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Thesis Reference Thesis Investigation phytochimique de plantes alpines MUNARI, Caroline Abstract As a part of our ongoing investigations of alpine plants from the Valley of Aoste (Italy), the methanol and dichloromethane extracts of 45 plants have been studied from a phytochemical view point. These species grow at altitudes from 2200 to 2700 meters in extreme habitat. Thus, 100 extracts were investigated for their free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and antifungal activities with different tests: against the plant pathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum by direct bioautography, the commensal yeast Candida albicans by bioautography « agar overlay » and Pyrenophora teres by mycelial growth tests in artificial media. Some extracts showed significant activities and were studied by measuring the inhibition of the fractions against the growth of the pathogenic fungi. About twenty compounds have been isolated and the structures of these compounds were determined by means of spectrometric methods, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and MS analysis. Reference MUNARI, Caroline. Investigation phytochimique de plantes alpines. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2006, no. Sc. 3785 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-33548 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:3354 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:3354 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 UNIVERSITÉ DE GENÈVE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES Section des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Directeur de thèse Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et de Phytochimie Prof. Kurt Hostettmann Investigation phytochimique de plantes alpines: Etude d’espèces du genre Oxytropis (Fabaceae) et isolement de composés antifongiques et antiradicalaires à partir d’Oxytropis fetida (Vill.) DC., Potentilla grandiflora L. (Rosaceae) et Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum (Lange) Tolm. (Ericaceae). THÈSE présentée à la Faculté des sciences de l’Université de Genève pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès sciences, mention sciences pharmaceutiques par Caroline MUNARI de Mosogno (TI) Thèse N° Genève Atelier de reproduction de la Section de physique 2006 REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail de thèse a été réalisé entre l’Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie de l’Université de Lausanne (Mars 2002 - Septembre 2004) et le Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie de l’Université de Genève (Septembre 2004 – Septembre 2006), sous la direction du Professeur Kurt Hostettmann. Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier chaleureusement mon directeur de thèse, Monsieur le Professeur Kurt Hostettmann, pour m’avoir accueilli au sein de son institut et permis de faire mon travail de thèse dans l’environnement stimulant d’un groupe de recherche de renommée mondiale. J’ai ainsi eu l’occasion de présenter quelques uns de mes résultats scientifiques lors de différents congrès internationaux tels qu’à Barcelone (Espagne), Florence (Italie) ou encore Funchal (Madère) et ces expériences m’ont tout particulièrement marqué. Je suis également reconnaissante de la confiance qu’il m’a accordée dans mes tâches d’assistanat, dans l’organisation d’un congrès international à Leysin, ainsi qu’en me nommant responsable informatique de son institut durant de nombreuses années. Mes remerciements vont aussi aux autres membres de mon jury de thèse : Madame la Docteur Anne-Emmanuelle Haye-de-Bettignies – de l’Université de Genève, Monsieur le Professeur Pascal Richomme – de l’Université d’Angers et Monsieur le Docteur Bertrand Ducrey – de Debio Recherche Pharmaceutique S.A. J’ai beaucoup apprécié notre interaction lors de mon examen de thèse, ainsi que les corrections pertinentes et fouillées de mon manuscrit. Ma profonde reconnaissance va à Monsieur le Docteur David Guilet, Maître de Conférences à l’Université de Lyon, pour m’avoir guidé et soutenu lors des 12 premiers mois de ma thèse, qui ont été pour moi les plus décisifs. un superviseur technique très compétent, disponible, et un ami. Un très grand merci à M. Anchisi pour la récolte et l’identification de toutes les plantes alpines de ce travail et dont les compétences botaniques m’ont été d’un grand secours. Pendant ces quelques quatre années de thèse, j’ai eu beaucoup de plaisir à me consacrer aux diverses tâches d’enseignement qui m’étaient confiées. Je remercie chaleureusement les étudiants que j’ai suivis lors de divers travaux pratiques, ainsi que mes collègues assistants des autres instituts. Je remercie tout particulièrement Carolina Amman et Julie Golleret pour leur contribution à ma thèse dans le cadre de leurs travaux de Diplôme. Je remercie également tous mes collègues passés et présents du Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie pour tous les bons moments passés ensemble : A Karine, Jean-Luc, André, Jean-Robert, Philippe et Emerson pour leurs conseils expérimentés et leurs expertises scientifiques. i A Martine, ma deuxième maman (!), pour sa bonne humeur, sa pertinence scientifique et humaine, nos fou rires informatiques et pour son soutien de tous les instants. A Manouche pour sa joie de vivre, son dynamisme, son franc-parler et surtout pour son immense et précieuse aide lors de ma rédaction. A Fred pour ses incroyables connaissances scientifiques, informatiques et culturels, son très stimulant esprit de contradiction (!), son calme et notre complicité. A Julie pour sa contribution à ma thèse dans le cadre de son travail de Diplôme, sa vitalité, nos délires nocturnes et surtout sa couverture (!). A Anne-Laure pour ces dix années inoubliables de « Pharma » passé ensemble et pour son amitié indéfectible. A Catherine pour notre cohabitation mouvementée (!) dans notre bureau de Lausanne, sa motivation sportive et sa vision enrichissante de la vie. Aux « Anciens » Boris, Alain, Julien, Anne-Laure, Milena, Patrice, Johanne, Jonathan pour votre accueil et vos encouragements et aux « petits Nouveaux » Daphnée, Sandra, Claudia, Sylvian, Elia, Gaëtan, Aline, Aurélie pour la bonne ambiance au bureau et tous les bons souvenirs. Merci aussi à tous les autres que j’ai côtoyés et qui ont su rendre agréable la réalisation de cette thèse. Finalement, un grand merci à mes parents et mon frère Philippe – qui m’ont soutenu à toutes les étapes de ma vie. ii COMMUNICATIONS SCIENTIFIQUES Ce travail de thèse a été réalisé de mars 2002 à juillet 2006 à l’Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie (IPP) de l’Université de Lausanne (mars 2002 à septembre 2004) et au Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie (LPP) de l’Université de Genève (septembre 2004 à juillet 2006), sous la direction de Monsieur le Professeur Kurt Hostettmann. Certains aspects de la présente recherche ont été partiellement publiés ou présentés lors de congrès internationaux sous forme de posters. Publications C. Munari, D. Guilet, C. Ammann, and K. Hostettmann. An antifungal and radical scavenger acylphloroglucinol from Potentilla grandiflora. (En préparation). C. Munari, D. Guilet, A.-E. Hay, and K. Hostettmann. Antifungal and antioxidant compounds from the roots of Oxytropis fetida (Vill.) DC. (Fabaceae). (En préparation). Posters C. Munari, D. Guilet and K. Hostettmann (2004). Isolation and on-line identification of active compounds of Oxytropis spp. and Astragalus frigidus A. Gray. 15th International Symposium on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (PBA), Florence, Italy, May 2-6, 2004. C. Munari, D. Guilet, E.-F. Queiroz, C. Amman and K. Hostettmann (2005). Isolation of antifungal compounds of alpine plants. Phytotherapy: The role of an ancient tradition in modern times, Madeira, Portugal, November 1-5, 2005. C. Munari, D. Guilet, E.-F. Queiroz, C. Amman and K. Hostettmann (2006). Isolation of antifungal compounds of alpine plants. 4th International congress on natural products: Natural products: a chance for the future of mankind, Leysin, Switzerland, May 28-31, 2006. iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS............................................................................................................................................ I COMMUNICATIONS SCIENTIFIQUES .............................................................................................................. III TABLE DES MATIÈRES............................................................................................................................ IV ABRÉVIATIONS, SYMBOLES ET CONVENTIONS ............................................................................VIII 1. BUTS DU TRAVAIL.....................................................................................................................1 2. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................5 2.1 LES ALPES, CLIMAT ET VÉGÉTATION........................................................................................................7 2.1.1 Historique et situation des Alpes ......................................................................................................7 2.1.2 Adaptation au climat et à l’altitude des plantes alpines....................................................................8 2.1.2.1 Pression atmosphérique............................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2.2 Température................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.2.3 Rayonnement solaire ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2.4
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