylcytisine isolated from Thermopsis lanceolata ssp. Plant material sibirica previously[11] were used as reference sub- The plant samples of G. tinctoria (the voucher stances. Relative retention index (RRT) of ( )-cytisine specimen of G. tinctoria was deposited at the Her- was 1.00. Quantitative analysis was performed using barium of the Institute of Biology of the Ufa Scientific internal normalization method with respect to chromato- Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB USC graphic peak areas without the use of correction fac- RAS), No. 345-2012) were collected under typical tors. The alkaloid content is provided in % of the weight weather conditions in 2012 in the forest-steppe zone of of the air-dry raw materials (ADRM). The sum of ar- the Bashkortostan Republic near the Bikchagul village eas of peaks of the components was regarded as 100%. of the Alsheevsky District. Identification of species was RESULTS AND DISCUSSION carried out by Professor N. I. Fedorov (IB USC RAS), Ufa. The samples have been collected at three phases: A comparative analysis of the content and compo- budding - buds and leaves (sample I) and branches sition of the alkaloids of the aerial parts of Genista (sample II), flowering - flowers and leaves (sample III) ‘unripe tinctoria L. at the budding, flowering, and fruiting phe- and branches (sample IV), fruiting - leaves and ’ (sample V) and branches (samples VI). The plant nological phases was carried out by GS/MS method, pods that is the common, most convenient and fast for the material was dried and powdered to obtain particles 1 analysis of extracts of quinolizidine alkaloids[23-25]. The mm in diameter. buds and leaves (sample I), flowers and leaves (sample ‘unripe pods’ (sample V), and branches Extraction and isolation of total alkaloids III), leaves and An air-dried and powdered sample I (100 g) was (samples II, IV, VI) of G. tinctoria were investigated × 3 extracted with water-acetone (1:9) mixture (10 d separately. Results of the GC/MS investigation are pre- times). After concentration under vacuum, the residue sented in TABLE 1. was acidified to pH 3 by 10% H SO and extracted The total alkaloid content is minimal during the bud- × 100 ml). The aqueo2us fr4action was cau- – sample I, 0.17% – sample II) with Et O (3 ding period (0.05% 2 and it increases markedly by the time the flowering tiously adjusted to pH 10 by Na2CO3 and then ex- – sample III, 0.85% – sample IV) and the fruiting × 100 ml). The (0.60% haustively extracted with CHCl3 (5 – sample V, 0.60% – sample VI) are periods (0.59% CHCl3 fraction was dried by anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under vacuum to yield 50 mg of total al- reached. A higher content of alkaloids was identified in the branches of the plant (the total alkaloid content was kaloids of sample I. Extraction of total alkaloids from – sample II, 0.85% – sample IV, – VI was carried out by analogy. as follows: 0.17% samples II – sample VI, respectively) during all pheno- and 0.6% GC/MS investigations and data analysis logical phases. Chromato-mass spectrograms were recorded on The analysis of composition of the total alkaloids – a Thermo Finnigan MAT 95 XP, electron impact ion- (samples I-VI) shown that the quinolizidine alkaloids – 250°C, ization method (70 eV), injector temperature ( )-cytisine, N-formylcytisine, anagyrin, baptifolin, d- – 30 m HP-5MS column, phase thickness 0.25 mm lupanin, N-methylcytisine are the major components. It µm, initial temperature – 120 °C for 3 minutes, 0.25 is necessary to mention, that samples I-VI differed sig- °C isotherm for 10 minutes. The components of 250 nificantly with respect to composition and content of NaturaAln PInrdioand Jouurcnatl s NPAIJ, 10(7) 2014 Inna P.Tsypysheva et al. 217 Full Paper TABLE 1 : Seasonal dynamics of alkaloids of Genista tinctoria L. Phenological phase Budding Flowering Fruiting leaves and buds and flowers “ branches branches unripe branches leaves and leaves ” Sample pods I II III IV V VI Total alkaloids, %1 0.05 0.17 0.60 0.85 0.59 0.60 Components RRT2 M+ Q3 Content of components, %1 Ammodendrine 0.78 208 90 - - +4 - - - N-methylcytisine 0.94 204 97 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.02 + 0.01 (-)-Cytisine 1.00 190 98 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.01 d-Lupanine 1.22 248 96 - + 0.03 - - - N- formylcytisine 1.51 218 94 + - 0.05 0.16 0.06 0.10 Anagyrine 1.54 244 98 + 0.04 0.09 0.05 0.01 0.04 Baptifoline 1.91 260 89 - - 0.10 0.22 0.05 0.22 – 250°C, HP-5MS column, phase thickness – 30 m 1% of the weight of the air-dry raw material; 2Injector temperature 0.25 mm µm, initial temperature – 120°C for 3 minutes, 250°C isotherm for 10 minutes; 0.25 3Probability of similarity between the recorded spectra and the spectra found in the database; 4Traces the individual components. CONCLUSIONS Thus, ( )-cytisine was identified in all samples but its maximal content was recorded at the flowering phase, Thus, it was shown, that the content of quinolizidine in sample IV (0.2%). Also, the aerial part of Genista alkaloids in the aerial parts of Genista tinctoria grow- tinctoria contains N-methylcytisine and anagyrin dur- ing in the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkortostan Re- public (Southern Ural) is maximal in the branches of the ing all phenological phases. Their relevant contents reach flowering period; the baptifoline and (-)-cytisine are the maximal values in the branches during the flowering major components of the total alkaloids of this plant. period (0.07% in sample IV), and in the leaves and Resulting data confirms that G. tinctoria can be used flowers during the flowering period (0.09% in sample as an accessible source of the two mentioned above III), respectively. quinolizidine alkaloids. N-Formylcytisine presents in all samples except sample II.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Atlas of the Flora of New England: Fabaceae
    Angelo, R. and D.E. Boufford. 2013. Atlas of the flora of New England: Fabaceae. Phytoneuron 2013-2: 1–15 + map pages 1– 21. Published 9 January 2013. ISSN 2153 733X ATLAS OF THE FLORA OF NEW ENGLAND: FABACEAE RAY ANGELO1 and DAVID E. BOUFFORD2 Harvard University Herbaria 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138-2020 [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Dot maps are provided to depict the distribution at the county level of the taxa of Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae growing outside of cultivation in the six New England states of the northeastern United States. The maps treat 172 taxa (species, subspecies, varieties, and hybrids, but not forms) based primarily on specimens in the major herbaria of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, with most data derived from the holdings of the New England Botanical Club Herbarium (NEBC). Brief synonymy (to account for names used in standard manuals and floras for the area and on herbarium specimens), habitat, chromosome information, and common names are also provided. KEY WORDS: flora, New England, atlas, distribution, Fabaceae This article is the eleventh in a series (Angelo & Boufford 1996, 1998, 2000, 2007, 2010, 2011a, 2011b, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c) that presents the distributions of the vascular flora of New England in the form of dot distribution maps at the county level (Figure 1). Seven more articles are planned. The atlas is posted on the internet at http://neatlas.org, where it will be updated as new information becomes available. This project encompasses all vascular plants (lycophytes, pteridophytes and spermatophytes) at the rank of species, subspecies, and variety growing independent of cultivation in the six New England states.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Dyeing Plants As a Source of Compounds Protecting Against UV Radiation
    Natural dyeing plants as a source of compounds protecting against UV radiation Katarzyna SCHMIDT-PRZEWOŹNA*, Małgorzata Zimniewska Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants Wojska Polskiego 71b 60-630 Poznań *corresponding author: [email protected] Summary The Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants has been carrying out a complex re- search related to application of natural dyes on fabrics. Colors of nature, obtained from various plants, have contributed to creating a collection of clothes produced from linen fabrics. The UV radiation can cause earlier skin ageing, burns and even skin cancer. The increasing hazard posed by UV radiation due to thinning of the ozone layer forces the tex- tile producers to pay attention to providing textile products with barrier properties that would guarantee the protection against harmful UV radiation. The results of the studies proved that many fabrics dyed with dyeing plants using the original method developed at INF&MP are characterized with good or very good protection factors. Fengurek Trigo- nella foenum-graecum, coreopsis Coreopsis tinctoria L., knotgrass Polygonum aviculare L., India madder Rubia cordifolia L. the are represent group of plants with excellent UV properties. Key words: natural dyestuffs, dyeing plants, Uv radiation, ecology, colors INTRODuCTION During last eleven years the research program on natural dyestuffs has been carried out in the Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants in Poznań. The research has been based on historical sources and laboratory trials. Approximate- ly 50 dyestuffs of plant origin have been tested in this period for possible applica- tion in natural raw materials. The project is carried out by Laboratory of Natural Dyeing INF&MP with cooperation with herbal companies and botanical gardens.
    [Show full text]
  • Isoflavones Production and Possible Mechanism of Their Exudation In
    molecules Article Isoflavones Production and Possible Mechanism of Their Exudation in Genista tinctoria L. Suspension Culture after Treatment with Vanadium Compounds Milan Skalicky 1,* ID , Jan Kubes 1,2,*, Vaclav Hejnak 1, Lenka Tumova 2, Jaroslava Martinkova 1, Jan Martin 2 and Helena Hnilickova 1 1 Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; [email protected] (V.H.); [email protected] (J.M.); [email protected] (H.H.) 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 02 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; [email protected] (L.T.); [email protected] (J.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (J.K.); Tel.: +420-224-382-520 (M.S.) Received: 1 June 2018; Accepted: 29 June 2018; Published: 3 July 2018 Abstract: The family Fabaceae traditionally serves as a food and herbal remedies source. Certain plants serve for treatment of menopausal symptoms based on a presence of typical secondary metabolites, isoflavones. Beside soybean and clovers, other plants or cultures in vitro can produce these molecules. A cultivation in vitro can be enhanced by elicitation that stimulates metabolites biosynthesis via stress reaction. Vanadium compounds have been already described as potential elicitors, and the aim of this study was to determine the impact of NH4VO3 and VOSO4 solutions on isoflavones production in Genista tinctoria L. cell cultures. The significant increase of isoflavones content, such as genistin, genistein, or formononetin, was measured in a nutrient medium or dry mass after NH4VO3 treatment for 24 or 48 h.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Plantings Guide
    SUSTAINABLE PLANTINGS GUIDE CITY OF WILDWOOD, MO MAY 2009 13545 Barrett Parkway Drive Suite 200 St. Louis, MO 63021 Ph 314-984-8211 Fax 314-822-7858 TABLE OF CONTENTS FORWARD 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 INTRODUCTION 4 PLANNING AND DESIGN Landscape Development Plan 5 Landscape Components 5 Plant Materials 6 Structures 8 Mulches 9 Irrigation 11 Grading/Contouring 11 Lighting 12 Water (as a design feature) 12 PLANT MATERIALS Selection and Location 12 Landscape Style 13 Pastures, Meadows and Prairies 13 Pastures 13 Meadows/Prairies 15 Grasses 20 Native Grasses 20 Ornamental Grasses 25 Lawn Care 27 Ground Covers and Perennials 28 Trees and Shrubs 33 Evergreen Trees 33 Deciduous Trees 37 Evergreen Shrubs 50 Deciduous Shrubs 51 NOTE: ADDITIONAL SUSTAINABLE (WATER CONSERVING) PLANT SPECIES AND PLANT MATERIAL INFORMATION ARE AVAILABLE ON THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN WEBSITE http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantinfo.shtml SOIL 71 MULCH 72 IRRIGATION 72 MAINTENANCE 73 EXAMPLES – Sustainable Landscapes 74 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HARDINESS ZONE MAP 82 GLOSSARY 83 1 FORWARD During the later part of the summer, 2007, a number of area property owners began to experience issues relating to the availability of potable water from their private residential wells. Adequate provision of potable water to residential properties is crucial for their use and the issue was taken with the utmost seriousness by the City. City Council was advised of the situation and immediately sought answers to questions relating to the water supply concerns and how the problem might be addressed in a responsible and expedient manner. One of the primary concerns of the City Council was the condition of the aquifer that provides potable groundwater to many of the rural residential tracts in Wildwood.
    [Show full text]
  • Botany-Illustrated-J.-Glimn-Lacy-P.-Kaufman-Springer-2006.Pdf
    Janice Glimn-Lacy Peter B. Kaufman 6810 Shadow Brook Court Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Indianapolis, IN 46214-1901 Developmental Biology USA University of Michigan [email protected] Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 USA [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2005935289 ISBN-10: 0-387-28870-8 eISBN: 0-387-28875-9 ISBN-13: 978-0387-28870-3 Printed on acid-free paper. C 2006 Janice Glimn-Lacy and Peter B. Kaufman All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. (TB/MVY) 987654321 springer.com Preface This is a discovery book about plants. It is for everyone For those interested in the methods used and the interested in plants including high school and college/ sources of plant materials in the illustrations, an expla- university students, artists and scientific illustrators, nation follows. For a developmental series of drawings, senior citizens, wildlife biologists, ecologists, profes- there are several methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbal Tincture List C&E
    Herbal Tinctures List Latin name Common Parts used Abies balsamea Balm of Gilead Leaves, Bark & Resin Abrus precatorius Coral Pea Leaves & Seeds Acacia catechu Black Catechu Leaves, Shoots & Bark Achillea millefolium Yarrow Aerial Parts Achyranthes bidentata Two-toothed Amaranthus Roots Acinos arvensis Basil Thyme Whole Plant Aconitum napellus Monkshood Dried Root Acorus calamus Sweet Flag Rhizome Adenophora stricta Fickle Ladybell Roots Adhatoda vasica Malabar Nut Leaves Adiantum capillus-veneris Maidenhair Fern Whole Plant Adonis vernalis False Hellebore Whole Plant Aegopodium podagraria Goutweed Leaves & Roots Aesculus hippocastanum Horse Chestnut Bark & Seeds Agastache foeniculum Anise Hyssop Leaves Agrimonia eupatorium Agrimony Aerial Parts Agropyron repens Couch Grass Rhizome Ajuga reptans Bugle Whole Plant Akebia trifoliata Akebia Stems Albizia julibrissin Silk Tree Bark & Flowers Alcea rosea Hollyhock Flowers Alchemilla vulgaris Lady's Mantle Aerial Parts Aletris farinosa True Unicorn Root Rhizomes & Roots Alkanna tinctoria Alkanet Roots Alliaria petiolata Hedge Garlic Leaves & Stems Allium cepa Onion Bulb Allium sativa Garlic Bulb Alnus glutinosa Common Alder Bark & Leaves Aloysia triphylla Lemon Verbena Leaves Alpinia officinarum Galangal Dried Rhizome Alstonia scholaris Devil Tree Bark Althea officinalis Marshmallow Root & Leaves Amaranthus hybridus Love Lies Bleeding Aerial Parts Ammi visnaga Khella Seeds Amomum xanthioides Grains of Paradise Seeds Anacardium occidentale Cashew Leaves & Bark Anacyclus pyrethrum Pellitory of
    [Show full text]
  • Native Dye-Plants and Tan-Plants of Iowa, with Notes on a Few Other Species
    Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science Volume 19 Annual Issue Article 19 1912 Native Dye-Plants and Tan-Plants of Iowa, with Notes on a Few Other Species Harriette S. Kellogg Copyright ©1912 Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias Recommended Citation Kellogg, Harriette S. (1912) "Native Dye-Plants and Tan-Plants of Iowa, with Notes on a Few Other Species," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 19(1), 113-128. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol19/iss1/19 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Kellogg: Native Dye-Plants and Tan-Plants of Iowa, with Notes on a Few Oth IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 113 NATIVE DYE-PLANTS AND TAN-PLANTS OF IOWA, WITH NOTES ON A FEW OTHER SPECIES. HARRIETTE S. KELLOGG. In early days, dyers depended almost entirely upon the vegetable kingdom as the source of their supply of coloring materials, the most important exceptions being sepia from a species of cuttle fish and Tyrian purple from the Murex. Ji""'eral plants were the chief reliance but the uncertainty of obtaining a sufficient amount of the raw material, as well as the inferior quality of much of that brough,t to the market. together with the development of the science ©f organic chemistry Jed to the replacing of natural dyes with synthetic or artificial dyes.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Textile Dyeing with Genista Tinctoria L.: a Comprehensive Study by UPLC-MS/MS Analysis† Cite This: Anal
    Analytical Methods View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Historical textile dyeing with Genista tinctoria L.: a comprehensive study by UPLC-MS/MS analysis† Cite this: Anal. Methods,2014,6, 8915 Lore G. Troalen,ab Ashley S. Phillips,ac David A. Peggie,ad Perdita E. Barranac and Alison N. Hulme*a Polyphenolic components from Genista species have been well characterised because of their potential as antioxidants and as therapeutic leads; however, the identification of dyer's greenweed (Genista tinctoria L.) in historical textiles has been the subject of only limited studies. This paper presents a comprehensive UPLC-PDA MS/MS study of reference and historical yarns dyed with this species. Several so far Received 25th June 2014 unreported dye components that could assist with the identification of this dye source, were Accepted 22nd July 2014 characterised by MS/MS. Furthermore, the effect of photo-degradation and textile preparation DOI: 10.1039/c4ay01509f techniques (such as over-dyeing) on the dye fingerprint was investigated and the results correlated with www.rsc.org/methods those obtained from historical samples from the Burrell and Bodleian collections, UK. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. 1. Introduction components using UPLC-PDA‡ and ESI-MS/MS techniques. To achieve this, an analytical method was developed for a range of Polyphenolic components from Genista species have been well avonoid and isoavonoid dyes, allowing a more efficient characterised because of their potential as antioxidants and as separation
    [Show full text]
  • Dyer's Greenweed
    t e e h s t c a f Dyer’s Greenweed Genista tinctoria A key plant for moths and other insects Coleophora vibicella Dyer’s Greenweed Genista tinctoria is an important foodplant for a range of scarce and threatened moths and other insects. It is widespread in England and Wales, but local and uncommon in southern Scotland and is declining throughout its range. Occurring in unimproved grassland, it is usually found on heavy soils with low fertility and with a pH ranging from moderately alkaline to moderately acidic. The decline of this plant is strongly linked to the destruction or neglect of unimproved pasture and even where it remains, few colonies are large enough to support the associated invertebrate fauna. The moths of Dyer’s Greenweed Approximately 20 species have been recorded feeding on The tiny Trifurcula beirnei is also a provisional Red Data Book species Dyer’s Greenweed. Many also feed on Broom Cytisus scoparius known from just two sites. The larval stage is thought to mine the or other related species but five or six are restricted solely to bark of the main stems. Adults fly in late August and early September this plant and these are particularly at risk. Syncopacma vinella and can be disturbed from Dyer’s Greenweed during the day. was last seen in 1990 and is now presumed extinct. Leucoptera laburnella form wailesella is considered by some Two species; Large Gold Case-bearer Coleophora vibicella and authorities to be a full species. This form or species mines the Greenweed Flat-body Agonopterix atomella are Priority Species leaves of Dyer’s Greenweed and is the commonest of the moths within the UK Biodiversity Action Plan and are listed as species which feed solely on this foodplant.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Shape Description and Quantification by Comparison With
    horticulturae Opinion Seed Shape Description and Quantification by Comparison with Geometric Models Emilio Cervantes * and José Javier Martín Gómez IRNASA-CSIC, Cordel de Merinas, 40, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-9-2321-9606 Received: 21 May 2019; Accepted: 6 August 2019; Published: 19 August 2019 Abstract: Modern methods of image analysis are based on the coordinates of the points making the silhouette of an image and allow the comparison between seed shape in different species and varieties. Nevertheless, these methods miss an important reference point because they do not take into consideration the similarity of seeds with geometrical figures. We propose a method based on the comparison of the bi-dimensional images of seeds with geometric figures. First, we describe six geometric figures that may be used as models for shape description and quantification and later on, we give an overview with examples of some of the types of seed morphology in angiosperms including families of horticultural plants and addressing the question of how is the distribution of seed shape in these families. The relationship between seed shape and other characteristics of plant species is discussed. Keywords: geometric curves; J index image analysis; morphology; seed; shape 1. Introduction Shape is an important property of plants that has been used for the description of organs and structures since the origins of botany. Some plant species were termed on the basis of the shape of their leaves (for example Drosera rotundifolia, Plantago ovata), others according to the shape of their fruits (Coronilla scorpioides, Eugenia pyriformis), and others following the forms of their seeds (Vicia platysperma).
    [Show full text]
  • Deciduous Woody Groundcovers, Page 1
    Deciduous Woody Groundcovers, page 1 Deciduous Woody Groundcovers Low-growing shrubs and woody plants provide attractive, protective cover for gardens, slopes and many difficult sites. When most people think of groundcovers, they think of low-growing perennials, such as periwinkle (Vinca minor), Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans), Sweet Woodruff (Gallium odoratum) or Lily-of-the-Valley (Convalaria majallis). But deciduous woody shrubs growing up to 4 feet tall can also fill the groundcover niche in a variety of soil and sun conditions, according to research at Cornell University’s Urban Horticulture Institute. Good reasons to plant Matching the right deciduous woody species to the site – and carefully planting and caring for them – can provide many benefits: • Reduced mowing expenses when used to replace turfgrasses, • Better erosion control when used to replace species poorly adapted to shady sites, steep slopes or other challenging locations. • Reduced competition from turfgrasses and less damage from foot traffic, mowers and string trimmers when used around trees. • Transpirational cooling and more porous ground surfaces to improve drainage when used as an alternative to pavement. • Habitat and food for wildlife. Also, many deciduous woody groundcovers perform best in full sun and grow up to 4 feet tall, while many of the common herbaceous perennial groundcovers are low- growing and perform better in part shade or shade. Many of the species best-suited for deciduous woody groundcover plantings would never be considered spectacular specimen plants. Up close or planted singly, some are rather plain. But planted in masses and viewed from a distance, well-designed plantings can be aesthetically quite pleasing.
    [Show full text]
  • Isoflavonoids
    Chapter 4 Isoflavonoids Ahmed I. Foudah and Maged Saad Abdel-Kader Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68701 Abstract Isoflavonoids are interesting class of natural products due to their positive effects on human health. Isoflavonoids include isoflavones, isoflavanones, isoflavans, rotenoids and pterocarpans. Although they are reported from many plant families, most isoflavonoids are produced by the subfamily Papilionaceae of the Fabaceae. Various chromatographic methods have been applied for the purification of isoflavonoids. SimpleUltra Violet (UV) absorption spectra as well as both One and two dimensional NMR (1D- and 2D-NMR) are critical for the identification of isoflavonoids. Each class of isoflavonoids has its unique feature in both 1H- and 13C-NMR that enable their proper characterization. High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) is a substantial tool in such challenge. In vitro experiments indicated that isoflavonoids possess antioxidant, antimutagenic, antiprolif- erative as well as cancer preventive effects. Epidemiological studies provide support for some of these effects on human. Members of this class also are reported to have antimi- crobial activity. In this chapter, isoflavones, isoflavanones, isoflavans, homoisoflavonoids and isoflavenes will be discussed in relation to their occurrence, methods of purification, spectral characters helpful in structure elucidation as well as their biological importance. Keywords: isoflavones, isoflavanones, isoflavans, homoisoflavonoids, isoflavenes 1. Introduction Genstin (1) was the first isolated isoflavone from Genista tinctoria known as Dyer’s Brrom in 1899 [1]. Later in 1926 [2], the structure was identified. Genstin 1( ) was isolated from Soybeans in 1941 [3]. Although the main source of isoflavonoids is member of the Fabaceae 4[ ], some were reported from other families such as Amaranthaceae [5, 6], Rosacease [7] and Poaceae [8].
    [Show full text]