Community Resilience and Food Equity the Case for the Honolulu Hawker Centre
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Community Resilience and Food Equity The case for the Honolulu Hawker Centre A DARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF ARCHITECTURE MAY 2016 BY JEREMY D. MENDOZA DArch Committee Judith Stilgenbauer, Committee Chair Daniela Kittenger Priyam Das KeywordS: Hawker Centre, Food Equity Design, Community Resilient Design Abstract Food equity afflicts millions of people each year in the united states. Strong social and community supports that are often found near neighborhoods of better socio-economic status are nowhere the be seen in areas with significant inequalities. This has led to a pattern of poor health that lead to chronic diseases, stigmatization by peers and other mental and physiological issues that develop due to increased exposure to stress and risks. The Honolulu Hawker Centre, which this research aims to design, derives its existence out of the rebirth of the home cook as the publics’ main provider of nutrition. Affordable meals and the option to not choose fast-food is key to the success of the hawkers. Adopting a similar system as developed by Singapore, the centres help to bolster community resilience and provide platforms for open engagement with neighbors, friends and families. The functions of the hawker centre includes, but are not limited to, the dispersal of raw food crops, an educational facility for learning how to cultivate and cook healthy locally- grown food, and reinforce the safety of parks often avoided due to their long association with neglect, fear and crimes. The hawkers themselves become relics of their community as the food they prepare strikes close to the hearts of many who have fond memories of meals once prepared during their childhood. The findings of the investigation reaffirmed that Hawaiʻi has increasingly more at stake by not supporting local agricultural businesses, not allowing decades old laws to change and not reinforcing the development of a strong culture of food production and connection to the land. The implementation of a state-wide hawker centre system would help negate the effects felt from decades of development that has seeded the conditions we feel today, especially in disadvantaged communities.. 2 Table of Contents Introduction 7 1 | Introduction to Food Insecurity 10 1.1 Food Disparities in the United States of America 10 1.1.1 Food-InSecurity and Health 10 1.1.2 Ethnicity and Race Related Food DiSparitieS 15 1.1.3 Safety NetS for Low Socio-Economic StatuS 17 1.2 Food-Insecurity in Hawaii 21 1.2.1 Context and Condition 21 1.2.1 Federal ASSiStance ProgramS: SNAP, WIC, NSLP & Private 24 1.2.3 ExpanSion of ProgramS 29 1.3 Ending Hunger in Hawaii: A Preventative Approach in Singapore 34 2 | The Singapore Hawker Centre 38 2.1 Development of the Hawker System 39 2.1.1 19th century - 1950 39 2.1.2 Decolonization 1950 – 1960’S 43 2.1.3 Independence 1965-1980’S 48 2.1.4 Hawker Relocation Planning 50 2.1.5 HawkerS in a Developed Singapore 1990’S-Present 55 2.1.6 Concluding RemarkS 59 2.2 Planning for Hawker Centres 63 2.3 The Architecture of Singapore Hawker Centres 73 2.3.1 Need BaSed DeSign 73 2.3.2 Renovation: The Hawker Upgrading Program 77 2.3.3 AsSeSSment of the Hawker Typology 86 2.3.4 A Hawker Typology for a Developed Nation 91 2.4 Hawker Business Models 95 2.5 Hawker Culture 100 3 The Case for the Hawaiian Hawker 105 3.1.1 LandScape and Cultural Background 105 3.1.2 Overview of Economic ConditionS 107 3.2 The Hawaiian Hawker 113 3.2.1 HiStory ReviSited 113 3.2.2 Brick-and-Mortar: An interview with a reStaurant connoiSSeur 119 3.2.3 Other ProviderS of Food: Social EnterpriSeS, Health ProgramS and FarmerS’ MarketS 127 3.3 Hawker Planning and Site Selection 137 3.3.1 Key CharacteriSticS of Oahu 137 3.3.2 Selecting a Community 145 3.4 Site Selection 159 3.4.1 Puʻuʻohulu Community Park: Macro 160 4 | Design 191 4.1 Hawker Typologies 191 4.1.1 The Stall: 191 4.1.2 The Roof 195 4.1.3 The ServiceS 197 3 4.1.4 The Seating Area 199 4.2 Ala Wai Centre 201 4.2.1 DeSign OpportunitieS 201 4.2.2 DeSign Intent 205 4.2.3 Adjacency Diagramming 207 4.2.4 Final Design 209 4.3 Puʻuʻohulu Centre 218 4.3.1 DeSign OpportunitieS 218 4.3.2 DeSign Intent 221 4.3.3 Adjacency Diagraming 223 4.3.4 Final Design 225 5 | Discussion and Analysis of the Hawaiian Hawker Centre 233 5.1 Community Resilience 233 5.1.1 JobS 234 5.1.2 Health 236 5.1.3 Safety 238 5.1.4 Communal Social CentreS 239 5.2 Food Equity 240 6 | Conclusion 246 4 Table of Figures Figure 1 : Comparison of SES Levels to AHEI-2010; Wang DD, Leung CW, Li Y (2010) 12 Figure 2: Ronald McDonald School Advertisement; ©2011-13 McDonalds 14 Figure 3: Food Insecurity by Race/Ethnicity 16 Figure 4: I-am-asian.com, ©2015 McDonald's 17 Figure 5: Food-Insecurity Indicators; USDA 18 Figure 6: Ethnic makeup of Hawaii population and US; US Census Bureau 2015 data 22 Figure 7: Food Insecurity Among Household Respondents, Hawaii Health Matters 24 Figure 8: Participating WIC Vendors and Locations Oahu, Hawaii 27 Figure 9: NSLP Hawaii Income Requirements 28 Figure 10: Comparison of Government Assistance to Private Charity in Hawaii per Population Serviced32 Figure 11: Golden Shoe Carpark, Thebusinesstimes.com 51 Figure 12: Good Hygiene Poster that empowers the public, nea.gov.sg 61 Figure 13: Void Deck used as wedding space 66 Figure 14: Checkerboard Housing Plan For Singapore 68 Figure 15: Planned Hierarchy of new town facilities provided by HDB 70 Figure 16: North Coast Creative Cluster and Learning Corridor, Punggol New Town 71 Figure 17: Hawker Centre circa 1970's 74 Figure 18: Jin Hua Sliced Fish Bee Hoon Stall 75 Figure 19: Lau Pa Sat Food Center after upgrade 76 Figure 20: Before and After Stall Upgrade and other upgrades 79 Figure 21: Top Before, Bottom After 81 Figure 22: Taman Jurong Before (top) and After (bottom) 82 Figure 23: Geylang Serai Multilevel Market/Food Centre 83 Figure 24: Tanjong Pagar Food Centre, before (top) and after (bottom) 85 Figure 25: HUP Upgrades to Selected Hawker Centers 86 Figure 26: Maxwell Food Centre 88 Figure 27: Airflow CFD diagrams of different mechanical ventilation 89 Figure 28: Materium Architects, 3rd Place 92 Figure 29: Winning Design 93 Figure 30: SPARK Floating Hawker Pods Concept 94 Figure 31: Monthly Hawker Expenditures 95 Figure 32: Tian Tian Chicken Rice Line, Maxwell Centre CBD 97 Figure 33:Average Rental Cost; NEA 98 Figure 34: Tender Notice; NEA October 2015 99 Figure 35: Unemployment Rate in Hawaiʻi, California and the U.S. 2000-2016; Google Public Data Graph 109 Figure 36: Saimin and Terri-stick 114 Figure 37: The Original Manapua Man (Right), Height of Manapua Trucks (Left) 115 Figure 38: Modern Manapua Truck 116 Figure 39: Makers & Tasters at Kewalo Basin 118 Figure 40: Interview exercise for the design of a hawker stall kitchen. Authorʻs image 126 Figure 41: Oahu Site Analysis: 142 Figure 42: Oahu Site Analysis: 142 Figure 43: Oahu Site Analysis: 143 Figure 44: Oahu Site Analysis: 143 Figure 45: Oahu Site Analysis: 144 Figure 46: Oahu Site Analysis: 144 Figure 47: Waianae Coast Analysis: 149 Figure 48: Waianae Coast Analysis: 149 Figure 49: Waianae Coast Analysis: 150 5 Figure 50: Waianae Coast Analysis: 150 Figure 51: Waianae Coast Analysis: 151 Figure 52: Waianae Coast Analysis: 151 Figure 53: Moʻiliʻili Analysis: 156 Figure 54: Moʻiliʻili Analysis: 156 Figure 55: Moʻiliʻili Analysis: 157 Figure 56: Moʻiliʻili Analysis: 157 Figure 57: Moʻiliʻili Analysis: 158 Figure 58: Moʻiliʻili Analysis: 158 Figure 59: Puʻuʻohulu Macro: 160 Figure 60: Puʻuʻohulu Macro: 160 Figure 61: Puʻuʻohulu Macro: 161 Figure 62: Puʻuʻohulu Micro: 167 Figure 63: Puʻuʻohulu Micro: 167 Figure 64: Puʻuʻohulu Macro: 168 Figure 65: Puʻuʻohulu Macro: 168 Figure 66: Puʻuʻohulu Macro: 169 Figure 67: Puʻuʻohulu Macro: 169 Figure 68: Site Photos Puʻuʻohulu: 173 Figure 68: Ala Wai Macro: 174 Figure 69 Ala Wai Macro: 174 Figure 70: Ala Wai Macro: 175 Figure 71: Ala Wai Macro: 175 Figure 72: Ala Wai Macro: 176 Figure 73: Ala Wai Micro: 180 Figure 74: Ala Wai Micro: 180 Figure 75: Ala Wai Micro: 181 Figure 76: Ala Wai Micro: 181 Figure 77: Ala Wai Site Photos: 186 Figure 78: Ala Wai Site Photos: 187 Figure 79: Ala Wai Site Photos: 188 Figure 80: Ala Wai Site Photos: 189 Figure 81: Ala Wait Site Photos: 190 Figure 42: Ala Wai Community Hawker Centre Adjacency Diagram 207 Figure 43:Ala Wai Community Park Hawker Centre Site Plan 210 Figure 44: Ala Wai Community Park Hawker Centre Canoe House level 211 Figure 45: Ala Wai Community Park Hawker Centre, Hawker Floor Plan 212 Figure 46: Ala Wai Community Park Hawker Centre, Second Floor Plan 213 Figure 47: Ala Wai Community Hawker Centre North-South Elevations 214 Figure 48: Ala Wai Community Hawker Centre, Sections AA BB 215 Figure 49: Ala Wai Community Park Hawker Centre, Section CC 216 Figure 50: Puʻuʻohulu Community Hawker Centre Adjacency Diagram 223 Figure 51: Puʻuʻohulu Community Park Hawker Centre, Site plan 226 Figure 52: Puʻuʻohulu Community Park Hawker Centre, Ground Floor Plans 227 Figure 53: Puʻuʻohulu Community Park Hawker Centre, Second Floor Plans 228 Figure 54: Puʻuʻohulu Community Park Hawker Centre, North-South Elevations 229 Figure 55: Puʻuʻohulu Community Park Hawker Centre, East-West Elevations 230 Figure 56: Puʻuʻohulu Community Park Hawker Centre, Sections AA BB 231 6 Introduction The United States of America is criticized for its over consumption of goods, in which, for nationals, participation in the consumer dominated market is tantamount to participation in the American Dream.