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Conservation of Plant Species Diversity Based on Richness and Evenness

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Conservation of Plant Species Diversity Based on Richness and Evenness Tanzania Journal of Science 44(3): 31-45, 2018 ISSN 0856-1761, e-ISSN 2507-7961 © College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, 2018 APPLICATION OF REGRESSION MODEL TO IDENTIFY A PARAMETER THAT BEST DEFINES SPECIES DIVERSITY IN THE COASTAL FORESTS OF TANZANIA Cosmas Mligo Department of Botany, P.O. Box 35060, Botany Department, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Coastal forests of Tanzania are diverse in plant species that make them included as part of the 34 world biodiversity hotspots. This study aimed at determining plant species diversity, richness, and evenness as well as to identify the parameter that best defines plant species diversity in the three coastal forests; namely Zaraninge, Kazimzumbwi and Pande. Transect method was used for vegetation data collection and subjected to Analysis of variance and regression techniques. The plant species composition among forests ranged between 75 and 146 with a significantly lower diversity index in Zaraninge (2.057 ± 0.112) than those in Pande (2.415 ± 0.022) and Kazimzumbwi (2.578 ± 0.092) forests. The plant species were more evenly distributed in Zaraninge (0.488 ± 0.004) than in Pande (0.452 ± 0.016) and Kazimzumbwi (0.457 ± 0.025) with no significant difference among them. The species richness per plot was significantly lower in Zaraninge forest (14 ± 1) than Kazimzumbwi forest (20 ± 2). Data on evenness and richness were correlated with plant diversity indices at different levels. A perfect positive correlated occurs with evenness (r =1) but lower with richness (Zaraninge, r = 0.88; Pande, r = 0.91 and r = 0.79 for Kazimzumbwi). This implies that richness and evenness parameters portray different ecological interpretations of the biodiversity value within an ecosystem and cannot be used interchangeably. Regression models showed that species evenness significantly determined plant species diversity, whereas richness was not significant. This study concludes that evenness stands a better chance of being the best predictor of change in plant species diversity and therefore an adequate measure of the coastal forests’ conservation value than richness. Key words: Coastal forest, conservation, diversity, evenness, richness, regression model INTRODUCTION as part of the 34 world biodiversity hotspots Coastal forests of Tanzania are part of the (Myers 2002). Plant species surviving within East African coastal forest belt covering the fragmented habitats or localized within a southern coast of Kenya and throughout the single forest are regarded as paleo-endemic coastal strip of Tanzania including the due to long term isolation from other forests in the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba population within an ecosystem. Because of and the northern parts of Mozambique high species diversity characterized by high (Burgess et al. 2000, WWF 2002). These levels of endemism, an appropriate forests are characterized by a mosaic but interpretation of plant species diversity localized habitat types (Burgess and Clarke needs to be established to form the basis of 2000), that have prevented a wide range of conserving the East African coastal forests’ plant species distribution. The presence of ecosystem. species with habitat restrictions makes coastal forests of East Africa being included 31 www.tjs.udsm.ac.tz www.ajol.info/index.php/tjs/ Mligo - Application of regression model to identify a parameter that best defines species Species diversity and abundance are among parameters. Clarke and Dickinson (1995) the most important themes in ecology and reported that coastal forests are diverse in biodiversity conservation (Watanabe and plant species; this general conclusion was Suzuki 2008). However, there is lack of an based on species richness encountered per appropriate meaning of species diversity and field surveyed. In semi-arid ecosystems in its ecological interpretation at different Tanzania, where livestock grazing pressure habitats (Kent and Coker 1992), making the influence plant species diversity, the species concept hard to apply (Magurran 2004). The evenness becomes the most important than definition of plant species diversity has two species richness (Mligo 2006). Balanced basic components: species richness which is ecosystems (such as Serengeti National the number of plant species and the plant Parks) where plant-animal interactions are in species evenness or equitability which is the a dynamic equilibrium, species diversity is way individuals of each species are defined by both number of species and distributed within a given plant community relative abundance (Mligo 2015). Which (Kent and Coker 1992, Magurran 2004, ecological parameters “either species Hamilton 2005). Efforts have been made to richness or evenness” best defines species establish indices that can be used to describe diversity in the coastal forests of Tanzania. the biodiversity conservation importance of The efforts to conserve coastal forests with an ecosystem (Bock et al. 2007). The large number of species restricted in species richness, evenness and various specialized habitats can be well placed measurements of abundance and rarity are provided an appropriate definition and key components of species diversity, which interpretation of plant species diversity are describe the conservation value of a established. The purpose of this study was to particular ecosystem (Gaston and Spicer determine the plant species diversity, 1998). A number of ecological studies richness and evenness, and identify the established “the plant species richness” as a suitable parameters that provide the best criterion of how an ecosystem is biologically definition and interpretation of plant species diverse (Clarke and Dickson 1995). This is diversity. The assumption was that richness because species richness is the easiest and evenness each provides the same biodiversity parameter to quantify and interpretation of plant species diversity in frequently used as a measure for coastal forests of Tanzania. conservation considerations in the coastal forests of Tanzania. However, diversity in MATERIAL AND METHODS terms of relative abundance (evenness) or Location of the study area spatial patterns among individuals of the Three coastal forests namely; Pande, species in various localities is less Kazimzumbwi and Zaraninge Forests were considered in many studies. Stirling and selected for the purpose of this study (Figure Wilsey (2001) and Ma (2005) pointed out 1). These forests are found between that species richness alone could be a longitudes 380 30’ to 390 6’E and latitudes 50 misleading indicator of phytodiversity 40’ to 70 0S’. To the east, the forests border conservation perspective if it does not the Indian Ocean; to the north is Tanga include other key attributes of species region, the Lindi region to the south and assemblages. Describing the species Morogoro region to the west. The climate is diversity using a single value compromises one of the most important natural influences much of the details of the plant community on the vegetation structure and growth in the structure (Hamilton 2005). Biodiversity coastal area (Clarke and Burgess 2000). The assessment in coastal forests ecosystem in climate of the coastal area is largely tropical, Tanzania may have benefited from similar though some of the southern areas are 32 Tanz. J. Sci. Vol. 44(3) 2018 almost subtropical. There are two rainy amount being 500 millimeters/annum seasons where the long rains occur between (Frazier 1993). The highest average annual April and June and short rains occur rainfall ever recorded in these coastal forests between November and December in the is 1100 millimeters/year (Burgess and north, which may be described as a bimodal Clarke 2000) with temperatures increasing rainfall pattern. The highest amount of from 21.70C in July to 38.50C in November rainfall received in these coastal forests is through December (White 1983). 2,000 millimeters/annum and the lowest Figure 1: Location of Zaraninge, Pande and Kazimzumbwi Forests in Tanzania 33 Mligo - Application of regression model to identify a parameter that best defines species Vegetation sampling procedures in the study Where pi = ni/N and is the proportion of the forests total number of all species in a quadrat and After a comprehensive preliminary survey to ln = natural logarithm to base e. identify the existing habitats in each of the three selected coastal forests, sampling of Evenness (E) was calculated using the plant species was carried out. Transects were formula by Alatalo (1981): laid out from the boundary towards the H i Evenness (E) .....(eq2) forest interior to determine the gradient of ln S change in plant communities. Six transects Where H' is the Shannon-Weaver diversity of 0.65 km long each were established in index and S is the total number of species at each forests, making a total of 18 transects a site. These indices were then compared that covered an area of 1.8 ha in each forest. among forests using Analysis of Variance A total of 36 nested plots as recommended (GraphpadInstat 2003). by Stohlgren et al. (1995) were systematically established after every 100 m Algorithmic establishment of linear along a given transect. The sampling plots regression model were positioned on alternating sides of The model established from the ecological transects following the method of Kasenene parameters determined from vegetation raw (1987). Three levels of sampling were data set of 108 samples from the three employed in the field: (a) A plot of size 25 coastal forests. The parameters (diversity, m × 20 m was used measuring trees with richness and evenness indices) determined >30 cm circumference at the height of 1.3 m from raw data were fit in the observed data from the ground level; (b) 5 m × 2 m to obtain a linear regression model. The subplots nested in the major plot for model was optimized step by step until the assessment of shrubs and saplings; and (c) 2 best fit for the linear relationships among m × 0.5 m subplots nested in the 5 m × 2 m parameters was obtained. subplots for herbs and grasses.
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