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Home , Acacia harpophylla, Adenanthera, Albizia, Albizia lebbeck, Albizia procera, Archidendron

Contents of volumes in the Flora of , the families (current at December 1997) arranged according to the system of A.Cronquist (1981).

Volume 1 Urticales Volume 7 Volume 10 Haloragales Ulmaceae Haloragaceae Introduction Cannabaceae Malvales Ebenales Gunneraceae Moraceae Elaeocarpaceae Sapotaceae

Urticaceae Tiliaceae Ebenaceae

Volume 2 Sterculiaceae Symplocaceae Sonneratiaceae Fagales Bombacaceae Lythraceae Magnoliales Balanopaceae Malvaceae Primulales Thymelaeaceae Winteraceae Betulaceae Myrsinaceae Onagraceae Himantandraceae Fagaceae Primulaceae Melastomataceae Eupomatiaceae Volume 8 Combretaceae Austrobaileyaceae Casuarinales Rosales Magnoliaceae Lecythidales Casuarinaceae Connaraceae Annonaceae Lecythidaceae Eucryphiaceae Volumes 19–21 Myristicaceae Cunoniaceae Volume 4 Nepenthales Davidsoniaceae

Laurales Nepenthaceae Pittosporaceae Trimeniaceae Droseraceae Caryophyllales Byblidaceae Volume 22

Monimiaceae Phytolaccaceae Grossulariaceae Violales Rhizophorales Idiospermaceae Nyctaginaceae Alseuosmiaceae Flacourtiaceae Rhizophoraceae Lauraceae Aizoaceae Crassulaceae Bixaceae Hernandiaceae Cactaceae Cephalotaceae Cistaceae Cornales Chenopodiaceae Saxifragaceae Piperales Violaceae Alangiaceae Rosaceae Piperaceae Tamaricaceae Chrysobalanaceae Volume 5 Frankeniaceae Santalales Surianaceae Aristolochiales Passifloraceae Olacaceae Amaranthaceae Opiliaceae Aristolochiaceae Cucurbitaceae Portulacaceae Santalaceae Datiscaceae Volumes 11, 12 Nymphaeales Basellaceae Loranthaceae Nelumbonaceae Molluginaceae Salicales Viscaceae Nymphaeaceae Caryophyllaceae Salicaceae Mimosaceae Balanophoraceae

Cabombaceae Caesalpiniaceae Ceratophyllaceae Polygonales Capparales Rafflesiales Polygonaceae Capparaceae Rafflesiaceae Ranunculales Brassicaceae Volumes 13–15 Ranunculaceae Plumbaginales Moringaceae Celastrales Berberidaceae Plumbaginaceae Resedaceae Celastraceae Menispermaceae Hippocrateaceae

Batales Stackhousiaceae Volume 6 Volumes 16, 17 Papaverales Gyrostemonaceae Aquifoliaceae Papaveraceae Bataceae Icacinaceae Dilleniales Proteales Fumariaceae Cardiopteridaceae Dilleniaceae Elaeagnaceae Corynocarpaceae Proteaceae Volume 9 Dichapetalaceae Theales Volume 3 Ochnaceae Ericales Volume 18 Hamamelidales Theaceae Epacridaceae Volume 23 Actinidiaceae Hamamelidaceae Ericaceae Euphorbiales Elatinaceae Podostemales Euphorbiaceae Clusiaceae Podostemaceae Volume 24 Apocynaceae Volume 34 Arecales Costaceae Asclepiadaceae Arecaceae Cannaceae Rhamnales Campanulales Rhamnaceae Sphenocleaceae Pandanales Liliales Leeaceae Volume 29 Campanulaceae Pandanaceae Philydraceae Vitaceae Stylidiaceae Pontederiaceae

Solanales Donatiaceae Arales Haemodoraceae

Linales Solanaceae Araceae Liliaceae Erythroxylaceae Lemnaceae Linaceae Volume 35 Volume 30 Volume 46 Polygalales Brunoniaceae Volume 40 Convolvulaceae Malpighiaceae Goodeniaceae Cuscutaceae Tremandraceae Commelinales Aloeaceae Menyanthaceae Polygalaceae Xyridaceae Agavaceae Polemoniaceae Volume 36 Xanthophyllaceae Commelinaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae

Hydrophyllaceae Hanguanaceae Rubiales Eriocaulales Taccaceae Rubiaceae Volume 25 Eriocaulaceae Stemonaceae Boraginaceae Smilacaceae Sapindales Verbenaceae Dipsacales Restionales Dioscoreaceae Melianthaceae Caprifoliaceae Flagellariaceae

Akaniaceae Valerianaceae Restionaceae Volume 31 Dipsacaceae Sapindaceae Centrolepidaceae Volume 47

Aceraceae Lamiaceae Juncales Orchidales Burseraceae Volumes 37, 38 Anacardiaceae Juncaceae Burmanniaceae Simaroubaceae Volume 32 Corsiaceae Orchidaceae Callitrichales Volumes 41, 42

Volume 26 Callitrichaceae Cyperales Volume 39 Volume 48 Cyperaceae Meliaceae Plantaginales Rutaceae Gymnospermae Plantaginaceae Alismatales Zygophyllaceae Limnocharitaceae Pteridophyta Volumes 43, 44 Scrophulariales Alismataceae

Buddlejaceae Volume 27 Poaceae Volume 49 Oleaceae Hydrocharitales Hydrocharitaceae Geraniales Oceanic Islands 1 Orobanchaceae Volume 45 Oxalidaceae Globulariaceae Najadales Geraniaceae Aponogetonaceae Hydatellales Volume 50 Tropaeolaceae Juncaginaceae Hydatellaceae

Volume 33 Potamogetonacea Oceanic Islands 2 Apiales e Typhales Araliaceae Myoporaceae Ruppiaceae Sparganiaceae Apiaceae Gesneriaceae Najadaceae Typhaceae Volumes 51–53 Acanthaceae Zannichelliaceae Pedaliaceae Bromeliales Bryophyta Volume 28 Posidoniaceae Bignoniaceae Cymodoceaceae Bromeliaceae Lentibulariaceae Gentianales Zosteraceae Volumes 54–59 Zingiberales Loganiaceae Gentianaceae Triuridales Musaceae Lichens Triuridaceae Zingiberaceae

FLORA OF AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIAN BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES STUDY, CANBERRA

FLORA OF AUSTRALIA

Volume 12 Mimosaceae (excl. ), Caesalpiniaceae

© Commonwealth of Australia 1998 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced or distributed by any process or stored in any retrieval system or data base without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Director, Australian Biological Resources Study, GPO Box 636, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

EXECUTIVE EDITOR Anthony E. Orchard

VOLUME EDITOR Patrick M. McCarthy

EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Jane Mowatt Helen Thompson

This work may be cited as: This book is available from: Flora of Australia Volume 12, Mimosaceae CSIRO PUBLISHING (excl. Acacia), Caesalpiniaceae. Melbourne : PO Box 1139 (150 Oxford Street) CSIRO Australia (1998). Collingwood VIC 3066 Australia Individual contributions may be cited as: Tel: (03) 9662 7666 Int: +(61 3) 9662 7666 J.H.Ross, Labichea, Flora of Australia 12: Fax: (03) 9662 7555 Int: +(61 3) 9662 7555 146–157 (1998). Email: [email protected]

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry

Flora of Australia. Volume 12, Mimosaceae (excl. Acacia), Caesalpiniaceae.

Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 0 643 06298 X (hard cover). ISBN 0 643 06299 8 (soft cover). ISBN 0 643 05702 1 (hard cover set). ISBN 0 643 05695 5 (soft cover set). 1. – Australia – Classification. 2. – Identification. I. Australian Biological Resources Study. II. CSIRO. III. Title: Mimosaceae (excl. Acacia), Caesalpiniaceae. 581.994

Published by ABRS/CSIRO Australia Printed by S.R.Frankland Pty Ltd, Melbourne

CONTENTS

Contributors to Volume 12 vii Illustrators vii Photographers vii Flora Editorial Committee ix Introduction xi Mimosaceae R.S.Cowan 1 R.S.Cowan 3 R.S.Cowan 6 G.Perry 7 R.S.Cowan 13 R.S.Cowan 16 R.S.Cowan 19 R.S.Cowan 20 R.S.Cowan 21 R.S.Cowan 27 R.S.Cowan 32 R.S.Cowan 32 R.S.Cowan 33 R.S.Cowan 37 R.S.Cowan 39 R.S.Cowan 40 R.S.Cowan 49 Caesalpiniaceae J.H.Ross 50 J.H.Ross 55 J.H.Ross 56 J.H.Ross 58 A.S.George 59 J.H.Ross 67 J.H.Ross 69 J.H.Ross 70 J.H.Ross 72 Storckiella J.H.Ross 73 B.R.Randell & B.A.Barlow 75 B.R.Randell & B.A.Barlow 89 L.Pedley 138 Labichea J.H.Ross 146 Petalostylis J.H.Ross 157

v CONTENTS

Bauhinia A.S.George 160 Barklya A.S.George 166 J.H.Ross 167 J.H.Ross 169 J.H.Ross 171 Crudia J.H.Ross 173 Sindora A.S.George 175 Tamarindus J.H.Ross 176 Maps 179 Appendix: new taxa, lectotypifications, etc. 193 Supplementary Glossary 199 Abbreviations & Contractions 200 Publication date of previous volumes 204 Index 205 Endpapers Front: Contents of volumes in the Flora of Australia, the families arranged according to the system of A.Cronquist, An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981). Back: Flora of Australia: Index to families of flowering plants.

vi

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 12

Dr B.A.Barlow, c/- Australian National Herbarium, Centre for Research, CSIRO, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601.

Dr R.S.Cowan, deceased, formerly of 3 Bass Close, East Cannington, 6107.

Mr A.S.George, 'Four Gables', 18 Barclay Road, Kardinya, Western Australia 6163.

Mr L.Pedley, Herbarium, Department of Environment and Heritage, Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068.

Mrs G.Perry, c/- Western Australian Herbarium, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983.

Dr B.Randell, Randell Environmental Enterprises Pty Ltd, 7 Hastings Rd, South Brighton, 5048.

Dr J.H.Ross, National Herbarium of , Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141.

ILLUSTRATORS

Mr Milton Andrews, 9 Sandgate St, South Perth, Western Australia 6151.

Ms Anita Barley [nee Podwyszynski], c/- National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, Birdwood Ave, South Yarra, Victoria 3141.

Mrs Beth Chandler, c/- Adelaide Botanic Gardens, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000.

PHOTOGRAPHERS

Mr Brian Carter, One Arm Point, via Broome, Western Australia 6725.

Mr M.Fagg, Australian National Botanic Gardens, GPO Box 1777, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601.

Mr A.S.George, 'Four Gables', 18 Barclay Road, Kardinya, Western Australia 6163.

Mr C.Green, c/- Australian National Botanic Gardens, GPO Box 1777, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601.

Ms D.Greig, c/- Australian National Botanic Gardens, GPO Box 1777, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601.

Mr D.L.Jones, 13 Saville Close, Melba, Australian Capital Territory 2615.

Mr G.Leiper, 30 Tweedvale Street, Beenleigh, Queensland 4207.

vii PHOTOGRAPHERS

Mr T.Low, 6 Henry Street, Chapel Hill, Queensland 4069.

Dr R.W.Purdie, 14 Dryandra Street, O'Connor, Australian Capital Territory 2601.

Mr G.Sankowsky, PO Box 210, Tolga, Queensland 4882.

Dr K.R.Thiele, Martins Creek, Bonang Highway via Orbost, Victoria 3888.

viii

FLORA EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

The Committee was established in 1980.

COMMITTEE MEMBERS Robyn M. Barker (1994–) Bryan A. Barlow (1982–1984, 1986–1988) Peter Bridgewater (ex officio, 1983–1988) Barbara G. Briggs (1980–1992) (Chairman, 1982–1987) Roger C. Carolin (1985–1987) Robert J. Chinnock (1985–1993) Michael D. Crisp (1994–) (Chairman, 1996–) Hansjoerg Eichler (1980–1985) Gordon P. Guymer (1989–1994) John Huisman (1993–) Gintaras Kantvilas (1994–) Ian G. Pascoe (1995–) Leslie Pedley (1980–1988) Sir Rutherford Robertson (Chairman, 1980–1981) James H. Ross (1980–1993, 1996–) (Chairman, 1988–1993) George A. M. Scott (1988–1993) David E. Symon (1980–1984) Judy G. West (1989–1995) (Chairman, 1994–1995) Karen L. Wilson (1993–) Paul G. Wilson (1980–1992)

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Alexander S. George (Secretary, 1989–1993) Roger J. Hnatiuk (Executive Officer, 1984–1989) Alison McCusker (Secretary, 1980–1984) Anthony E. Orchard (Secretary, 1993–)

ix

INTRODUCTION

Volume 12 of the Flora of Australia comprises 1 complete family—Caesalpiniaceae, together with all native and naturalised Mimosaceae apart from Acacia. The volume provides descriptions of 38 genera, 153 and 16 'form taxa' in these families. Mimosaceae is treated as a family by Cronquist but as a subfamily of Leguminosae by many specialists. It is represented in Australia by 17 genera, of which 16 (containing 43 species) are dealt with in this volume. Most of the species documented here occur as , or lianes in subtropical and tropical Australia. Acacia, which will be treated in Volumes 11A and 11B, comprises more than 1000 taxa, and is the most speciose in the Australian flora. Twenty-two genera of Caesalpiniaceae (of which three are endemic and six naturalised) and 126 species are present in Australia. Most occur in tropical and subtropical regions; however, Labichea, Petalostylis and Senna have radiated in the more arid parts of the continent. In Senna, taxonomic distinctions are blurred by the occurrence of , hybridisation and apomixis, and this has led to the recognition of 'form taxa' in this volume. Although these are informal in a nomenclatural sense, each reflects a suite of morphotypes occurring in complex populations. This approach has been adapted to provide the user of this volume with a working nomenclature for recognisable entities, although it must be emphasised that these may not have genetic homogeneity or morphological continuity between populations.

Scope and Presentation of the Flora

The geographical area covered by the Flora includes the six Australian States, the , the Australian Capital Territory and immediate offshore islands. Other Australian and State-administered territories such as Christmas Is. and Lord Howe Is. are excluded, but the occurrence in those territories of species included in the Flora is added to the notes on distribution. Complete Floras of the oceanic islands are in Volumes 49 and 50. Descriptions and discussion in the Flora are concise and supplemented by important references, synonymy, and information on type collections, chromosome numbers, distribution, habitat, and published illustrations. Descriptions are based on Australian material except for some taxa not confined to Australia for which the collections in Australian herbaria are inadequate. Synonymy is restricted to names based on Australian types or used in Australian literature. Misapplied names are given in square brackets together with an example of the misapplication. Alien taxa establised in one or more localities, other than under cultivation, are considered naturalised and are included and asterisked (*). Families are arranged in the system of A.Cronquist, An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (Columbia University Press, New York, 1981). Within families, genera and species are arranged to show natural relationships as interpreted by contributors. Although relationships cannot be shown adequately in a linear sequence, such an arrangement in a Flora assists comparison of related taxa. Infraspecific taxa are keyed out under relevant species. Up to seven collections are cited for each species and infraspecific taxon. Maps showing distribution in Australia are arranged in the same sequence as the descriptions and are grouped together at the end of the main text (pp. 179–192). The term 'Malesia' is sometimes used in the notes on geographical distribution for species which occur widely in the region covered by Flora Malesiana, i.e. , Singapore, , the , New Guinea and adjacent islands. Type citations under taxa in the main body of the text reflect the authors' belief in their current status (holotype, isotype, syntype, etc) and where they are held. In cases where the

xi INTRODUCTION type specimen has not been examined, this is indicated by n.v. These type statements are not to be interpreted as lectotypifications. Where lectotypifications have been made previously, these are cited with fide, followed by a reference to the author and place of publication (or, sometimes, to a secondary reference). Any formal lectotypifications required for this volume, as in previous parts of the Flora, are confined to the Appendix. New taxa and lectotypifications are included in an Appendix where they are formally published in accordance with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, 1994). Abbreviations, contractions and notes on format are listed after the Appendix. A key to families of flowering plants and a glossary of technical terms are provided in Volume 1 of the Flora. Supplementary glossaries are included in each volume as necessary.

Acknowledgments

There are 20 contributors, illustrators and photographers to Volume 12. Their co-operation is gratefully acknowledged. The Librarians at the Australian National Botanic Gardens were ever cheerful in assisting to locate references. The co-operation of referees, usually working to tight deadlines, is also acknowledged. The production of this volume would not have been possible without the substantial assistance of the Australian State, Federal and University herbaria. Their willingness to provide staff time and resources for this project of national importance is an outstanding example of co-operation between the States and the Commonwealth. Overseas institutions have also assisted preparation of the volume with loans of specimens and by making facilities available to contributors and illustrators. Alex George acknowledges Les Pedley (BRI), Jim Ross (MEL) and Roger Polhill (K) for advice during the preparation of his contributions to this volume. The Executive Editor acknowledges with great pleasure the input by staff of the Australian Biological Resources Study. Their work, invisible in the final product, is onerous, often tedious, but essential in maintaining the high standards that this series has achieved. The leading role in coordinating, editing and initial typesetting of this volume has been taken by Patrick McCarthy. Jane Mowatt has provided painstaking assistance in organising, collating, checking and laying out the photographs and line drawings. Final proofreading and layout have been done by Helen Thompson. The Australian National Botanic Gardens slide collection provided a number of the colour photographs used in this volume, and these are individually identified by the initials ANBG in the captions. We are grateful to the following journals for permission to reproduce figures in this volume: Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden and Muelleria. The co-operation of CSIRO Publishing in bringing this book to press is gratefully acknowledged.

Note

As this book was going to press, one of its major authors, Dr Richard Cowan, died after a short illness. As well as contributing significant sections of this book, and to others in preparation on Fabaceae, Richard was well-known for his major contributions to taxonomic bibliography, including his co-authorship of the landmark reference work, Taxonomic Literature (TL-2). He will be sorely missed by his friends and colleagues. xii

MIMOSACEAE

R.S.Cowan1 (Prosopis by G.Perry2)

Mostly trees and shrubs, sometimes lianes (Entada) or herbs (Desmanthus, some Mimosa spp. and Neptunia), unarmed or with stipular spines or prickles. alternate, bipinnate or reduced to phyllodes, commonly with extrafloral nectaries on either or both main and secondary axes; stipules rarely absent, but often caducous (persistent and conspicuous in some Neptunia spp.); leaflets (when present) generally opposite, rarely alternate (Adenanthera, Pararchidendron). globular to oblong clusters, solitary or aggregated in axillary, terminal or cauliflorous/ramiflorous, simple to complex, compound panicles. sessile or pedicellate, mostly 4- or 5-merous, regular, bisexual, unisexual or some neuter (Dichrostachys, Neptunia), green, white, cream, yellow, red or purple. few to numerous; filaments free or united at base or forming a tube, this sometimes adnate with corolla base; anthers dorsifixed or basifixed, sometimes with apical, stalked, caducous gland. Pistil solitary or several, free. Pod dehiscent by one or both margins or indehiscent, sometimes fragmenting in 1-seeded sections (Cathormion, Mimosa). oriented transversely, obliquely or longitudinally; pleurogram generally present but sometimes lacking (Archidendron, Archidendropsis and Entada in Australia). A family (so-treated by A.Cronquist, Integrated System Classification Fl. Pl. 592–595, 1981) but as a subfamily of Leguminosae by most specialists) of some 60 genera and at least 3000 species, mostly in the genera Acacia, and Mimosa. Many occur in tropical and subtropical regions, others in temperate areas, extending from sea level to altitudes of perhaps 1000 m or more. In Australia the family is represented by 17 genera, 12 of which are native and the others known to be or presumed to be naturalised. Australian taxa are most closely allied to those of tropical , especially those from to Malesia. Three of the five tribes comprising the Mimosaceae occur in Australia; they are distinguished by the number of stamens and whether their filaments are free or united. The Mimoseae have a definite number of stamens (c. 10) which are free from one another; in Australia the tribe includes the genera Adenanthera, Desmanthus, Dichrostachys, Entada, Leucaena, Mimosa, Neptunia and Prosopis. The Acacieae have numerous, free stamens, although rarely a few representatives have basally united filaments; in Australia the only representative is Acacia with more than 1000 taxa. The Ingeae have numerous stamens that are commonly united in their filaments to form a short to long tube; in Australia the representative genera are Archidendron, Albizia, Archidendropsis, Calliandra, Cathormion, Pararchidendron, Paraserianthes and Samanea. The sequence of genera adopted herein follows Nielsen's several papers on the family in SE Asia, Malesia and, to a lesser extent, Australia. The sequence of species reflects what appears to the present author to be their inter-relationships, at least the phenetic similarities linking one to the other. Infraspecific taxa are presented alphabetically except that the typical entity, if it occurs in Australia, is treated first. A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 2: 93–524 (1825); G.Bentham, Notes on Mimoseae, with a synopsis of species, London J. Bot. 1: 318–528 (1842); G.Bentham, Notes on Mimoseae, with a synopsis of species, J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 323–417 (1841–1842); G.Bentham, Mimoseae, Fl. Austral. 2: 297–425 (1864); G.Bentham, Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae, Trans. Linn. Soc., London 30: 335–664 (1875); P.Taubert, Leguminosae, in A.Engler & K.Prantl (eds), Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(3): 99–125 (1894); P.Guinet, Les Mimosacées; étude de palynologie fondamentale, correlations, evolution, Trav. Sec. Sci. Techn. Pondichéry 9: 1–293 (1969); R.M.Polhill & P.H.Raven (eds), Advances in Systematics 1: 143–190 (1981); I.C.Nielsen, Fl. Males. ser. I, 11(1): 1–226 (1992); R.S.Cowan, Notes on miscellaneous mimosoid (Leguminosae: ), Nuytsia 11: 11–19 (1996).

1deceased, formerly of 3 Bass Close, East Cannington, W.A. 6107. 2c/- Western Australian Herbarium, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, W.A. 6983. 1 MIMOSACEAE

KEY TO GENERA OF MIMOSACEAE IN AUSTRALIA

1 Mature leaves appearing simple (phyllodes); flowers in heads or spikes †ACACIA and these 1–several in each axil or in racemes or panicles 1: Mature leaves bipinnate 2 Terminal pair of pinnae modified to tendrils; rainforest lianes 2. ENTADA 2: Terminal pair of pinnae bearing ordinary leaflets 3 Leaflets distinctly alternate to subopposite 4 axes lacking extrafloral nectaries; pod opening on both sutures, not coloured within; seeds scarlet or red and black; stamens 10, free 1. ADENANTHERA 4: Leaf axes with extrafloral nectaries; pod opening on 1 suture, orange or red within; seeds brown; stamens numerous, united basally 14. PARARCHIDENDRON 3: Leaflets opposite 5 Leaf axes lacking extrafloral nectaries 6 Stamens free 7 Stamens 10 in perfect flowers; basal flowers sterile with elongate flat filaments; pod opening on both sutures 8. NEPTUNIA 7: Stamens as many as or twice as many as corolla lobes; basal flowers not sterile; pod dehiscing in 1-seeded segments, the marginal portion persistent 4. MIMOSA 6: Stamens united at least basally, numerous; pod dehiscing by valves recurving elastically from tip to base 11. CALLIANDRA 5: Leaf axes with extrafloral nectaries 8 Flowers in distinct spikes or spicate racemes 9 Stamens 10, free 10 Pod indehiscent, filled with pulp surrounding seeds; most or all flowers perfect 3. PROSOPIS 10: Pod not as above; only apical flowers perfect 6. DICHROSTACHYS 9: Stamens numerous, free or united 11 Stamens united basally 12. PARASERIANTHES 11: Stamens free, rarely basally united †ACACIA 8: Flowers in rounded to oblong heads or, if spicate, then some basal flowers imperfect 12 Peduncles bearing 2 conspicuous, ±foliaceous ; pod nearly circular to broadly oblong, stipitate 8. NEPTUNIA 12: Peduncles lacking such bracts; pod variable in form 13 Pod dehiscing in 1-seeded, indehiscent segments 16. CATHORMION 13: Pod dehiscing otherwise 14 Stamens 5 or 10, free; free 15 Flowers all perfect; pod broadly oblong or linear-oblong, 15–27 mm wide 5. LEUCAENA 15: Flowers near base of head male or sterile; pod narrowly linear, flat, to 4 mm wide 7. DESMANTHUS 14: Stamens numerous, free or united 16 Stamens free †ACACIA

2 MIMOSACEAE Key to genera

16: Stamens united at least basally 17 Seeds embedded in pulpy mesocarp of indehiscent pod 10. SAMANEA 17: Seeds and pod not as above 18 Seeds lacking a pleurogram, winged or not 19 Pod opening along 1 suture, commonly reddish externally and orange-reddish within; seeds unwinged; leaflets 1–5 (–6)-jugate 15. ARCHIDENDRON 19: Pod opening along both sutures, commonly brownish, not brightly coloured either inside or out; seeds with a narrow, peripheral, membranous wing; leaflets 1.5–11- jugate 13. ARCHIDENDROPSIS 18: Seeds with a pleurogram, without a wing; pod opening on both sutures 9. ALBIZIA † Acacia is treated in Volumes 11A and B of the Flora of Australia.

1. ADENANTHERA

Adenanthera L., Sp. Pl. 1: 384 (1753); from the Greek aden (a gland) and the Latin anthera (an anther), in reference to the stalked gland on each of the anthers. Type: A. pavonina L. Trees. Leaves bipinnate; stipules inconspicuous or filiform; leaf axes lacking extrafloral nectaries; pinnae 2–5-jugate, subopposite to opposite; leaflets petiolulate, 6–16, subopposite to alternate. Inflorescence axillary spikes or racemes near branchlet tips, solitary or fasciculate, pedunculate. Flowers 5-merous, bisexual, borne on short, jointed pedicels with basal part persistent; calyx and corolla valvate, each basally connate. Stamens 10, free; anthers with stalked, caducous, apical gland. Pod linear, straight to twisted; valves coriaceous or woody. Seeds scarlet, red or red and black; pleurogram absent. A genus of 12 species, two in Australia of which one is endemic and the other, A. pavonina, is widely cultivated and has become naturalised. B.Verdcourt, Adenanthera, Man. New Guinea Legumes 135–139 (1979); I.C.Nielsen, Synopsis of Adenanthera (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae), Nordic J. Bot. 12: 85–114 (1992). Flowers in spikes, subsessile; seeds black and red 1. A. abrosperma Flowers in racemes, distinctly stalked; seeds scarlet 2. A. pavonina

1. Adenanthera abrosperma F.Muell., Fragm. 5: 30 (1865) T: on rocky hills, Gilbert's R., Qld, F.Mueller; ?holo: MEL 594705; may be part of collection referred to by G.Bentham, Fl. Austral. 2: 299 (1864). Adenanthera abrosperma var. falcata F.M.Bailey, Compr. Cat. Queensland Pl. 154, fig. 123 (1913). T: [Qld], W.A.Waddell; n.v. Illustrations: F.Mueller, Iconogr. Austral. Acacia 13: [pl.] 6 (1888); I.C.Nielsen, Nordic J. Bot. 12: 108, fig. 14 (1992). 5–14 m tall; branchlets ±puberulous or glabrous. Leaves: axes eglandular, glabrous or ±puberulous; pinnae 2–5-jugate; leaflets 6–16, alternate or some subopposite, oblong, oval and obovate-oblong, rounded to subtruncate, 8–35 mm long, 4–15 mm wide, entire to emarginate. Inflorescence spicate, in axils of terminal leaves, solitary, 4–8 cm long, ±puberulous. Flowers subsessile, cream-coloured, ageing to orange-yellow; calyx c. 1 mm long, glabrous or appressed-puberulous; petals 2–3.5 mm long, glabrous. Pod linear, biconvex, straight or ±curved, to 15 cm long, 10–20 mm wide, woody, glabrous. Seeds ovoid to ellipsoidal or obovoid, 6.5–9.5 mm long; terminal part red and basal part black, glossy. Giddy Giddy. Fig. 33A–E.

3 1. Adenanthera MIMOSACEAE

Endemic in Qld, occurring from McDonnell near the tip of south to Gregory Range, near Croydon. Grows in sand, sandy loam and sandy clay-loam, often stony, in open eucalypt forest, frequently in alluvial situations along watercourses. Map 1. Qld: Etheridge and Gilbert Rivers, W.Armit 402 (MEL); c. 40 km N of Aurukun on road to Beagle North Camp, J.R.Clarkson 4153 (BRI, CANB, DNA, K, MO, PERTH, QRS); 'Torwood' road, 39 km from Chillagoe, P.I.Forster PIF8515 (BRI, DNA, MEL); 24 km SW of Dunbar HS, R.Story 8047 (BRI, CANB); new Laura Ranger Stn, Lakefield Natl Park, K.A.Williams 85287 (BRI, MEL). Readily distinguishable from A. pavonina which has wider leaflets, flowers in racemes and scarlet seeds.

2. * L., Sp. Pl. 1: 384 (1753) T: Herb. Hermann 2: 30, No. 160; lecto: BM, fide W.Fawcett & A.B.Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 4: 128 (1920); see also C.E.Jarvis et al., Reg. Veg. 127: 15 (1993). Illustrations: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 140, fig. 34 (1979); J.Brock, Top End Native Pl. 81 (1988); I.C.Nielsen, Nordic J. Bot. 12: 109, fig. 15 (1992). Tree to 27 m tall, glabrous except sometimes branchlets and leaf axes ±puberulous. Pinnae (2–) 3- or 4 (–6)-jugate; leaflets 8–16, alternate, elliptic, oval or oblong, rounded-obtuse, 15–40 mm long, 10–25 mm wide, usually glabrous. Inflorescence racemose, 8–21 cm long. Flowers with pedicels 3–4 mm long, cream-coloured, becoming yellow; calyx shallowly cupular, c. 1 mm long with small teeth, glabrous or ±appressed-puberulous; petals 3 mm long, glabrous or sparsely appressed-puberulous. Pod linear, to 20 cm long, 14–17 mm wide, coriaceous, glabrous; valves tightly coiled or spirally twisted after dehiscence. Seeds ovaloid, oblongoid, widely obovoid or circular, compressed, 8–9.5 mm long, scarlet, glossy. Red Sandalwood, Red Bead Tree, Coralwood. Figs 1, 33F–I. Widely distributed from to Malesia and probably naturalised in Australia. Scattered in coastal or near-coastal areas and adjacent islands from Darwin east to near Port Bradshaw (c. 50 km S of Nhulunbuy), N.T., and from Murray Is. in the Torres Strait south to Rockingham Bay (c. 50 km N of Ingham), Qld; with an early collection from Gilbert River (south-western base of Cape York Peninsula), Qld. Grows in monsoon forest in laterite and sand, sometimes in alluvium. Map 2. N.T.: Darwin, N.Byrnes 2379 (BRI, CANB, DNA, K, L); Wessell Is., P.K.Latz 3432 (BRI, MEL). Qld: Bloomfield, Gap Ck, S.Johnson 1385A (BRI, DNA); Gilbert R., F.Mueller (MEL 594723); Red Island Point, Cape York [Penin.], K.J.White 01178 (BRI). The Australian material of this species commonly has glabrous leaflets but occasional specimens with sparingly appressed-puberulous leaflets have been seen; specimens seen from New Guinea, Solomon Is. and other Malesian localities appear to exhibit the latter condition more frequently. Distinct from the native A. abrosperma which has generally smaller leaflets, shorter (nearly sessile flowers), non-coiled pod valves and bicoloured seeds. A specimen from Strathmore HS, west of Proserpine, Qld (S.L.Everist 6437, BRI), and well south of the main distribution, has smaller leaflets, but the seeds in the single pod examined is typical of this species.

4 MIMOSACEAE

Figure 33. A–I, Adenanthera. A–E, A. abrosperma. A, node with leaf and inflorescence; B , leaflet; C, anther with stalked gland (A–C, P.I.Forster PIF13023, MEL & J.R.Clarkson 7703, MEL); D, pod; E, (D–E, P.I.Forster PIF8515, MEL). F–I, A. pavonina. F, leaflet; G, inflorescence; H, pods, one open (F–H, N.Byrnes 2379, DNA & M.Lowrie 00016, BRI); I, seed (P.K.Latz 3432, BRI). J–L, Entada. J, E. phaseoloides, node with leaf and inflorescence (L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 3337, BRI & W.T.Jones 808, CANB). K–L, E. rheedii. K, pod with one segment showing a seed (J.Russell-Smith 3629, DNA & W.A.Persieh, MEL594724); L, node with leaf and inflorescence (J.Russell-Smith 2455, DNA). Scale bars: A, B, D, F, G, H = 1 cm; C = 1 mm; E, I = 5 mm; J–L = 2 cm. Drawn by Milton Andrews.

5 MIMOSACEAE

2. ENTADA

Entada Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 318 (1763), nom. cons.; derived from the name used by H.A.Rheede in Hort. Malab. 9: 151, pl. 77 (1689), probably a vernacular name for the type species. Type: E. rheedii Spreng. Gigalobium P.Browne, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica 362 (1756), nom. rej. Pusaetha Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 204 (1891). T: not designated. Unarmed lianes. Leaves bipinnate; leaf axes lacking extrafloral nectaries; pinnae 1–2-jugate, terminal pair modified to tendrils; leaflets 1–4 (–5)-jugate, opposite. Inflorescence axillary or supra-axillary spikes, elongate, pedunculate. Flowers sessile (in Australia), 5-merous; valvate, connate; petals valvate, free or united basally. Stamens 10, free; anthers with terminal gland. Pod woody and straight or curved (in Australia), breaking apart from sutures into 1-seeded segments. Seeds flat to compressed; pleurogram absent. A genus of about 30 pantropical species; two species in Australia. I.M.Johnston, The botany of San Jose Island (Gulf of Panama), Sargentia 8: 135–139 (1949); J.P.M.Brenan, Notes on Mimosoideae: I, Kew Bull. 1955: 161–165 (1955); J.P.M.Brenan, Notes on Mimosoideae: XI, Kew Bull. 20(3): 361–378 (1967); B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 134–135 (1979). Leaflets 1- or 2-jugate, 3–6 cm wide, commonly inequilateral basally and drying noticeably darker on upper surface; pod with parchment-like innermost layer 1. E. phaseoloides Leaflets 3- or 4 (–5)-jugate, to 3 cm wide, equilateral basally or only slightly inequilateral and not drying noticeably darker on upper surface; pod with woody innermost layer 2. E. rheedii

1. (L.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C. 9: 86 (1914) Lens phaseoloides L., in O.Stickman, Herb. Amboin. 18 (1754); Mimosa scandens L., Sp. Pl. 2nd edn, 2: 1501 (1763), p.p.; Entada scandens (L.) Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 1: 332 (1841); Entada parrana Spreng., Syst. Veg. 16th edn, 2: 325 (1825), nom. illeg. (based on M. scandens L.); Perima odorata Raf., Sylva Tellur. 118 (1838), nom. illeg. (based on M. scandens L.). T: based on description and plate of Faba marina Rumph., Herb. Amboin. 5: pl. 4 (1750), fide I.M.Johnston, Sargentia 8: 136–137 (1949); also J.P.M.Brenan, Kew Bull. 1955: 162 (1955). Illustrations: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 136, fig. 33 (1979); I.C.Nielsen, Fl. Nouv.-Calédon. Dépend. 12: 11, figs 1, 7–9 (1983). Woody climber, glabrous or infrequently puberulous. Pinnae 1–2-jugate. Leaflets 1–2-jugate, one of basal pair sometimes absent, ±inequilaterally elliptic, oval or obovate-elliptic; petiolules 0.5–3 mm long; lamina obtuse to acute, 4.5–10.5 cm long, 3–6 cm wide, shiny and drying darker on upper surface. Inflorescence spicate, solitary or several from a short shoot, to 30 cm long; bracteoles c. 1 mm long, . Flowers sessile, green with reddish base or dull purple, glabrous; calyx cupular, c. 1.5 mm long; petals c. 2.5 mm long. Pod compressed, straight to ±curved, to more than 1.25 m long, 5–15 cm wide, woody; innermost layer parchment-like. Seeds flattened, subcircular, 4–6 cm long, 3.5–5 cm wide, c. 1 cm thick, brown. Match Box Bean. Figs 3, 33J. Infrequent in rainforest in coastal areas of north-eastern Qld, from Endeavour River south to Bilyana, also on Dunk Is. (E of Tully); widely distributed from mainland Asia to Malesia and the Pacific region. Map 3. Qld: Dunk Is., E.J.Banfield (BRI AQ230560); Daintree R., L.J.Brass 188 (BRI); Endeavour R., A.Cunningham 158 (BM, CANB); Walter Hill Ra., S of McCabes Gap, D.Kelley 23 (CANB); The Boulders, c. 6.4 km W of , L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 3337 (BRI). It is uncertain whether this taxon is infrequent or is only infrequently collected because most of the diagnostic characters occur in the forest canopy.

6 MIMOSACEAE 2. Entada

Closely related to E. rheedii which has leaves with more pairs of differently shaped, generally narrower, less inequilateral leaflets, pods with both the outer and inner layers woody and smaller, and thicker seeds of slightly different colour. The -bearing portion of the inflorescence in E. rheedii commonly has scattered, long hairs; the same structure in E. phaseoloides is glabrous or minutely hairy.

2. Spreng., Syst. Veg. 16th edn, 2: 325 (1825) Based on Mimosa entada L., Sp. Pl. 1: 518 (1753); Entada cirrhosa Raf., Sylva Tellur. 119 (1838). T: Linn. Herb. Savage Cat. 1228.10, pods only. Entada pursaetha DC., Prodr. 2: 425 (Nov. 1825). T: 'Colitur in insul. franciae. M.B.Delessert, 1822', G-DC, seen only on IDC microfiche No. 413. Entada monostachya DC., Prodr. 2: 425 (1825). Based on H.A.Rheede, Hort. Malab. 9: 151, pl. 77 (1689). Adenanthera gogo Blanco, Fl. Filip. 353 (1837); Entada gogo (Blanco) I.M.Johnston, Sargentia 8: 137 (1949). T: not designated. Entada scandens var. aequilatera Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 247 (1926). T: tropical Qld, A.Dietrich s.n.; holo: PR n.v. [Entada scandens auct. non Benth.: G.Bentham, J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 332 (1841)] [Entada phaseoloides auct. non (L.) Merr.; E.D.Merrill, Sp. Blanco. 168, 194 (1918)] Liane, mostly glabrous. Pinnae 2-jugate. Leaflets 3–4 (–5)-jugate, oval and oblanceolate, ±equilateral basally; petiolules puberulous; lamina narrowed with an obtuse tip, 3–7.5 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, retuse to emarginate; surfaces ±concolorous. Inflorescence axillary spikes, 8–22 cm long; 2–8 cm long, flowering axis with scattered, long, straight hairs; bracteoles subulate, 0.8–1.5 mm long, persistent. Flowers sessile, yellow, glabrous; calyx broadly cupular, 0.6–1 mm long; petals 2.5–3 mm long. Pod compressed, straight to slightly curved, to 2 m long and 7–15 cm wide, woody throughout. Seeds compressed, circular to oblong, 3.8–4.5 cm diam., 1.5–1.7 cm thick, brown. Sireb Lager (Murray Is., Torres Strait). Fig. 33K, L. Widely distributed in the Old World tropics; occurs infrequently on a few islands off northern N.T. (Melville, Croker and Wessel Is.); more common in coastal areas and adjacent islands of Qld from Thursday Is. south to the Watson River on the west side of Cape York Peninsula and on the east coast to Mackay; also collected on Murray and Darnley Is. in Torres Strait. Grows in coastal rainforest and monsoon forest along streams and rivers and in forest behind beach in sandy, sandy loam and clay soils. Map 4. N.T.: Cape Van Dieman, R.Fensham 631 (DNA); Wessel Is., P.K.Latz 3509 (BRI, DNA). Qld: Port Mackay, A.Dietrich 377 (CANB, MEL); 10 km SE of Normanby R. mouth, D.G.Fell DGF2748 & J.P.Stanton (BRI, MBA, QRS); valley 0.5 km SW of Mt Pelion, NW of Mackay, A.N.Rodd & M.Hardie 4425 (BRI, CANB, NSW).

3. PROSOPIS

G.Perry

Prosopis L., Syst. Nat. 12th edn, 2: 282, 293 (1767); Mant. Pl. 68, pl. 10 (1767); from the Greek pros (towards) and Opis (the Greek goddess of abundance and agriculture and the wife of Saturn). The name was used for Burdock ( lappa L.) of the Asteraceae, a very different plant with spiny heads. Type: P. spicigera L. Neltuma Raf., Sylva Tellur. 119 (1838). T: N. juliflora (Sw.) Raf. = Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Algarobia (DC.) Benth., Pl. Hartw. 13 (1839). T: A. dulcis Benth. = Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Strombocarpa (Benth.) A.Gray, Pl. Wright. 1: 60 (1852). T: S. strombulifera (Lam.) A.Gray

7 3. Prosopis MIMOSACEAE

Sopropis Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 182–183 (1928). T: S. palmeri (S.Watson) Britton & Rose = Prosopis palmeri S.Watson Armed or unarmed, evergreen or sometimes deciduous trees and shrubs; spines nodal, axillary, paired or solitary. Leaves bipinnate; leaf axes with extrafloral nectaries; pinnae 1–8-jugate; leaflets small, numerous, opposite (in Australia). Inflorescence an axillary, spiciform (in Australia). Flowers 5-merous, perfect, greenish or cream-coloured, yellowish when dry; perianth valvate; sepals united; petals free or united, hairy on inside at least apically (in Australia). Stamens 10, free; anthers with terminal, stalked gland; grains shed singly. Pod indehiscent, linear, compressed, straight or curved, with a sweet and palatable pulp surrounding the seeds (in Australia); margins parallel, undulate or regularly constricted between the seeds. Seeds with pleurogram. A genus of c. 44 species, of which all but four occur naturally only in the . Of the extra-American species three are native to south-western Asia, with one extending into northern and one indigenous to northern Africa only. Four species naturalised in Australia, all belonging to sect. Algarobia. These were introduced for their perceived benefits as soil stabilisers for areas prone to erosion, and as food sources and shelter for livestock. Some have since become serious pests in pastoral areas of W.A. and to a lesser extent in Qld and N.T. A.P. de Candolle, Prosopis, in Leguminosae, Prodr. 2: 446–448 (1825); G.Bentham, Prosopis, in Notes on Mimoseae, with a short synopsis of species, J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 346–350 (1841); G.Bentham, Prosopis, in Revision of the Suborder Mimoseae, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30: 376–381 (1875); L.Benson, The Mesquite and screw-beans of the , Amer. J. Bot. 28: 748–754 (1941); M.C.Johnston, The North American Mesquites, Prosopis sect. Algarobia (Leguminosae), Brittonia 14: 72–90 (1962); P.Guinet, Les Mimosacées; étude de palynologie fondamentale, correlations, evolution, Trav. Sec. Sci. Techn. Pondichéry 9: 1–293 (1969); D.Isley, Legumes of the United States VI. Calliandra, , Prosopis, Madrõno 21: 273–298 (1972); A.Burkart, A monograph of the genus Prosopis (Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae), J. Arnold Arbor. 57: 219–249, 450–525 (1976); L.Pedley, Notes on Leguminosae, I, Austrobaileya 1: 25–42 (1977); A.Burkart & B.B.Simpson, Appendix: The genus Prosopis and annotated key to the species of the World, in B.B.Simpson (ed.), Mesquite: Its Biology in two Desert Scrub Ecosystems 201–215 (1979); F.D.Panetta & S.A.Carstairs, Isozymic discrimination of tropical Australian populations of mesquite (Prosopis spp.): implications for biological control, Weed Res. 29: 157–165 (1989). 1 Leaflets 7 or more times as long as wide 3. P. glandulosa 1: Leaflets less than 7 times as long as wide 2 Leaflets herbaceous, relatively soft and thin, curled or corrugated when dry 2. P. juliflora 2: Leaflets relatively rigid, often coriaceous, lying flat when dry 3 Pinnae mostly 2–4-jugate (rarely some leaves with pinnae 1-jugate) 1. P. pallida 3: Pinnae mostly 1–2-jugate (rarely some leaves with pinnae 3-jugate) 4 Pod velvety when young and hairy even with age 4. P. velutina 4: Pod glabrous or with a few scattered hairs 5. P. glandulosa × velutina

1. *Prosopis pallida (Willd.) Kunth, in F.W.H.A. von Humbolt, A.J.A.Bonpland & K.S.Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 6: 309 [folio edn] (1824) Acacia pallida Willd., Sp. Pl. 4th edn, 4: 1059 (1806). T: precise locality unknown, , A.J.A.Bonpland; holo: B-WILLD 19131/1. Prosopis limensis Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 350 (1841). T: Lima, , 1831, H.Cuming 974; lecto: K, fide G.Perry, Fl. Australia 12: 193 (1998); isolecto: GH, K; Lima, Peru, Mathews; syn: K. Prosopis pallida f. armata Fosberg, Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 23: 134–135 (1966). T: not designated.

8 MIMOSACEAE 3. Prosopis

Illustrations: O.Degener, Fl. Hawaiiensis 2: family 169a, 8V (1937), as P. chilensis; H.K.Svenson, Amer. J. Bot. 33: 452, pl. 11, fig. 3 (1946), as P. limensis. Tree to 10 m tall; branchlets glabrous or sometimes with scattered hairs; spines paired, 4–15 mm long, sometimes absent. Leaves pallid, grey-green when dry; main axes 10–50 mm long, hairy; pinnae 2–4-jugate, rarely 1-jugate, 2–5 cm long; leaflets (7–) 9–15-jugate, oblong-elliptic or ovate, obtuse, apiculate, relatively rigid, coriaceous, lying ±flat when dry, (2–) 4–8 (–10) mm long, 1.5–3 mm wide, 2–4 times as long as wide, moderately pubescent on both surfaces or almost glabrous, ciliolate; internodes of the pinnae axes 2–3.5 mm long. Racemes 8.5–12 cm long, 2–3 times longer than the leaves. Calyx sometimes with scattered hairs outside, usually ciliolate. Pod straight or curved, 7–16 cm long, c. 10 mm wide, pale yellow to golden brown, glabrous; margins parallel or slightly undulate. Algaroba. Fig. 34A–C. Native to Peru, Colombia and Ecuador; naturalised in , , Hawai'i, the Marquesas, India, southern Africa, New Guinea and Australia. A weed of pastoral areas (often growing along water courses) in the north and west of W.A. especially on Minderoo Station, W.A., southern, N.T., on the Barkly Tablelands, near Hughenden and Cloncurry and in southern Qld. At Minderoo Station, W.A., this species grows in fine, red, alluvial soil of the coastal plain. Map 5. W.A.: Minderoo Stn, West , J.Dodd 166 & R.Madin (PERTH). N.T.: Elliott, May 1965, G.Newton (DNA). Qld: cult. Botanic Gardens, , C.T.White 2390, 8642 (BRI, GH), corner of Yeppoon and Norman roads, c. 5 km N of Rockhampton, E.R.Anderson 3598 (BRI, CANB). Degener (Fl. Hawaiiensis 2: family 169a, 1937) reported that seed of this species (as P. chilensis (Molina) Stuntz) had been sent to Australia from Hawai'i. All the Prosopis on Hawai’i is believed to have originated from a single tree planted by Catholic missionaries in 1828. While it is understood that the seed was imported from Paris, its origin was presumably South American. Australian P. pallida is phenotypically very similar to that naturalised in Hawai’i. Panetta & Carstairs (1989) found the Hughenden and Minderoo populations to be identical and to differ from the Hawaiian test material only by the absence of one rare allele. Hawai’i, therefore, would seem to be the likely origin of the Australian P. pallida. Pedley (1977) adopted P. limensis for this taxon on the basis that P. limensis was pubescent whereas P. pallida was glabrous. I have examined all the specimens on which each of these names was based and find them all to be hairy and, in my opinion, conspecific. Although P. pallida is not closely related to P. velutina, vegetative specimens are sometimes confused. These can be most readily distinguished by the number of pairs of pinnae per leaf. Prosopis pallida usually has 2–4 pairs (occasionally a few leaves may have only 1 pair) whereas the leaves of P. velutina usually have only 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae (occasionally a few leaves may have 3 pairs). If pods are present there is no difficulty in identification; those of P. pallida are glabrous whereas those of P. velutina are hairy even in old age.

2. *Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 2: 447 (1825) var. juliflora Mimosa juliflora Sw., Prodr. 85 (1788); Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf., Sylva Tellur. 119 (1838). T: Jamaica, O.Swartz; holo: S n.v.; photo in A.Burkart, Darwiniana 4: pl. 22 (1940). Illustrations: L.Benson, Amer. J. Bot. 28: 751, fig. 5 (1941); H.K.Svenson, Amer. J. Bot. 33: 452, pl. 11, figs 1 & 4 (1946). Tree or to 6 m tall; branchlets glabrous; spines solitary or paired, 5 mm long. Leaves green; main axes 5–25 mm long, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; pinnae mostly 1–3-jugate, 5.5–8 cm long; leaflets (7–) 13–21-jugate, narrowly oblong, obtuse, apiculate, herbaceous, relatively soft and thin, not lying flat when dry, somewhat curled or corrugated, (5–) 10–16 mm long, 1.5–3 mm wide, 3–6 times as long as wide, glabrous or somewhat hairy, ciliolate; internodes of pinnae axes 3–8 mm long. Racemes 7–8 cm long, c. twice as long as the leaves. Calyx with a few, scattered hairs outside, ciliolate. Pod straight or slightly curved,

9 3. Prosopis MIMOSACEAE with parallel margins, 12–18 cm long, c. 12 mm wide, straw yellow to brown, glabrous. Mesquite. Native to , , and northern South America; naturalised in Brazil, Hawai'i, Iraq, , India, the West Indies, parts of Africa and Australia. Occurs in a few localities near Townsville, northern Qld, while the Geraldton, W.A., population probably no longer exists. Map 6. W.A.: corner Francis and Shentom Streets, Geraldton, R.A.Saffrey 46 (PERTH); Geraldton, 1955, N.S.Marr (Perth). Qld: Pallarenda Rd, Townsville, W.Dorney 28 (BRI); Cape Pallarenda, T.Stanley 80166 (BRI) Prosopis juliflora, P. glandulosa and P. velutina are so closely related that they are sometimes (e.g. Benson, 1941) considered to be conspecific. I have followed Johnston (1962) and Burkart (1976) in treating them as distinct. Prosopis juliflora differs from the other two in having soft, herbaceous leaflets which appear somewhat curled or corrugated when dry. The internodes of the pinnae axes of P. glandulosa are considerably longer than those of either P. juliflora or P. velutina. Prosopis velutina is readily distinguished from the other two taxa by its hairy pods.

3. *Prosopis glandulosa Torr., Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2: 192–193, pl. 2 (1827) var. glandulosa Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell, New Mex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 15: 58 (1895); P. chilensis var. glandulosa (Torr.) Standl., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1658 (1926); Neltuma glandulosa (Torr.) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 186 (1928). T: 'Hab. on the Canadian ?', [precise locality unknown], U.S.A., 1820, E.P.James; lecto: NY n.v. (photo K), fide D.Isley, Madrõno 21: 292–293 (1972); isolecto: US n.v. Illustrations: L.Benson, Amer. J. Bot. 28: 751, fig. 2 (1941), as P. juliflora var. glandulosa; H.K.Svenson, Amer. J. Bot. 33: 452, pl. 11, fig. 2 (1946). Tree or shrub to 10 m tall; branchlets glabrous; spines solitary, 20–60 mm long. Leaves deciduous, green, glabrous; 30–85 mm long; pinnae 1 (–2)-jugate, 7.5–18 cm long; leaflets 8–16-jugate, narrowly oblong, acute, mucronate, relatively rigid, coriaceous, lying flat when dry, (15–) 25–45 (–50) mm long, (2–) 2.5–4.5 (–5) mm wide, 7–13 (–15) times as long as wide; internodes of the pinnae axes (5–) 8–14 mm long. Racemes 7–8 cm long, mostly longer than the leaves. Calyx ciliolate. Pod straight or slightly curved, margins regularly constricted between the seeds, 8–19 cm long, 8–10 mm wide, straw-coloured with reddish purple markings or almost entirely reddish purple, glabrous. Honey Mesquite. Fig. 34D–F. Native to south-western U.S.A. and Mexico. Cultivated and naturalised in Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia, India, Pakistan, Burma, southern Africa and Australia. In Australia it has been recorded from the Kimberley, W.A., from localities in south-eastern Qld and from Barham, N.S.W. Small weedy populations have been reported on Nicholson Station, W.A., and near Gladstone, Qld. Map 7. W.A.: 0.5 km NE of Nicholson Stn HS, A.A.Mitchell 3200 (PERTH). Qld: Simmons property, near Yandilla, 28 May 1953, S.L.Everist (CANB, GH, K, US). N.S.W.: Maya Lane, c. 24 km from Barham townsite, I.McGowan (NSW 198074). Closely related to P. juliflora and P. velutina. See discussion under P. juliflora. All of the Australian specimens of P. glandulosa have been referred to var. glandulosa. However, two of the specimens, from the Darling Downs (B.Freeman, MEL 716122) and from Roma (Thomas, BRI), have shorter leaflets and internodes of the pinna axes than is usual. This could be the result of introgression from P. glandulosa var. torreyana (L.D.Benson) M.C.Johnst. Putative intermediates between the two varieties have been reported from western and New Mexico (Benson, 1941; Isley, 1972).

10 MIMOSACEAE 3. Prosopis

4. *Prosopis velutina Wooton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 456–457 (1898) Prosopis juliflora var. velutina (Wooton) Sarg., Silva 13: 15 (1902); P. chilensis var. velutina (Wooton) Standl., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1658 (1926); Neltuma velutina (Wooton) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 186 (1928). T: , U.S.A., 23 Apr. 1881, C.G.Pringle; lecto: NY n.v., photo K, fide D.Isley, Madrõno 21: 296 (1972); isolecto: MO n.v. [Prosopis juliflora auct. non (Sw.) DC.: L.Pedley, Austrobaileya 1: 31 (1977)] [Prosopis flexuosa auct. non DC.: L.Pedley, Austrobaileya 1: 32 (1977)] Illustration: L.Benson, Amer. J. Bot. 28: 751, fig. 3 (1941), as P. juliflora var. velutina. Tree to 6 m tall; vegetative parts ±pubescent; spines paired, 8–22 (–40) mm long. Leaves grey-green; petiole 9–40 mm long; rachis (when present) 24–42 mm long; pinnae mostly 1–2-jugate, very rarely in some leaves 3-jugate, 3.5–6 (–9.5) cm long; leaflets 11–21-jugate, narrowly oblong or sometimes slightly oblanceolate, obtuse, relatively rigid, coriaceous, lying flat when dry, 6–12 mm long, 1.8–3.7 mm wide, 3–4.5 times as long as wide, ciliolate; internodes of the pinnae axes 2–4.5 mm long. Racemes 5–11 cm long. Calyx pubescent on the outside, ciliolate. Pod straight or slightly curved, with undulate margins, 7–18 cm long, 6–10 mm wide, yellow, sometimes with reddish brown markings or completely reddish brown, velutinous when young and hairy even with age. Velvet Mesquite, Quilpie Mesquite. Native to southern Arizona, U.S.A., and northern Mexico; naturalised in (America), parts of Africa and Australia. In Australia this species occurs near Alice Springs, N.T., in central and southern Qld, inland N.S.W. and near Swan Hill, Vic. Map 8. N.T.: Alice Springs, A.S.Mitchell 1279 (DNA, PERTH). Qld: 'Comongin' c. 16 km NE of Quilpie, S.L.Everist 5902 (BRI, US); L. Youngwoman, 'Comongin', Quilpie Shire, 14 Dec. 1982, K.L.Kay (BRI, MEL). N.S.W.: Menindie Rd, Broken Hill, D.E.Symon 6736 (CANB). Vic.: 3 km N of Swan Hill, W.T.Parsons (MEL 569148, 569149). Closely related to P. juliflora and P. glandulosa. See discussion under P. juliflora.

5. *Prosopis glandulosa Torr. × velutina Wooton Tree to 6 m tall; branchlets glabrous or with scattered hairs; spines mostly paired, or sometimes solitary and paired on the same branch, occasionally absent, 5–55 mm long. Leaves green; main axes 10–65 mm long, glabrous or hairy; pinnae 1–2-jugate, rarely in some leaves 3-jugate, 4–10 cm long; leaflets (9–) 12–15 (–19)-jugate, narrowly oblong to lanceolate, acute or obtuse, relatively rigid, coriaceous, lying flat when dry, 7–22 mm long, 2–5.5 mm wide, less than 5 times as long as wide, glabrous or somewhat hairy especially below, often ciliolate; internodes of pinna axes 3.5–9.5 mm long. Racemes 8–16 cm long, mostly exceeding the leaves. Calyx usually pubescent or with scattered, long hairs outside, sometimes only ciliolate. Pod straight or curved, with parallel to slightly undulate margins, 5–14 cm long, c. 10 mm wide, yellow, often tinged with purple, glabrous or with a few, scattered, long hairs. A pastoral weed in northern and western W.A., especially on Mardie Station; also on Rockvale Station near Neila and around McKinlay, Qld. Map 9. W.A.: Mardie Stn, Pilbara, J.Dodd 158 & R.Madin (PERTH); Carnarvon, Aug. 1956, G.R.W.Meadley (BRI, CANB, GH, MEL, PERTH). Qld: Rockvale Stn, N of Neila, J.Carter 145 (BRI); 3 km N of Moorooka, McKinlay, J.Carter 150 (BRI). Specimens referred to this complex are phenotypically intermediate between P. velutina and P. glandulosa. Isozyme studies by Panetta & Carstairs (1989) confirmed the presence of P. glandulosa genes in the Mardie and Rockvale populations; they also indicated some introgression from P. pallida. While not implying that either population was simply a hybrid between P. glandulosa and P. pallida, Panetta & Carstairs were unable to suggest which other species might be involved. The presence of P. pallida could not be verified morphologically, suggesting that any introgression from that species was minor. Prosopis velutina and P. glandulosa var. torreyana are known to hybridise in Arizona, U.S.A., where both taxa occur naturally (Benson, 1941; Johnston, 1962; Isley, 1972), and this is a possible source of the hybrid. Phenotypically similar plants are also naturalised in southern Africa.

11 MIMOSACEAE

Figure 34. A–F, Prosopis. A–C, P. pallida. A, node with leaf and inflorescence; B, nectary at leaf rachis apex (A–B, J.Dodd 168, PERTH); C, pod (J.Dodd 166, PERTH). D–F, P. glandulosa var. glandulosa. D, node with leaf and inflorescence; E, nectary on leaf rachis; F, pod (D–F, A.A.Mitchell 3200, PERTH). G–L, Mimosa. G–I, M. diplotricha var. diplotricha. G, node with inflorescence and cluster of pods; H, section of rachis and secondary rachis with prickles; I, seed (G, H, S.L.Everist 5162, CANB; G, I, J.Mann, MEL583128). J–L, M. pigra. J, node with leaf, inflorescence and pod cluster; K, section of leaf rachis with prickles; L, seed (J–K, M.O.Rankin 2529, BRI; J (pods), L, I.Cowie 3052, DNA). Scale bars: A, C, D, F, G, J = 2 cm; B, E, H, I = 4 mm; K = 3 mm; L = 2 mm. Drawn by Milton Andrews.

12 MIMOSACEAE

4. MIMOSA

Mimosa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 516 (1753) emend. Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 358 (1841); from the Spanish mimoso (sensitive), in allusion to the sleep movements induced in some species by touch or other physical stimuli (thigmotaxis). Type: M. sensitiva L. Armed or unarmed, erect or scrambling shrubs or prostrate subshrubs (in Australia). Leaves bipinnate, lacking extrafloral nectaries, often with stipular thorns; pinnae few to many; leaflets opposite, sessile. Inflorescence capitate or spicate (in Australia) commonly arranged in pseudoracemes. Flowers 3–5-merous; sepals and petals connate. Stamens as many as or twice as many as corolla lobes, free; anthers lacking terminal gland. Pod membranous to coriaceous, dehiscing in 1-seeded segments; margins persistent. Seeds flat; pleurogram present. A genus of c. 480 species, mostly native to the Western Hemisphere but introduced or escaped and naturalised in many tropical regions; three species in Australia. B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 147–154 (1979); R.Barneby, Sensitivae Censitae: A description of the genus Mimosa Linnaeus (Mimosaceae) in the New World, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 65: 1–835 (1991). 1 Petiole and rachis with varying numbers of prickles, rarely lacking; pinnae 4–15-jugate, not at all digitate 2 Leaflets finely pubescent; stems 4-angled; angles usually with many recurved prickles; pod 3–5.5 mm wide 1. M. diplotricha 2: Leaflets marginally setose; stems terete, with scattered prickles and antrorsely directed setae; pod 9–14 mm wide 2. M. pigra 1: Petiole and rachis lacking prickles; pinnae 1–2-jugate, subdigitate 3. M. pudica

1. * C.Wright ex Sauvalle, Anales Acad. Ci. Méd. Habana 5: 405 (1869) var. diplotricha T: in savannas of Santa Cruz de los Pinos, , C.Wright 3541; lecto: GH n.v.; isolecto: G, K, NY, US, all n.v., fide M.Bässler, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 96: 602 (1985). Mart., Flora 20(2), Beibl. 8: 121 (1837), nom. illeg. non M. invisa Mart. ex Colla (1834). T: Guanabara and Minas Gerais, Brazil, Nov. 1834, B.Luschnath in Herb. K.Martius 172; lecto: BR n.v., fide R.Barneby, Brittonia 39: 50 (1987); isolecto: BM, G, K, M, WI, all n.v. Mimosa invisa f. inermis Adelb., in A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Reinwartia 2: 359 (1953); M. invisa var. inermis (Adelb.) Verdc., Kew Bull. 43: 360 (1988). T: Bogor, Java, Indonesia, 14 Nov. 1950, A.J.H. van Haaren; holo: BO 116118, n.v., fide R.Barneby, loc. cit. Illustrations: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 149, fig. 38, 150, fig. 39 (1979), as M. invisa; I.C.Nielsen, Fl. Nouv.-Calédon. Dépend. 12: 21, fig. 3, 1–7 (1983); D.J.duPuy & I.R.H.Telford, Fl. Australia 50: xxiv, fig. 21 (1993). Scrambling subshrub with long hairs and recurved prickles to 3 mm long on angles of 4-angled branches, and on leaf axes and peduncles, rarely glabrous and unarmed. Leaves: petiole c. as long as or longer than rachis; pinnae 4–9-jugate, not digitate; leaflets 17–28-jugate, linear, apiculate; median leaflets mostly 2.5–6 mm long, 0.6–1.2 mm wide, only ciliolate or also finely pubescent. Inflorescence axillary, capitate, 2 or 3 per axil or heads in terminal raceme; peduncle 3.5–16 mm long. Flowers mostly 4-merous; calyx connate, minute; corolla 1–2.5 mm long. Pods c. 10 on each peduncle, narrowly oblong, compressed, 1–2.5 (–3.2) cm long, 3–5.5 mm wide, minutely villous; margins with prickles and setose over seeds. Seeds to 3 mm long and 2 mm wide, brown. Fig. 34G–I. Widely distributed in waste places in many parts of South America, tropical Mexico, the West Indies, Africa and the Pacific; in Australia narrowly distributed but locally common as

13 4. Mimosa MIMOSACEAE a noxious weed in cane fields of central-coastal Qld near Innisfail, Ingham and Mackay. Map 10. Qld: Alligator Ck, near Mackay, B.Cole (BRI AQ235221); Utchee Ck, SW of Innisfail, S.L.Everist 5162 (BRI, CANB); Tully, J.Mann (MEL 583128). Distinguished by the length of its petioles relative to the rachis length and the short peduncles bearing a dense cluster of pods at maturity.

2. * L., Cent. Pl. 1: 13 (1755), nom. et typ. cons. T: between Chibuto and Canicado, R. Limpopo, Gaza Distr., Mozambique, L.A.G.Barbosa & F.L.Lemos 7999; typ. cons.: K, n.v.; duplicates COI, LISC, LMJ, all n.v. fide B.Verdcourt, Taxon 38: 522 (1989); see also W.Greuter et al., ICBN (Tokyo Code) 329 (1994). Illustrations: J.P.M.Brenan, Leguminosae subfamily Mimosoideae, Fl. Trop. East Africa 44, fig. 13 (1959); G.P.Lewis, & T.S.Elias, Mimoseae Bronn, in R.M.Polhill & P.H.Raven (eds.), Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 163, fig. 3.14 (1981); B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 153, fig 41 (1979). Shrub to 5 m tall; branchlets terete, appressed-setose, often with broadly based, recurved prickles to 12 mm long. Leaves: axes to 31 cm long, appressed-setulose with scattered or paired prickles to 10 mm long between pinnae pairs and one slender prickle at each pair. Pinnae 12–15-jugate; leaflets 20–45-jugate, to 8.5 mm long, c. 1 mm wide, linear, setulose at the margins. Inflorescences 1–3 per axil or in terminal pseudoracemes; peduncles to 70 mm long, appressed setulose; heads pink, subglobose to oblong, to 10 mm diam. or to 14 mm long. Flowers 4-merous, diplostemonous. Pod flat, linear, to 12 cm long, 9–14 mm wide, straight to slightly curved, densely setose on margins, sparingly long-setose on faces. Seeds ±oblong, 4.5–6 mm long, olivaceous. Giant Sensitive Tree. Fig. 34J–L. Naturalised from tropical South America; in Australia frequent in the Darwin area, but also extending south-east to near Creek, and at the East Alligator River, N.T. Grows in clay, sandy loam and lateritic soil along watercourses, margins of swamps and coastal salt flats. Map 11. N.T.: near Vesteys Hill, Darwin, G.Chippendale 7912 (CANB, DNA, NSW); East Alligator R. floodplain, I.Cowie 3052 & R.Booth (DNA); 22 km E of Pine Creek on Jindare Stn road, J.Kernot 3 (DNA); Marrakai Track, 9 km E of Stuart Hwy, M.O.Rankin 2506 (BRI, DNA); Ludmilla Ck, Darwin, M.O.Rankin 2529 (BRI, DNA). If the rules of botanical nomenclature were strictly applied, this species would have to be referred to as M. pellita Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., but the name M. pigra has been conserved. However, while the conservation accords well with usage by botanists working with Asian and African floras, it is based on the most unfortunate choice of a conserved type given above (see Cowan, 1996). This is a very serious, pantropical weed, spreading rapidly by adventitious rooting and forming impenetrable thickets

3. * L., Sp. Pl. 1: 518 (1753) T: Brazil, Herb. Cliffort.; lecto: BM, fide J.P.M.Brenan, Kew Bull. 1955: 185 (1955); sterile and therefore not referrable to any of the varieties. Illustration: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 152, fig. 40 (1979). Trailing, climbing or subshrubby herb to 1 m tall; branches glabrous to densely hispid, armed with pair of stout, recurved prickles at or just below nodes as well as scattered internodal prickles. Leaves subdigitately pinnate; pinnae 1–2-jugate, lacking prickles or rarely with few on rachis; leaflets 12–25-jugate, oblong, 6–15 mm long; margins and sometimes lower surface of leaflets setulose. Inflorescences solitary or paired, capitate; heads globular to widely ellipsoid. Flowers pink or mauve, 4-merous, subtended by linear, marginally setose bracteoles; calyx subobsolete; corolla glabrous or with puberulous lobes. Pods oblong, straight, 1.5–1.8 cm long, 4.5 mm wide, clustered, prickly on margins. Seeds subcircular to elliptic in outline, flat, 2.5–3 mm long. Sensitive Plant. Fig. 4.

14 MIMOSACEAE 4. Mimosa

A pantropical species, presumably originally from the Western Hemisphere but the precise centre of origin is not known; in Australia it occurs principally in Qld but also infrequently in N.T. Three varieties occur in Australia as naturalised weeds, probably all the result of introduction for or with forage. The following key and descriptions are adapted from Barneby (1991) and Nielsen (1992). 1 Corolla lobes finely puberulous externally; bracteole margins long-setose 2 Bracteoles often strongly exserted in flower buds; marginal setae 1–1.5 mm long 3a. var. hispida 2: Bracteoles from midway on head to tip not strongly exserted in flower buds; marginal setae less than 1 mm long 3b. var. tetrandra 1: Corolla lobes glabrous; bracteoles with few or no marginal setae 3c. var. unijuga

3a. *Mimosa pudica var. hispida Brenan, Kew Bull. 1955: 186 (1955) T: Java, F.W.Junghuhn 719; holo: K n.v. Mimosa pudica f. hispidior Benth., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30: 397 (1875), p.p., fide R.Barneby, op. cit. 629. T: n.v. Illustration: I.C.Nielsen, Fl. Nouv.-Calédon. Dépend. 12: 21, figs 3, 8–13 (1983), as M. pudica. Stems ±densely setose-hispid. Stipules 7–14 mm long. Bracteoles 1.8–2.2 mm long, longer than buds before anthesis and often strongly exserted; margins with setae 1–1.5 mm long. Corolla lobes minutely grey-puberulous. Possibly native to south-western Mexico but only occasional in tropical America; long an invasive weed in Africa, India and Malesia. In Australia, occurs in the Darwin area, N.T., and in Qld in eastern coastal and near-coastal areas, including adjacent islands from near Edmonton ( area) south to the Brisbane area. Map 12. N.T.: Berrimah Research Farm, M.Rankin 2684 (CANB, DNA). Qld: McKinnon Ck, 4 km W of Edmonton, A.R.Bean 5739 (BRI, MEL); Geebung, Brisbane, S.T.Blake 5084 (BRI); 0.65 km from Bruce Hwy towards Paluma, R.Cumming 2990 (PERTH); Bundaberg, T.Stanley 928 (BRI). This is the most common variety in Australia. It is most closely related to var. tetrandra.

3b. *Mimosa pudica var. tetrandra (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) DC., Prodr. 2: 426 (1825) Mimosa tetrandra Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 4th edn, 4: 1033 (1806). T: along the Magdalena R., near Garapatas, Colombia, F.H.A.Humboldt & A.Bonpland 1631; holo: B-WILLD 19069 n.v. Mimosa pudica f. hispidior Benth., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30: 397 (1875), p.p., fide R.Barneby, op. cit. 627. Stems densely hispid to almost glabrous. Stipules commonly less than 10 mm long. Bracteoles 1–1.5 mm long, shorter than buds before anthesis and not strongly exserted; margins with setae less than 1 mm long. Corolla lobes minutely puberulous. Widely distributed in tropical America; also in Africa, , India and Malesia; in Australia known by only three Qld collections, one of which is a voucher for a seed test. Map 13. Qld: 17.6 km NW of Bundaberg, 1972, J.Compton (BRI); Ollera Ck, c. 3 km E of Paluma turnoff and Bruce Hwy, P.C.Jobson 495 (BRI, MEL); Standards Branch Seed Testing Collection (BRI AQ235234).

3c. *Mimosa pudica var. unijuga (Walp. & Duchass.) Griseb., Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 7: 211 (1857) Mimosa unijuga Walp. & Duchass., Linnaea 23: 744 (1850). T: Guadeloupe, West Indies, F.P.Duchassaing s.n.; lecto: GOET n.v., fide J.P.M.Brenan, Kew Bull. 1955(2): 189 (1955); ?isolecto: P n.v. Stems densely hispid to almost glabrous. Stipules 4–10 mm long. Bracteoles c. 1 mm long, shorter than corolla in bud, not exserted; margins with few or no setae. Corolla lobes glabrous.

15 4. Mimosa MIMOSACEAE

Common in the region, scattered in Central America and South America; also in SE Asia and Malesia as a naturalised weed. In Australia there is one collection from northern N.T., but it is common in Qld in coastal areas and adjacent islands from Badu Is. (Torres Strait) south-east to near Ingham, and further south in the Proserpine–Mackay area, as well as in the Brisbane area. Map 14. N.T.: Tortilla Flats Research Stn, M.Rankin 2687 (CANB, DNA). Qld: Lizard Is. airport, G.N.Batianoff 10362 & J.Batianoff (BRI, NSW); 10.5 km SE of Merlina turnoff, on road between and the Peninsula Development Rd, J.R.Clarkson 6117 (BRI, MBA, PERTH, QRS); Hamilton, Brisbane, 2 May 1958, J.R.Blake (BRI); 7 km SE of Lorim Point, Weipa, A.Morton 701 (BRI, MEL). Characterised by its glabrous corolla.

Excluded name

Mimosa rubricaulis Lam., Encycl. 1: 20 (1783). The inclusion of this species in the Australian flora is based on a report by M.W.Holtze from South Australia. The species is the type of a mostly Asian series (Barneby, 1991); the protologue gives the origin as the "l'Inde", sent to Lamarck by Sonnerat.

5. *LEUCAENA

Leucaena Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 416 (1842); name derived from the Greek leukos (white), in reference to the white flower heads of the genus. Type: L. leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Unarmed trees or shrubs. Leaves bipinnate, often with extrafloral nectary on main axis; stipules small, triangular; pinnae to 8-jugate with numerous pairs of opposite leaflets. Inflorescence comprising axillary, solitary, globular, pedunculate clusters or clusters in 2s or 3s or often in racemes. Flowers 5-merous, staminate or perfect; perianth valvate; sepals connate; petals free. Stamens 10, free; anthers eglandular. Pod oblong to linear-oblong, flat, membranous, glabrous, dehiscing on both sutures. Seeds flat, glossy brown; pleurogram present. About 50 species in tropical America, one of which is widely cultivated and naturalised throughout the tropics. N.Vietmeyer & B.Cottom, Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop for the Tropics (1977); B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 154–157 (1979).

* (Lam.) de Wit, Taxon 10: 54 (1961) Mimosa leucocephala Lam., Encycl. 1: 12 (1783); Acacia leucocephala (Lam.) Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 444 (1822). T: locality not known, P–LAM, n.v. Mimosa glauca sensu L., Sp. Pl. 2nd edn, 2: 1504 (1763), non edn 1, 1: 520 (1753) which is Acacia glauca (L.) Moench, Meth. 466 (1794). T: locality not known, A. van Royen; lecto: L 908.132-54, fide H.C.D. de Wit, Taxon 8: 51 (1959). Acacia glauca sensu Willd., Sp. Pl. 4th edn, 4: 1075 (1806); Leucaena glauca (Willd.) Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 416 (1842). Based on Mimosa glauca L., Sp. Pl. 1: 520 (1753) [= Acacia glauca (L.) Moench]. Illustrations: G.P.Lewis & T.S.Elias, in R.M.Polhill & P.H.Raven (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 163, fig. 3.16 (1981); I.C.Nielsen, Fl. Nouv.-Calédon. Dépend. 12: 21, figs 3, 14–19 (1983); T.D.Stanley & E.M.Ross, Fl. SE Queensland 1: 335, fig. 56A (1983); B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 156, fig. 42 (1979). Shrub or tree to 4 m tall. Leaves: axes with oval gland below pinnae pairs; smaller gland at apical pair of leaflets. Pinnae 3–10-jugate with glabrous or appressed-puberulous axes; leaflets 5–20-jugate, inequilaterally oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, 8–21 mm long, 2–5 mm wide, glabrous or margins ±ciliolate. Inflorescences 1–3 in leaf axils or several

16 MIMOSACEAE 5. Leucaena arranged in terminal raceme, capitate; peduncles 20–65 mm long, glabrous or appressed- puberulous; heads globular, 12–20 mm diam. Flowers sessile; calyx lobes puberulous or only ciliolate; petals free, glabrous or appressed-puberulous. Pod narrowly oblong, 11–22.5 cm long, 15–27 mm wide, glabrous throughout or only thickened margins puberulous. Seeds flat, oval to obovate, 6–9 mm long, 3–4.5 mm wide, glossy brown. Lead Tree, Coffee Bush. Fig. 2. Introduced to the Philippines from Mexico in the 16th Century; from there it has spread throughout the warmer parts of the tropics and subtropics. In Australia it occurs in coastal areas of northern W.A., N.T., Qld (including two inland outliers) with two collections from central coastal N.S.W.; also on Christmas Is. Two subspecies are recognised by S.Zárate Pedroche (Phytologia 63: 304–306, 1987) and both appear to occur in Australia, probably as a result of agronomic introductions. The following key is a modified version of Zárate's key with the overlapping character-states removed. A key was presented as part of a paper by J.L.Brewbaker, published in 1983 in the proceedings of a workshop held in Singapore in November 1982, entitled Leucaena Research in the Asian-Pacific Region. He recognised two varieties: var. glauca and var. salvadorensis, but it is not possible to equate these with Zárate's subspecies. Vegetative buds and new growth canescent, commonly densely so; calyx lobes densely appressed-puberulous; pod generally pubescent or only on margins a. subsp. leucocephala Vegetative buds and new growth glabrous or nearly so; calyx lobes only ciliate; pod glabrous b. subsp. glabrata a. *Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. leucocephala Branchlets appressed-puberulous towards apex, glabrescent. Foliar and flowering buds canescent, commonly densely so; leaflets ±ciliolate or only a few hairs on margins basally, infrequently glabrous. Calyx lobes densely appressed-puberulous; petals appressed- puberulous externally. Pods generally puberulous or only on thickened margins. Fig. 35A–D. Widespread in coastal areas and adjacent islands of northern and eastern Australia from Broome, northern W.A., north-east to Maningrida, northern N.T., and from Thursday Is. south to Brisbane but also occurring inland near Richmond and Blackall, Qld, and one collection from Windsor (near Sydney), N.S.W. Grows in sand, sandy clay, clay, clayey loam and red gravel along margins of rivers and mangrove swamps and in monsoon forest among coastal dunes. Map 15. W.A.: Port Wyndham, G.W.Carr 3250 & A.C.Beauglehole 47028 (BRI, K, MEL, PERTH). N.T.: Humpty Doo, A.Lack (McK B302) (CANB, DNA); Maningrida, C.R.Dunlop 9092 (DNA). Qld: Blacks Beach, near Mackay, 5 Oct. 1970, M.E.Phillips (AD, BRI, CANB). N.S.W.: Windsor, 1974, E.K.Leggett (NSW). b. *Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata (Rose) Zárate, Phytologia 63: 305 (1987) Leucaena glabrata Rose, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 5: 140–141 (1897). T: near Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, E.Palmer 368; holo: US n.v.; iso: A, GH, both n.v., fide S.Zárate Pedroche, loc. cit. Branchlets, foliar and flowering buds and leaflets glabrous or nearly so. Calyx lobes ciliate; petals glabrous. Pod glabrous. Infrequent, occurring in coastal areas or adjacent islands in northern N.T. at Darwin, Mudginberri Station (near Jabiru), the Nhulunbuy area and Bickerton Is. (near Groote Eylandt, Gulf of Carpentaria), in eastern Qld at Townsville, Indooroopilly and inland near Downs Station (c. 90 km W of Moura), and in north-eastern N.S.W. Map 16. N.T.: Mudginberri Stn, I.D.Cowie 550 (DNA); Bickerton Is., G.J.Leach 3466 & C.R.Dunlop (DNA). Qld: James Cook University, Townsville, R.Cumming 2942 (PERTH); Dawson Hwy, 20 km W of Bauhinia Downs, T.Shepherd (BRI AQ451518). N.S.W.: Casino district, 1976, E.J.McBarron (NSW). Perhaps not worthy of recognition at the subspecies level, especially since gene exchange appears a strong possibility where the two taxa grow in Mexico (Zárate Pedroche, 1987).

17 MIMOSACEAE

Figure 35. A–D, Leucaena leucocephala subsp. leucocephala. A, node with inflorescence; B, nectary on leaf rachis (A–B, B.A.Mitchell 141, CANB); C, pods; D, seed (C–D, I.R.Telford & C.Howard 10064, CANB). E–I, Dichrostachys spicata. E, node with leaf; F, peg-like nectary on leaf rachis (E–F, P.Wilson 1175, DNA); G, inflorescence (N.Holtze, MEL596339); H, pods (K.A.Menkhorst 519, DNA); I, seed (coll. unknown, MEL583140). J–N, . J, node with leaf, inflorescence and stipules; K, nectary on leaf rachis (J–K, S.T.Blake 19974, CANB); L, inflorescence (N.T.Burbidge 5401, CANB); M, pods; N, seed (M–N, S.T.Blake 19974, CANB). Scale bars: A, C, H = 2 cm; B, F = 1 mm; D, I = 5 mm; E, G, J, M = 1 cm; K, L, N = 2 mm. Drawn by Milton Andrews.

18 MIMOSACEAE

6. DICHROSTACHYS

Dichrostachys (DC.) Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 271 (1834), nom. cons.; from the Greek dikros (forked or cloven) and stachys (a spike), presumably in reference to the arrangement of flowers in the spikes. Desmanthus Willd. sect. Dichrostachys DC., Prodr. 2: 445 (1825); Mém. Légum. 12: 428 (1825). T: Desmanthus cinereus (L.) Willd. = (L.) Wight & Arn. Cailliea Guill. & Perr., Fl. Seneg. Tent. 239 (1832), nom. rej. Shrubs or small trees with spinescent lateral shoots. Leaves bipinnate, some with stipular thorns; axes with extrafloral nectaries; pinnae 1–3-jugate; leaflets 5–9-jugate, sessile, opposite. Inflorescence axillary, solitary or fasciculate, spicate. Flowers 5-merous, polymorphic; basal ones sterile with 10 filiform staminodes; central ones staminate with 10 free stamens; upper ones perfect; calyx gamosepalous with short teeth; petals ±united. Stamens free; anthers with stipitate gland. Pods narrowly oblong to linear, flat or compressed, straight or mostly curved to contorted, clustered, subsessile, indehiscent or not regularly dehiscent. Seeds elliptic, compressed; pleurogram present. A genus of about 12 species, mostly in Africa and Madagascar; two species in Australia. Pinnae with 12–24 pairs of linear leaflets to 1.5 mm wide 1. D. cinerea Pinnae with 5–7 (–9) pairs of narrowly oblong leaflets 2–8 mm wide 2. D. spicata

1. Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 271 (1834) subsp. malesiana Brenan & Brummitt, Bol. Soc. Brot., ser. 2A, 39: 113 (1965) T: Besuki, S foot of Mt Baluran, Java, M.Jacobs 4906; holo: K n.v. [Dichrostachys nutans auct. non (Pers.) Benth.: G.Bentham, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30: 382 (1875)] Illustration: I.C.Nielsen, Fl. Males. ser. I, 11(1): 175, fig. 30 (1992). Shrub or small tree to 8 m tall. Branchlets densely to sparsely puberulous; lateral shoots to 8 cm long. Leaves: axes puberulous to minutely pilose, sometimes with red hairlets, especially near base of pinnae; glands peg-like at base of pinnae pairs; pinnae 2–11-jugate; leaflets 12–24-jugate, linear, obtuse to acute, straight to incurved, 2.5–4 (–6) mm long, 0.8–1.5 mm wide, ciliolate, otherwise glabrous. Inflorescence spicate, solitary on a bracteate, short shoot, 6–9 cm long including the glabrous to puberulous peduncle. Pod narrowly oblong, variously curved and/or coiled, 5–7 cm long, 8–15 mm wide, blackish, glabrous. Seeds biconvex, elliptic to subcircular, 4 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, pale tan, glossy; pleurogram elliptic. Known from three localities in N.T. and two in Brisbane, Qld; the latter may represent cultivated plants. Grows in areas with a dry, seasonal climate in poor soils. Map 17. N.T.: Port Essington, A.Armstrong (K). Qld: Kenmore, [Brisbane], 6 May 1960, H.E.Kleinschmidt (BRI, K); Sunset Rd, Kenmore, Brisbane, Jan. 1960, H.E.Kleinschmidt (BRI). Bentham referred the N.T. specimen to this species in Flora Australiensis (1864), but later treated it as D. nutans (Bentham, 1875). The species may be a naturalised alien from southern and Malesia, even though Brenan & Brummitt (op. cit. 114) considered it to be indigenous to Australia.

2. Dichrostachys spicata (F.Muell.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 247 (1926) Neptunia spicata F.Muell., Fragm. 3: 151 (1863); Dichrostachys muelleri Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 299 (1864), nom. inval. T: Arnhem Land, [N.T.], 1862, F.Waterhouse; holo: MEL 596337; iso: K. Acacia shirleyana Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 272 (1926). T: between Ashburton and DeGray R., W.A., E.Clement; holo: PR n.v. Shrub or tree 1–3 m tall with spinescent, short shoots to 7 cm long. Leaves: axes ±puberulous; glands peg-like at each pinna and often at leaflet pairs; pinnae 1–2 (–3)-jugate; leaflets 5–7 (–9)-jugate, inequilaterally oblong to narrowly oblong, 4–8 mm long, 2–8 mm

19 6. Dichrostachys MIMOSACEAE wide, glabrous, with a rounded or minutely apiculate apex. Inflorescence spicate, 2.5–7.5 cm long; peduncles 0.8–4 cm long, puberulous. Pod linear, flat, straight, curved or, usually, undulate and coiled, contorted, 3–6.5 cm long, 7–10 mm wide, glabrous. Seeds compressed, oblong or elliptic, 4.5–6 mm long, 3–4.5 mm wide, tan-brown, glossy; pleurogram large, obovate. Needlebush, Kirrimi (Mudburra), Nganmarlennganmarlennyingin (Mangarrayi), Murrulumpu (Gurindji), Chinese Lantern, Pied Piper Bush. Figs 6, 35E–I. Frequent and widespread in , from near Mount Stuart Stn (c. 185 km ESE of Exmouth), W.A., through N.T. (mainly between 16°S and 20°S) with a few scattered occurrences in northern Qld as far east as c. 50 km WNW of Chillagoe. Grows along streams and bordering swamps in sand, sandy loam, loam, clay and stony clay soils. Map 18. W.A.: Roebourne, J.Dodd 693 (K, NSW, PERTH); Bungle Bungle Natl Park, Ord R. at Blue Holes, K.A.Menkhorst 519 (DNA, PERTH). N.T.: NE of Anthony Lagoon, S.T.Blake 17797 (BRI, CANB, DNA); 2 km N of Desmonds Passage on Kununurra Rd, J.Russell-Smith 6532 & D.Lucas (BRI, DNA). Qld: 33 km along 'Blackdown' road from Chillagoe–'Wrotham Park' road, A.R.Bean 5636 & P.I.Forster (BRI, MEL). Differs from D. cinerea in numerous respects but most conspicuously in the number of pairs of pinnae and the size of the leaflets.

Excluded name

Dichrostachys nutans (Benth.) Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 1: 353 (1835) This is an African species which extends into south and SE Asia, Malesia and presumably tropical Australia. However, no Australian specimens have been seen.

7. *DESMANTHUS

Desmanthus Willd., Sp. Pl. 4th edn, 4: 1047 (1806), nom. cons.; from the Greek desme (a bundle) and anthos (a flower), presumably in allusion to the flowers being borne in heads. Type: D. virgatus (L.) Willd., typ. cons. Perennial herb or subshrub with small, persistent stipules and bipinnate leaves. Pinnae 1–7-jugate; leaflets 10–25-jugate, opposite, very small. Inflorescence axillary, capitate or spicate, pedunculate. Flowers 5-merous; perfect or basal flowers neuter or male; calyx cupular with short teeth; petals free, sometimes absent. Stamens 5 or 10, free; anthers eglandular. Pod linear, straight or curved, opening in 2 valves. Seeds transverse, oblique or longitudinal in pod; pleurogram present. A genus of 25–30 species in tropical America. Several have been introduced into Australia as cover crops and fodder, and one has become naturalised.

*Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4th edn, 4: 1047 (1806) Mimosa virgata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 519 (1753). T: locality not known, Herb. Linnaeus 1228.13; holo: LINN n.v. (microfiche seen). Illustrations: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 144, fig. 36 (1979); I.C.Nielsen, Fl. Nouv.-Calédon. Dépend. 12: 27, fig. 4, 1–7 (1983); T.D.Stanley & E.M.Ross, Fl. SE Queensland 1: 335, fig. 56C (1983). Glabrous to subglabrous shrub or subshrub to 2 m tall. Leaves: stipules acicular, to 6 mm long; leaf axes with large, sessile, oval gland near base or at apex of petiole; pinnae to 9-jugate; leaflets 10–25-jugate, linear to lanceolate-linear, apiculate, with inequilateral base, c. 3.5–9 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, glabrous except for scattered, marginal, minute hairs. Flowers 6–10 in white heads on glabrous peduncles 9–75 mm long; calyx cupular, c. 2 mm long, shortly toothed; petals free, 3–4 mm long. Stamens 10. Pods linear, compressed, with several borne erect on each peduncle, 4–9 cm long, 2.5–4 mm wide, ±glossy, brown, 20–30- seeded. Seeds longitudinal to oblique in pod, quadrangular to oval, 2.5–3 mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide, brown. Fig. 35J–N.

20 MIMOSACEAE 7. Desmanthus

Naturalised and scattered in coastal areas and on adjacent islands of N.T. from near Timber Creek north to the Darwin area (where it is most common) and east to Maningrida, also in coastal or near-coastal areas of Qld in the vicinity of Rockhampton, Brisbane and Roma. Occurs in waste places, along beaches and at margin of mangrove formations, as well as bordering salt pans. Map 19. N.T.: South Goulburn Is., C.R.Dunlop 9002 (DNA); Nightcliff, Darwin, M.O.Rankin 1170 (CANB, DNA). Qld: 22.4 km from Rockhampton on Westwood road, N.T.Burbidge 5401 (BRI, CANB); Bungil Research Stn, Roma, C.M.Warrian CMW20 (BRI, MEL); Kangaroo Point, C.T.White (BRI AQ019805).

8. NEPTUNIA

Neptunia Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 641, 653 (1790), from Neptune, God of the sea, presumably in allusion to the fact that some species of the genus are aquatic. Type: N. oleracea Lour. Terrestrial or aquatic herbs, sometimes subwoody, with bipinnate leaves. Leaves stipulate; pinnae 1–5 (–6)-jugate, each with several to numerous pairs of opposite leaflets and with a pseudostipel sometimes subtending each pair of basal pinnae; petiole eglandular or with conspicuous flat gland. Inflorescence axillary; heads solitary or paired globular to ellipsoidal; peduncles bearing a pair of ±foliaceous bracts. Flowers 5-merous, dimorphic; upper perfect and lower only staminate; perianth green or yellow; sepals connate; petals free. Stamens 5 or 10, free, sterile or fertile; anthers commonly with apical gland. Pod flat, stipitate, oblong to ±circular, dehiscent on both sutures. Seeds transversely or rarely obliquely arranged in pod, compressed; pleurogram present. A genus of 11 species in the Old and New World tropics; five species in Australia. D.R.Windler, A revision of the genus Neptunia (Leguminosae), Austral. J. Bot. 14: 379–420 (1966). In his revision of the genus, Windler (1966) uses the term 'stipels' for small enations subtending basal pinnae in some taxa, but this term is widely used in the papilionate legumes for quite different structures, and it should be reserved for its more common use. Instead the term pseudostipel is used here for what appear to be extensions of dorsal ridges on the petioles. In some taxa, there are also fine processes in the region of insertion of the pinnae and sometimes a pair of these is larger and may also have been termed 'stipels' by Windler. 1 Stipules 4–11 mm wide; leaflets 3–7 mm wide; leaf axes eglandular 1. N. amplexicaulis 1: Stipules to 5 mm wide; leaflets 1–3 mm wide; leaf axes with 1 or 2 glands or eglandular 2 Multi-stemmed, shrubby herb to 3 m tall; gland(s) on leaf axis commonly circular, often 2 contiguous, with upper one much larger 2. N. major 2: Prostrate to ascending herbs with branches less than 1 m long 3 Pod 3–8-seeded, oblong; flowering peduncles mostly 4–10 cm long 3. N. gracilis 3: Pod 1 (rarely more)-seeded, oval to oblate or circular; flowering peduncles mostly much shorter than above 4 Longest pinnae ±narrowly oblong, mostly less than 40 mm long, or if longer, petiolar gland lacking or (when present) circular to oval and never wider than petiole; peduncles with larger to 10.5 mm long 4. N. dimorphantha 4: Longest pinnae ±narrowly lanceolate, 40–80 mm long; petiolar nectary typically elongate-elliptic, often wider than axis; peduncles with larger bract c. 4.5 mm long, rarely longer 5. N. monosperma

21 8. Neptunia MIMOSACEAE

Figure 36. Neptunia. A–D, N. amplexicaulis f. amplexicaulis. A, node with leaf and inflorescence (N.Byrnes 3014, BRI & S.L.Everist 5364 MEL); B, infructescence; C, pod; D, seed (B–D, N.Byrnes 3012, BRI). E–I, N. dimorphantha. E, node with leaf and inflorescence; F, nectary on leaf rachis (E–F, R.W.Purdie 3309, CANB); G, infructescence; H, pod (G–H, C.O'Keefe 4, BRI); I, seed (P.L.Harris 612, BRI). J–N, N. monosperma. J, node with leaf and inflorescence; K, nectary on leaf axis (J–K, R.Pullen 9254, CANB); L, infrutescence, M, pod (L–M, P.Brocklehurst 413, DNA); N, seed (B.M.Waterhouse BMW2302, MEL). Scale bars: A–C, E, G, H–J, L–N = 1 cm; D = 5 mm; F, K = 1 mm. Drawn by Milton Andrews.

22 MIMOSACEAE 8. Neptunia

1. Neptunia amplexicaulis Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 247, pl. 24, figs 9–15 (1926) T: near Hughenden, [Qld], 1910, [K.]Domin; holo: ?PR n.v. Illustrations: K.Domin, loc. cit.; D.R.Windler, op. cit. 406, fig. 13. Perennial, prostrate to ascending herb, glabrous or villous in most parts. Leaves: stipules persistent, dimidiate, lanceolate to ovate, caudate-acuminate, 7–23 mm long, 4–11 mm wide; leaf axes eglandular with or without a linear to narrowly elliptic pseudostipel 1–4 mm long at base of each pair of basal pinnae; pinnae 2–3-jugate; leaflets 7–15-jugate, oblong, obtuse to apiculate, 7–19 mm long, 3–7 mm wide. Inflorescence capitate; peduncle 2–6 cm long; bracts 2, cordate, 6.5–20 mm long. Flowers 2–2.5 mm long, green, each subtended by linear, exserted bracteole 3–4 mm long. Pods clustered, flat, oblong to oval or subcircular, 11–23 mm long, 9–14 mm wide. Seeds 2–4, broadly ovate, 4–6 mm long, 4–5.5 mm wide. Selenium Weed. Characterised by its conspicuous, dimidiate, foliaceous stipules and peduncular bracts. Confined to Qld in an area between Sutherland HS (c. 100 km NW of Richmond) south-east to the vicinity of Hughenden. Two forms are recognised; these might have been treated at a higher rank except that they are sympatric. Plants glabrous in all parts; basal pair of pinnae commonly with a pair of pseudostipels 1a. f. amplexicaulis Plants pubescent in all parts; pseudostipels absent 1b. f. richmondii

1a. Neptunia amplexicaulis Domin f. amplexicaulis Plants glabrous in all parts; basal pair of pinnae commonly with a pair of pseudostipels. Fig. 36A–D. Restricted to north-central Qld from Sutherland Homestead south-east to the vicinity of Hughenden. Grows in clay, clay loam, commonly in association with limestone. Map 20. Qld: Silver Hills Stn, N.Byrnes 3012 (BRI); Yan Yean, c. 29 km NW of Richmond, S.L.Everist 5364 (BRI, MEL); Savage Ridge, S of Hughenden, R.A.McKenzie 31 (BRI); Sutherland [Stn], 96 km NW of Maxwelton at Lydia Bore site, B.Nelson & K.Entwisle (BRI AQ235498).

1b. Neptunia amplexicaulis f. richmondii Windler, Austral. J. Bot. 14: 409 (1966) T: Silver Hills [Stn], Richmond, Qld, 23 Mar. 1960, W.McCray; holo: BRI. Plants softly villous on most parts but densely puberulous on pod, sparingly puberulous on perianth. Leaves lacking pseudostipels. Restricted to the Richmond area of north-central Qld near Yan Yean, Silver Hills, Ranmoor and Telemen Homesteads, and apparently growing together with the typical form. Map 21. Qld: 11 km NW of Richmond, N.Byrnes 3044 (BRI); c. 20 km NNW of Richmond on Silver Hills [Stn], R.J.Henderson H1927 (BRI); Flinders R., C.F.Plant 380 (BRI). In all respects like the typical form but softly hairy; although the pods tend to be slightly smaller, the measurements of the two forms overlap.

2. Neptunia major (Benth.) Windler, Austral. J. Bot. 14: 408 (1966) Neptunia gracilis var. major Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 300 (1864). T: Rockhampton, [Qld], [J.]Dallachy; lecto: K, fide R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 14 (1996); isolecto: MEL; [Qld], Burdekin Expedition; syn: MEL 596305; Bay of Inlets, Qld, 1770, J.Banks & D.Solander; syn: BM n.v., BRI. Illustration: D.R.Windler, op. cit. 409, fig. 16. Perennial, erect, shrubby herb to 3 m tall, glabrous or subglabrous. Leaves: stipules caducous to deciduous, inequilaterally lanceolate to ovate, 3–5 mm long, 2–2.5 mm wide, with acuminate to caudate-acuminate apices; leaf axes with 1 or 2, often contiguous glands mostly at lowest pair of pinnae, and circular gland also sometimes at upper jugae; pinnae 2–4 (–5)- jugate, commonly with pseudostipels 0.5–1.5 mm long; leaflets (11–) 20–40-jugate, oblong

23 8. Neptunia MIMOSACEAE to lanceolate-oblong, obtuse and apiculate, 5.5–13 mm long, 1–2.5 mm wide, ciliolate or glabrous. Inflorescence with peduncles 2–10 cm long with 2 persistent bracts 2.5–8 mm long. Flowers greenish yellow, glabrous; lower ones with calyx 1–1.3 mm long and petals 2.2–2.4 mm long; upper ones with calyx 1.8–2 mm long and petals 2.8–3.2 mm long. Pod oblong, flat, 12–25 mm long, 8.5–12.5 mm wide. Seeds 3–6, oblong, broadly obovate or oblong-oval, turgid, 4–5 mm long, 2.8–4 mm wide, brown. Native Sensitive Plant. Scattered in northern and eastern Australia from King Sound, north-western W.A., east to near Darwin and Connells Lagoon Conservation Reserve (c. 200 km ENE of Tennant Creek), N.T.; also eastern Qld from Lakefield National Park south-east to Rockhampton with an outlier at Goondiwindi near the Qld/N.S.W. border. Grows in floodplains, grasslands and low woodland in clay, clay-loam, sand, gravelly sand-loam and silty loam. Map 22. W.A.: near Mount House Stn, M.Lazarides 5166 (AD, BRI, CANB, DNA, K, MEL, NSW, PERTH, US). N.T.: Wyndham road, 6.4 km SW of Katherine, L.G.Adams 834 (BRI, CANB, DNA, K, L, NSW). Qld: Goondiwindi, S.T.Blake 10486 (BRI); 18.5 km NNW of Bizant HS, 2 km W of Bizant R., V.J.Neldner 3796 & J.R.Clarkson (BRI, DNA, MBA, NSW, PERTH); near Guthalungra, S.T.Blake 18617 (BRI, CANB, K, MEL, MEXU). Inexplicably, Windler (1966) describes the leaf rachis as not having pseudostipels (as 'stipels') but such is not the case, although they are sometimes very small or fall early. Probably most closely related to N. gracilis f. gracilis which is a smaller plant with a prostrate habit, generally fewer pairs of leaflets and narrower pods.

3. Neptunia gracilis Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 355 (1842) T: subtropical New Holland, 6 Dec. 1846, [T.L.]Mitchell 442; lecto: K, Herb. Bentham, fide R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 13 (1996); Camp 29, subtropical New Holland, 6 Oct. 1846, [T.L.]Mitchell 599; syn: K; interior of New Holland, 1838, T.L.Mitchell Exped.; syn: K; Nov. Holl., [F.]Bauer; syn: K [but see Appendix, p. 193]. Illustrations: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 146, fig. 37 (1979); G.M.Cunningham et al., Pl. W. 376 (1981). Prostrate, infrequently erect, perennial herb with branches less than 1 m long, glabrous or with some straight or ±twisted white hairs on vegetative parts. Leaves: stipules persistent, lanceolate to ovate, 2.5–10 mm long, 1.5–5 mm wide, with an acute to caudate-acuminate apex; leaf axes eglandular or with 1 or 2 glands; pinnae 1–4 (–6)-jugate, commonly subtended by pseudostipels 1–2.5 mm long; leaflets 8–22-jugate, oblong, apiculate, 3.5–10 mm long, 1–2.2 mm wide, ciliolate. Inflorescence axillary, ±globular; peduncles slender, (2–) 4–10 (–13.5) cm long, glabrous to villous, bearing 2 alternate, ovate, acute to acuminate, basally cordate bracts 2–9 mm long, 2–5.5 mm wide. Flowers yellow, glabrous; lower ones with calyx 0.7–1.2 mm long and petals 1.6–2.6 mm long; upper ones with calyx 1–1.9 mm long and petals 1.8–3.1 mm long. Pod strongly compressed, oblong, 12–30 mm long, 6–9 mm wide, glabrous or puberulous. Seeds 3–8, broadly obovate, 3.8–4.5 mm long, 3–3.5 mm wide, brown. Fig. 5. Widespread in Malesia. In Australia, from northern W.A. and N.T., and in Qld from Cape York Peninsula south to central N.S.W. Occurs in disturbed grassland and, more commonly, in open eucalypt woodland in clay, gravelly clay, clay-loam, loam and sand. Two forms are recognised here. Leaf axes eglandular 3a. f. gracilis Leaf axes with 1 or more small to large glands 3b. f. glandulosa

3a. Neptunia gracilis Benth. f. gracilis Neptunia gracilis var. villosula Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 300 (1864). T: Sturts Creek, [W.A./N.T. border], F.Mueller; lecto: K-Herb. Hook., fide R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 14 (1996); isolecto: MEL 596306; Gulf of Carpentaria, [Qld], [W.]Landsborough; syn: MEL 596307; between Darling [R.] and Coopers Ck, [N.S.W.], Neilson; syn: MEL 596308. Neptunia depauperata Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C. 13: 16 (1918). T: Ilocos Norte Burgos, Luzon, Philippine Is., Feb. 1917 and July 1918, Ramos s.n.; syn: A, US, both n.v., fide D.R.Windler, op. cit. 414, 417.

24 MIMOSACEAE 8. Neptunia

Illustration: D.R.Windler, op. cit. 413, fig. 18. Leaf axes lacking glands. Widespread through northern and eastern Australia and adjacent islands, occurring north of 19°S latitude, in W.A. and N.T.; also occurring from near Weipa on Cape York Peninsula and near Boulia (c. 240 km S of Mount Isa), Qld, south-east to Tuggerah Lake, N.S.W. Grows in grassland and in eucalypt woodland in a variety of soils. Map 23. W.A.: Port George IV, Kimberley, Mar. 1931, J.R.B.Love (PERTH). N.T.: 33.6 km SE of Oenpelli mission, M.Lazarides 7779 (BRI, CANB, DNA, NSW). Qld: 6.8 km N of the new road turnoff to Weipa on the Peninsula Development Rd, J.R.Clarkson 6043 (BRI, CANB, DNA, K, L, MBA, MEL, MO, NSW, QRS); c. 35 km W of Richmond on the Flinders Hwy, P.Ollerenshaw PO1125 (BRI, CANB, DNA, L, PERTH). N.S.W.: Nymagee, D.F.Thompson 46 (NSW). Differs from f. glandulosa only in the eglandular petioles. This is seemingly a weak distinction but the geographic distribution of the two forms suggests that more detailed, perhaps statistical studies, are needed to confirm or refute the reality of the two forms. The typical form is especially common and widespread in Qld and in northern N.S.W., occurring in a more dispersed pattern in northern W.A. and N.T.; f. glandulosa has a scattered distribution from the Napier Range, W.A., and in inland N.T., where it is most common, to Qld (mostly in the west but with a few near-coastal localities). Both forms vary widely in pubescence type (puberulous, villous or hirsute) and in its density (very dense to lacking).

3b. Neptunia gracilis f. glandulosa Windler, Austral. J. Bot. 14: 416 (1966) T: 26.2 miles [47.5 km] SW [of] Beetaloo HS, N.T., 10 Mar. 1959, G.M.Chippendale DNA 5438; holo: DNA; iso: NSW, SIU. Leaf axes with 1 or more small to large glands, 1 often at insertion of basal pinna but sometimes 1 or 2 below basal pinna, occasionally 1 also at apical pair of pinnae. Scattered in northern Australia, occurring from north-eastern W.A., through N.T. to (Cape York Peninsula) and Rockhampton, Qld. Grows in a range of soils. Map 24. W.A.: Karunjie Stn, Kimberley, D.W. 63K (CANB). N.T.: Overland Telegraph Stn, 16°37'S, 135°3'E, S.T.Blake 17697 (BRI, CANB, DNA, K, MEXU); 8 km SW [of] Mountain Valley HS, D.J.Nelson 209 (BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL, NSW, PERTH). Qld: Rockhampton, Sept. 1865, A.Dietrich (MEL); Rockwood Ck, M.Godwin C3139 (BRI). As noted above, f. glandulosa is of dubious value but that hypothesis needs testing.

4. Neptunia dimorphantha Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 248, pl. 24, figs 1–8 (1926) T: near Chillagoe, [Qld], 1910, [K.]Domin; holo: ?PR n.v. Neptunia dimorphantha var. clementii Domin, loc. cit. T: between Ashburton and Yule R., [W.A.], E.Clement; holo: ?PR n.v. Illustrations: K.Domin, loc. cit.; D.R.Windler, op. cit. 417, fig. 21. Prostrate, glabrous or finely puberulous to villous herb. Leaves: stipules persistent, inequilaterally ovate to lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, 3–9.5 mm long, 1.5–4 mm wide; leaf axes eglandular or with 1 circular to oval gland in upper 2/3 of petiole and sometimes 1 or more between pinnae pairs; pinnae narrowly oblong to elliptic-oblong, 2–5-jugate, the longest 12–30 (–40) mm long, sometimes subtended by linear processes to 0.7 mm long; leaflets 7–25-jugate, oval to oblong, obtuse or apiculate, 3–7 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, glabrous or ciliolate to ciliate. Inflorescence axillary, subglobular to ellipsoidal heads; peduncles 10–65 mm long with 2 cordate bracts in basal third, 3–10.5 mm long. Flowers yellowish; lower ones with calyx 0.6–1 mm long and petals 1.3–2.1 mm long; upper ones with calyx 0.9–1.4 mm long and petals 1.6–2.2 mm long. Pod oval, compressed, 7–10 mm long, 5–7 mm wide, ±chartaceous, puberulous to pilose. Seed 1, subcircular to broadly ovate, 3–4.5 mm long, 2.5–3.5 mm wide, smooth or pitted, dark brown. Sensitive Plant. Fig. 36E–I.

25 8. Neptunia MIMOSACEAE

Widespread in north-western and northern W.A., throughout N.T., in the north and north- eastern corner of S.A. and eastern and central Qld. Grows in moist, grassy places often along streams, waterholes and near swamps, infrequently in or mulga woodland, in sandy, sandy clay, sandy clay-loam, clay, loam and lateritic sand and gravel. Map 25. W.A.: Long Spring, 10 km NE of Knob Peak, M.Lazarides 8481 (BRI, CANB, DNA, NSW, PERTH). N.T.: Burt Plain, 58 km N of Alice Springs, G.Chippendale 9014 (CANB, DNA, MEL, NSW); Mataranka, Bitter Springs, J.Egan 488 (DNA). S.A.: Eringa water hole, Lindsay Ck, Hamilton Stn, F.J.Badman 1664 (AD, MEL). Qld: 33 km along Blackdown road from Chillagoe–Wrotham Park road, A.R.Bean 5637 & P.I.Forster (BRI, MEL). There is considerable variation in the amount of pubescence present, as well as in the kinds of hairs, but there appears to be no obvious patterns related to other morphological features or geographic distribution. Completely glabrous specimens occur in the same general area as samples with villous vegetative parts, bracts and peduncles. It is typical for the peduncles to have 2 bracts towards the base but occasionally 2 additional, smaller ones occur towards the apex (e.g. R.W.Purdie 3309, c. 4 km from Wyndham, W.A., CANB). The nearest relative is undoubtedly N. monosperma which, like this species, has 1-seeded pods, but these are circular or nearly so and only minutely puberulous or glabrous. In addition, the pinnae of N. monosperma are longer and the peduncular bracts generally smaller. A specimen of this taxon, mixed with a collection of N. gracilis f. glandulosa (Rockhampton, Qld, Sept. 1865, A.Dietrich, MEL), is not thought to be a part of that original collection because N. dimorphantha does not occur as far east as Rockhampton.

5. Neptunia monosperma F.Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 300 (1864) T: Gulf of Carpentaria, [Qld or N.T.], [W.]Landsborough; lecto: K, fide R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 14 (1996); isolecto: MEL 596310; upper Victoria R., [N.T.], Dec. 1855, F.Mueller; syn: K, MEL 596309; Albert R., [Qld], [D.]Henne; syn: MEL 596311. Illustration: D.R.Windler, Austral. J. Bot. 411, fig. 17 (1966). Perennial, erect to ascending herb to 0.9 m tall, with glabrous or puberulous branches. Leaves glabrous or rarely ±pilose; stipules caducous to deciduous, ovate, 2–8 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, acuminate; petiole with 1–3 large glands (typically elongate-elliptic and often wider than petiole), also often between upper pinnae-jugae; pinnae narrowly lanceolate, 1–3 (–4)-jugate, the longest (25–) 40–80 mm long, with processes on main axis minute or absent; leaflets 10–40-jugate, narrowly oblong, obtuse and apiculate, 4–12.5 mm long, 1–3 mm wide, glabrous or ciliolate, rarely puberulous beneath. Inflorescence an axillary head; peduncle 5–22 mm long, glabrous or occasionally puberulous, with 2 bracts 1.5–4.5 (–8) mm long. Flowers yellowish green; lower ones with calyx c. 1.3 mm long and petals c. 2 mm long; upper ones with calyx 1–1.4 mm long and petals 2–2.5 mm long. Pod subcircular to asymmetrically oblate, 7–9.5 mm long, 6.5–8 mm wide, glabrous or puberulous. Seeds 1 (–2), oval to broadly obovate, 4–5 mm long, 3–4 mm wide. Sensitive Plant, Barnbarngarri (Alawa), Warrbanji (Mudburra), Kurakura (Ngarinyman), Ngarmulurt (Gurindji). Figs 7, 36J–N. Widespread in northern Australia from Logue River, W.A., east through N.T. and Qld, extending as far south as Bond Springs Station (c. 20 km NNE of Alice Springs) in the N.T. and Cunnamulla in Qld, with one collection from S.A. at Welbourn Hill Stn (c. 160 km N of Coober Pedy). Grows in grassy plains, flood plains and in open woodland in clay, clay-loam, red sand and sandy loam. Map 26. W.A.: Kimberley Research Stn, Ord R., N.T.Burbidge 5176 (CANB, PERTH). N.T.: Overland Telegraph Stn, 16°37'S, 135°3'E, S.T.Blake 17709 (BRI, CANB, DNA). S.A.: Welbourn Hill Stn, 13 km S of Hawks Nest Well, T.Henshall 3023 (DNA). Qld: Gilruth Plains, Cunnamulla, G.H.Allen R155 (CANB); 3.2 km S of Gumlu on Bowen–Home Hill road, S.L.Everist 7947 (BRI, MEL). An early collection representing a population outside the normal distribution occurs in W.A. between the Bay of Rest (Exmouth Gulf) and Intercourse Is. (Dampier Archipelago); the presence of the taxon in this region has not been verified by recent collections.

26 MIMOSACEAE

9. ALBIZIA

Albizia Durazz., Mag. Tosc. 3: 11 (1772); named for Cavalier Filippo Albizzi, 18th century Italian naturalist of Florence and member of a noble family in Tuscany, who collected seed of the type species in Turkey. Type: A. julibrissin Durazz. Arthrosprion Hassk., Retzia 1: 212 (1855). T: Arthrosprion stipulatum (DC.) Hassk. Serialbizzia Kosterm., Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesië 20: 15 (1954). T: S. acle (Blanco) Kosterm. Parasamanea Kosterm., op. cit. 11. T: P. landakensis Kosterm. Parenterolobium Kosterm., op. cit. 19. T: P. rosulatum Kosterm. Shrubs or trees. Leaves bipinnate; leaf axes with extrafloral nectaries; pinnae 2–6-jugate; leaflets opposite, petiolulate. Inflorescence axillary or a terminal panicle of pedunculate corymbs or glomerules, solitary or fasciculate. Flowers 5-merous, commonly dimorphic with central flower staminate and often larger; calyx and corolla valvate, tubular to funnel-shaped with short lobes. Stamens numerous, united in basal tube; anthers eglandular. Pod flat, chartaceous to coriaceous, dehiscent along both sutures. Seeds circular to oval to oblong, ±flat, unwinged; pleurogram present. A pantropical genus of c. 150 species, with centres of speciation in Africa, Madagascar and Central and South America; four species in Australia including one endemic and one naturalised. A.J.G.H.Kostermans, A monograph of the Asiatic, Malaysian, Australian and Pacific species of Mimosaceae, formerly included in Pithecolobium Mart., Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesië 20: 31–70 (1954); I.C.Nielsen, The Malesian species of Acacia and Albizia (Leguminosae–Mimosoideae), Opera Bot. 81: 27–48 (1985). 1 Flowers distinctly pedicellate; pod stramineous 2 Flowers white, in 10–15-flowered clusters arranged in panicles; pod to 3.5 cm wide; leaflets drying darker on upper surface 1. A. retusa 2: Flowers greenish yellow, in 15–40-flowered, simple corymbs; pod 3–5.5 cm wide; leaflets not drying darker on upper surface 2. A. lebbeck 1: Flowers sessile; pod not stramineous 3 Flowers 4–7 in ultimate clusters; pod 3–5 cm wide; leaflets regularly minutely appressed-puberulous, concolorous on upper and lower surfaces 3. A. canescens 3: Flowers 15–30 in ultimate clusters; pod to 3 cm wide; leaflets commonly glabrous but sometimes ±appressed-puberulous, drying much darker above 4. A. procera

1. Albizia retusa Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 90 (1844) subsp. retusa T: Prov. Albay, Luzon, Philippine Is., 1841, H.Cuming 1223; lecto: K, fide R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 12 (1996); isolecto: K; Prov. Batangas, Luzon, Philippine Is., 1841, H.Cuming 1593; syn: K. Tree to 40 m tall; bark brownish grey, smooth. Leaves usually glabrous; main axis bearing a large elliptic gland towards base and smaller ones at upper leaflet pairs; pinnae 2–5-jugate; leaflets 2–10-jugate, sessile or subsessile, oval, oblong and obovate, 8–45 mm long, 4–36 mm wide, drying darker above; apex rounded and often retuse. Inflorescence paniculate, 7–11 cm long, glabrous or puberulous; flower clusters 10–15-flowered. Flowers with pedicels 1–4.5 mm long, white; calyx 1–2.5 mm long, glabrous or ±appressed-puberulous; corolla, 4–6 mm long, appressed-puberulous. Pod oblong, flat, straight, to 22 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, chartaceous, yellowish, glabrous. Seeds narrowly elliptic, to 9 mm long, brown. Figs 8, 37S–V.

27 9. Albizia MIMOSACEAE

Native to SE Asia, Malesia, eastern Pacific island groups, and Australia where it is uncommon and centred on the Claudie River (north-eastern Cape York Peninsula), also occurring c. 200 km to the south-south-east at Jane Table Hill, Qld. Grows in rainforest and monsoon forest in loamy soils. Map 27. Qld: Jane Table Hill, 46.5 km N of Lakefield HS, Lakefield Natl Park, D.G.Fell DGF2958 & J.P.Stanton (BRI, CANB, MEL, QRS); Claudie R., between camp and airport turnoff, B.Hyland 2698 (BRI, CANB). Australian specimens have uniformly glabrous leaves and inflorescence axes but those of the type, as well as some other extra-Australian collections, have sparingly appressed-puberulous leaflets and inflorescences. When there is sufficient, complete Australian material of the species, it may require recognition as a distinct infraspecific taxon. Available Australian material lacks pods, even immature ones, and the description of pods and seeds above is from Nielsen (1985). See Nielsen, Fl. Males. ser. I, 11(1): 80–81 (1992) for full discussion of this species and a key to the subspecies).

2. * (L.) Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 87 (1844), as lebbek Mimosa lebbeck L., Sp. Pl. 1: 516 (1753); Acacia lebbeck (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4th edn, 4: 1066 (1806); Feuilleea lebbeck (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 188 (1891); Albizia latifolia Boivin, Encycl. 19, 2: 33 (1838). T: northern Egypt, F.Hasselquist (LINN 1228-16,17), n.v. (microfiche seen). Albizia lebbeck var. pubescens Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 87 (1844). T: eastern India, coll. unknown; holo: n.v. Illustrations: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 186, fig. 49 (1979); I.C.Nielsen, Fl. Nouv.-Calédon. Dépend. 12: 45, figs 7, 10–16 (1983); J.Brock, Top End Native Pl. 84 (1988). Tree 2.5–30 m tall; bark rough, grey and corky. Leaves: axes with gland on petiole and smaller ones between upper pairs of leaflets, glabrous or puberulous; pinnae 2–4-jugate. Leaflets 3–7 (–13)-jugate, subsessile, inequilaterally oval or oblong, 1.5–4.5 cm long, 0.6–3.5 cm wide, glabrous or ±tomentulose-pilose beneath; upper and lower surfaces concolorous; apex rounded, retuse or emarginate. Inflorescence in axils of upper leaves, a simple corymb of 15–40 flowers, puberulous or tomentulose; peduncles 5.5–10 cm long. Flowers pedicellate, greenish yellow; calyx 2.5–5 mm long, puberulous; corolla 5.5–10 mm long, puberulous or glabrous. Pod oblong, flat, raised over seeds, 19–28 cm long, 3–5.5 cm wide, coriaceous, stramineous, glabrous. Seeds compressed, circular to oval, 8–10 mm long, 6–9 mm wide, ±tan. Raintree, Siris Tree, Indian Siris. Fig. 37G–L. Probably native to SE Asia, possibly also East Africa, but now pantropical and widely cultivated in areas with a seasonal climate. Naturalised and occurring in northern W.A. from near Napier Range (c. 120 km E of Derby) north to Kuri Bay and Cape Bougainville in coastal and near-coastal monsoon forest and vine thickets, sometimes in savannah woodland, often along watercourses, in sand, clay-sand and lateritic clay, often in association with basalt and less commonly limestone. It occurs in N.T. in coastal areas from Cox Peninsula (near Darwin) to Wanyu Beach (c. 30 km SE of Murgenella), also on Elcho Is. (c. 130 km WNW of Nhulunbuy); and in Qld from Thursday Is. south to near Charters Towers, and also at Riversleigh Stn (c. 120 km NE of Camooweal). Many records are from homesteads and similar areas where the species is undoubtedly cultivated but in coastal forests and thickets across the northern part of the range it has become thoroughly naturalised. On the other hand, collections made in coastal Qld from Mackay south-east to near Kilkivan (c. 45 km E of Gympie) represent more recent naturalisation. Map 28. W.A.: Gibb River Rd, C.Done 338 (DNA, PERTH); King Leopold Ra., Apex Ck, just E of Inglis Gap, P.A.Fryxell & L.A.Craven 3954 (BRI, CANB, MEL, PERTH). N.T.: Gunn Point, C.Dunlop 3603 (BRI, CANB, DNA, NSW). Qld: Fanning River Stn, M.Godwin C3248 (BRI, MEL, PR); western fall of McIlwraith Ra., L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 9767 (BRI, CANB). Albizia lebbeck var. pubescens Benth. was described on the basis of the branchlets, leaves and inflorescences being softly pubescent. Although I have not seen any authentic material of this taxon, the use of pubescence as a distinguishing character is of dubious value as the pubescent and glabrous forms do not otherwise differ in Australia. Most similar to A. retusa which, however, has fewer, white flowers in each of the flower- clusters and narrower pods.

28 MIMOSACEAE 9. Albizia

3. Albizia canescens Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 423 (1864) T: Fitzroy and Bowen Rivers, [Qld], [E.M.]Bowman; lecto: K, fide R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 11 (1996); isolecto: MEL 594743; Burdekin R., [Qld], F.Mueller; syn: K. Albizia plurijuga Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 274 (1921). T: near Chillagoe, Qld, Feb. 1910, K.Domin 5416 (PR); lecto: PR, fide R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 12 (1996); loc. id., K.Domin 5415, 5417; syn: PR. Illustration: F.Mueller, Iconogr. Austral. Acacia 13: [pl.] 6 (1888). Tree 3–10 m tall; bark deeply furrowed, becoming corky. Leaves appressed-puberulous; main axis with raised glands below basal pinnae of some leaves, between some pairs of pinnae and between some leaflet pairs; pinnae 2–3-jugate; leaflets (3–) 5–9-jugate, ±inequilaterally elliptic to oval or oblong, rounded or truncate and minutely mucronate, rarely acute, 2–5 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide; upper and lower surfaces concolorous. Inflorescence terminal and in uppermost leaf axils, to 13 cm long, puberulous or appressed-puberulous; peduncles fasciculate, 8–14 mm long, bearing 4–7 flowers. Flowers sessile, ±white, appressed- puberulous; calyx 1.5–2.5 mm long; corolla 4.5–6 mm long. Pod oblong, flat, to 29 cm long, 3–5 cm wide, stiffly chartaceous, glabrous. Seeds ±oval, flat, 8.5–11.5 mm long, 7.5–10 mm wide, tan or khaki-coloured, ±glossy. Sleeping Tree, Katjuwa (Ngarinyman). Fig. 37A–F. Endemic in Australia, occurring near Beagle Bay (c. 120 km NNE of Broome), W.A., east to the Mataranka area (c. 100 km SE of Katherine) and on Melville Is. and Elcho Is., N.T., and in Qld from the Mitchell River south-east to Rockhampton and inland as far as Basalt Wall (c. 15 km NE of Hughenden). Grows in heavy clay soil with limestone outcrops, clay-loam, red pindan soil and sand in open eucalypt forest, often with Eucalyptus miniata, sometimes along streams. Map 29. W.A.: '18 Mile Gully', 26 km SSW of Beagle Bay community and 7.5 km NNW of Country Downs, Dampier Penin., J.B.Martin 219 (PERTH). N.T.: Melville Is., Yapilika Jump-up, C.R.Dunlop 6901 & R.Fensham (BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL, NSW); Stuart Hwy, 8 km NW of Katherine, M.Lazarides 6984 (BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL, PERTH). Qld: c. 6 km E of Gogongo at Sebastopol Ck., E.R.Anderson 3634 (MEL); Mitchell R., E.Palmer (MEL 594751). The regularly appressed-puberulous leaves and inflorescences, as well as the shape and the concolorous condition of their leaflets, are distinguishing characteristics separating this species from the otherwise similar A. procera.

4. (Roxb.) Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 89 (1844) Mimosa procera Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 2: 12, pl. 121 (1799). T: India, W.Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 2: pl. 121 (1799), fide I.C.Nielsen, Adansonia, ser. 2, 19: 223 (1979). Illustrations: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 189, fig. 50 (1979); J.W.Turnbull, Multipurpose Austral. Trees & Shrubs 219 (1986). Tree 3–18 m tall; bark thin, smooth, greenish. Leaves: axis commonly glabrous, with large gland near base and smaller ones between at least upper pairs of leaflets; pinnae (2–) 3–6- jugate; leaflets 6–9-jugate, ±inequilaterally oval or oblong, rounded-obtuse, often with an apiculum or emarginate, 1.5–6 cm long, 0.9–3.5 cm wide, ±appressed-puberulous or glabrous on both surfaces, drying much darker above. Inflorescence terminal or in axils of upper leaves, paniculate, glabrous; axis 8–24 cm long; peduncles 10–18 mm long, bearing clusters of 15–30 flowers. Flowers sessile, white to cream; calyx 1.5–2.5 mm long, ±appressed- puberulous or glabrous; corolla 4–5 mm long, appressed-puberulous at least on lobes. Pod linear to narrowly oblong, flat, 10–25 cm long, 12–30 mm wide, chartaceous, glabrous. Seeds oval, compressed, 6.5–8.5 mm long, 4–6.5 mm wide, brown. Figs 9, 37M–R. Native to India, SE Asia, Malesia and Australia. In Australia scattered in northern W.A. near Boolaman Lake (c. 110 km NNE of Broome), Mount House Station (c. 230 km E of Derby) and the vicinity of Prince Regent River Reserve; also in N.T., near Murgenella, Wapada (c. 165 km SW of Nhulunbuy) and on Gove Peninsula; more frequent in Qld occurring from Christmas Creek and Claudie River on Cape York Peninsula south-east to near Sarina (c. 30 km S of Mackay). Found in near-coastal areas in open eucalypt woodland, margins of rainforest and monsoon forest in sand and in alluvium along streams. Map 30.

29 9. Albizia MIMOSACEAE

W.A.: 0.5 km N of Boolaman L. and Windmill, Penin., J.B.Martin JBM066 (BRI, CANB, DNA, K, PERTH). N.T.: 18 km W of mouth of Giddy R., Gove [Penin.], J.Russell-Smith 4786 & D.Lucas (DNA). Qld: Port Mackay, A.Dietrich 377 (CANB, MEL); 5 km S of Coen, J.R.Maconochie 2712 (BRI, CANB, DNA, K, L); Kuranda Ra., D.Nicholson 03885 (BRI, MEL). Occasional collections e.g., J.B.Martin JBM066 and L.J.Brass 19821 (BRI, CANB), both from Coen, Qld, have uniformly smaller leaflets, presenting a different aspect, but they do not differ otherwise, insofar as revealed by available material. Closely related to A. canescens which has heads with fewer (c. 6) pubescent flowers, larger pods and seeds, as well as leaflets which commonly have a terminal apiculum.

Excluded names

Albizia lebbeckioides (DC.) Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 89 (1844) This name is listed in A.D.Chapman, Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 12, Australian Plant Name Index A–C (1991) on the basis of Bentham's inclusion of Australia in the distribution of the species, albeit with considerable doubt on his part. He had not seen the plant, described from Timor, on which he based his combination, and the flowers were, at that time, unknown. He included Australia on the basis of flowering specimens collected by A.Cunningham at Careening Bay, northern W.A., which he thought might represent flowering material of the species. I have not seen the Cunningham collection, but it is unlikely that it represents this taxon. Nielsen (1992) lists the species for New Guinea, as well as many other parts of Malesia and SE Asia.

Albizia amoenissima F.Muell., Fragm. 8: 165 (1874) T: extreme north-eastern N.S.W., W.R.Guilfoyle (MEL 594731). The specimen cited (which is the only material I have found in any of the major Australian herbaria) bears the annotation in what appears to be Mueller's hand: 'Northern-Eastern boundary of N.S.W.' and on the line below, in the place where the collector of Mueller's specimens is indicated, is inscribed what appears to be a 'G' which I assume refers to W.R.Guilfoyle who is cited as the collector in the protologue. The material on the sheet comprises a leaf in two parts, the axes of an inflorescence and, in the packet attached, one complete, but dissected flower, several buds and numerous leaflets. The pinnae, in the limited sample available, occur in about 22 pairs with alternate leaflets in about 20 pairs. The sessile flowers have a calyx 10 mm long (including 3 mm long, ovate-deltate lobes); the corolla tube is c. 20 mm long with the narrowly lanceolate-triangular lobes 8 mm long and reflexed. The stamens are 40 mm long, with the tube exserted about 6 mm beyond the mouth of the corolla. Both calyx and corolla are densely and minutely golden brown-tomentose. This species was listed by F.M.Bailey (Syn. Queensland Fl. 146, 1883); subsequently (Queensland Fl. 520, 1900) he synonymised it under Pithecellobium moniliferum (DC.) Benth. Kostermans (1954) treated it as a of Cathormion umbellatum (Vahl) Kosterm., a disposition accepted by Nielsen (1992) under subsp. moniliforme (DC.) Brummitt. It seems obvious that Bailey, Kostermans and Nielsen did not see the type, for the material represents a wholly different taxon. It is almost certainly a species of Benth., a genus not known from Australia; however, I have not been able to match the specimen with any known species of that genus. See R.S.Cowan (Nuytsia 11: 16–17, 1996) for possible explanations of the puzzle.

30 MIMOSACEAE 9. Albizia

Figure 37. Albizia. A–F, A. canescens. A, node with leaf and inflorescence; B, leaflet; C, nectaries on leaf axis; D, flower (A–D, M.Lazarides 6984, CANB); E, pod (A.Dietrich s.n., MEL594814); F, seed (Palmer 16a, MEL). G–L, A. lebbeck. G, node with leaf and inflorescence; H, leaflet; I, nectaries on leaf axis; J, flower (G–J, P.Catling 966, CANB); K, pod (P.A.Fryxell & L.A.Craven 3954, CANB); L, seed (L.Durrington 112, CANB). M–R, A. procera. M, node with leaf and inflorescence; N, leaflet; O, nectaries on leaf axis; P, flower (M–P, G.N.Batianoff 1103, BRI & A.Dietrich 377, MEL); Q, pod (L.S.Smith T86, BRI); R, seed (J.R.Clarkson 2657, BRI). S–V, A. retusa subsp. retusa. S, node with leaf and inflorescence; T, leaflet; U, nectary on leaf axis; V, flower (S–V, K.A.Williams 85253, MEL). Scale bars: A, G, M, S = 4 cm; B, E, F, H, J, K, N, Q, T = 1 cm; C = 3 mm; D, L, O, P, R, V = 5 mm; I = 2 mm; U = 1 mm. Drawn by Milton Andrews.

31 MIMOSACEAE

10. SAMANEA

Samanea Merr., J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 6: 47 (1916); name derived from saman, the native name in South America. Type: S. saman (Jacq.) Merr. Unarmed tree with wide-spreading crown and bipinnate leaves. Leaves: axes with extrafloral nectaries; pinnae 2–6-jugate; leaflets opposite. Inflorescence axillary, with pedunculate clusters of pedicellate flowers. Flowers dimorphic, 5-merous except central ones larger and 7- or 8-merous; calyx and corolla connate and valvate. Stamens numerous, united in a tube towards base; anthers lacking apical gland. Pod turgid, woody, indehiscent. Seeds embedded in pulpy mesocarp in 1-seeded chambers; pleurogram present. A genus of one or numerous species, depending on the disposition of as many as 18 species transferred from Albizia by J.Hutchinson (Gen. Fl. Pl. 1: 294, 1964). The type species has been introduced into cultivation in Australia from northern South America. It has apparently become naturalised but only a few collections from eastern Queensland have been made.

* (Jacq.) Merr., J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 6: 47 (1916) Mimosa saman Jacq., Fragm. Bot. 15, pl. 9 (1800–1801); Inga saman (Jacq.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4th edn, 4: 1024 (1806); Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 216 (1844); Calliandra saman (Jacq.) Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. I. 225 (1864); Albizia saman (Jacq.) F.Muell., Select. Extra-Trop. Pl. 27 (1891); saman (Jacq.) Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 66: 252 (1897). T: Caracas [Venezuela], N.J.Jacquin; n.v., fide G.Bentham, loc. cit. Illustration: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 208, fig. 55 (1979). Tree to 25 m tall, velvety in most parts. Leaves: axes with sessile glands at insertion of pinnae and smaller ones at leaflet pairs; pinnae 3–9-jugate, oblanceolate-oblong. Leaflets 2–10-jugate, pairs per pinnae progressively fewer towards lamina base, oval (basal) to inequilaterally oblong or obovate and obtuse (apical), 1.5–4.5 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, basal pairs smaller, glabrous above, velutinous beneath. Inflorescences fasciculate in apical axils; peduncles 4.5–10 cm long. Flowers with pedicels 2–3 mm long; calyx 5–9 mm long; corolla 10–16 mm long. Pod narrowly oblong, 15–22 cm long, 15–23 mm wide, woody, minutely puberulous. Seeds elliptic to oblong, biconvex, 8–12 mm long, 5–6.5 mm wide, 4–5 mm thick. Raintree, Monkey Pod. A commonly cultivated ornamental tree in tropical regions; in Australia known on the mainland only by the cited collections from naturalised plants in north-eastern Qld; cultivated on Home Is., Cocos (Keeling) Is. and Christmas Is., fide D.J.duPuy & I.R.H.Telford, Fl. Australia 50: 188 (1993). Map 31. Qld: Dingo Beach, Nelly Bay, Cape Gloucester, G.Batianoff 9207304 (BRI); S of Daintree on bank of Stewart Ck, D.E.Boyland [& J.G.Gillieatt] 544 (BRI); Mowbray R., A.K.Irvine 1025 (BRI, QRS); South Johnstone, L.J.Webb & D.O.Norris 3011 (BRI, CANB).

11. CALLIANDRA

Calliandra Benth., J. Bot. 2: 138 (1840), nom. cons.; derived from a combination of the Greek kalli- (beautiful) and -andros (male or ); in reference to the brightly coloured stamens. Type: C. houstonii Benth., typ. cons. Anneslia Salisb., Parad. Lond. pl. 64 (1807), nom. rej. T: A. falcifolia Salisb., nom. illeg. Unarmed trees or shrubs. Leaves bipinnate; stipules small, often persistent; main axes eglandular; pinnae and leaflets 1–several-jugate; leaflets opposite. Inflorescence with flowers in axillary heads or umbels or several in terminal racemes or panicles. Flowers 5- or 6-merous; petals and sepals connate. Stamens numerous, united basally, long-exserted, white, pink or red; anthers commonly glandular-pubescent, not gland-tipped. Pod linear to linear-

32 MIMOSACEAE 11. Calliandra oblanceolate, woody with thickened margins, dehiscing elastically on both sutures from apex and recurved. Seeds with pleurogram. A genus of c. 180 species, mostly in tropical America but lesser centres in Africa, Madagascar and India; one species from northern South America introduced as an ornamental in Australia, apparently escaped and becoming naturalised. B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 173–177 (1979).

* Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 105 (1844) T: Surinam [South America], F.W.Hostmann 171; holo: presumably U, n.v. Inga fasciculata Willd., Sp. Pl. 4th edn, 4: 1022 (1806); Mimosa fasciculata (Willd.) Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 1: 46 (1810); Anneslia fasciculata (Willd.) Kleinhoonte, Fl. Suriname 2(2): 322 (1976). T: Pára, Brazil, J.C.Hoffmannsegg; holo: ?B-WILLDENOW n.v. Illustration: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 177, fig. 47 (1979). Shrub to 6 m tall, most parts glabrous or young growth puberulous. Leaves: stipules persistent, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, to 6 mm long and 2 mm wide; leaf axes shorter than peduncle, ±puberulous; pinnae 1-jugate; leaflets 8–12-jugate, narrowly lanceolate-oblong, apiculate, 8–16 mm long, c. 3 mm wide, 2-nerved, reticulately veined. Inflorescences solitary or fasciculate; peduncle 12–25 mm long, with scattered, long hairs. Flowers 5-merous, glabrous; calyx c. 2 mm long, longitudinally multinerved; corolla 5.5–8 mm long. Pod flat with thickened margins, 5–10.5 cm long, 8–13 mm wide, glabrous. Seeds elliptic, compressed, 8.5 mm long, 6 mm wide, 1.2 mm thick, grey with purple-brown mottling. Commonly cultivated in New Guinea, Malesia and elsewhere in tropical areas but known by only a single collection in Australia, where it was found in disturbed eucalypt-dominated open forest near Mackay, eastern Qld. Map 32. Qld: Halftide Beach, Hay Point, Mackay, G.N.Batianoff 920787 & H.A.Dillewaard (BRI). Given the paucity of material available for study, the description draws heavily on the observations of others, notably Verdcourt (1979) and Nielsen (Fl. Males. ser. I, 11(1): 212– 213, 1992). Among cultivated taxa of this genus and other closely related ones, the present species can be recognised by its leaves having 1 pair of pinnae and 8–12 pairs of leaflets on a petiole shorter than the peduncles.

12. PARASERIANTHES

Paraserianthes I.C.Nielsen, in I.C.Nielsen, P.Guinet & T.Baretta-Kuipers, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 5: 326–327, 350–360 (1983); the Greek prefix para (close by) refers to the similarity of this genus to Serianthes. Type: P. lophantha (Willd.) I.C.Nielsen Unarmed trees and shrubs. Leaves bipinnate; stipules inconspicuous, caducous; rachis and pinnae with extrafloral nectaries; pinnae 5–22-jugate; leaflets sessile, opposite. Inflorescence pedunculate, spicate or racemose, sometimes arranged in axillary panicles near branchlet apex. Flowers 5-merous, perfect; sepals and petals connate, valvate. Stamens numerous, connate basally; anthers eglandular. Pod flat, straight, chartaceous to coriaceous, dehiscent along both sutures. Seeds flat or biconvex with hard coat; pleurogram present. A genus of four species, two of which are Australian and the others endemic in Melanesia or Malesia. Two subspecies of P. lophantha are recognised, the typical one from Australia, the other from Malesia. I.C.Nielsen, P.Guinet & T.Baretta-Kuipers (1983), Studies in Malesian, Australian and Pacific Ingeae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae): the genera Archidendropsis, , Paraserianthes, Pararchidendron and Serianthes (part 2), Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 5: 326–327, 350–360 (1983).

33 MIMOSACEAE

Figure 38. A–L, Paraserianthes. A–F, P. lophantha subsp. lophantha. A, node with leaf and inflorescence; B, nectary on leaf rachis (A–B, A.Kanis 1678, CANB); C, two inflorescences; D, flower (C–D, A.S.George 10123, PERTH); E, pod; F, seed (E–F, B.Barnsley 705, PERTH). G–L, P. toona. G, node with leaf and inflorescence; H, nectary on leaf axis (G–H, D.G.Fell DGF2847, BRI); I, inflorescence; J, flower (I–J, B.Hyland 3556, CANB); K, pod; L, seed (K–L, L.W.Jessup 807, BRI). M–Y, Archidendropsis. M–P, A. basaltica. M, node with leaf and inflorescence; N, nectary on leaf rachis (M–N, A.Kanis 2148, CANB); O, pod; P, seed (O–P, C.T.White 12354, BRI). Q–T, A. thozetiana. Q, node with leaf and inflorescence; R, nectary on leaf axis (Q–R, P.I.Forster PIF4825, MEL); S, pod (P.O'Shanesy 105, MEL); T, seed (E.J.Thompson 207, MEL). U–Y, A. xanthoxylon. U, node with leaf and inflorescence; V, nectaries on leaf axis; W, flower (U–W, B.Hyland 6360, CANB); X, pod (L.W.Jessup et al. GJD2807, BRI); Y, seed (J.C.Crothers, BRI). Scale bars: A, G = 3 cm; B = 1 mm; C, E, I, M, O–Q, S–U, Y = 1 cm; D, F, J, L = 5 mm; H, V = 2 mm; K = 1.5 cm; N, R, W = 0.5 mm; X = 2 cm. Drawn by Milton Andrews.

34 MIMOSACEAE 12. Paraserianthes

Flowers in solitary or paired axillary racemes; leaflets 1.5–4 mm wide; seeds P. lophantha oval to elliptic, 3–4 mm thick Flowers in panicles of short spikes; leaflets 1–1.5 mm wide; seeds ±oblate, flat, c. 1.5 mm thick 2. P. toona

1. (Willd.) I.C.Nielsen, in I.C.Nielsen, P.Guinet, & T.Baretta-Kuipers, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 5: 352–356 (1983) subsp. lophantha Acacia lophantha Willd., Sp. Pl. 4th edn, 4: 1070–1071 (1806); Mimosa lophantha (Willd.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 264 (1807); Albizia lophantha (Willd.) Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 86 (1844). T: west coast of Australia, coll. unknown; lecto: B-W n.v., fide I.C.Nielsen, loc. cit. (IDC Microfiche 7740: 1388.24). Mimosa distachya Vent., Descr. Pl. Nouv. 5: 20 (1800), non Cav. (1795); Albizia distachya (Vent.) J.F.Macbr., Contr. Gray Herb. 59: 3 (1919). T: western coast of Australia at 34° latitude [probably near Esperance or in the islands off the coast at Esperance, 1792–1793], [F.]Lahaie (Voyage of La Récherche and L'Espérance); holo: ?P n.v. Mimosa elegans Andrews, Bot. Repos. 9: pl. 563 (1809); M. venustula Dum.Cours, Bot. Cult. 2nd edn, 7: 297 (1814), nom. illeg. T: based on cultivated specimen from garden of A.B.Lambert, introduced from Australia, n.v. Illustrations: W.R.Elliot & D.L.Jones, Encycl. Austral. Pl. 1: 59 (1980); J.W.Turnbull, Multipurpose Austral. Trees & Shrubs 217 (1986). Shrub or spreading tree to 10 m tall. Leaves: axes usually puberulous with 1 elongate-elliptic gland on petiole; smaller glands occasionally present at base of upper pinnae; pinnae 7–14-jugate; leaflets 20–40-jugate, inequilaterally narrowly oblong to lanceolate-oblong, apiculate to acute, 5–11 mm long, 1.5–4 mm wide, glabrous or ±appressed-puberulous beneath; basal pair minute. Inflorescences in upper axils, solitary or paired, spiciform- racemose; peduncles 7–22 mm long, usually ±puberulous; flowering portion 15–70 mm long. Flowers on 1.5–3 mm long pedicels, yellow-greenish, 4.5–7 mm long, ±appressed- puberulous. Pod narrowly oblong, flat, 6.5–12 cm long, 15–30 mm wide, coriaceous, glabrous. Seeds oval to elliptic, biconvex, 6–8.5 mm long, 4.5–5.5 mm wide, 3–4 mm thick, dull, dark brown-black. Cape Wattle, Crested Wattle, Cape Leeuwin Wattle. Figs 11, 38A–F. Native to south-western W.A. in coastal or near-coastal areas between Gingin Brook (near Gingin) and the Pallinup River with an occurrence inland at Broomehill; also in southern W.A. in coastal areas and adjacent islands between Red Is. (c. 50 km W of Esperance) and c. 240 km E to Daw Is.; widely cultivated in Australia and in tropical and subtropical areas around the world as specimen trees or as street trees. An early collection from Greenough, 1879, O.Jones (MEL 594773, PERTH 01666843) is from substantially north of the normal distribution, and it is not known whether it is native to the area, naturalised or cultivated. Naturalised in near-coastal and coastal areas in N.S.W. between Dorrigo and Nadgee Nature Reserve (on N.S.W./Vic. border) with two occurrences inland at Baan Baa (c. 35 km SSE of Narrabri) and Tumut; also occurs in coastal and adjacent islands of Vic., south to Clarke Is. (Furneaux Group), Tas., with an occurrence as far south as Storm Bay (south-east of Hobart); and continuing west to Isle of Dorothea (Investigator Group), S.A.; also occurs inland in Mt Lofty Range, S.A. Grows in open eucalypt forest, shrub-, Allocasuarina/Melaleuca thickets, coastal shrubland and hummock grassland, often in granitic soils but also in silty sand, sandy loam, peaty sand-loam, fine gravel and even among sand dunes. Maps 33, 34. W.A.: Daw Is., G.J.Keighery 12343 (PERTH); Kelmscott, Canning R., A.Morrison 10435 (BRI, CANB, NSW). S.A.: 'Big Swamp', Hundred of Uley, c. 20 km W of Port Lincoln, C.R.Alcock 950 (AD, CANB); 3.2 km N of Douglas Point, D.N.Kraehenbuehl & A.C.Beauglehole ACB6593 (AD, CANB, MEL). N.S.W.: Fairfield, R.J.Cook (NSW147460). Vic.: Breamlea, D.E.Albrecht 1854 (CANB, MEL). Tas.: Craggy Is., Bass Strait, J.S.Whinray 260 (MEL). Completely glabrous individuals are rarely encountered, although even in these the perianth has scattered, almost microscopic, appressed hairs (e.g. T. & J.Whaite 4256 (PERTH, NSW) from the slopes of Mt Cooke, W.A.). At the other extreme are densely pubescent individuals

35 12. Paraserianthes MIMOSACEAE

(e.g. G.M.Storr (PERTH 01665758) from Waychinicup, W.A.). Most of the material falls between these extremes insofar as pubescence is concerned. Quite different from P. toona which has flowers in compound panicles of short spikes, narrower leaflets and thinner seeds.

2. Paraserianthes toona (F.M.Bailey) I.C.Nielsen, in I.C.Nielsen, P.Guinet, & T.Baretta-Kuipers, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 5: 356 (1983) Albizia toona F.M.Bailey, Syn. Queensland Fl., Suppl. 18 (1886). T: Bowen, [Qld], F.M.Bailey; lecto: BRI AQ025020, fide I.C.Nielsen et al., op. cit. 357. Illustration: J.W.Turnbull, Multipurpose Austral. Trees & Shrubs 221 (1986). Tree 3–24 m tall; trunk to 1 m diam. Leaves: axes minutely puberulous or glabrous with 1 large oval gland on petiole and small circular glands at distal pairs of pinnae; pinnae (5–) 8–22-jugate. Leaflets 26–58-jugate, narrowly oblong, obtuse or apiculate, 4–10.5 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, ciliolate or sparingly appressed-puberulous. Inflorescences compound panicles of short spikes; peduncles 3–15 mm long; flowering portion 3–13 mm long. Flowers sessile or rarely with pedicels to 0.6 mm long, pale yellow, 4–5 mm long, glabrous. Pod narrowly oblong, flat, 10–15.5 cm long, 25–30 mm wide, glabrous. Seeds flat, oblate, ±7.5 mm long, 8 mm wide, c. 1.5 mm thick, brown. Red Cedar, Mackay Cedar, Acacia Cedar, Native Cedar. Fig. 38G–L. Occurs in near-coastal and coastal Qld, as well as adjacent islands, from Thursday Is. south- east to near Ogmore (c. 120 km SE of Rockhampton) and Percy Isles (c. 130 km SE of Mackay). Grows in dry rainforest and behind mangrove associations. Map 35. Qld: 16 km by road W of Waverley [HS] towards Croydon [HS] off the St Lawrence–Marlborough road, R.Coveny 6916 & P.Hind (BRI, CANB, K, MEL, NSW, US); 4.4 km S of Bowen by road, R.Coveny 6928 & P.Hind (BRI, CANB, K, L, MEL, NSW, UC, US); track from Portland Roads road to mouth of Pascoe R. via Scrubby Ck mining area and Alligator Ck, L.W.Jessup 807 (BRI, QRS); near Earlando, 27 km N of Proserpine, L.Pedley 5229 (BRI, CANB); Thursday Is., G.C.Stocker 1299 (BRI, QRS). Despite large numbers of collections of this species, flowering ones are surprisingly few. This may be explained by the fact that the tree flowers during a leafless period. Sterile specimens can be distinguished from those of P. lophantha subsp. lophantha by the much smaller leaflets. Another entity, apparently closely related to P. toona, is represented by material which is inadequate either for determining the generic alignment with certainty or for preparing an adequate description. It has massive, strongly-raised, extrafloral nectaries, rust-coloured, short pubescence, and the appressed-puberulous flowers (very young bud) are in short spikes arranged in panicles. It is a large, rainforest tree in the Daintree region, Qld, represented by five collections: B.Hyland 2314 and 2468 (BRI), B.Hyland 3194 and 10638 (CANB) and B.Gray 1968 (CANB). Flowering and fruiting specimens are needed to elucidate the identity and relationships of this taxon.

Excluded names

Acacia lophantha Delile, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 12: 365 (1849) There is no evidence that Delile intended to publish a new name, but rather he was referring to Acacia lophantha Willd., the basionym for Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I.C.Nielsen.

Acacia lophantha speciosa Hort., Rev. Hort. Belge Étrangère 33: 112 (1907) The author of this polynomial, 'Un Amateur', apparently intended to name a hybrid of A. lophantha with 'jaune-orange' flowers. The name may refer to a horticultural form of Paraserianthes lophantha unknown to the writer but it is impossible to place it in synonymy on the basis of the few notes and photograph of the potted plant provided.

36 MIMOSACEAE 12. Paraserianthes

Acacia lophantha var. neumannii Hort., Dict. Hort. 1: 19 (1893–1899) The four words describing this presumed variety of A. lophantha reveal only that the flowers and petiole are 'rouges'. The name may refer to a horticultural form of Paraserianthes lophantha unknown to the writer but it is impossible to place it in synonymy on the basis of such incomplete characterisation.

13. ARCHIDENDROPSIS

Archidendropsis I.C.Nielsen, Fl. Nouv.-Calédon. Dépend. 12: 66 (1983), from the generic name Archidendron with the Latin suffix -opsis, referring to the similarity to that genus. Type: A. fulgens (Labill.) I.C.Nielsen Shrubs or trees; lateral branches sometimes spinescent. Leaves bipinnate; stipules minute, filiform; axes and commonly pinnae with extrafloral nectaries; leaflets opposite (in Australia), 1.5–11-jugate. Inflorescences axillary, capitate (in Australia). Flowers 4- or 5-merous, bisexual, uniform. Sepals and petals connate, valvate. Stamens numerous, basally united in tube; anthers eglandular. Gynoecium unipistillate (in Australia). Pod flat or turgid, straight or curved, chartaceous to coriaceous, opening along both sutures, brownish inside. Seeds flat, with a narrow, peripheral, membranous wing; pleurogram absent. A genus of 14 species, three of which occur in Qld. I.C.Nielsen, P.Guinet & T.Baretta-Kuipers, Studies in Malesian, Australian and Pacific Ingeae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae): the genera Archidendropsis, Wallaceodendron, Paraserianthes, Pararchidendron and Serianthes (part 2), Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 5: 335–347 (1983). 1 Leaflets sessile to subsessile, to 3.8 cm long 2 Leaflets 5–11-jugate, many parts with red, dendroid hairs as well as simple ones 1. A. basaltica 2: Leaflets 1.5–4-jugate, sometimes with scattered, red, (?)glandular hairs on axes 2. A. thozetiana 1: Leaflets distinctly petiolulate, 2.5–10 cm long 3. A. xanthoxylon

1. Archidendropsis basaltica (F.Muell.) I.C.Nielsen, in I.C.Nielsen, P.Guinet & T.Baretta-Kuipers, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 5: 326 (1983) Acacia basaltica F.Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 146 (1859); Albizia basaltica (F.Muell.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 422 (1864). T: Peak Downs, [Qld], F.Mueller 42; holo: MEL 594732; iso: K. Tree or shrub to 10 m tall, most parts puberulous with red-brown dendroid and simple hairs. Leaves: axes with small, ±raised gland at pinna pairs; pinnae 1–2-jugate; leaflets 5–11-jugate, subsessile, oblong to ovate-oblong and oblong-obovate, 2–10 mm long, 1.5–5 mm wide, rounded and often retuse, puberulous, sometimes also with scattered, dendroid hairs. Inflorescences axillary near tips of branchlets, 1.5–4 cm long, pubescent. Flowers in globular heads to 1 cm diam., yellow; perianth c. 3 mm long, ±appressed- puberulous except tips, sometimes also dendroid-puberulous. Pod flat, narrowly oblong, 6.5–17 cm long, 10–25 mm wide, chartaceous to coriaceous, finely puberulous. Seeds flat, circular to oval, 5–12 mm long, 5.5–11 mm wide, including peripheral wing 0.2–0.5 mm wide. Red Lancewood, Dead Finish. Fig. 38M–P. Endemic and widespread in central Qld from Rockhampton north-west to Black Rock (c. 75 km SE of Einasleigh) and south-west to near Morven but extending as far west as Lilyvale Stn (near Richmond) and near Stonehenge (c. 55 km N of Jundah). Grows in red sandy-clay loam, heavy brown soils, deep yellow sand and deep gravelly yellow soil in eucalypt woodland and Acacia shrubland. Map 36. Qld: Langley HS, 128 km NE of Emerald, I.H.Auldish 28 (BRI); Snake Ck, c. 95 km NW of Charters Towers on Gregory Developmental Rd, G.N.Batianoff SC9104004 & A.J.Franks (BRI); Busthinia, S.T.Blake 10294

37 13. Archidendropsis MIMOSACEAE

(BRI, CANB); 3.2 km N of Lilyvale Stn, M.Lazarides 4097 (BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL, NSW, PERTH); Blackall, C.T.White 12354 (BRI). The minute dendroid hairs on many parts of the plant are dark brown-red and have been described as glandular (Bentham, 1864; Nielsen et al., 1983). The proportion of dendroid to unicellular hairs varies substantially among collections of what otherwise is certainly the same taxon. Close to A. thozetiana, which has generally longer leaflets in fewer pairs and lacks the conspicuous dendroid hairs characteristic of A. basaltica.

2. Archidendropsis thozetiana (F.Muell.) I.C.Nielsen, in I.C.Nielsen, P.Guinet & T.Baretta-Kuipers, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 5: 326 (1983) Acacia thozetiana F.Muell., Fragm. 4: 9 (1863); Albizia thozetiana (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 422 (1864). T: Fort Cooper, [Qld], A.T[hozet]; lecto: MEL 595338, fide R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 13 (1996); syn: Thozets Ck, [Qld], J.Dallachy; syn: MEL 595339, 595340, 595342, 595377). Illustration: T.D.Stanley & E.M.Ross, Fl. SE Queensland 386, fig. 62C (1983), as Albizia thozetiana. Tree to 20 m tall, sparingly puberulous to glabrous in most parts, with red microhairs sometimes evident. Leaves: axes narrowly winged, with ±raised glands, 1 at insertion of pinnae and often at distal pair of leaflets; pinnae unijugate; leaflets 1.5–3 (–4)-jugate, sessile, oblanceolate to oblong, 13–38 mm long, 3–14 mm wide, rounded and sometimes retuse or emarginate apically. Inflorescences in upper leaf axils, 1–4 cm long; peduncles bearing flowers in globular heads c. 1.5 cm diam. Flowers cream to yellow; calyx oblanceolate to urceolate, 2–2.5 mm long, with red microhairs in upper half; corolla 2.5–4.5 mm long. Pod flat, narrowly oblong, to 20 cm long and 10–20 mm wide, chartaceous, glabrous; stipe to 14 mm long. Seeds subcircular, 8 mm long, 7.5 mm wide (including wing c. 0.3 mm wide), flat, glossy, dark brown. Fig. 38Q–T. Endemic in eastern Qld, occurring from Mt Elliot (c. 25 km SE of Townsville) south-east to Kilkivan (c. 45 km WNW of Gympie), as well as inland in the Zig Zag Range area (W of Emerald). Grows in semi-deciduous vine thicket, sometimes along creeks in sand and sandy loam, often among boulders on steep slopes. Map 37. Qld: Rockhampton, A.Dietrich 1973 (CANB, MEL, NSW); Stony Ck, 4 km E of Didcot, P.I.Forster PIF4825 (BRI, K, MEL, MELU, MO); Hazelwood Gorge, SSW of Eungella, P.I.Forster PIF12727 & S.G.Pearson (BRI, MEL, QRS); Zig Zag Ra., Peak Vale Holding, M.Godwin C1791 (BRI). There is considerable variation in the size of the leaflets. Some are characterised by quite large (for this species) leaflets (e.g. P.I.Forster PIF2917, Deep Creek Timber Reserve, BRI), while others have uniformly small ones (e.g. G.P.Guymer 1550 & L.W.Jessup, Deep Creek, c. 15 km N of Coalstoun Lakes, BRI). Apparently not flowering regularly; most of the collections are sterile.

3. Archidendropsis xanthoxylon (C.T.White & W.D.Francis) I.C.Nielsen, in I.C.Nielsen, P.Guinet & T.Baretta-Kuipers, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 5: 335–360 (1983) Albizia xanthoxylon C.T.White & W.D.Francis, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 41: 141, pl. 10 (1929). T: Atherton District, Qld, Oct. 1927, [J.C.]Crothers; holo: BRI 022813; iso: BRI, DNA, K (n.v.), MEL. Illustration: C.T.White & W.D.Francis, loc. cit. Tree to 37 m tall. Branchlets, leaf axes and inflorescence axes minutely puberulous. Leaves: axes usually with large sessile glands at pinnae and leaflet pairs; pinnae 1–2-jugate; leaflets with petiolules 3.5–7 mm long, 3–5-jugate, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, at first acute, finally obtuse, 2.8–10 cm long, 1.5–4.5 cm wide, glabrous. Inflorescences terminal, compound- racemose, to 35 cm long with fascicled peduncles 10–30 mm long bearing cream-coloured 20–30-flowered heads. Flowers glabrous except for minutely strigulose tips; calyx 1.5–2.5 mm long; corolla 4–7 mm long. Pod flat, narrowly oblong, 6–13.5 cm long, 20–25 mm wide, chartaceous, reticulate-venose, glabrous. Seeds flat, subcircular to oval, c. 12 mm diam. (including wing 0.5–1 mm wide), brown, dull. Yellow Siris. Fig. 38U–Y.

38 MIMOSACEAE 13. Archidendropsis

Endemic and restricted to northern Qld in the from Bloomfield River (c. 55 km SSE of Cooktown) south to Atherton. Grows in rainforest remnants in granitic soil. Map 38. Qld: Mount Molloy, J.C.Crothers (BRI AQ199127, MEL 595373); Coopers Ck, Turpentine Rd, L.W.Jessup GJD2807, G.P.Guymer & H.A.Dillewaard (BRI); 2 km SW of 'The Pinnacle' and 13 km SSE of Mossman, V.K.Moriarty 2275 (CANB, QRS); Granite Ck, lower Bloomfield R., L.S.Smith 11096 (BRI); Atherton, Queensland Forest Service (BRI AQ199128). An uncommon species, at least only infrequently collected, and very often infected with a pathogen that affects the leaves, producing corky growths on the axes. Not clearly related to either of the other two species and perhaps closer to extra-Australian species. Its large, long-petiolulate leaflets are distinctive.

14. PARARCHIDENDRON

Pararchidendron I.C.Nielsen, in I.C.Nielsen, P.Guinet & T.Baretta-Kuipers, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 5: 303–329 (1983); the Greek prefix para (close by) alludes to the similarity of this genus to Archidendron. Type: P. pruinosum (Benth.) I.C.Nielsen Unarmed trees or shrubs. Leaves bipinnate; stipules linear; rachis and pinnae bearing extrafloral nectaries; pinnae 1–4-jugate; leaflets alternate, petiolulate; basal ones smaller. Inflorescences axillary, pedunculate, head-like clusters borne on ordinary branchlet or several on a short branch. Flowers 5-merous; calyx and corolla connate. Stamens numerous, united at base. Pod flat, ±once-coiled, reddish inside, reddish brown outside, dehiscent along 1 suture. Seeds elliptic, obovate or subcircular; pleurogram present. A monotypic genus, the one species comprising four varieties; the typical variety is confined to Qld and N.S.W., the other varieties to Malesia. I.C.Nielsen, P.Guinet & T.Baretta-Kuipers, Studies in Malesian, Australian and Pacific Ingeae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae): the genera Archidendropsis, Wallaceodendron, Paraserianthes, Pararchidendron and Serianthes (part l), Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 5: 326–328 (1983).

Pararchidendron pruinosum (Benth.) I.C.Nielsen, in I.C.Nielsen, P.Guinet & T.Baretta-Kuipers, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 5: 327 (1983) var. pruinosum Pithecellobium pruinosum Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 211 (1844); Albizia pruinosa (Benth.) F.Muell., J. Bot. 10: 9 (1872); Feuilleea pruinosa (Benth.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 188 (1891). T: Brisbane R., N.S.W., Oct. 1827, A.Cunningham 102 (); lecto (amended): K-Herb. Cunningham, fide I.C.Nielsen, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 6: 81 (1984) but amended by R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 15 (1996); isolecto: K-Herb. Cunningham; Brisbane R., [N.S.W.], Sept. 1824, A.Cunningham 70 (flowering); syn: K-Herb. Cunningham; probably also Herb. Benth. and Herb. Hooker (see R.S.Cowan, op. cit. 16 for discussion). Acacia sapindoides A.Cunn. ex Sweet, Hort. Brit. 3rd edn: 198 (1839), nom. nud.; Pithecellobium sapindoides (A.Cunn. ex Sweet) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 276 (1926), as Pithecolobium, nom. inval.; sapindoides (A.Cunn. ex Sweet) Kosterm., Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesië 20: 38 (1954), nom. inval. Illustrations: F.Mueller, Iconogr. Austral. Acacia 13: [pl.] 6 (1888), as Albizia pruinosa; J.H.Maiden, Forest Fl. New South Wales 1: 207, pl. 38 (1904), as Albizia pruinosum; A.J.G.H.Kostermans, op. cit. 98, fig. 25, as Abarema sapindoides. Spreading tree 2.5–20 m tall, most parts ±puberulous. Leaves: axes with gland below basal pair of pinnae, smaller ones at apical pair and at base of some leaflets; pinnae (1–) 2–3 (–4)-jugate. Leaflets 6–12-jugate, elliptic to oval to lanceolate-elliptic, often inequilateral, sometimes subrhomboidal, rounded-obtuse or narrowed to obtuse tip; median ones (2.8–) 3.5–8 cm long, 1.2–4 cm wide, glabrous except costa sometimes puberulous. Inflorescences capitate on peduncles 3.5–10 cm long. Flowers cream to white, puberulous; pedicels 3–6 mm

39 14. Pararchidendron MIMOSACEAE long; calyx cupular to hemispherical; corolla tubular to oblanceolate, 4–7 mm long. Pod 1–11/2-coiled; coils to 6 cm diam.; valves strongly contorted after dehiscence, 12–20 mm wide, pale red to orange inside, minutely puberulous. Seeds elliptic to subcircular, 4.5–8 mm long, 4–6 mm wide, glossy black. Stinkwood, Malla Waundie, Talingora. Figs 12, 40A–E. Occurs in coastal areas and adjacent islands or extending inland along watercourses from Mount Webb National Park (c. 50 km NW of Cooktown), Qld, south to near Nowra, N.S.W. The two localities west of the main distribution in Qld may well represent plantings on the two homesteads (Bengalla and Balgownie) where the material was collected. Found in or at margin of rainforest and Araucarian vine forest, especially along watercourses; grows in basaltic soils, sand, loam and alluvium generally. Map 39. Qld: Palm Is., N of Townsville, T.L.Bancroft 68 (BRI); Palm Tree Ck, 7 km W of Mount Whitestone township, P.I.Forster PIF9147 & L.H.Bird (A, BRI, CANB, K, L, MEL, QRS); Timbercamp Ck, between Daintree R. and Bloomfield R., on China Camp Rd, L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 13416 (BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL, QRS). N.S.W.: Moore Park, Grevillia, S.Clark, J.Pickard & R.Coveny 1661 (BRI, NSW); Bass Point, 3 km SE of Shellharbour, R.Coveny 9840 (BRI, MEL, NSW). A remarkably uniform taxon with the only substantial variation occurring in the vegetative system: (1) the number of pinnae pairs is commonly 2- or 3-jugate, but 1- and even 4-jugate pinnae occur; (2) the number of leaflets varies within narrow limits; and (3) the shape of the leaflets varies only in the relative width and in the apex. The plate in Mueller (1888) accurately represents the variation in leaflet shape, but the rounded form is relatively rare.

15. ARCHIDENDRON

Archidendron F.Muell., Fragm. 5: 59 (1865): from the Greek arche (beginning) and dendron (a tree). The occurrence in several species of more than a single pistil in each flower can be construed as a characteristic of an earlier stage in the evolution of flowering plants. Type: A. vaillantii (F.Muell.) F.Muell. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves bipinnate; stipules present or absent; axes and pinnae with extrafloral nectaries; pinnae 1–4-jugate; leaflets opposite (in Australia), 1.5–5 (–6)-jugate, rarely unifoliolate, petiolulate or not. Inflorescences axillary, terminal, ramiflorous or cauliflorous, simple or compound, comprising stalked heads, umbels, or racemes, sometimes arranged in panicles. Flowers 5-merous, bisexual, male or female, or with some bisexual and others male; calyx united, valvate; corolla united in tube connate with staminal tube in lower part. Stamens numerous, united basally; anthers eglandular. Gynoecium of 1–15 pistils, sessile or stalked. Pod flat or terete, coriaceous, fleshy or woody, commonly reddish externally and orange reddish within, opening along 1 suture. Seeds black or bluish black; pleurogram absent. A genus of 94 species; 10 species in north-eastern Australia, the remainder in India, Sri Lanka, mainland Asia, Malesia (62 species), Micronesia (one species) and Solomon Is. (two species). A.J.G.H.Kostermans, Abarema p.p., in A monograph of the Asiatic, Malaysian, Australian and Pacific species of Mimosaceae, formerly included in Pithecolobium Mart., Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesië 20: 1–123 (1954); R.H.Mohlenbrock, A revision of Pithecellobium Sect. Archidendron, Webbia 21: 653–724 (1966); B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 176–196 (1979); I.C.Nielsen, The Australian species of Archidendron, Nordic J. Bot. 2: 479–490 (1982). The following key is based principally on vegetative characters since many of the collections have been, and probably will continue to be, of sterile material. 1 Leaflets hairy, at least on lower surfaces 2 Pinnae 1-jugate with hirsute leaflets 3. A. hirsutum 2: Pinnae (2–) 3–5-jugate with velvety leaflets 2. A. lovellae

40 MIMOSACEAE 15. Archidendron

1: Leaflets glabrous or only petiolules puberulous 3 Inflorescences borne on trunk and main branches 4 Pinnae 2- or 3-jugate with 2 or 3 pairs of leaflets each; petiolules 2–7 mm long; flowers pedicellate; corolla 17–25 mm long; seeds black with whitish bloom 9. A. lucyi 4: Pinnae 1-jugate with 5 pairs of leaflets each; petiolules 9–15 mm long; flowers sessile; corolla 25–32 mm long; seeds subglossy, black 10. A. ramiflorum 3: Inflorescences terminal or in axils of upper leaves 5 Pinnae 1-jugate with 1 leaflet on each pinna or occasionally a second leaflet below terminal one 7. A. whitei

1 5: Pinnae 1–4-jugate but with 1 /2 –4 pairs of leaflets each

1 6 Pinnae 1-jugate; pinnae with 1 /2–3 pairs of leaflets 7 Leaflets strongly inequilateral; inflorescences terminal; flowers in capitate clusters 4. A. hendersonii 7: Leaflets equilateral or nearly so; inflorescences axillary; flowers in long-pedunculate umbels 8 Inflorescences to 9 cm long, ±appressed-puberulous 5. A. muellerianum 8: Inflorescences c. 22 cm long, glabrous 6. A. kanisii 6: Pinnae more than 1-jugate; pinnae with 2–4 pairs of leaflets 9 Foliar glands deeply recessed; flowers with distinct pedicels 2–7 mm long; pod to 10 cm long 8. A. vaillantii 9: Foliar glands conical or stipitate; flowers sessile or pedicels less than 2 mm long; pod more than 10 cm long 1. A. grandiflorum

1. Archidendron grandiflorum (Sol. ex Benth.) I.C.Nielsen, Nordic J. Bot. 2: 481 (1982) Pithecellobium grandiflorum Sol. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 424 (1864), as Pithecolobium; Abarema grandiflora (Sol. ex Benth.) Kosterm., Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesië 20: 34, fig. 20 (1954). T: New Holland [Endeavour R., Qld], 1770, J.Banks & D.Solander; holo: BM n.v.; iso: BRI 433550, MEL 79773, PERTH 01596624. Pithecellobium tozeri F.Muell., Fragm. 5: 10 (1865), as Pithecolobium tozerii; Albizia tozeri (F.Muell.) F.Muell., J. Bot. 10: 10 (1872); Feuilleea tozeri (F.Muell.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 187 (1891). T: Hastings R. [Port Macquarie, N.S.W.], [H.]Tozer; holo: MEL 79776; iso: MEL 79774, 79775. Illustrations: F.Mueller, Iconogr. Austral. Acacia 13: [pl.] 4 (1888), as Albizia tozeri; B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 217 (1979), as Abarema grandiflora; I.C.Nielsen, Fl. Males. ser. I, 11(1): 116, fig. 15 (1992). Tree to 16 m tall, glabrous or nearly so except for appressed-puberulous inflorescences and flowers. Leaves bipinnate; axes with conical or stipitate gland on main axis at each pair of 1–4-jugate pinnae; pinna axes commonly with smaller stipitate glands; leaflets petiolulate, 2–5 (–6)-jugate, ovate to elliptic, acute to long-acuminate, (1.5–) 4–11.5 cm long, (1–) 2–4.5 cm wide. Inflorescences axillary or terminal racemes or panicles, to 18 cm long. Flowers sessile or with pedicels less than 2 mm long, in pedunculate clusters of 4–10 (–15); calyx to 18 mm long; corolla to 25 mm long, white or yellow. Pod oblong, curved to coiled, to 20 cm long, 25 mm wide, orange or red inside. Seeds ±ellipsoidal, to 14 mm long, black, glossy. Laceflower Tree, Mogum Mogum, Tassel Tree, Pink Laceflower, Tulip Siris, Paintbrush Tree, Bird of Paradise Tree. Figs 10, 13, 39A–F. Occurs in coastal areas and adjacent islands of Qld from Badu Is. in Torres Strait south to near Proserpine and in coastal areas from Kin Kin (c. 22 km SE of Gympie), Qld, south to Camden Haven [River] (c. 35 km S of Port Macquarie), N.S.W.; also in New Guinea. In Australia it is found in rainforest and monsoon forest in rocky or sandy loam, often over granite, frequently along streams. Map 40.

41 15. Archidendron MIMOSACEAE

Qld: 15.7 km from main –Jardine R. road on the track E to Ussher Point, J.R.Clarkson 6233 (BRI, CANB, K, L, MBA, MEL, PERTH, QRS); Canungra Ck valley, 5 km from Canungra along Cainbable road, I.R.Telford 9094 & G.Butler (CANB); Aurukun, Cape York Penin., L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 7781 (BRI, CANB). N.S.W.: Bellinger R., H.D.McLeod 436/19 (NSW); Alstonville district, Dr [H.]Tomlins (NSW 147439). Related to A. hendersonii, most of the Australian material has oblanceolate or obovate bracts subtending the pedicellate flowers; however, when the flowers are sessile the bracts are broadly ovate to almost semicircular. The possibility of another, unrecognised taxon should be explored.

2. Archidendron lovellae (F.M.Bailey) I.C.Nielsen, Nordic J. Bot. 2: 482 (1982) Pithecellobium lovellae F.M.Bailey, Bot. Bull. Dept. Agric., Queensland 8: 74 (1893), as Pithecolobium. Abarema lovellae (F.M.Bailey) Kosterm., Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesië 20: 35, fig. 22 (1954). T: Fraser Is., [Qld], Miss Lovell; holo: BRI n.v.; ?iso: K. Illustration: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, op. cit. 35, fig. 22, as Abarema lovellae. Tree to 20 m tall with most parts brown-velutinous. Leaves: axes with sessile glands near petiole base, at pinnae pairs and at leaflet pairs; pinnae (2–) 3–5-jugate; leaflets with petiolules to 2 mm long, 2–4 (–5)-jugate, ovate, elliptic, obovate or oblong, acute to obtuse, 2–10 cm long, 1–5 cm wide, only sparsely hairy above except on main veins. Inflorescences terminal and ramuliflorous, paniculate. Flowers in head-like clusters, sessile or with pedicels to 1 mm long; perianth thick-walled; calyx campanulate, 7–8 mm long; corolla funnel- shaped, 18–28 mm long. Pod woody, c. 9 cm long, 20 mm wide, puberulous, bright red within. Seeds not seen. Bacon . Fig. 16. Endemic to south-eastern Qld; restricted to an area from Fraser Is. (E of Maryborough) south to Lake Cootharaba (c. 35 km ESE of Gympie). Grows in littoral rainforest in dune swales. Map 41. Qld: E of Camp Milo, Cooloola Natl Park, A.R.Bean 6425 (BRI); L. Cootharaba, J.Keys (BRI AQ236091); Wide Bay, Fraser Is., C.T.White 2509 (BRI, K). Similar to A. grandiflorum which has nearly glabrous leaves with conical or stalked extrafloral nectaries on the axes, as well as appressed-puberulous flowers. Also superficially similar to A. hirsutum which has 1-jugate pinnae and hirsute leaf parts.

3. Archidendron hirsutum I.C.Nielsen, Nordic J. Bot. 2: 482 (1982) T: Cape York, Cook District, Qld, Nov. 1955, K.J.White 1147; holo: BRI; iso: BRI. Illustration: I.C.Nielsen, op. cit. 483, figs 8–13. Tree to 22 m tall with most parts ±densely brown-hirsute, sometimes minutely so. Leaves: axes with raised glands, one1 near petiole base and smaller ones at insertion of leaflets; pinnae 1-jugate; leaflets 21/2- or 31/2-jugate with hirsute petiolules 2.5–3.5 mm long, broadly elliptic to oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, acute to abruptly acute or acuminate with blunt tip, 3.5–18 cm long, 2.5–9 cm wide, hirsute on main veins on both surfaces. Inflorescences terminal, paniculate, c. 13 cm long, hirsute; peduncles to 1 cm long, bearing capitate clusters of c. 10 sessile flowers. Flowers minutely hirsute; calyx 1–2.4 mm long; corolla 4–5.5 mm long. Pod spirally contorted, c. 10 mm wide, coriaceous-fleshy, red outside and yellow or orange inside, minutely hirsute. Seeds ellipsoidal, 7–10 mm long, 5–8 mm diam., black. Fig. 18. Endemic in Qld, restricted to eastern Cape York Peninsula, occurring from Cape York south to McIlwraith Range, near Coen. Grows in rainforest along permanent streams in sand and other soils derived from granite. Map 42. Qld: near Lockerbie, B.Gray 2014 (BRI, QRS); Kennedy Hill Gorge, G.Sankowsky (BRI AQ457007); Bamaga Mission, 11.2 km SW of Cape York, L.S.Smith 12402 (BRI); Middle Claudie R., J.G.Tracey 14910 (BRI, MEL, QRS); NW fall of McIlwraith Ra. at head of Peach Ck, L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 9852 (BRI, CANB).

42 MIMOSACEAE 15. Archidendron

Very little fertile material of the species has been seen: a single collection in full flower but with immature leaves (J.G.Tracey 14910); a few flowers on two other collections and two in fruit, the description of which has been adapted from the protologue. Closest to A. lovellae in having pubescent leaves but the type of pubescence is quite different; A. lovellae also has 3–5-jugate leaves.

4. (F.Muell.) I.C.Nielsen, Nordic J. Bot. 2: 481 (1982) Pithecellobium hendersonii F.Muell., Fragm. 5: 191 (1866), as Pithecolobium; Albizia hendersonii (F.Muell.) F.Muell., J. Bot. 10: 10 (1872); Feuilleea hendersonii (F.Muell.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 188 (1891); Abarema hendersonii (F.Muell.) Kosterm., Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesië 20: 34 (1954). T: Ballina, Richmond R. Heads, [N.S.W.], J.A.Henderson; lecto: MEL 79815, fide R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 13 (1996); North Creek, Ballina, Richmond R., [N.S.W.], C.Moore; syn: MEL 79816. Illustrations: A.J.G.H.Kostermans, op. cit. 96, fig. 21, as Abarema hendersonii; A.G.Floyd, New South Wales Rainforest Trees 8: 11 (1979), as Abarema hendersonii; I.C.Nielsen, Opera Bot. 76: 82, fig. 51/7–11 (1984). Glabrous shrub or tree to 30 m tall; bark corky, scaly or smooth. Leaves: axes often with flat or depressed gland near base or to middle; pinnae 1-jugate with eglandular axes; leaflets sessile or with petiolules to 2 mm long, 1.5–3-jugate, ovate, lanceolate-elliptic to elliptic, acute or apiculate, 4.5–18 (–21) cm long, 2–9.5 cm wide, strongly inequilateral basally. Inflorescences terminal, 5–14 cm long. Flowers white, subsessile in pedunculate, capitate clusters of 10–25, (4–) 5-merous; calyx cylindric, 2–6.5 mm long; corolla slender, funnel- shaped, (7.5–) 11–26 mm long. Pod strongly curved, woody, to 11 cm long and 15 mm wide, carmine-red outside, bright orange inside, glabrous. Seeds oblongoid to widely ellipsoidal, 8–14 mm long, black, semi-glossy. White Laceflower, Tulip Siris. Figs 17, 19. Endemic and disjunct in Australia, occurring in three regions: in eastern Qld from Cape Melville National Park south to South Mission Beach (c. 17 km E of Tully); from near Bowen south to near Sarina, eastern Qld; and from Imbil (c. 30 km S of Gympie), Qld, south to Ulong (c. 25 km E of Coffs Harbour) in north-eastern N.S.W. Grows in coastal rainforest and monsoon forest, often along streams, in soils derived from granite and basalt (loam, red- clay loam etc.). Map 43. Qld: Palfret Is., near Lizard Is., 88 km N of Cooktown, G.N.Batianoff 10290 (BRI, MEL); upper East Funnel Ck, Sarina Ra., Sarina, M.E.Ritchie 38 (BRI); Mt Windsor Tableland, L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 13394 (BRI, QRS). N.S.W.: Broken Head Nature Reserve, c. 4.2 km along the dirt road leading to Seven Mile Beach, P.Beesley 1062 & P.Ollerenshaw (BISH, CANB, NSW); Richmond R., [H.C.]Fawcett F33 (MEL). As noted by Nielsen (1982), there is considerable variation in size of flowers among the collections studied. F.Mueller apparently had in mind the description of a variety based on flower size which he never published, but he annotated several collections by A.W.Persieh from the Endeavour River area as 'A. hendersonii var. persiehana'. Collections with smaller than usual flowers have been made from several scattered localities over the years (e.g. S.Johnson 1667a (BRI) from Mt Saunders, Cooktown, Qld). Related to A. grandiflorum which has leaves with a stalked or conical gland on the leaf axis below the basal pair of pinnae and at each pair of pinnae, as well as often on the axes of the pinnae at the insertion of the leaflet pairs; it also has more pairs of pinnae and leaflets and it has fewer, larger flowers in each cluster.

5. Archidendron muellerianum (Maiden & R.T.Baker) I.C.Nielsen, Nordic J. Bot. 2: 485 (1982) Albizia muelleriana Maiden & R.T.Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, 10: 585, pl. 52 (1896); Pithecellobium muellerianum (Maiden & R.T.Baker) Maiden & Betche, Census New South Wales Pl. 89 (1916); Abarema muelleriana (Maiden & R.T.Baker) Kosterm., Adansonia, ser. 2, 6: 369 (1966). T: Marshall Falls, Alstonville, [N.S.W.], Dec. 1892, W.B[aeuerlen]; lecto: NSW 147408; fide R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 13 (1996); isolecto: BRI 022909, MEL 583109; [Tintenbar], Richmond R., [N.S.W.], 20 Nov. 1895, W.B[aeuerlen]; syn: MEL 583107 & MEL 583108; Mullumbimby, Brunswick R., [N.S.W.], W.Baeuerlen; syn: NSW n.v. Illustrations: J.H.Maiden & R.T.Baker, loc. cit.; T.D.Stanley & E.M.Ross, Fl. SE Queensland 1: 386, fig. 62 (1983), as Pithecellobium muelleranum; G.J.Harden (ed.), Fl. New South Wales 2: pl. 27 (1991).

43 15. Archidendron MIMOSACEAE

Tree or shrub to 20 m tall, sparsely puberulous or glabrous in most parts. Leaves: axes with small, circular, ±depressed gland at apex; pinnae 1-jugate; leaflets 11/2 (rarely 21/2)-jugate, petiolulate, equilaterally elliptic, acute to acuminate with obtuse tip, 2.8–9.5 (–14) cm long, 1.5–6.5 cm wide, with a cuneate base. Inflorescences in upper leaf axils, simple to compound, umbellate, to 9 cm long, ±appressed-puberulous; peduncles 2–4.5 cm long, bearing 6–15-flowered clusters. Flowers white, ±puberulous; calyx tubular, 3.2–5 (–6) mm long; corolla funnel-shaped, (6–) 8–13 mm long. Pod narrowly oblong, curved, 5.5–13 cm long, 9–15 mm wide, ±scarlet outside, brightly orange within, glabrous. Seeds ellipsoid and flattened to subglobular, 9–10 mm long, 7.5–9.5 mm diam., glossy black. Small-flower Laceflower, Veiny Laceflower. Restricted to eastern Australia from between Upper Mudgeeraba Creek and Numinbah Valley (east of Gold Coast), south-eastern Qld, south to Richmond River (south of Lismore), N.S.W.; found in subtropical riverine or littoral rainforest or monsoon forest. Map 44. Qld: Natural Bridge, Numinbah Valley, Nov. 1959, J.A.Gresty (BRI); 0.5 km W of Boulder Beach just S of Lennox Head, G.P.Guymer 1800 & L.W.Jessup (BRI, NSW). N.S.W.: Murwillumbah, W.Baeuerlen (NSW 371413); Lismore, Rotary Park, P.Beesley 1137 (CANB); Richmond R., J.A.Henderson 141 (MEL). Variation in the leaves is largely confined to the number of leaflet pairs. As noted in the protologue, the usual situation of a pinna having 1 terminal pair of leaflets and 1 basal leaflet sometimes breaks down and one finds 2 or more leaflets inserted alternately on the pinna axis; however, this is atypical. The collection S.Clark et al. 1591 from Upper Crystal Ck, c. 11.5 km NW of Murwillumbah, N.S.W., is sterile. It may represent this species but its leaflets are differently shaped and its branchlets and leaf axes are puberulous. The authors of the species were impressed by the fact that the calyx reaches its full development before appearance of the corolla and described the two perianth parts of about equal length. While these observations may be true in buds or very young flowers, the corolla is always substantially longer in fully open ones; in some instances the corolla tube is not exserted beyond the calyx, the lobes free at least to the level of the calyx mouth. A very distinctive species on account of its relatively small leaflets and flowers. Very closely related to A. kanisii; also related to A. whitei which has a solitary leaflet on each pinna.

6. Archidendron kanisii R.S.Cowan, Nuytsia 11: 18 (1996) T: branch of Cooper Ck, Cook District, Qld, 10 Dec. 1986, G.Sankowsky 573 & N.Sankowsky; holo: BRI; iso: BRI. Small tree or shrub, 3 m tall, glabrous in all parts. Leaves: axes terete, 1.5–2.5 cm long with an apical, elongate, narrowly oblong, depressed gland 2.5–3.8 mm long; pinnae 1-jugate, 4–6 cm long, with a circular to oval, apical gland; leaflets 11/2-jugate (basal one solitary) with petiolules 3–5 mm long, elliptic to narrowly elliptic and oblong-elliptic, acuminate but with obtuse tip, 8.5–16.5 cm long, 2.5–4 cm wide, cuneately equilateral basally. Inflorescences axillary, compound-umbellate, c. 22 cm long; peduncles slender, 2.5–4.2 cm long, bearing 5–10 flowers each. Flowers cream-coloured; calyx tubular, 4 mm long; corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, 11.5 mm long (including lanceolate lobes c. 2.5 mm long). Stamens c. 15 mm long, united in tube c. 6 mm long. Pods and seeds not seen. Known only from the type locality c. 60 km south of Cooktown, Qld, in rainforest. Map 45. Closely related to A. muellerianum which differs in having a small, circular, extrafloral nectary at the apex of the petiole, generally smaller leaflets, much shorter, ±appressed- puberulous flowers and inflorescences.

7. Archidendron whitei I.C.Nielsen, Nordic J. Bot. 2: 489 (1982) T: Atherton Forest district, Reserve No. R.310, Qld, 11 Mar. 1953, K.J.White 53/405; holo: BRI; iso: BRI 193052, 193053. Illustration: I.C.Nielsen, op. cit. 2: 483, figs 1–7 (1982).

44 MIMOSACEAE 15. Archidendron

Figure 39. Archidendron. A–F, A. grandiflorum. A, node with leaf; B, stalked nectaries on leaf axis; C, inflorescence; D, flower (C–D, J.R.Clarkson 6233, MEL); E, open pods; F, seed (A–B, E–F, I.R.Telford 9094, CANB). G–L, A. ramiflorum. G, leaf; H, nectaries on leaf rachis (G–H, T.Carr 52/230, BRI); I, inflorescence; J, flower (I, J, B.Gray 354, CANB); K, pod; L, seed (K–L, E.Fitzalan 10, MEL). M–R, A. whitei. M, leaf; N, nectaries on leaf axis (M–N, L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 8006, BRI); O, inflorescence (P–O, A.Kanis 2177, CANB); P, flower; Q, pod; R, seed (Q–R, W.S.Sayer, MEL 79712). S–W, A. vaillantii. S, leaf; T, nectaries on leaf axis (S–T, L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 5743, BRI); U, inflorescence; V, flower (U–V, B.Hyland 9346, CANB); W, pod (F.Mueller, MEL79729). Scale bars: A, C, G, I, M, O, S, U = 5 cm; B = 3 mm; D, E, J, K, P, Q, V, W = 1 cm; F, H, L, R, T = 5 mm; N = 2 mm. Drawn by Milton Andrews.

45 15. Archidendron MIMOSACEAE

Tree to 15 m tall, puberulous in most parts. Leaves: axes with urceolate, ±pedicellate glands on main axis and at tip of pinnae axes; pinnae 1-jugate; leaflets with puberulous petiolules 3–4 mm long, solitary on pinnae or rarely a second, unpaired leaflet lower on axis, elliptic or widely elliptic, acute or acuminate, 4.5–16 cm long, 3.5–7.5 cm wide, glabrous. Inflorescences terminal and often also axillary, puberulous racemes bearing umbel-like clusters of 6–12 flowers; peduncles c. 2 cm long. Flowers white, glabrous or subglabrous; calyx c. 2.5 mm long, truncate; corolla 8.5 mm long. Pod narrowly oblong, curved, to 8 cm long and 13 mm wide, fleshy-coriaceous, reddish, strongly warty with warts interconnected in ridges. Seeds ellipsoidal, 9–9.5 mm long, 5.5–7 mm wide, black. Fig. 39M–R. Endemic and restricted to a small area in north-eastern Qld, occurring in the Cape Tribulation area (c. 70 km S of Cooktown) and in a 50 km radius around Innisfail. Grows in rainforest or monsoon forest. Map 46. Qld: Laceys Ck, Mission Beach, 6 km W of Clump Point, F.H.J.Crome 224 (CANB); Frenchman Ck, Russell R., W.A.Sayer 296 (MEL); Oliver Ck, a tributary of Noah Ck, Cape Tribulation area, L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 11591 (BRI, CANB); Malanda Falls, K.J.White 1294 (BRI). No complete unopened pods have been seen and the description of these is adapted from Nielsen (op. cit. 498, 1982). It should also be noted that some of the measurements of the foliage were made on material from immature plants and, therefore, do not represent fully matured foliage.

8. Archidendron vaillantii (F.Muell.) F.Muell., Fragm. 5: 60 (1865) Pithecellobium vaillantii F.Muell., Fragm. 5: 9 (1865), as Pithecolobium; Albizia vaillantii (F.Muell.) F.Muell., Iconogr. Austral. Acacia 13: [pl.] 7 (1888); Affonsea vaillantii (F.Muell.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 158 (1891). T: Seaview Ra., Rockingham Bay, [Qld], J.Dallachy; holo: ?K n.v.; iso: MEL 79724. Illustration: R.Mohlenbrock, Webbia 21: 686, fig. 14 (1966), as Pithecellobium vaillantii. Tree to 25 m tall. Leaves glabrous; axes with deeply recessed glands at base of pinnae and leaflet pairs, occasionally some absent; pinnae (1-) or 2-jugate; leaflets 2–4-jugate, with petiolules 2–6 mm long, elliptic to oval, acute to acuminate with obtuse tip, (3.5–) 8–18 (–22.5) cm long, (2.5–) 3–11 (–13) cm wide. Inflorescences terminal, ±appressed- puberulous; axis to 22 cm long; peduncles 1–3.5 cm long, subfasciculate. Flowers in clusters of 4–8, on pedicels 2–7 mm long, yellow, golden-sericeous; calyx campanulate, 9–17 mm long, truncate or crenulate marginally; corolla funnel-shaped, 25–35 mm long. Pod once- coiled, 5–10 cm long, c. 15 mm wide, fleshy-coriaceous, bright orange or reddish, glabrous. Seeds obovoid, c. 10 mm long, 5 mm diam., black. Figs 14, 15, 39S–W. Endemic in north-eastern Qld from the vicinity of Mt Misery (c. 40 km S of Cooktown) south to Dotswood Holding (c. 40 km WNW of Townsville). Grows in rainforest and monsoon forest. Map 47. Qld: Rockingham Bay, [J.]D[allachy] (MEL 79736); Dotswood Holding, B.Hyland 10103 (CANB, QRS); 4.5 km along Mt Misery-Telecom track from intersection with Normanby Tin Mine track, L.W.Jessup GJD2881, G.P.Guymer & H.A.Dillewaard (BRI); North Mary Logging Area, T.S.Risley 127 (BRI, QRS); Danbulla Forestry Nursery–Tinaroo Dam road, L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 5743 (BRI, CANB). The description of the seeds is taken from Nielsen, op. cit. 488. Very similar to A. lucyi, with which it is sometimes confused; A. lucyi can be distinguished by the cauliflorous and ramiflorous habit.

9. Archidendron lucyi F.Muell., Fragm. 6: 201 (1868) Albizia lucyi (F.Muell.) F.Muell., Iconogr. Austral. Acacia 13: [pl.] 6 (1888); Affonsea lucyi (F.Muell.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 158 (1891); Pithecellobium lucyi (F.Muell.) Mohlenbr., Webbia 21: 695, fig. 20 (1966). T: Murray R., Rockingham Bay, [Qld], 14 Oct. 1867, J.Dallachy; holo: ?K n.v.; iso: MEL 79701. Archidendron sogorense Baker f., J. Bot. 61, suppl.: 12 (1923). T: Sogere, New Guinea, 1885–86, H.O.Forbes 615; holo: K n.v., fide I.C.Nielsen, Nordic J. Bot. 2: 484 (1982); iso: BM n.v., MEL 77219. Archidendron papuanum Merr. & L.M.Perry, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 392 (1942). T: Vailala R., Papua and New Guinea, [L.J.]Brass 1110; holo: A n.v., fide I.C.Nielsen, loc. cit.

46 MIMOSACEAE 15. Archidendron

Illustrations: R.Mohlenbrock, Webbia 21: 698, fig. 20 (1966), as Pithecellobium lucyi; B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 243, fig. 59 (1979). Glabrous tree to 20 m tall. Leaves: axes with sunken glands at insertion of pinnae and leaflets; pinnae 2 (or 3)-jugate; leaflets 2- or 3-jugate with petiolules 2–7 mm long, ovate, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, acute to acuminate with obtuse tip, (5.2–) 7.5–23 cm long, 3.5–11.5 cm wide. Inflorescences commonly cauliflorous or ramiflorous, to 26.5 cm long; flower clusters pedunculate. Flowers 2–5 per cluster with pedicels (2–) 3.5–4.5 mm long; calyx cylindric or campanulate, 5–9 mm long, greenish; corolla funnel-shaped, 17–25 mm long, white or greenish. Pod slightly curved to once-coiled, deeply constricted on one margin between seeds, 7–12 cm long, 15–25 mm wide, woody, reddish externally, orange within. Seeds obovoid or ellipsoidal, c. 10–16 mm long, 10 mm diam., black with white bloom. Fig. 21. Occurs in north-eastern Qld from Cape Tribulation (c. 100 km NW of Cairns) south to Rockingham Bay area (Rockingham Bay is c. 60 km N of Ingham). Grows mostly in coastal riverine rainforest. Also on Solomon Is. and in Malesia. Map 48. Qld: Daintree R., 1875, [E.]Fitzalan (MEL 79707); Alexandra Parish, B.Gray 495 (BRI, CANB); MacAlister Ra., c. 2 km SE of Red Peak, C.Lyons 38 (BRI); Clump Point, 21 km NE of Tully, I.R.Telford 9277 & G.Butler (CANB); Fishery Falls, between Gordonvale and Babinda, L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 7452 (BRI, CANB). The only other species with ramiflorous and cauliflorous inflorescences is A. ramiflorum which has a single pair of pinnae with 5 pairs of leaflets each, longer flowers and subglossy black seeds.

10. Archidendron ramiflorum (F.Muell.) Kosterm., Djawatan Kehutanan Indonesia Bagian Planologi Kehutanan 6 (1956) Albizia ramiflora F.Muell., Fragm. 9: 178 (1875); Pithecellobium ramiflorum (F.Muell.) F.M.Bailey, Syn. Queensland Fl. 146 (1883), as Pithecolobium, non Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 215 (1844); Pithecellobium ferdinandi-muelleri Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 277 (1926), as Pithecolobium; ramiflora (F.Muell.) Kosterm., Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesië 20: 26 (1954). T: Daintree R., [Qld], 1875, [E.F.A.]Fitzalan; holo: MEL 79719; iso: BRI AQ022811; probable iso: MEL 79772. Archidendron vaillantii var. pentzkeana Ewart, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria n. ser., 19: 33 (1906); Pithecellobium pentzkeanum (Ewart) Mohlenbr., Webbia 21: 684, fig. 13 (1966). T: Daintree R., [Qld], [T.]Pentzke 4 p.p.; holo: MEL 79714. Illustrations: R.Mohlenbrock, op. cit. 681, fig. 11, as Pithecellobium fernandi-muelleri, 685, fig. 13, as Pithecellobium pentzkeanum; I.C.Nielsen, Nordic J. Bot. 2: 487, fig. 7 (1982). Single-stemmed shrub or tree 4–8 m tall; branchlets, leaf axes and petiolules minutely puberulous. Leaves: axes with ±raised glands at apex of main axis and at each leaflet pair; pinnae 1-jugate; leaflets 5-jugate (one of basal pair sometimes absent), with petiolules to 9 (–15) mm long; lamina oblong-elliptic, elliptic and lanceolate-elliptic, acute to acuminate, commonly mucronate, 9–44 cm long, 5–14.5 cm wide. Inflorescences cauliflorous and ramiflorous, to 6.5 cm long, glabrous. Flowers sessile, creamy white, glabrous; calyx tubular, 5–9 mm long, truncate or with minute teeth; corolla tubular–funnel-shaped, 25–32 mm long. Pod contorted, deeply constricted along one margin between seeds, c. 8 cm long, 20 mm wide, woody, orange or red, glabrous. Seeds ellipsoidal, 10–15 mm long, 6–8 mm diam., black, subglossy. Figs 20, 23, 39G–L. Endemic in north-eastern Qld with a restricted occurrence from Shiptons Flat Station (c. 35 km S of Cooktown) south to vicinity of Johnstone River (W of Innisfail). Grows in understorey of monsoon forest or rainforest in lateritic soil from volcanics or deep soils derived from granite. Map 49. Qld: Tringilburra Ck, F.M.Bailey (BRI AQ13096); Bloomfield R., [E.]Bauer (MEL 595375); State Forest Reserve 755, Barong Logging Area, B.Gray 354 (BRI, CANB, NSW); Cedar Bay, J.G.Tracey 14670 (BRI). Nielsen (op. cit. 486) in his review of the genus, discusses the identity of the collection Pentzke 4, cited above as the holotype of Pithecellobium pentzkeanum (Ewart) Mohlenbr., concluding that the binomial is based on a mixture of Pentzke 4 and Pentzke 5; the latter, consisting of seeds and leaves only, is referable to A. ramiflorum.

47 MIMOSACEAE

Figure 40. A–E, Pararchidendron pruinosum var. pruinosum. A, node with leaf and inflorescences; B, nectaries on leaf axis; C, flower (A–C, P.I.Forster PIF9147, MEL); D, pod; E, seed (D–E, H.Low, MEL79862). F–J, Cathormion umbellatum subsp. moniliforme. F, node with leaf and inflorescence; G, nectary on leaf axis; H, flower (F–H, D.Lucas D8880, DNA); I, pods (D.R.Larcombe 43, DNA); J, seed (R.A.Perry 2560, CANB). Scale bars: A = 2 cm; B, G = 1 mm; C, E = 5 mm; D, H–J = 1 cm; F = 3 cm. Drawn by Milton Andrews.

48 MIMOSACEAE

16. CATHORMION Cathormion Hassk., Retzia 1: 231 (1855); from the Greek kathormion (a necklace), presumably in reference to the pods which are deeply constricted between the seeds. Type: C. umbellatum (Vahl) Kosterm. Shrub often with spines on branches, especially young growth and coppice shoots. Leaves bipinnate; leaf axes with extrafloral nectaries; stipules spinescent; pinnae 1–4-jugate; leaflets opposite, 3–7 (–8)-jugate, sessile. Inflorescences axillary, pedunculate clusters, bearing bisexual, 5-merous, heteromorphic flowers. Sepals and petals valvate and united. Stamens numerous, united in a short basal tube and with base of corolla; anthers eglandular. Pod ±compressed-moniliform, dehiscing in 1-seeded, indehiscent segments. Seeds with hard coat and pleurogram. A genus of c. 12 species, mostly in South America and Africa; one species occurring from SE Asia to Australia. A.J.G.H.Kostermans, A monograph of the Asiatic, Malaysian, Australian and Pacific species of Mimosaceae, formerly included in Pithecolobium Mart., Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesië 20: 11–14 (1954); R.K.Brummitt, Notes on two south-east Asian species of Leguminosae: Cathormion umbellatum and mooniana, Kew Bull. 24: 231–233 (1970).

Cathormion umbellatum (Vahl) Kosterm., Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesië 20: 12 (1954) subsp. moniliforme (DC.) Brummitt, Kew Bull. 24: 231 (1970) Inga moniliformis DC., Prodr. 2: 440 (1825); Pithecellobium umbellatum var. moniliforme (DC.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 38 (1855); Cathormion moniliforme (DC.) Hassk. sphalma moniliferum, Retzia 1: 231 (1855); Cathormion umbellatum f. moniliforme (DC.) Kosterm., Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesië 20: 14 (1954). T: Timor, coll. unknown; holo: G-DC n.v. (microfiche seen); iso: K n.v. Illustrations: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 205, fig. 54 (1979); J.Brock, Top End Native Pl. 119 (1988); I.C.Nielsen, Fl. Males. ser. I, 11(1): 144, fig. 19 (1992). Multi-stemmed shrub or tree 3–24 m tall; lateral branchlets sometimes spinescent on young growth. Leaf bearing sessile gland at each pair of pinnae and some distal leaflet pairs; axes glabrous to puberulous; pinnae 1- or 2 (rarely 3)-jugate; leaflets subsessile, 3–7 (–8)-jugate, oblong to elliptic (terminal pair larger and obovate), 1.5–5 cm long, 0.8–3 cm wide. Inflorescences axillary, capitate; peduncles 15–65 mm long, glabrous or ±puberulous. Flowers cream; pedicels 2–9.5 mm long; calyx tubular, 2–3.5 mm long; corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, 5–6 mm long, usually appressed-puberulous. Pod compressed-moniliform, 7– 21 cm long, 15–25 mm wide, breaking into 3–12 circular to rectangular, 1-seeded sections. Seeds compressed, discoid to oval, 11–13 mm long, 10–11 mm wide, brown. Minijarr (Alawa), Jalmbalmbuj (Mangarrayi), Purupuru (Ngarinyman). Fig. 40F–J. Widespread in Malesia and in northern Australia in coastal and near-coastal areas, as well as adjacent islands, from near Cape Londonderry in northern W.A., east through northern N.T. and skirting the Gulf of Carpentaria to Aurukun and the Morehead River on Cape York Peninsula; also on Saibai Is. (Coral Sea) northern Qld. Outliers occur near Lumbar Creek (c. 130 km SW of Halls Creek), W.A., and the Gregory River (north of Hughenden), Qld. Grows in alluvial soil along streams, rivers, billabongs, among , in swamps, in dune swales and in rainforest. Map 50. W.A.: Diversion Dam wall, Kununurra, C.Glover 110 (CANB, MEL, PERTH). N.T.: Wilton R., Bulman, J.Russell-Smith 4101 & D.Lucas (BRI, DNA); 16 km SW of Katherine, N.H.Speck 1658 (BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL, PERTH). Qld: Archer R., B.Hyland 7608 (BRI, CANB, QRS); Gregory R., W.MacGillivray (BRI AQ017961). As has been noted by Verdcourt (1979) and Nielsen (1992), this subspecies varies in the amount of pubescence present and, to some extent, its posture. The leaf axes are commonly glabrous or they have narrow, puberulous, erect wings; peduncles are most often glabrous but sometimes have a few scattered hairs. The pedicels and calyx vary from nearly glabrous to subdensely puberulous (e.g. B.Hyland 6463 (BRI, CANB) and 6961 (BRI, CANB) both from Portland Roads, Qld). These particular collections also have smaller than usual leaflets.

49 16. Cathormion MIMOSACEAE

Other collections with ±puberulous flower parts connect the strongly pubescent ones to the main mass of the material. Although, conventionally, the plants of this genus are described as having spinose stipules, most herbarium collections have minute, persistent, indurate stipules that easily escape attention. In addition, juvenile growth sometimes has large, rigid spines to 3 cm long, but these are spinose lateral branches, as is proved by the presence of ordinary stipules alongside the spines (e.g. G.J.Leach 3575 & C.R.Dunlop, DNA) and by the fact that they sometimes bear foliage. Spines are not commonly found on herbarium material. The nearest relative is the typical subspecies which has more pairs of pinnae and leaflets, the latter generally smaller. Some of the related African species appear to be close to C. umbellatum (Brummitt, op. cit. 233).

CAESALPINIACEAE

J.H.Ross1 (Caesalpinia, Bauhinia, Barklya and Sindora by A.S.George2; Cassia and Senna by B.R.Randell3 & B.A.Barlow4; Chamaecrista by L.Pedley5)

Trees, shrubs, sometimes climbers or lianes, or rarely herbs, unarmed or often armed in tribe . Leaves mostly alternate, usually pinnate, sometimes bipinnate, rarely unifoliolate or simple or reduced to a phyllode-like rachis; stipules paired, usually small, often caducous, or absent. Inflorescence axillary, terminal or sometimes cauliflorous, commonly paniculate, or reduced to simple racemes or spikes, rarely capitate or flowers solitary; racemes sometimes (by reduction of the main axis) represented by umbelliform fascicles. Flowers small to medium or large, regular or usually ±irregular to strongly irregular, mostly bisexual and 5-merous. Hypanthium absent to elongate and -like. Sepals usually imbricate, rarely valvate, rarely open from an early stage of bud, free or sometimes ±connate (in archaic genera such as Gleditsia the perianth is not clearly differentiated into two dissimilar series). Petals imbricate in bud, usually with the dorsal one within and overlapped by the adjacent lateral ones, free or sometimes united below, usually 5, sometimes reduced to only 1 or altogether absent. Stamens usually 10 or fewer, rarely numerous, free or ±united below, often of 2 unequal sets or some staminodal; filaments longer or shorter than the anthers; anthers usually dehiscing longitudinally but sometimes with apical or basal pores; pollen grains usually simple. Ovary unicarpellate, free or when stipitate the stipe sometimes ±adnate to the calyx tube; ovules anatropous. Fruit usually elongate, several- to many-seeded and dehiscent but various and sometimes indehiscent, drupaceous or samaroid. Seeds generally without areoles, with an apical or subapical hilum; embryo with a generally straight radicle. A family of about 150 genera and 2200 species, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Caesalpiniaceae abound in three main geographic regions: South America, tropical Africa and SE Asia. In Australia, 22 genera (of which three are endemic and six naturalised) and 127 species are present. Two endemic genera, Labichea and Petalostylis, and the related but widespread Senna, have radiated in the drier parts of the continent, but the remaining indigenous genera, which are largely related to Asian taxa, are confined to the tropical and subtropical north. 1National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Vic. 3141. 2'Four Gables', 18 Barclay Road, Kardinya, W.A. 6163. 3Randell Environmental Enterprises Pty Ltd, 7 Hastings Rd, South Brighton, S.A. 5048. 4c/- Australian National Herbarium, Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601. 5Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Heritage, Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068.

50 CAESALPINIACEAE

The Order Fabales consists of three major groups of genera and the taxonomic rank of these groups is one on which opinion has been divided. Some authors have considered the groups as three subfamilies (, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae) of the family Leguminosae, whereas others have accorded each group family rank (Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae and Fabaceae). The general content of the three groups, however, remains unaltered irrespective of the taxonomic rank assigned to them. Cronquist (1981) accorded Caesalpiniaceae family rank and this rank is retained here. However, the contemporary view is that the Leguminosae as a whole form a monophyletic group and that the family cannot be divided into three segregate families. The most archaic genera of Fabales appear to be the extratropical woody genera in the Caesalpiniaceae such as Gleditsia L., Lam., Ceratonia L., Zenia Chun. and Cercis L. (Polhill et al., 1981). The fossil record provides little evidence of the early evolution of Caesalpiniaceae, which appears to be the oldest family in the Fabales. However, the distribution of the family suggests that the first ancestors evolved in the Late Cretaceous after which there was considerable interchange between the three main centres of distribution, especially between South America and Africa (Cowan, 1981). After the Paleocene, the floras of these two regions became more distinct as the opportunities for interchange diminished and evolution proceeded in the two areas in response to different local conditions. Similarly, connections between Africa and SE Asia existed until they were severed by spreading aridity in the Late Tertiary. Caesalpiniaceae appear to have arrived in in the Neogene. The seeds of mimosoid genera often have an area on each face, usually ±elliptic or oblong in shape and open at the hilar end, bounded by a fine line which frequently appears as a fissure in the testa. This area is known as the areole and the line as the pleurogram (Brenan, 1959). The seeds of a few caesalpinioid genera, for example Tamarindus and Cassia, have what appears to be an areole but the resemblance is superficial. In Tamarindus and Cassia the areole is an area in which the testa is of a different thickness, and there is no break in the seed coat as in Mimosaceae. Moreover, the areole in Tamarindus has continuous margins and is closed. True mimosoid pleurogram-bounded areoles occur sporadically in the group of caesalpinioid genera (Erythrophleum and the African endemic Hook.). A.P. de Candolle, Suborder Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae, Prodr. 2: 473–521 (1825); G.Bentham, Suborder Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae, Fl. Austral. 2: 276–296 (1864); G.Bentham, Suborder Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae, in G.Bentham & J.D.Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1: 562–588 (1865); P.Taubert, Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae, in A.Engler & K.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 3: 125–184 (1892); J.Léonard, Genera des Cynometreae et des Amherstieae africaines (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae), Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique, Cl. Sci. (8°) 30: 1–314 (1957); J.P.M.Brenan, Leguminosae subfamily Mimosoideae, Fl. Trop. East Africa 1–173 (1959); J.Hutchinson, Caesalpiniaceae, Gen. Fl. Pl. 1: 221–276 (1964); J.P.M.Brenan, Leguminosae subfamily Caesalpiniodeae, Fl. Trop. East Africa 1–230 (1967); B.Verdcourt, Caesalpinioideae, Man. New Guinea Legumes 11–124 (1979); R.M.Polhill, P.H.Raven & C.H.Stirton, Evolution and systematics of the Leguminosae, in R.M.Polhill & P.H.Raven (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 1–26 (1981); R.S.Cowan, Caesalpinioideae, in R.M.Polhill & P.H.Raven (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 57–64 (1981); L.Watson, An automated system of generic descriptions for Caesalpinioideae, and its application to classification and key-making, in R.M.Polhill & P.H.Raven (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 65–80 (1981); A.Cronquist, Caesalpiniaceae, An Integrated System of Classification of Fl. Pl. 595–598 (1981); D.E.Symon, Leguminosae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, in B.D.Morley & H.R.Toelken, Fl. Pl. Australia 148–151 (1983); B.Wiecek, S.McCune & B.R.Randell, Caesalpinioideae, in G.J.Harden (ed.) Fl. New South Wales 2: 311–324 (1991); J.R.Wheeler, Caesalpiniaceae, in J.R.Wheeler et al. (eds), Fl. Kimberley Region 343–360 (1992); C.R.Dunlop, G.J.Leach & I.D.Cowie, Caesalpiniaceae, Fl. Darwin Region 2: 28–39 (1995); G.P.Lewis & B.D.Shire, A reappraisal of the Caesalpinia group (Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpineae) using phylogenetic analysis, in M.D.Crisp & J.J.Doyle (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 7: 41–52 (1995); F.J.Breteler, The boundary between Amherstieae and Detarieae (Caesalpinioideae), in

51 CAESALPINIACEAE

M.D.Crisp & J.J.Doyle (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 7: 53–61 (1995); P.S.Herendeen, Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Swartzieae, in M.D.Crisp & J.J.Doyle (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 7: 123–132 (1995); Ding Hou, K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, Caesalpiniaceae, Fl. Males. ser. I, 12(2): 409–730 (1996).

TRIBES IN CAESALPINIACEAE

Attempts thus far to divide Caesalpiniaceae into tribes have proved unsatisfactory for one reason or another. Endeavours to define the tribes so that they will be readily recognised and reflect biological reality are still underway, but progress has been made in recent years. Following the study of the tribes Amherstieae and Detarieae, Breteler (1995) concluded that the genera currently assigned to Detarieae (with the exception of Thylacanthus Tul. from Brazil) and the Amherstia group of genera of the Amherstieae should be united in one tribe under the name Detarieae. The remaining genera of the Amherstieae he placed in a new tribe, Macrolobieae (not in Australia). The tribe Swartzieae (not in Australia), formerly included by some in Caesalpiniaceae as its members have a general caesalpinioid aspect, has been placed in Fabaceae where it was until recently regarded as comprising one of the earlier papilionoid groups of genera near the Sophoreae. However, a study of the tribes Swartzieae and Sophoreae led Herendeen (1995) to conclude that Swartzieae is a polyphyletic group, and the concept that Swartzieae is a basal tribe within Fabaceae is not supported and should be abandoned. He proposed that all members of Swartzieae should be transferred to Sophoreae. Further work is required to address the relationships within the enlarged Sophoreae. The circumscription of tribes here and the key to tribes are based on Cowan (1981) but modified in the light of the work of Breteler (1995).

KEY TO TRIBES

1 Leaves simple, commonly bilobed, sometimes entire or 2-partite, but always with a single ±2-headed not jointed to the normally well-developed petiole, palmately nerved; sepals joined above Trib. 3. CERCIDEAE hypanthium; tube shortly to deeply lobed or spathaceous to 5-partite (Genera 15, 16) 1: Leaves usually compound or 1-foliolate (petiolule jointed), occasionally simple but then pinnately nerved; sepals mostly free to hypanthium or pedicel (adaxial pair sometimes joined) or if joined (some Caesalpinieae) leaflets numerous 2 Hypanthium absent (stamens hypogynous) or short and infilled with Trib. 2. CASSIEAE nectary tissue; anthers with lateral slits or more often with apical (Genera 8–14) and/or basal pores 2: Hypanthium generally cupular or tubular, if infilled or vestigial then anthers clearly introrse or calyx tubular; anthers opening by slits down the face or sides 3 Stipules lateral or absent; bud scales not leaving prominent spaced scars at base of each shoot and/or buds supraxillary; leaves bipinnate or pinnate, without twisted petiolules or specialised glands on the Trib. 1. CAESALPINIEAE leaflets; bracteoles narrow, small, usually caducous or absent (Genera 1–7) 3: Stipules intrapetiolar, joined behind the strictly axillary bud, commonly small and caducous but scars visibly running into the axil, or bud scales well-developed, leaving conspicuous discrete scars on lower part of each shoot; leaves pinnate, paripinnate if leaflets opposite, with a ±terminal leaflet if other leaflets alternate but superseded by a ±caducous rachis extension, or 1-foliolate; leaflets often glandular-punctate or with specialised glands; bracteoles not Trib. 4. DETARIEAE always present and never protecting the flower bud until anthesis (Genera 17–22)

52 CAESALPINIACEAE

KEY TO GENERA

1 Leaves simple or appearing simple (reduced to phyllodes), entire or, usually, ±bilobed, sometimes deeply divided and apparently bifoliolate, not pungent-pointed 2 Leaves simple, entire, broadly ovate or cordate, or, more commonly, ±bilobed, sometimes divided almost to the base 3 Leaves ±bilobed, sometimes divided almost to the base; petals 9–50 mm long; flowers solitary or few to many in terminal or subterminal and axillary racemes, corymbs or panicles 15. BAUHINIA 3: Leaves entire, broadly ovate or cordate; petals to 8 mm long; flowers crowded in dense spike-like racemes in terminal, panicle-like groups, occasionally solitary in upper axils 16. BARKLYA 2: Leaves appearing simple (reduced to phyllodes), not broadly ovate or cordate 11. SENNA 1: Leaves compound, rarely unifoliolate and then usually pungent-pointed apically 4 Leaves bipinnate 5 Plants armed with spines or prickles 6 Leaf rachises spinescent; secondary rachises broadly winged and appearing flattened, almost phyllodial; leaflets caducous 6. PARKINSONIA 6: Leaf rachises not spinescent; secondary rachises neither broadly winged nor flattened; leaflets not caducous 7 Leaflet margins conspicuously crenate or crenulate-denticulate; flowers greenish, unisexual or bisexual, the plants dioecious or polygamous, regular; stamens 5–7 1. GLEDITSIA 7: Leaflet margins not conspicuously crenate or crenulate- denticulate; flowers not greenish, usually bisexual, irregular or bilateral; stamens 10 8 Plants armed with prickles or spines either on the branches, lower surface of leaf rachises or pods; leaflets not cuneate- obovate or obcordate; ovary 1–10-ovulate; pods opening along the sutures or flattened and indehiscent 4. CAESALPINIA 8: Plants armed with a spine in the axils of some leaves; leaflets cuneate-obovate or obcordate; ovary 2–3-ovulate; pods opening down the middle of the valves 5. HAEMATOXYLUM 5: Plants not armed with spines or prickles 9 Leaflets alternate; petals to 6 mm long; flowers arranged in cylindrical spikes, cream to greenish yellow 7. ERYTHROPHLEUM 9: Leaflets opposite; petals 1.3–6.5 cm long; flowers not arranged in cylindrical spikes, yellow, white, orange or scarlet 10 Petals yellow, rusty-hirsute within basally; stigma broadly peltate; pods elliptic-oblong, with a distinct wing along each margin, indehiscent 2. PELTOPHORUM 10: Petals scarlet, yellow, orange, or white, not rusty-hirsute within basally; stigma not broadly peltate; pods various but lacking a wing along each margin, indehiscent or dehiscent 11 Petals all scarlet or sometimes upper one orange, yellowish or whitish; pods linear-oblong, woody, 20–50 cm long, dehiscing longitudinally into 2 valves 3. DELONIX 11: Petals yellow or white; pods various, if woody less than 15 cm long, longitudinally dehiscent or indehiscent 4. CAESALPINIA

53 Key to genera CAESALPINIACEAE

4: Leaves simply pinnate, rarely unifoliolate 12 Leaves imparipinnate, digitate or unifoliolate 13 Fertile anthers 2 or 3 14 Fertile anthers 2; style filiform; leaves imparipinnate, digitate or unifoliolate; leaflets 1–17, usually pungent-pointed apically 13. LABICHEA 14: Fertile anthers 3; style dilated into a boat-shaped petaloid limb; leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 3–80, not pungent-pointed apically 14. PETALOSTYLIS 13: Fertile anthers 4 or more 15 Leaflets 3 or 5 per leaf; leaves rusty-sericeous when young; stipules broadly ovate, mostly 3–4 mm long; flowers yellow; fruit oblong to slightly falcate, winged along upper suture 9. STORCKIELLA 15: Leaflets 1 or 2 per leaf; leaves not rusty-sericeous when young; stipules inconspicuous; flowers green or creamy white; fruit elliptic-oblong, not winged along the upper suture 20. CRUDIA 12: Leaves paripinnate 16 Branches, leaves and trunks unarmed 17 Petals absent 18 Leaves with 1 or 2 oblong, elliptic or narrowly ovate leaflets; stamens 8–10; sepals 4 20. CRUDIA 18: Leaves with 4–10 elliptic to obovate or orbicular leaflets; stamens 5; sepals 5 8. CERATONIA 17: Petals present, 1–5 19 Only 1 developed, the others rudimentary or absent 20 Leaflets in (1–) 2 (–3) pairs; stipules not foliaceous; fertile stamens 3; pods oblong; valves lacking spines 19. INTSIA 20: Leaflets in 3 pairs; stipules foliaceous; fertile stamens 2; pods ovate or elliptic; valves usually armed with spines 21. SINDORA 19: 2–5 petals developed 21 Well-developed petals 3; fertile stamens 3, alternating with 5 sterile teeth or short filaments; filaments united for about half of their length into a tube 22. TAMARINDUS 21: Well-developed petals 5; fertile stamens 5–80; filaments free or united basally only 22 Fertile stamens 15–80; young leaves originating from large (to 9 cm long) cone-shaped buds covered with imbricate scales 18. MANILTOA 22: Fertile stamens 5–10; young leaves not originating from large (to 9 cm long) cone-shaped buds 23 Leaflets in 2 pairs; anther thecae dehiscing longitudinally; obliquely subcircular with a lateral beak, rugose 17. CYNOMETRA 23: Leaflets in 1–80 pairs; anther thecae dehiscing by apical or basal pores or short slits; fruits not obliquely subcircular with a lateral beak and rugose 24 Filaments of the 3 abaxial stamens sigmoidally curved and many times longer than their anther which dehisces by slits, often nodulate medially 10. CASSIA 24: Filaments of all stamens straight or arcuately curved, either shorter than or not more than twice as long as their anther, if longer then the anther dehiscing by apical pores

54 CAESALPINIACEAE Key to genera

25 Anther thecae glabrous; pods either indehiscent or dehiscing along one or both sutures; valves not coiling 11. SENNA 25: Anther thecae ciliolate along the sutures; pods elastically dehiscent; valves coiling 12. CHAMAECRISTA 16: Branches, leaves or trunks armed with spines 26 Leaf rachises spinescent; secondary rachises broadly winged and appearing flattened, almost phyllodial; leaflets caducous 6. PARKINSONIA 26: Leaf rachises not spinescent; secondary rachises neither broadly winged nor flattened, almost phyllodial; leaflets not caducous 27 Spines simple or branched; leaflet margins distinctly crenate or crenulate-denticulate; stamens 5–7; fruit indehiscent 1. GLEDITSIA 27: Spines simple; leaflet margins entire but often deeply emarginate apically; stamens 10; fruit splitting longitudinally along the middle of each valve 5. HAEMATOXYLUM

Trib. 1. CAESALPINIEAE

Caesalpiniaceae trib. Caesalpinieae Eucaesalpinieae Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 72 (Mar. 1840); Caesalpinieae Endl., Gen. Pl. 1310 (Oct. 1840). T: Caesalpinia L. Dimorphandreae Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 74 (1840). T: Dimorphandra Schott Armed or unarmed trees, shrubs or rarely herbs, sometimes scandent. Leaves bipinnate or pinnate; stipules lateral or absent. Bracteoles small and usually caducous or absent. Hypanthium usually cupular, sometimes very short or tubular. Sepals usually 5 and free to hypanthium rim. Anthers dehiscing by slits. A tribe of 47 genera, seven of which occur in Australia. R.M.Polhill & J.E.Vidal, Caesalpinieae, in R.M.Polhill & P.H.Raven (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 81–95 (1981).

1. GLEDITSIA

J.H.Ross

Gleditsia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1056 (1753); named after J.Gottlieb Gleditsch (1714–1786), Director of the Botanischer Garten, Berlin. Type: G. triacanthos L. Deciduous trees; trunk and branches usually armed with simple or branched stout spines. Leaves simply paripinnate and bipinnate on the same shoot; stipules minute, caducous; leaflets numerous, subopposite to alternate; margins usually crenate or crenulate-denticulate. Inflorescences axillary, solitary or fascicled, racemose or occasionally paniculate, usually appearing with the young leaves; bracts scale-like, caducous. Flowers small, regular, the plants polygamous or dioecious. Hypanthium turbinate-campanulate; calyx lobes 3–5, subequal, valvate but incompletely enclosing the petals, deciduous. Petals as many as the calyx lobes, subequal, imbricate. Stamens 4–10; filaments filiform, pubescent basally; anthers subequal, dorsifixed. Ovary in bisexual and female flowers sessile or shortly stipitate; style oblique; stigma dilated, bilobed. Pod stipitate, flattened, broadly elliptic and 1-seeded or elongate and many-seeded, straight to falcate or twisted, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent, often pulpy within. Seeds transverse, compressed.

55 1. Gleditsia CAESALPINIACEAE

A genus of about 14 species, two or three in eastern , one in southern South America, one around the Caspian Sea, and the remainder from India to and the Philippines. One introduced species naturalised in Australia. K.R.Robertson & Y.-T.Lee, The genera of Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) in the southeastern United States, J. Arnold Arbor. 57: 1–53 (1976).

*Gleditsia triacanthos L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1056 (1753) T: North America; n.v. Illustrations: K.R.Robertson & Y.-T.Lee, op. cit. 28, fig. 4; R.D.Meikle, Fl. Cyprus 1: t. 37 (1977). Tree, usually armed with spines to 18 cm long; trunks and main branches often beset with a mass of spines. Leaves usually bipinnate and alternate on new growth and simply pinnate and fascicled from spurs on older wood; margins of leaflets conspicuously crenate or crenulate- denticulate. Bipinnate leaves mostly with 2–10 pairs of pinnae; leaflets 5–13 pairs per pinna, elliptic-oblong, mostly 1.3–2 cm long. Pinnate leaves in fascicles of 3–6, mostly with 10–16 pairs of leaflets; leaflets 1.5–3.8 cm long. Flowers greenish, in axillary, slender, drooping racemes. Staminate inflorescences with crowded subsessile to shortly pedicellate flowers; carpellate and perfect inflorescences with fewer pedicellate flowers. Stamens 5–7. Ovary densely pubescent. Pod oblong, often somewhat falcate, 15–40 cm long, 2.5–3.5 cm wide, indehiscent, with many seeds embedded in a pulpy tissue; valves reddish brown, often twisted or contorted at maturity. . Introduced from eastern North America and now naturalised in Qld and N.S.W.; possibly also in W.A. Recorded from stream and creek banks, roadsides and disturbed areas. Map 51. Qld: banks of Condamine R., Warwick, S.L.Everist 6211 (BRI); c. 88 km NE of Injune, Arcadia Valley, The Washpool, S.L.Everist 7985 (BRI). N.S.W.: Broadwater Swamp, 12 km NE of Windsor, R.Coveny 777 (NSW); Bunyah, c. 30 km E of Gloucester, 3 Feb. 1987, R.May (NSW). One of the hardiest and most adaptable fodder trees known. It grows easily from seeds, cuttings or suckers and is fairly fast-growing. Plants coppice vigorously when cut and the species has the capacity to form dense thickets. The pods are distributed by water and wind. They are relished by stock and constitute excellent feed.

2. PELTOPHORUM

J.H.Ross

Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 75 (1840), nom. cons.; derived from the Latin pelta (a small shield) and the Greek phoras (bearing), in allusion to the peltate stigmas. Caesalpinia sect. Peltophorum Vogel, Linnaea 11: 406 (1837). Type: P. dubium (Spreng.) Taub. Unarmed trees. Leaves bipinnate, without specialised glands on the petiole and rachis, with up to 21 pairs of pinnae; stipules deciduous; leaflets numerous, opposite. Inflorescence racemose; racemes often ±aggregated and paniculate; bracts usually linear-lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers bisexual. Calyx tube short; lobes 5, imbricate, subequal, longer than the tube. Petals 5, subequal, with upper one often shorter than the others, ±spathulate, strongly imbricate. Stamens 10, declinate; filaments free, conspicuously brown-villous basally, glabrous above; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary sessile or subsessile; style filiform, pubescent basally, glabrous above; stigma broadly peltate. Pod elliptic to oblong, flattened, with a distinct wing along each margin, indehiscent. Seeds strongly compressed, elongated longitudinally within the pod. A pantropical genus of seven to nine species, one of which occurs in northern Australia.

56 CAESALPINIACEAE 2. Peltophorum

Figure 41. . A, flowering twig; B, stipule (P.K.Latz 6241, DNA); C, flower; D, petal; E, stamen; F, gynoecium (A, C–F, N.Byrnes 1690, DNA); G, fruiting twig (M.Parker 521, DNA); H, seed; (M.Bateman s.n., MEL). Scale bars: A, G = 2 cm; B = 3 mm; C = 1 cm; D, H = 5 mm; E, F = 4 mm. Drawn by A.Barley (nee Podwyszynski).

57 2. Peltophorum CAESALPINIACEAE

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind. 2nd edn, 2: 755 (1927) Inga pterocarpa DC., Prodr. 2: 441 (1825). T: Timor; holo: P; iso: K, fide Ding Hou, Fl. Males., ser. 1, 12(2): 561 (1966). Caesalpinia inerme Roxb., Hort. Bengal. 90 (1814); Peltophorum inerme (Roxb.) Náves, in F.M.Blanco, Fl. Filip. 3rd edn, t. 335 (1877). T: Timor; n.v. Caesalpinia ferruginea Decne., Descr. Herb. Timor 134 (1834); Peltophorum ferrugineum (Decne.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 279 (1864). T: Timor; n.v. Illustration: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 17, fig. 1 (1979). Tree to 15 m tall; branchlets rusty-pubescent. Leaves rusty-pubescent when young; stipules simple, inconspicuous; petioles mostly 3–7.5 cm long; rachis mostly 10–30 cm long; pinnae 5–14 pairs; secondary rachises mostly 4–13 cm long; leaflets usually 9–20 pairs per pinna, oblong or oblong-rhombic, 8–21 mm long, 3.5–10 mm wide, asymmetric basally, rounded and usually emarginate apically, glabrous or appressed-pubescent. Racemes aggregated into terminal panicles, erect; axis densely rusty-pubescent. Flowers on rusty-pubescent pedicels 4–10 mm long. Calyx rusty-pubescent; lobes 5–10 mm long. Petals 1.3–2.3 cm long, yellow, rusty-hirsute basally within. Ovary rusty-pubescent. Pod 5–10 cm long, 2–3.2 cm wide, longitudinally striate, eventually splitting lengthwise along the middle of the valves. Seeds elliptic, 10–11 mm long, 5–5.5 mm wide. Figs 24, 41. Found on the coastal plains of N.T. and on some of the off-shore islands; cultivated but not naturalised in W.A. and in northern Qld. Also in India, SE Asia, Malaysia, Philippines and New Guinea. Occurs in monsoon vine thicket in stabilised sandy or lateritic ledges above the beach, on flood plains or on tidal flats in seasonally inundated clay soils, sometimes on the edges of mangrove swamps. Map 52. N.T.: Point Farewell, East Alligator R. estuary, Kakadu Natl Park, M.Lazarides 9213 (CANB, DNA); Channel Point, G.Wightman 324 & C.Dunlop (AD, BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL, NSW, PERTH); Channel Is., M.Parker 521 (DNA). Widely planted as an ornamental in the tropics.

3. DELONIX

J.H.Ross

Delonix Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 92 (1837); derived from the Greek delos (conspicuous) and onyx (a claw), in allusion to the long-clawed petals. Type: D. regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. Unarmed trees. Leaves bipinnate; stipules small, subulate and caducous or leafy and forked basally into 2 pinnate divisions; leaflets opposite, numerous. Inflorescences of short, axillary, corymbose racemes aggregated near ends of branchlets. Bracts small, inconspicuous, falling while the flower buds are still young, or persistent. Flowers large, bisexual. Sepals 5, valvate. Petals 5, conspicuously clawed, obovate to transversely elliptic or reniform, equal or subequal except that the upper posticous one is somewhat different from the rest in shape and colour. Stamens 10, all fertile; filaments pubescent or tomentose below; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary shortly stipitate; style not or only somewhat enlarged near apex into a transverse, ciliate, but not peltate, stigma. Pod linear-oblong, flattened, many-seeded, dehiscing longitudinally into 2 woody or coriaceous valves. Seeds transverse, hard, flattened and oblong-elliptic or oblong-subcylindrical. A genus of 10 species, one from eastern Africa to India, one from NE Africa and the rest in Madagascar. One species naturalised in Australia.

58 CAESALPINIACEAE 3. Delonix

R.Capuron, Contributions à l'étude de la flore forestière de Madagascar. Réduction du genre Aprevalia Baillon au rang de section du genre Delonix Raf. et description d'une espèce nouvelle (Leg. Césalp.), Adansonia sér. 2, 8: 11–16 (1968).

* (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 92 (1837) Poinciana regia Bojer ex Hook., in S.Curtis, Bot. Mag. 56: t. 2884 (1829). T: the plate, S.Curtis, loc. cit. Illustrations: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 31, fig. 5 (1979); D.S.Correll & H.B.Correll, Fl. Bahama Archipelago 635, fig. 260 (1982). Deciduous tree with rather smooth, greyish brown bark. Leaves with 10–25 pairs of pinnae; stipules pinnately compound, often persistent; leaflets 10–32 pairs per pinna, oblong, 4–12 mm long, 2–5 mm wide. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, racemose. Calyx c. 2 cm long, glabrous, deeply 5-lobed; lobes ±equal. Petals 3.5–6.5 cm long, subequal but the upper one slightly longer than the others, all scarlet or sometimes (especially the upper one and the claws of the others) orange, yellowish or whitish. Staminal filaments shorter than the petals. Pod woody, 20–50 cm long, 3.5–5.5 cm wide. Seeds sunken in transverse depressions in the woody endocarp, 1.7–2 cm long, 0.6–0.7 cm wide, dark brownish black. Royal Poinciana, Flamboyant. Fig. 22. A rare native of Madagascar, now naturalised in N.T., Qld and N.S.W., and in many tropical regions of the world. Map 53. N.T.: Black Point, Coburg Penin., M.Bigelow 15 (DNA); East Point, C.R.Dunlop 8783 & I.D.Cowie (DNA, MEL). Qld: Heron Is., 9 Sept. 1986, G.J.White (NSW). N.S.W.: Enngonia, 16 Feb. 1982, R.Murray (NSW). The Queensland specimen is sterile and the N.S.W. specimen is extremely fragmentary; both are included here with some hesitation. More complete material from these localities is desired to confirm the identity of the specimens.

4. CAESALPINIA

A.S.George

Caesalpinia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 380 (1753); Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 178 (1754), as Caesalpina; named after Andrea Caesalpino (1519–1603), professor of botany at Padua, , and physician to Pope Clement VIII. Type: C. brasiliensis L. Poinciana L., Sp. Pl. 1: 380 (1753); Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 178 (1754). T: P. pulcherrima L. L., Sp. Pl. 1: 381 (1753); Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 179 (1754). T: G. bonduc L. Bonduc Mill., Gard. Dict. abr. edn 1754 (unpaginated). T: not designated. Cantuffa J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat. 677 (1791). T: C. exosa J.F.Gmel. R.Br. ex Wight & Arn., Salt. Abyss. App. 64 (1814). T: P. lacerans R.Br., nom. illeg. Desf., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 245 (1818). T: M. glabrum Desf. Orthographic variants of this name include Mezonevron and Mezoneurum. Trees, shrubs or climbers, usually armed with prickles. Leaves bipinnate or reduced to scales; stipules minute to leafy; leaflets opposite, sometimes alternate, sometimes glandular. Flowers bisexual, occasionally unisexual, in terminal or axillary inflorescences, raceme- or panicle- like, occasionally solitary; bracts caducous. Sepals 5, imbricate or valvate, with the lowest commonly clasping the others. Petals 5, subequal or the uppermost with a smaller lamina but larger claw. Stamens 10, free; filaments usually alternately longer and shorter, hairy, commonly glandular; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary sessile or shortly stipitate; ovules 1–10; stigma terminal, oblique. Pod variable, usually flat or somewhat compressed, indehiscent or dehiscent, hard and woody or thick and pulpy or sometimes thin and winged. Seed transverse, not arillate.

59 4. Caesalpinia CAESALPINIACEAE

A tropical genus of c. 100 species, most numerous in the New World; 12 species in Australia, of which three are endemic and two naturalised. T.A.Hattink, A revision of Malesian Caesalpinia, including Mezoneuron (Leguminosae–Caesalpiniaceae), Reinwardtia 9: 1–69 (1974); Ding Hou, Caesalpinia, Fl. Males. ser. I, 12(2): 535–555 (1996); L.Pedley, Notes on Caesalpinia subg. Mezoneuron (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) in Australia, Austrobaileya 5: 97–102 (1997). 1 Stems glabrous, without prickles 2 Leaflets 4–7 mm long †C. coriaria 2: Leaflets 10–100 mm long 3 Pinnae 2–5 pairs; leaflets shining above; sepals 6–8 mm long; longest petal 10 mm long 4. C. crista 3: Pinnae 6–9 pairs; leaflets dull above; sepals 9–15 mm long; petals c. 20 mm long ††C. pulcherrima 1: Stems puberulous to pubescent, sometimes glabrescent, usually with prickles 4 Pistil glabrous 5 Pedicels 12–14 mm long; stamens c. 11 mm long 5. C. hymenocarpa 5: Pedicels 2–6 mm long; stamens 4–10 mm long 6 Stems glabrous, glossy; 4 lower petals 8–10 mm long; stamens 8–10 mm long 4. C. crista 6: Stems hairy at least when young, not glossy; 4 lower petals 3.5–6 mm long; stamens 4–7 mm long 7 Upper part of standard claw inrolled, enclosing a tuft of hairs; leaflets 16–22 pairs 8. C. traceyi 7: Claw of standard not inrolled or hairy; leaflets 2–11 pairs 8 Sepals 2.5–4 mm long; petals 3–4 mm long 10. C. subtropica 8: Sepals 4.5–8 mm long; petals 5–6 mm long 9 Leaflets 5–11 pairs, not shining above; upper petal longer than other 4; stems not developing corky flanges 6. C. scortechinii 9: Leaflets 2–5 pairs, shining above; upper petal slightly shorter than other 4; stems commonly developing corky flanges 9. C. nitens 4: Pistil or at least the ovary hairy 10 Ovary prominently bristly as well as pubescent; pod prickly 11 Leaflets 6–14 pairs per pinna; seeds globose, grey or yellow 12 Stipules pinnate, of 3–5 'leaflets' 5–20 mm long; ovules 2; seeds grey 1. C. bonduc 12: Stipules subulate, sometimes divided, to 2 mm long; ovules 4; seeds grey (in Australia), elsewhere yellow to brown 2. C. major 11: Leaflets 4 or 5 pairs per pinna; seeds obovoid, mottled purple and mauve 3. C. robusta 10: Ovary without bristles; pod not prickly 13 Stamens c. 5 mm long; pistil 5–10 mm long 7. C. erythrocarpa 13: Stamens more than 10 mm long; pistil 15 mm or more long 14 Stem prickly; leaflets without spots; ovary not glandular; stamens 10–16 mm long 11. C. decapetala

60 CAESALPINIACEAE 4. Caesalpinia

14: Stem not prickly; leaflets with black spots near margins on abaxial surface; ovary with large-headed glands; staminal filaments 8–9 mm long 12. C. gilliesii † C. coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. is recorded from an old garden site at Adels Grove, Qld (B.Kubata 14, BRI), but apparently is not naturalised. It is an unarmed, spreading tree to 8 m tall with small leaflets, short racemes and scented flowers with yellow petals. †† C. pulcherrima (L.) Sw. is doubtfully naturalised in Qld. It is a spreading tree to 4 m tall, glabrous except for the floral bracts, without or with few prickles, with large racemes, and red or sometimes yellow petals.

1. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2nd edn, 2: 362 (1832) L., Sp. Pl. 1: 381 (1753). T: Ceylon, coll. unknown; lecto: BM, Herb. Hermann vol. 3, folio 35, no. 156, n.v., fide J.E.Dandy & A.W.Exell, J. Bot. 76: 179 (1938). [Caesalpinia bonducella auct. non (L.) Fleming: F.M.Bailey, Queensland Fl. 2: 450 (1900); Guilandina bonducella auct. non L.: G.Bentham, Fl. Austral. 2: 276 (1864); see T.A.Hattink, op. cit. 17–20] Illustrations: K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 3: 51 (1987); J.Brock, Top End Native Pl. 107 (1988); B.Wiecek & S.McCune in G.J.Harden (ed.), Fl. New South Wales 2: 315 (1991). Robust climber to 20 m, sometimes shrubby or a small tree. Stems covered with long, straight and recurved prickles, glabrous to ferruginous-tomentose. Leaves: stipules leafy, lobed, to 5–20 mm long; petiole 5–10 mm long; rachis prickly; pinnae 3–11 pairs with prickle-like stipellae; leaflets 6–10 pairs per pinna, ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, obtuse to almost acute, 1–6.5 cm long, 0.5–2.5 cm wide, rounded at base, discolorous, glabrous to pubescent. Racemes axillary or terminal, simple or little-branched, 10–32 cm long. Flowers bisexual or male; pedicels 2–6 mm long; bracts lanceolate, 6–10 mm long, acuminate, caducous. Sepals 6–8 mm long; lobes oblong to obovate, rounded, pubescent both sides. Petals 6–8 mm long, bent outwards at middle, yellow or cream with basal spots, 4 equal and obovate-spathulate, the uppermost wider with an orange basal mark; claw hairy. Staminal filaments 2–5 mm long, hirsute in lower half; anthers 0.8–1.2 mm long. Pistil 6–7 mm long, pubescent; ovary also bristly; stigma ±cup-like; ovules 2. Pod oblong-elliptic, 4.5–9 cm long, 2.5–4.8 cm wide, dehiscent, puberulous and densely prickly. Seed 1 or 2, globose, 1.5–2 cm diam., grey; surface finely cracked. Grey-nicker. Fig. 25. Occurs in far-northern and north-eastern N.T., along the east coast of Qld and south to Ballina, N.S.W.; also on Cocos (North Keeling) and Christmas Is., and two small populations on Lord Howe Is. Widespread in the Old and New World tropics. Grows among granitic or basaltic rocks in shrubland and vine forest, in sand behind beach or mangroves or in littoral rainforest, and in N.S.W. near waterways. Flowers Jan.–July, and spring in N.S.W.; fruits June–Nov. Map 54. N.T.: Arnhem Land, R.L.Specht 16 (BRI, CANB, K, MEL, PERTH). Qld: Magic Bay, North Keppel Is., c. 18 km E of Yeppoon, P.R.Sharpe 4722 & D.Hanger (BRI); Scotties Beach, Burdekin [R.] estuary, K.Paijmans 3498 (CANB). N.S.W.: Murwillumbah, Dec. 1896, W.Bauerlen (NSW). The seeds float and are washed up on beaches, retaining viability for several years. The prickles are puberulous. A collection from Mornington Is. has leaflets less than 2 cm long. Leaflets sometimes with a slender apiculum. The stipules are commonly caducous, making separation from C. major difficult.

2. Caesalpinia major (Medik.) Dandy & Exell, J. Bot. 76: 180 (1938) Bonduc majus Medik., Theod. Spec. 43, t. 3 p.p. (1786). T: Moluccas, Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 5: t. 48 (1747); lecto: the plate, fide T.A.Hattink, Reinwardtia 9: 39, 41 (1974). Caesalpinia broomensis Hochr., Candollea 2: 385 (1925). T: Broome, W.A., 4 Feb. 1905, B.P.G.Hochreutiner 2841; n.v., possibly at G. Illustration: J.R.Wheeler et al. (eds), Fl. Kimberley Region 345, fig. 102A (1992). Dioecious climber to 15 m. Stems covered with straight or curved prickles, rusty-tomentose or glabrous. Leaves: stipules subulate, commonly divided, caducous; petiole and rachis to

61 4. Caesalpinia CAESALPINIACEAE

75 cm long, with recurved prickles; pinnae 3–8 pairs; stipellae prickle-like or absent; leaflets 6–14 per pinna, ovate-oblong to orbicular, acute, obtuse or emarginate but with slender apiculum, 2–9 cm long, 1.3–5 cm wide, acute to rounded at base, shining both surfaces, glabrous or hairy, openly and shallowly reticulate. Inflorescence 10–50 cm long, supra- axillary or terminal, male or female or mixed; pedicels 6–12 mm long; bracts subulate, 7–9 mm long, tomentose. Flowers scented. Sepals oblong, 9–12 mm long. Petals obovate, 12–15 mm long, yellow. Stamens 8–12 mm long, very hairy in lower half; anthers 1.4–1.8 mm long. Pistil c. 7 mm long, glabrous; ovules 4. Pod elliptic to rounded, 4–13 cm long, 3.5–6 cm wide, green, bristly, pubescent including bristles. Seeds 2–4, subglobose, 1.5–2.5 cm diam., grey (in Australia), elsewhere yellow to brown. Yellow-nicker. Occurs from south-eastern North America to Guyana, also in Madagascar, and from India to the Pacific; in the Kimberley, W.A., locally common in places, occasional near the Prince Regent River, Mt Talbot, Edgar Range, Walcott Inlet and Wollaston Is.; also on Norfolk and Lord Howe Is. Grows in vine thicket. Also cultivated. Flowers Feb.; fruits Mar.–June and Nov. Map 55. W.A.: Cape Leveque, H.Demarz 8770 (PERTH); 4 km S of Cape Bertholet, Dampierland, K.F.Kenneally 6036 (PERTH). Related to C. bonduc and sometimes difficult to distinguish from it. The description of the seeds as black in Wheeler et al. (eds), op. cit. 344, probably refers to seed of C. bonduc. At MEL there is a collection of seeds from Richmond R., N.S.W., Mrs Hodgkinson (possibly cultivated) that may be this species. Caesalpinia broomensis is placed here in synonymy on the basis of its stipules being described as small, filiform and often curved, which fits those of C. major rather than C. bonduc. This is the only species of the genus recorded from Broome, W.A.

3. Caesalpinia robusta (C.T.White) Pedley, Austrobaileya 1: 34 (1977) Mezoneuron robustum C.T.White, Contr. Arnold Arbor. 4: 43 (1933). T: Boonjie, , Qld, 19 Sept. 1929, S.F.Kajewski 1206; iso: BRI, K. The BRI sheet gives the date as 30 Nov. 1929. Woody vine. Stems dark brown, pubescent or puberulous (including prickles). Leaves: rachis 40–60 cm long, with recurved prickles; pinnae 3–7 pairs; leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, ovate-elliptic, 3–7 cm long, narrowed but acute with short apiculum, discolorous, puberulous on both surfaces. Racemes supra-axillary, recurved; rachis prickly and pubescent; pedicels 5–6 mm long. Sepals 6–8 mm long, tomentose and with knob-like trichomes near base. Petals 8–9 mm long, yellow, mainly glabrous, pubescent towards base. Stamens 6–7 mm long, pink, very hairy; anthers 1.2 mm long. Pistil hirsute throughout; stigma much-thickened. Pod broadly obovate, 7 cm long, 5 cm wide, prickly, puberulous. Seed 1 or 2, obovoid, 22 mm diam., very thick, mottled purple or red and mauve. Endemic on the Atherton Tableland, Qld; grows in rainforest. Flowers Aug.–Sept.; fruits Aug. Map 56. Qld: State Forest Reserve 185, Danbulla, 5 Oct. 1929, R.H.Doggrell A.14 (BRI, K); Atherton Tableland at top of Gillies Hwy, V.Scarth-Johnson 124 (36) (K); Portion 92, Malanda, G.C.Stocker 1522 & B.Gray (BRI, CANB, QRS); Boonjie, L.J.Webb 991 (CANB).

4. Caesalpinia crista L., Sp. Pl. 1: 380 (1753) T: Ceylon, coll. unknown; lecto: BM, Herb. Hermann vol. 1, folio 68, n.v., fide J.E.Dandy & A.W.Exell, J. Bot. 76: 175–180 (1938). Guilandina nuga L., Sp. Pl. 2nd edn, 546 (1762); Caesalpinia nuga (L.) W.T.Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2nd edn, 3: 32 (1811). T: Ambon, G.E.Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 5: t. 50 (1747). Guilandina paniculata Lam., Encycl. 1: 434 (1785); Caesalpinia paniculata (Lam.) Roxb., Hort. Bengal. 32 and note (1814). T: Malabar, India, H.A.Rheede, Hort. Malab. 6, t. 19 (1686). Illustrations: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 25, fig. 3, 1–6 (1979); K.Larsen et al., Fl. Camboge, , 18: 35, pl. 4, 1–7 (1980). Robust climber to 15 m long. Stems thick, glossy, with or without prickles, glabrous. Leaves: stipules obsolete; petiole and rachis 10–30 cm long, usually with prickles at base of pinnae;

62 CAESALPINIACEAE 4. Caesalpinia pinnae 2–5 pairs; leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, sometimes 4 or 5, broadly lanceolate to elliptic, rounded to acuminate, 2–10 cm long, to 25 mm wide, acute at base, glossy above, pale below, glabrous. Racemes axillary and terminal, forming groups to 40 cm long; rachis puberulous; pedicels 5–6 mm long. Flowers sweetly scented. Sepals 6–8 mm long, glabrous, with lowest hooded. Standard petal c. 5 mm wide on claw 5 mm long, yellow with orange-red veins and 2 green thickenings inside; other 4 petals elliptic, 8–10 mm long, yellow. Staminal filaments 8–10 mm long, woolly; anthers 1–1.2 mm long. Pistil 10–14 mm long, glabrous; ovule usually 1. Pod elliptic, beaked, slightly swollen, 4–7.5 cm long, 2.5–3.5 cm wide, indehiscent, dark brown, glabrous. Seed usually 1, orbicular to ovate or reniform, 2–2.5 cm long, black or dark brown. Occurs from India through Malesia to , Polynesia and north-eastern Qld. Grows in vine forest margins and behind mangroves. Flowers Nov.–Mar; fruits Feb. Map 57. Qld: North Maria Ck, [Mission Beach], N.Byrnes MB131 (BRI); Daintree R., B.M.Hinton 288 (BRI). There is an inland collection from Broughton R., c. 13 km south of Charters Towers, 14 Aug. 1943, F.P.Morris (NSW), but the locality may be incorrect. The prickles are sometimes few or absent.

5. Caesalpinia hymenocarpa (Prain) Hattink, Reinwardtia 9: 35 (1974) Mezoneuron hymenocarpum Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 66: 233, 472 (1897). T: Taong Doung, Burma, Herb. Wallich. 5832; iso: BM n.v., K. Illustration: K.Larsen et al., Fl. Camboge, Laos, Vietnam 18: 47, pl. 7, 8–12 (1980). Woody liane. Bark corky. Stems with stout prickles, sparsely puberulous. Leaves: stipules narrowly triangular with thick base, to 1.7 mm long; petiole and rachis 15–35 cm long, sparsely puberulous to almost glabrous, with spines at base of pinnae; pinnae 6–11 pairs; stipellae prickle-like; leaflets 3–10 pairs, obovate to elliptic, obtuse to emarginate, 9–22 mm long, 5–15 mm wide, discolorous, glabrous. Flowers in terminal panicles or racemes; rachis to 30 cm long, pubescent; pedicels 12–14 mm long, pubescent. Sepals ovate, pubescent, with the lowest c. 10 mm long, and the other four c. 7 mm long. Petals (?)yellow: upper reniform to orbicular, 7–8 mm long including claw of 3–4 mm, hairy on margins; other four 7–11 mm long including claw of 0.5 mm. Stamens c. 11 mm long; filaments hairy towards base; anthers 1.2 mm long. Pistil 14–15 mm long, glabrous; stigma thickened; ovules 4–6. Pod oblong-elliptic with short, bent tip, 6–14 cm long, 2–3.5 cm wide, winged along upper suture, thin, red-brown, glabrous but with sunken glands. Seeds 2–5, compressed-orbicular, 12–14 mm wide. Occurs in SE Asia, Ceylon, China, Malesia and in Qld. Grows on sandstone soil in vine thicket and in clay in low closed forest, sometimes by streams. Flowers Feb.–Mar.; fruits July. Map 58. Qld: Arthur Ck, c. 21 km SW of Batavia Downs on track to Meluna, J.R.Clarkson 6094 (BRI, MEL). The long pedicels and thin pod valves distinguish this from other closely related Australian species.

6. Caesalpinia scortechinii (F.Muell.) Hattink, Reinwardtia 9: 52, fig. 4.18 (1974) Mezoneuron scortechinii F.Muell., South. Sci. Rec. 2: 73 (1882). T: Wide Bay, Qld, J.C.Bidwill s.n.; lecto: K, fide T.A.Hattink, loc. cit.; Logan R., Qld, 1881, B.Scortechini 166; syn: MEL (3 sheets), NSW; Burnett R., Qld, F.Mueller; syn: n.v. Illustration: B.Wiecek & S.McCune in G.J.Harden (ed.), Fl. New South Wales 2: 314 (1991). Sprawling shrub or liane. Stems commonly prickly, glaucous, pubescent to puberulous, sometimes glabrescent. Leaves: stipules triangular, 1.5–2 mm long, caducous; rachis 15–25 cm long, commonly recurved, pubescent, with prickles at base of pinnae; pinnae 4–10 pairs; stipellae absent; leaflets 5–11 pairs, oblong to oblong-elliptic but unequal at base, obtuse or retuse, 1–3 cm long, 7–18 mm wide, discolorous, pubescent below at least on midrib. Racemes 8–20 cm long, in terminal panicles; pedicels 3–4 mm long; bracts

63 4. Caesalpinia CAESALPINIACEAE lanceolate, acute, 3–5 mm long, pubescent. Sepals ovate-orbicular; lowest 7–8 mm long; upper ones 5 mm long, reflexing. Petals slightly longer than sepals, obovate, yellow, glabrous; uppermost 5–6 mm long; other 4 shorter. Stamens 4–5 mm long, hairy in lower half; anthers 1 mm long. Pistil 7 mm long, glabrous; style bent back from ovary; stigma cup- like. Pod rhombic-ovate to orbicular, 3–5.5 cm long, 2–3.5 cm wide, with narrow wing along upper suture, red-brown to black. Seed 1, ±reniform, flat, 18 mm long, blue-green. Wait-a- while. Fig. 27. Occurs in Qld and north-eastern N.S.W. Grows in black or red loam, sand or basaltic scree in vine thicket, on rainforest margins, in mixed eucalypt forest, on creek banks and on dunes in vine forest. Also in Malesia and . Flowers July–Nov.; fruits Aug.–Dec. Map 59. Qld: 3.2 km SE of Wenlock R. towards Pascoe R., Iron Range road, P.Hind 773 (NSW); Lower Mooloolah R., 3 km SW of Mooloolah, P.R.Sharpe 3237 (NSW); 4.5 km S of Binjour, Mundubbera, P.I.Forster 4801 (BRI, CANB, K, MEL). N.S.W.: Byrril Ck, near Glen Warning, c. 16 km SW of Murwillumbah, R.D.Hoogland 11665 (BRI, CANB, K, NSW); just SW of summit, Mt Nardi, Konorigan Ra., R.Coveny 4495 & A.N.Rodd (NSW). Related to C. subtropica but flowers larger and upper petal longer than others, larger fruit, and lacking the corky outgrowths on the stem.

7. Caesalpinia erythrocarpa Pedley, Austrobaileya 5: 98 (1997) T: Rocky R., Cook District, Qld, c. 13°50'S, 143°25'E, 6 Sept. 1973, B.Hyland 6812; holo: BRI; iso: K, QRS. Illustration: L.Pedley, op. cit. 100, fig. 1D–F. Scrambling liane. Stems prickly, pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves: stipules not seen, caducous; petiole 3.5–7.5 cm long; rachis commonly recurved, 15–20 cm long, puberulous, glabrescent with prickles at base of pinnae; pinnae 6 pairs, sometimes 4; stipellae absent; leaflets 3–5 (–7) pairs, obovate to oblong or almost orbicular, commonly 16–20 mm long, 10–14 mm wide, discolorous, glabrous above, minutely appressed-pubescent below. Racemes to 25 cm long in terminal panicles; pedicels 3–5 mm long; bracts not seen. Sepals elliptic, the lowest c. 6 mm long, the others c. 5 mm, velvety. Petals ovate, glabrous, the uppermost c. 7 mm long, the other four c. 6 mm long, yellow. Stamens c. 5 mm long, hairy in lower half; anthers c. 2.5 mm long. Pistil c. 7 mm long; ovary pubescent; style glabrous; stigma small, cup-like. Pod broadly elliptic, 4.5–5 cm long, 2.5–3 cm wide, broadly winged, red-brown. Seed 1 or 2, not seen. Occurs in Qld along the east side of Cape York Peninsula, and in New Guinea. Grows in riverine rainforest. Flowers July–Aug.; fruits July–Nov. Map 60. Qld: Archer R., Coen–Wenlock road, L.J.Brass 19746 (BRI); Claudie R., B.P.Hyland 21263 (BRI, QRS); Port Stewart Rd, C.H.Gittins 997 (BRI, NSW). Most closely related to C. scortechinii, differing in the larger flowers, pubescent ovary and shorter leaflets.

8. Caesalpinia traceyi Pedley, Austrobaileya 5: 99 (1997) T: Kuranda, Cook District, Qld, 16°49'S, 145°38'E, 7 Nov. 1958, L.S.Smith 10448; holo: BRI; iso: K. Illustration: L.Pedley, op. cit. 100, fig. 1A–C. Scrambling liane. Stems prickly, sparsely hairy, glabrescent. Leaves: stipules not seen, caducous; petiole 3.5–7.5 cm long; rachis curved, 16–35 cm long, prickly, puberulous; pinnae 7–11 pairs; stipellae not seen; leaflets usually 16–22 pairs, oblong, 8–19 mm long, glabrous above, sparsely appressed-pubescent below. Racemes to 12 cm long in terminal panicles; rachis hairy; pedicels 2–3 mm long; bracts not seen. Sepals elliptic, the longest c. 5–7 mm long, the others 3–4 mm. Petals obovate, yellow, the uppermost 3.5–4.3 mm long, the claw with strongly inrolled margins with a tuft of hairs inside, the other four 4–4.5 mm long. Stamens 4–5.2 mm long, long-hairy in lower half; anthers c. 2 mm long. Pistil c. 6 mm long; ovary hairy; style glabrous; stigma small, cup-like. Pod broadly elliptic, 3.5–4 cm long, c. 2.5 cm wide (4 mm with wing), membranous. Seed not seen.

64 CAESALPINIACEAE 4. Caesalpinia

Endemic in north-eastern Qld, between Cairns and Cape Tribulation, with an outlier near Coen. Grows in rainforest. Flowering and fruiting times unknown. Map 61. Qld: Timber Reserve 1230, Boonjie Logging Area, B.Hyland 8917 (BRI); State Forest Reserve 315, c. 1.5 km along Black Mtn road, K.J.White 1021 (BRI); between Cairns and Herberton, 1896, C.J.Wild (BRI). The strongly inrolled margins of the upper petal claw are diagnostic. Related to C. scortechinii but usually has more pinnae and leaflets.

9. Caesalpinia nitens (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Pedley, Austrobaileya 5: 99 (1997) Pterolobium nitens F.Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 279 (1864); Cantuffa nitens (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 168 (1891). T: Mt Mueller [Mt Millar], near Edgecombe Bay, Qld, 12 Dec. 1863, J.Dallachy; holo: MEL. Sprawling shrub or liane. Stems prickly, later with corky flanges, puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves: stipules not seen, caducous; petiole 1–3.5 cm long; rachis 4–9 cm long with scattered hairs, prickly; pinnae 2–5 pairs; leaflets 2–5 pairs, broadly obovate, rounded to slightly emarginate, commonly 10–24 mm long, 7–13 mm wide, discolorous, shining above, glabrous or sparsely hairy above. Racemes in terminal panicles, pubescent; pedicels c. 2 mm long; bracts narrowly triangular, c. 4 mm long. Sepals oblong, pubescent near base, the largest 7.5 mm long, the others 4.5–5 mm long. Petals 5.5–6 mm long, the uppermost slightly shorter and narrower than the other 4, yellow. Stamens c. 6 mm long, hairy in lower half; anthers 1.2 mm long. Pistil c. 8 mm long, glabrous; style glabrous; stigma narrowly funnel- shaped, fringed. Pod and seed not seen. Endemic in eastern Qld, between Proserpine and Nambour. Grows in relatively dry rainforest. Flowering and fruiting times unknown. Map 62. Qld: Scawfell Is., ENE of Mackay, G.N.Batianoff 6189A & P.Thompson (BRI); State Forest 645, N of Gin Gin, A.R.Bean 8376 (BRI); c. 25 km NW of Didcot, K.M.Sparshott 597 & G.Turpin (BRI). Very closely related to C. scortechinii, differing mainly in having fewer pinnae and leaflets, the latter shiny above, glabrous or almost so.

10. Caesalpinia subtropica Pedley, Austrobaileya 1: 33 (1977) Based on Mezoneuron brachycarpum Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 278 (1864), as Mezoneurum; Caesalpinia brachycarpa (Benth.) Hattink, Reinwardtia 9: 53 (1974) and in J.E.Vidal & S.Hul Sol, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) sér. 3, 227: 26 (1974), nom. illeg. non (A.Gray) Fisher (1893). T: Richmond R., N.S.W., C.Moore; lecto: K, fide T.A.Hattink, Reinwardtia 9: 53 (1974); Araucaria Ra., Moreton Bay, Qld, F.Mueller; syn: K. The other syntype, Wide Bay, Qld, Bidwill (K), is C. scortechinii. Illustrations: T.D.Stanley & E.M.Ross, Fl. SE Queensland 1: 396, fig. 63F (1983); B.Wiecek & S.McCune in G.J.Harden (ed.), Fl. New South Wales 2: 315 (1991). Climbing shrub. Stems prickly, later with corky flanges, brown-tomentose, sometimes soon glabrous. Leaves: stipules triangular, c. 0.5 mm long, pubescent, caducous; petiole 1–2.5 cm long; rachis 5–10 (–15) cm long, tomentose, prickly; pinnae 3–6 pairs; leaflets 5–7 pairs, oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse, 6–19 mm long, 4–9 mm wide, discolorous, shining above, puberulous to almost glabrous. Racemes 15–20 cm long, in terminal panicles, golden- pubescent and prickly; pedicels 3–4 mm long; bracts lanceolate, 3–5 mm long, caducous. Flowers scented. Sepals 2.5–4 mm long, pubescent but ±glabrous near margins. Petals all 3–4 mm long, yellow. Stamens 4–7 mm long, hairy in lowest third; anthers 0.8 mm long. Pistil 7–8 mm long, glabrous; stigma cup-like. Pod ovate, acute, 2.5–3 cm long, with a narrow wing along upper suture, glabrous. Seed 1, flat, brown. Endemic in Qld and north-eastern N.S.W. Grows in alluvial loam and basaltic soil in vine forest and vine thicket, commonly near creeks, and in near-coastal rainforest. Flowers Sept.–Dec.; fruits Nov. Map 63. Qld: Tallebudgera Ck, C.T.White 6592 (K); upper Currumbin Ck, Tomewin Ra., K.A.Williams 81241 (BRI, CANB). N.S.W.: 6.4 km NNW of Nimbin on Murwillumbah–Lismore road, R.Coveny 3486 & J.O'Hara (BRI, K, NSW); Tweed R., 1911, J.H.Simmonds (BRI).

65 4. Caesalpinia CAESALPINIACEAE

The corky flanges on the stem develop at the base of the prickles. Collections from Glenugie Peak, N.S.W. (e.g. R.Coveny 3533 & J.O'Hara, NSW) have a curved main leaf rachis with c. 9 pairs of pinnae, small leaflets (2–10 mm long), and pubescent or glabrous stems.

11. *Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth.) Alston, in H.Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon Suppl.: 89 (1931) Reichardia ?decapetala Roth., Nov. Pl. Sp. 212 (1821). T: India, Heyne; ?K. Caesalpinia sepiaria Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2nd edn, 2: 360 (1832). T: India, Roxburgh; iso: BM, K, Herb. Wallich. 5834A, n.v., fide T.A.Hattink, Reinwardtia 9: 26 (1974). Illustrations: K.Larsen et al., Fl. Camboge, Laos, Vietnam 18: 31, pl. 3, 1–7 (1980); B.Wiecek & S.McCune in G.J.Harden (ed.), Fl. New South Wales 2: 315 (1991). Sprawling shrub or climber to 20 m. Bark rough at base, smoother and cream-green above. Stems prickly, densely pubescent. Leaves: stipules ovate, acuminate, pubescent both sides; petiole 3–8 cm long; rachis prickly; pinnae 4–10 pairs; stipellae prickle-like; leaflets 5–12 pairs, oblong to ovate, 7–18 mm long, 2–6 mm wide, obtuse, discolorous, pubescent both sides. Racemes terminal, simple, 15–35 cm long; rachis pubescent; pedicels 15–25 mm long; bracts lanceolate, 7–9 mm long, hirsute, caducous; flower reflexed at apex of pedicel. Sepals oblong, 9–10 mm long. Petals ±orbicular, 10–15 mm long, white to pale yellow; uppermost petal smaller and narrower. Stamens 10–16 mm long, woolly in lower half; anthers 1.7 mm long. Pistil 15–20 mm long, hairy in lower two-thirds; stigma cup-like; ovules 8–10. Pod oblong with prominent thorn-like beak, straight or gently curved, swollen over seeds, 6–10 cm long, 2.3–2.5 cm wide, dehiscent, prominently nerved on one side, brown, pubescent. Seeds 4–9, globular, 6–10 mm diam., brown and black. Wait-a-while, Thorny Poinciana. Fig. 26. Native of India, SE Asia, China, Japan, Malesia; naturalised in Qld and as far south as Wollongong, N.S.W., and on Norfolk Is. Grows along road verges and near-coastal creek banks in disturbed forest or woodland, forming large clumps. Flowers June–Nov.; fruits Aug.–Dec. Map 64. Qld: Abergowrie, near Ingham, 4 Dec. 1967, A.W.Ford (BRI); near Atherton, 13 Sept. 1944, E.J.McDonald (BRI); Ashgrove, near Brisbane, 13 Nov. 1926, C.T.White (BRI). N.S.W.: 3.2 km S of Eltham, ENE of Lismore, R.Coveny 4366 (K, NSW); Innes Ruins, near Port Macquarie, L.S.Smith 12727 (BRI). According to J.L.Boorman (in sched., NSW) this was in cultivation at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney in 1883, having been introduced for hedges. There are also two collections from Waterfall Gully, Mt Lofty Range, S.A., made in 1908, but apparently it did not become established. from the seeds is used in the tanning industry (C.S.Boonkerd, Prosea Handb. 3: 57, 1991).

12. *Caesalpinia gilliesii (Wall. ex Hook.) Benth., in C.F.P. von Martius, Fl. Bras. 15(2): 71 (1870) Poinciana gilliesii Wall. ex Hook., Hook. Bot. Misc. 1: 129, t. 34 (1830). T: 'Prope Rio Quarto et Rio Quinto, et apud La Punta de San Luis. Abundat circa Mendosam, Americae meridionalis'; n.v. Illustrations: G.M.Cunningham et al., Pl. Western New South Wales 377 (1981); B.Wiecek & S.McCune in G.J.Harden (ed.), Fl. New South Wales 2: 314 (1991). Shrub to 3 m tall, not prickly. Branchlets glandular and pubescent. Leaves glabrous; stipules leafy, laciniate, 4–5 mm long, persistent; petiole and rachis 8–12 cm long; pinnae 8–15 pairs; stipellae absent; leaflets 7–10 pairs, oblong, 3–6 mm long, 1–2.5 mm wide, obtuse, with blackish spots near margin on lower side, (?)otherwise concolorous. Racemes terminal, 5–15 cm long, glandular-pubescent; pedicels to 15 mm long. Sepals 1.5–2.5 cm long, glandular-pubescent; tube prominently ribbed. Petals 3 cm long, yellow. Staminal filaments 8–9 mm long, red, hirsute near base; anthers 1.5–2 mm long. Pistil 9.5 mm long, hirsute in lower half; ovary with prominent glands and also hirsute; stigma peltate. Pod oblong, flat, the tip upturned, 6–8 cm long, 1.5–2 cm wide, dehiscent, pale gold, with scattered, short, glandular hairs. Seeds 3–5, obovate, flat, 10 mm long, shining brown.

66 CAESALPINIACEAE 4. Caesalpinia

Native of South America. In Australia sparingly naturalised as a garden escape in inland regions, in southern W.A., southern N.T., eastern S.A., south-eastern Qld and south-western N.S.W. Grows in sand on river and creek banks and in loam near settlements. Flowers summer–autumn. Map 65. W.A.: Norseman, T.R.Lally 537 & B.J.Lepschi (AD, CANB, PERTH). N.T.: Ross River Tourist Resort, P.K.Latz 9831 (AD, DNA). S.A.: near Blinman on road to Parachilna, D.E.Symon 2152 (AD, K). Qld: Blythesdale, c. 12 km E of Roma, R.W.Johnson 2077 (BRI, K). N.S.W.: 8 km E of Broken Hill, G.M.Cunningham & P.L.Milthorpe 271 (NSW). A popular garden plant.

5. HAEMATOXYLUM

J.H.Ross

Haematoxylum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 384 (1753); derived from the Greek haemato (blood) and xylon (wood), in allusion to the blood-red wood of H. campechianum. Haematoxylon is an orthographic variant. Type: H. campechianum L. Trees or shrubs, unarmed or armed with stout spines. Leaves paripinnate or sometimes the lower pinnae again divided and bipinnate, with a few pairs of usually obcordate or obovate leaflets; stipules small and relatively inconspicuous or spinescent. Inflorescence an axillary or terminal raceme. Flowers bisexual, pedicellate; bracts minute or inconspicuous; bracteoles absent. Calyx eglandular or sometimes covered with numerous, small, stalked glands; receptacle very short, oblique; sepals 5, imbricate; lower much larger, hooded apically and clasping the others. Petals 5, imbricate, obovate or oblong, slightly unequal. Stamens 10, free; filaments densely villous basally, glabrous above; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary shortly stipitate, sometimes glandular; ovules 2 or 3; style filiform; stigma small, terminal. Pod elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, flattened, membranous, splitting longitudinally ±along the middle of each valve. Seeds transversely oblong. A genus of three species, two in tropical America and the West Indies, one in . One species introduced into Qld.

*Haematoxylum campechianum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 384 (1753) T: 'Habitat in Campeche Americas'; n.v. Illustration: D.S.Correll & H.B.Correll, Fl. Bahama Archipelago 649, fig. 265 (1982). Spinescent shrub or tree to 6 m tall; branchlets with numerous, small, conspicuous, whitish lenticels, glabrous throughout or almost so. Leaves alternate or fascicled from spurs, paripinnate or bipinnate, the latter with 3 pairs of pinnae; leaflets 1–4 pairs, mostly 10–24 mm long, 5–14 mm wide, rounded to deeply emarginate apically. Racemes mostly axillary, many-flowered, to 12 cm long. Flowers on filiform pedicels 4–6 mm long, fragrant. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3–5 mm long, purplish red. Petals 5–7 mm long, yellow. Stamens c. as long as the petals. Pod elliptic-oblong, 2–5 cm long, 0.7–1.3 cm wide. Seeds transversely oblong, 3–3.5 mm long, 8–9 mm wide, flattened, pale brown. A native of Central America and the West Indies but now naturalised in Qld. Favours disturbed sites such as the verges of roads and stream banks. Map 66. Qld: road from Te Kowai to Foulden, near Central Experimental Stn, 19 Mar. 1941, D.McBryde (BRI); Diggers Park, adjacent to Botanic Garden, Rockhampton, 29 June 1964, H.G.Simmons (BRI); western boundary of Botanic Garden, Rockhampton, 28 Sept. 1988, J.Hill (BRI). Tends to form dense impenetrable thickets. The heartwood of H. campechianum is the source of haematoxylin, a stain used in microscopical preparations.

67 6. Parkinsonia CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 42. . A, flowering and fruiting twig; B, portion of twig showing spinescent leaf rachis and paired stipular spines (J.Galbraith s.n., MEL); C, portion of secondary rachis and leaflets; D, flower; E, sepals and receptacle; F, petal; G, stamen; H, gynoecium (A, C–H, J.R.Maconochie 321, DNA); I, pods; J, seed, funicular view. (I–J, D.McKey 178, DNA). Scale bars: A, I = 2 cm; B, D = 1 cm; C, E–G, J = 5 mm; H = 2 mm. Drawn by A.Barley (nee Podwyszynski).

68 CAESALPINIACEAE

6. PARKINSONIA

J.H.Ross

Parkinsonia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 375 (1753); named after John Parkinson, a London apothecary and botanist of the seventeenth century, one-time Curator of the Royal Gardens at Hampton Court. Type: P. aculeata L. Shrubs or trees, spinescent or unarmed, eglandular. Leaves bipinnate; stipules minute to conspicuous and spinescent; secondary rachises sometimes (in Australian species) ±phyllodial; leaflets opposite, alternate or (in Australian species) much-reduced or absent. Inflorescences in axillary racemes which are sometimes corymbose and short; bracts minute, deciduous. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 5, valvate to narrowly imbricate. Petals 5, subequal but the upper one usually modified and with a more pronounced claw. Stamens 10; filaments alternately longer and shorter; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary free, shortly stipitate; stigma truncate. Pod linear to ±elliptic, flat or turgid, not winged, indehiscent or dehiscent; valves usually chartaceous or thinly coriaceous. Seeds usually ±oblique or longitudinal, compressed. There is disagreement over the generic delimitation of Parkinsonia and Cercidium Tul. (Brenan, 1963; Carter, 1974; Isely, 1975; Polhill & Vidal, 1981), but the generic concept of Parkinsonia adopted here is that of Brenan (1963). A genus of about 14 species, mostly in the drier areas of North and South America, but four species in Africa. One species introduced into Australia. J.P.M.Brenan, Notes on African Caesalpiniodeae, Kew Bull. 17: 203–209 (1963); A.M.Carter, The genus Cercidium (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) in the Sonoran Desert of Mexico and the United States, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 40: 17–57 (1974); D.Isely, Leguminosae of the United States: II Subfamily Caesalpinioideae, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 25: 1–228 (1975); R.M.Polhill & J.E.Vidal, Caesalpinieae, in R.M.Polhill & P.H.Raven (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 81–95 (1981).

*Parkinsonia aculeata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 375 (1753) T: 'Habitat in America calidiore', n.v. Illustration: D.S.Correll & H.B.Correll, Fl. Bahama Archipelago 671, fig. 277 (1982). Shrub or tree to 8 m tall with stout spines (modified leaf rachises). Leaves sometimes with spinescent stipules, and with 1–3 pairs of slender, green pinnae inserted close together near the base of the spinescent rachis, resembling 2–6 simply pinnate leaves borne on a short spine; spines (rachises) 2–17 mm long; pinnae (secondary rachises) to 40 cm long, winged, to 2.5 mm wide with up to 80 opposite or alternate, obovate-elliptic, obovate-oblong or oblong leaflets to 9 mm long and 3 mm wide along each margin, or sometimes leaflets absent or deciduous. Racemes lax, to 20 cm long. Flowers pedicellate; receptacle consisting of a disc c. 3 mm diam. and a lower elongate part simulating the pedicel. Sepals 5–7 mm long. Petals yellow. Pod usually ±straight, mostly 3–12 cm long, 5–8 mm wide, attenuate at both ends, ±flattened, often somewhat constricted. Seeds elliptic-oblong. Jerusalem Thorn. Figs 29, 42. Introduced and now naturalised and widespread in W.A., N.T., S.A., Qld and western N.S.W. A declared noxious weed in N.T. Recorded from sandy creek beds, stream banks, heavy soils around swamps, dams and bores and from rocky terrain. Often forms dense impenetrable thickets. Map 67. W.A.: Diversion Dam, Ord R., 27 June 1962, J.N.Hutchinson (PERTH). N.T.: Victoria Hwy, 153 km W of Katherine, J.Must 1238 (DNA). S.A: creek E of Woomera, Roxby Downs, R.Bates 17182 (AD). Qld: Leichhardt R., SE of , R.Pullen 9051 (BRI); Winton, G.Trapnell 166 (BRI). N.S.W.: Angledool, D.J.McGillivray 2840 (NSW). A troublesome and fast-growing weed in northern Australia especially along streams and around dams and bores. The pods float and are dispersed by surface water. The sharp spines

69 6. Parkinsonia CAESALPINIACEAE and the occurrence of dense thickets sometimes deny stock access to water and make mustering difficult. Once established, plants are able to withstand prolonged droughts and periods of waterlogging. As most infestations are in remote locations, the cost of chemical control is extremely high. Suckering and regeneration from seedlings makes mechanical control ineffective. Steps are being taken to introduce a means of biological control for the species.

7. ERYTHROPHLEUM

J.H.Ross

Erythrophleum Afzel. ex R.Br., in D.Denham, H.Clapperton & W.Oudney, Narr. Travels Africa 235 (1826); derived from the Greek erythros (red) and phloeo- (bark), in allusion to the red inner bark found in the type of the genus. Erythrophloeum is an orthographic variant. Type: E. suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan Laboucheria F.Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 158 (1859). T: L. chlorostachya F.Muell. Unarmed trees. Leaves bipinnate, with 2–5 pairs of pinnae; stipules small, deciduous; leaflets alternate, petiolate, eglandular. Inflorescences of pedunculate spike-like racemes usually ±aggregated into panicles; bracts small, falling as or before the flowers open. Flowers bisexual. Calyx lobes 5, ±united below or almost free to the base, slightly imbricate but open from an early stage. Petals 5, equal, free, ±imbricate. Stamens 10, often alternately longer and shorter; filaments free; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary stipitate, tapering into a narrowly conical style; stigma minute, punctiform, minutely ciliolate. Pod ±oblong, flattened, straight or slightly curved, coriaceous to woody, dehiscing along one or both margins. Seeds without areoles, flattened, transverse in the pod. A genus of nine species in the tropical regions of Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Malesia and Australia; one species endemic to northern Australia. G.Bentham, Erythrophleum, Fl. Austral. 2: 297 (1864).

Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F.Muell.) Baill., Hist. Pl. 2: 150 (1870) Laboucheria chlorostachya F.Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 159 (1859); E. laboucherii F.Muell., Ann. Rep. Gov. Bot. & Dir. Bot. Gard. 1862–1863: 12 (1863), nom. illeg. T: 'A plagis boreali-occidentalibus Australiae usque ad flumen Burdekin tractus orietalis, ...' [Qld], F.Mueller; syn: K, MEL. Illustration: F.Mueller, Iconogr. Austral. Acacia 13: t. 9 (1888). Tree to 20 m tall, rarely a shrub; branchlets glabrous to sparingly pubescent; bark dark grey to blackish, tessellated. Leaves with petiole 3–8 cm long; rachis 3.5–13 cm long; pinnae mostly 2 or 3 pairs; secondary rachises 7–20 cm long; leaflets mostly 5–8 per pinna, obliquely elliptic, ovate, obovate or orbicular, mostly 2.5–8.5 cm long, 1.8–8 cm wide, asymmetric, rounded, obtuse or emarginate apically, glabrous or with scattered hairs basally and on the petiolules; venation conspicuous. Racemes mostly 4.5–13 cm long; axis usually clothed with short hairs. Flowers usually sessile or almost so, occasionally distinctly pedicellate, cream to greenish yellow. Calyx usually 2–2.5 (–4.5) mm long; lobes shorter than the tube, pubescent throughout or only on margins. Petals 2.5–6 mm long, with pubescent margins. Stamens alternately long and short. Pod mostly 11–20 cm long, 2.2–3.8 cm wide, dark reddish black, glabrous. Seeds suborbicular. . Figs 28, 31, 43. Endemic in northern Australia, from the Kimberley, W.A., with outliers in the and on some of the off-shore islands, through N.T. and islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria to north-eastern Qld and some . Usually found in open Eucalyptus or mixed forest, woodland or savanna. Map 68. W.A.: Carson Escarpment, N of Coucal Gorge, Drysdale River Natl Park, A.S.George 13961 (CANB, PERTH). N.T.: Melville Is., C.R.Dunlop 4624 (DNA); Katherine Gorge Natl Park, C.R.Dunlop 5137 (DNA). Qld: Cooktown, S.T.Blake 23184 (BRI, MEL, QRS); Prince of Wales Is., Torres Strait, E.Cameron 20241 (QRS).

70 CAESALPINIACEAE 7. Erythrophleum

Figure 43. Erythrophleum chlorostachys. A, flowering twig; B, flower; C, open flower; D, pod; E, seed showing attachment to pod. (A–E, A.Morton 1539, MEL). Scale bars: A, D = 2 cm; B, C = 4 mm; E = 1 cm. Drawn by A.Barley (nee Podwyszynski).

71 7. Erythrophleum CAESALPINIACEAE

Over much of its distributional range the flowers are sessile or almost so. However, in the Kimberley region of W.A. the flowers are sometimes on distinct pedicels to 4.5 mm long. Examples of the latter are B.J.Carter 484 (DNA, PERTH) from Broome, and S.D.Hopper 1733 (PERTH) from 58 km SSW of No. 1 McHugh Bore on Dampier Downs Station. In these specimens the flowers are larger than usual with the calyx to 4.5 mm long, petals to 6 mm long, and the inflorescence axes and pedicels are glabrous or almost so. All parts of the plant are extremely poisonous, and the species has been responsible for many stock fatalities. According to W.J.Griffin et al., Phytochemistry 10: 2793–2797 (1971), there are at least two chemical varieties of E. chlorostachys in Australia which differ markedly in their alkaloidal constituents. The heartwood is dark, hard, durable and resistant and is used for railway sleepers and other purposes where strength and durability are important.

Trib. 2. CASSIEAE

Caesalpiniaceae trib. Cassieae Bronn, De Formis Pl. Legum. 130 (1822) Type: Cassia L. Unarmed trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves usually simply pinnate but occasionally bipinnate, 1-foliolate or absent; stipules lateral or absent. Bracteoles usually small and caducous or absent. Hypanthium cupular and infilled with nectary tissue or absent. Sepals usually 5, free to base. Anthers dehiscing by pores or slits. A tribe of 20 genera, seven of which occur in Australia. H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, Cassieae, in R.M.Polhill & P.H.Raven (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 97–106 (1981).

8. CERATONIA

J.H.Ross

Ceratonia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1020 (1753); from Keratonia the Greek name of the plant which itself is derived from keratos (horn), in allusion to the shape of the pods. Type: C. siliqua L. Unarmed, evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves paripinnate, with a few pairs of large leaflets (in Australian species); stipules minute or absent; leaflets usually opposite, sometimes subopposite. Inflorescences racemose; racemes short, solitary or fascicled, axillary or borne on old wood; bracts and bracteoles minute, deciduous. Flowers small, usually unisexual, sometimes bisexual, polygamous or dioecious, greenish, with a fleshy hypogynous disc. Calyx tube turbinate; sepals 5, imbricate, deciduous. Petals absent. Stamens 5; filaments filiform; anthers dorsifixed, subversatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary shortly stipitate; style very short; stigma peltate. Pod linear-oblong, compressed, pulpy when immature, coriaceous when mature, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds transverse. A genus of two species in the Mediterranean, NE Africa and Arabia; one species (C. siliqua) is widely cultivated and has become naturalised in eastern Australia. Anonymous, Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future 109–116 (1979); D.Hillcoat, G.Lewis & B.Verdcourt, A new species of Ceratonia (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) from Arabia and the Somali Republic, Kew Bull. 35: 261–271 (1980); S.C.Tucker, The developmental basis for sexual expression in Ceratonia siliqua (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Cassieae), Amer. J. Bot. 79: 318–327 (1992).

72 CAESALPINIACEAE 8. Ceratonia

*Ceratonia siliqua L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1026 (1753) T: 'in Apulia, Sicilia, Creta, Cypro, Syria, Palaestina'; n.v. Tree or shrub to 10 m tall, usually dioecious. Leaves mostly with 2–5 pairs of leaflets; leaflets elliptic to obovate or orbicular, 3–6 cm long, 2.5–4.3 cm wide, coriaceous, dark glossy green above, paler beneath, with somewhat undulate margins. Racemes arising from spurs on old wood or axillary. Flowers pedicellate, reddish, consisting of a hypanthial disc bearing the stamens or pistil or both. Pod linear-oblong, abruptly narrowed basally to a short stipe, straight to falcate, 10–30 cm long, 1.5–3.5 cm wide, indehiscent, pulpy when young but becoming hard at maturity. Seeds ovate-oblong, 8–10 mm long, 7–8 mm wide, compressed, dark brown, very hard. , St Johns Bread. A native of the Mediterranean region, but its original distribution has become obscured by extensive cultivation since antiquity. Introduced and now apparently naturalised in Qld and N.S.W. Map 69. Qld: Mundubbera, 1959, A.Euchson (BRI). N.S.W.: Numba, Shoalhaven, 6 Apr. 1943, F.A.Rodway (NSW). Floral development and the great variation in the sexuality and morphology of the flowers in C. siliqua was discussed by Hillcoat et al. (1980) and Tucker (1992). For centuries C. siliqua has contributed to the economy of the Mediterranean region. It is cultivated chiefly for its pods and seeds, both of which have a high sugar and calcium content and a low protein and content. The pods make excellent fodder. About half of the weight of the pulp of the pods is sugar and it is used in foodstuffs and is sometimes sold as a dried confection called St Johns Bread. The seeds are almost equal to many cereal grains in food value. By weight, about one third of the seed consists of a mucilaginous gum which is widely used as an emulsion stabiliser and thickener in foods, and it is also used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and in other industries. Apart from its value for food and fodder, C. siliqua is a useful shade tree.

9. STORCKIELLA

J.H.Ross

Storckiella Seem., Bonplandia 9: 363, t. 6 (1861); named after Seemann's assistant in , Jacob Storck. Type: S. vitiensis Seem. Unarmed trees or large shrubs. Leaves imparipinnate; stipules small and rapidly deciduous or absent; leaflets opposite or subopposite, petiolulate, coriaceous. Inflorescence paniculate, terminal or axillary. Flowers bisexual, regular or nearly so, yellow; bracts and bracteoles rapidly deciduous. Sepals 3–5, subequal or the outer two slightly larger, imbricate. Petals usually 3–5, with upper inner petal sometimes absent, alternating with the sepals, subequal. Stamens usually 4–10, free, all fertile; filaments usually filiform. Anthers linear, basifixed; locules opening at the apex by short lateral slits. Ovary sessile or nearly so, free, 1-chambered, mostly 4–6-ovulate; style shortly curved; stigma terminal, small. Fruit oblong to slightly falcate, compressed, winged along the upper suture, 2-valved, coriaceous, dehiscent but sometimes tardily so. Seeds compressed, 1–5. A genus of four species with a disjunct distribution pattern: one species in Fiji, two in New Caledonia and one endemic to northern Qld. B.C.Seemann, Fl. Vit. 68, t. 13 (1865); H.E.Baillon, Note sur les Storckiella, Adansonia 9: 204–206 (1870).

73 9. Storckiella CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 44. Storckiella australiensis. A, flowering twig; B, flower bud showing imbricate sepals; C, open flower showing reflexed sepals and erect stamens; D, stamen showing short filament and anther dehiscing apically; E, gynoecium (B.Hyland 6357, QRS); F, pod; G, seed (B.Hyland 6603, QRS). Scale bars: A, F = 2 cm; B, C = 4 mm; D, E = 2 mm; G = 1 cm. Drawn by A.Podwyszynski. Reproduced with permission from Muelleria 5: 216 (1983).

74 CAESALPINIACEAE 9. Storckiella

Storckiella australiensis J.H.Ross & B.Hyland, Muelleria 5: 215 (1983) T: Portion 62, Parish of Alexandra, Cook Distr., Qld, B.Hyland 6357; holo: MEL; iso: BRI, CANB, K, L, QRS. Illustration: J.H.Ross & B.Hyland, op. cit. 216, fig. 1. Tree to 35 m tall; stem buttressed. Leaves rusty-sericeous when young, glabrescent; stipules broadly ovate, mostly 3–4 mm long, 2–3 mm wide, overlapping and enclosing the terminal bud, rusty-sericeous outside; petiole 2–6 cm long; rachis 2–11.5 cm long; leaflets 3 or 5; petiolules 5–15 mm long. Lamina obovate-elliptic or obovate-oblong, 6.5–21 cm long, 2.5–9.7 cm wide; base cuneate; margins entire but slightly undulate. Inflorescence 15–25 cm long, much-branched, rusty-sericeous when young, glabrescent. Sepals 5, broadly ovate, 5–8 mm long, 3–6 mm wide, rusty-sericeous, reflexed at anthesis. Stamens 5 or 6, alternating with the petals; filaments 0.8–1.2 mm long, glabrous; anthers 4–5 mm long. Fruit elliptic- oblong, 5–11 cm long, 2.8–4 cm wide, brown, glabrous, apparently tardily dehiscent on the forest floor; wing 6–9 mm wide. Seeds irregularly reniform, 7–10 mm long, 10–16 mm wide, pale chestnut brown. Fig. 44. Endemic and apparently confined to a very limited area of extremely wet, lowland rainforest north-west and north-east of Daintree, north-eastern Qld. Map 70. Qld: Noah Ck, B.Hyland 1079 (BRI, QRS); Portion 62, Parish of Alexandra, B.Hyland 6603 (MEL, QRS); E/P 41, Oliver Ck, vacant Crown land, Parish of Noah, K.Sanderson 1236 (QRS). The winged fruits are shed from the plant intact and are, in effect, samaras.

10. CASSIA

B.R.Randell & B.A.Barlow

Cassia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 376 (1753); Gen. Pl. 5: 178 (1754), for the medicinal herb of that name. Type: C. fistula L. Cathartocarpus Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 459 (1805); Cassia sect. Cathartocarpus (Pers.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 281 (1864). T: Cathartocarpus fistula (L.) Pers. Bactrilobium Willd., Enum. Pl. Berol. 439 (1809). T: B. fistula (L.) Willd. Brewsteria F.Muell., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 9: 229 (1857). T: Cathartocarpus brewsteri F.Muell. Small, unarmed trees or tall shrubs, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves alternate, paripinnate, lacking glands; stipules acicular, usually caducous; leaflets in 3–25 pairs. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, bracteate and bracteolate. Flowers slightly zygomorphic. Sepals 5, subequal, obovate, green or yellowish. Petals 5, yellow or rarely pink or reddish. Stamens and staminodes 10, free; filaments unequal; 3 adaxial ones almost obsolete; 4 median ones longer; 3 abaxial ones greatly elongate, sigmoidally curved, often nodulate medially; anthers versatile, never beaked; 3 adaxial ones staminodal; 4 median ones fertile and basally porose; 3 abaxial ones fertile, basally and apically porose. Ovary curved, longer than petals; style short; stigma terminal. Pod cylindric, compressed-cylindric or compressed, woody, indehiscent; septae transverse between the seeds. Seed funicles filiform. A pantropic genus of c. 30 species. The most recent major revision of the genus (Irwin & Barneby, 1982) divided the species among eight series, of which only one (with two species and including three varieties), occurs naturally in Australia, along with the type series represented by the cultivated and weakly naturalised C. fistula. Owing to the small number of taxa in Australia, the series are not distinguished or described below. L. has a very long history of herbal use. The earliest known reference to its use is in a Herbal of c. 1350 (fide O.Pacht, Early Italian nature studies and early calendar landscapes, J. Warburg & Courtauld Inst. 13: 13–47, 1950). The pith of the long, woody pods yields a purgative medicine.

75 10. Cassia CAESALPINIACEAE

Biblical references to the perfume 'Cassia' are believed to refer to Cinnamomum cassia Blume (Lauraceae). Aromatic oil was obtained by the steam distillation of leaves, twigs and immature fruit imported from East Asia (M.Zohary, Plants of the Bible, 1982). L.T.F.Colladon, Histoire naturelle et medicale des Casses (1816); W.Roxburgh, Cassia, in Fl. Indica 2nd edn, 1: 332–339 (1832); J.R.T.Vogel, Generis Cassiae synopsis (1837); G.Bentham, Cassia, Fl. Austral. 2: 279–291 (1864); G.Bentham, Cassia, in C.F.P.Martius, Fl. Bras. 15: 86–129 (1870); G.Bentham, Revision of the genus Cassia, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 503–593 (1871); H.C.D. de Wit, A revision of the genus Cassia as occurring in Malaysia, Webbia 11: 197–292 (1955); D.E.Symon, A revision of the genus Cassia in Australia, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 73–146 (1966); J.P.M.Brenan, Cassia, Fl. Trop. East Africa 47–103 (1967); H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, The American Cassiinae, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 1–918 (1982); B.R.Randell, Proposal to conserve 3536 Cassia with a conserved type (Fabaceae), Taxon 37: 974–977 (1988). 1 Petals 20–30 mm long; long, abaxial, staminal filaments not expanded, not nodose near the mid-point 1. C. fistula 1: Petals 5–20 mm long; long, abaxial, staminal filaments expanded, nodose near the mid-point 2 Flowers 50–80 per raceme; petals 15–20 mm long 2. C. queenslandica 2: Flowers 10–50 per raceme; petals 5–15 mm long 3. C. brewsteri

1. *Cassia fistula L., Sp. Pl. 1: 376 (1753) Cathartocarpus fistula (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 459 (1805); Bactrilobium fistula (L.) Willd., Enum. Pl. Berol. 440 (1809). T: Hermann Herb.; lecto: BM n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 14 (1982), subsequently identified as Hermann Herb. 2: 29 by J.L.Reveal et al. (pers. comm.). Cassia fistuloides Collad., Hist. Nat. Med. Casses 87 (1816); Cathartocarpus fistuloides (Collad.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 454 (1832). T: plate at MA; n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 14 (1982). Cassia excelsa Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 267 (1824); Cathartocarpus excelsus (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 453 (1832). T: not designated. Cassia rhombifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2nd edn, 334 (1832); Cathartocarpus rhombifolius (Roxb.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 453 (1832). T: not designated. Illustration: B.R.Randell, Austral. Garden J. 15(1): 58 (1995). Tree to 20 m tall, deciduous, glabrous except for the pubescent ovary. Leaves 10–50 cm long including petiole 4–7 cm long; stipules caducous; leaflets in 2–7 pairs, folded together upwards, oblong-elliptic to ovate, 5–9 cm long, 4–9 cm wide, increasing distally, usually acuminate and acute at the apex. Inflorescence of 20–75 flowers, 15–65 cm long, pendulous, fragrant; pedicels 3–7 cm long; bracts and bracteoles caducous as the pedicel begins to elongate. Petals 20–30 mm long. Fertile stamens 7, with 3 adaxial staminodes; filaments unequal; shortest adaxial ones c. 5 mm long; longest abaxial ones 25–45 mm long, sigmoidally curved, not nodose; anthers unequal, 2–5 mm long. Pod cylindric, 30–60 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm diam. Seeds transverse, 1-seriate, c. 8 mm diam., embedded in blackish pulp, smooth, glossy. Fig. 45. Widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics, sparingly naturalised in north-eastern Qld. Native to SE Asia, probably in open forest in dry monsoonal areas. Flowers in summer and autumn. Map 71. Qld: Murray Upper, near Tully, Saint Smith 33 (BRI); Woombye, 11 Feb. 1963, G.L.Davis (BRI). Cultivated both for medicinal use of the pith of the pods and for the very attractive flowering display. The corolla is highly UV-reflective, while the anthers are non-reflective and form an effective dark-spot visible to pollinating bees.

76 CAESALPINIACEAE 10. Cassia

Figure 45. Cassia fistula. A, inflorescence; B, leaf; C, pod (D.Symon 5162, AD); D, seed (cult. Qld); E–F, flower; (A–B, E–F, cult. Waite Institute, S.A.). Scale bars: A–C = 6 cm; D = 1.2 cm; E, F = 2 cm. Drawn by Beth Chandler.

77 10. Cassia CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 46. Cassia. A–F, C. brewsteri. A, flowering branchlet; B–C, flower (cult. Waite Institute, S.A.); D, C. brewsteri var. marksiana, pod (R.Kooyman 1986, ?AD); E, C. brewsteri var. brewsteri, pod (cult. Waite Institute, S.A., D.Symon); F, C. brewsteri var. tomentella, pod (cult. Brisbane Bot. Gard., D.Symon 2.6.61); G, C. queenslandica, pod (F.M.Bailey, 1891, BRI). Scale bars: A = 4 cm; B, C = 2 cm; D–G = 3 cm. Drawn by Beth Chandler.

78 CAESALPINIACEAE 10. Cassia

2. Cassia queenslandica C.T.White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 50: 74 (1939) T: Mt Molloy, Qld, Sept. 1936, E.Fryer s.n.; holo: BRI (photo AD); iso: K (photo AD). var. sylvestris F.M.Bailey, Bot. Bull. Dept. Agric., Queensland 3: 11 (1891). T: Kamerunga, Qld, E.Cowley; n.v. Illustration: F.M.Bailey, Queensland Fl. 2: 454 (1900), as C. brewsteri var. sylvestris (pods only). Shrubs to tall trees, pubescent, but leaves, petals and stamens glabrous. Leaves 20–25 cm long including petiole; stipules caducous; leaflets in 5–8 pairs, elliptic to obovate or ovate, 4–8 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, often slightly larger distally, rounded at the apex, discolorous. Inflorescence of 50–80 flowers, 25–35 cm long; pedicels c. 30 mm long; bracts and bracteoles persistent until anthesis. Petals 15–20 mm long. Fertile stamens 7 with 3 adaxial staminodes; filaments unequal; shorter adaxial ones c. 5 mm long; longer abaxial ones c. 15 mm long, sigmoidally curved, with a swelling above the mid-point; anthers subequal, 2–3 mm long. Pod compressed-cylindric, with or without transverse grooves, 35–50 cm long, 1.5–2 cm diam. Seeds transverse, 1-seriate, c. 7 mm long, each enveloped in a dry suberous disc, smooth, reddish. Figs 32, 46G. Occurs in northern Qld, between Barron and Bloomfield rivers, in rainforest. Flowers in summer. Map 72. Qld: Cannonvale beach, 10 Dec. 1977, Wynne s.n. (BRI); Magnetic Is., C.Sandercoe 827 (BRI); between Daintree R. and Bloomfield R., L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 2087 (BRI); Granite Ck road W of Bloomfield, L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 6205 (BRI, CANB).

3. Cassia brewsteri (F.Muell.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 282 (1864) Cathartocarpus brewsteri F.Muell., Fragm. 1: 110 (1859). T: hilly pastures and river banks on the Burdekin [River], Qld, F.Mueller; lecto: MEL, fide B.R.Randell & B.A.Barlow, Fl. Australia 12: 194 (1998); isolecto: E, K, P (photos AD). Tree to 30 m tall, glabrous or variously pubescent. Leaves 10–25 cm long including petiole 2–4 cm long; stipules caducous; leaflets in 2–8 pairs, oblong to obovate, 2–11 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, discolorous. Inflorescence of 10–50 flowers, 7–20 cm long, pendulous; pedicels 20–30 mm long; bracts and bracteoles persistent until anthesis. Petals 5–15 mm long. Fertile stamens 7 with 3 adaxial staminodes; filaments unequal; shortest adaxial ones 3–4 mm long; longest abaxial ones c. 15 mm long, sigmoidally curved, with a swelling above the mid-point; anthers subequal, 2–3 mm long. Pod cylindric or somewhat compressed, transversely ribbed between the seeds, 15–45 cm long, 1–3 cm diam. Seeds transverse, 1-seriate, c. 8 mm long, each enveloped in a dry, suberous disc, smooth, dark. Figs 30, 46A–C, 47. Occurs in eastern and southern Qld and northern N.S.W., in a variety of habitats, and showing considerable morphological variability. There are three varieties. 1 Leaves finely tomentose below; pod ±cylindric, densely minutely pubescent even at maturity 3b. var. tomentella 1: Leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent below; pod cylindric or compressed, glabrous 2 Pod weakly transversely ribbed; leaflets green and glabrous below 3c. var. marksiana 2: Pod distinctly transversely ribbed; leaflets sometimes pubescent below, sometimes glabrous and reddish glaucous 3a. var. brewsteri

3a. Cassia brewsteri (F.Muell.) Benth. var. brewsteri Illustrations: T.D.Stanley & E.M.Ross (eds), Fl. SE Queensland 1: 396, fig. 63C (1983); B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 22, pl. 1a (1988); N.Nicholson & H.Nicholson, Austral. Rainforest Pl. 2: 16 (1988). Tree to 30 m tall, often semi-deciduous; undersides of the leaflets sometimes remaining sparsely pubescent, otherwise glabrescent. Leaves c. 10 cm long; leaflets in 2–4 (–6) pairs, oblong to narrowly ovate, c. 4.5 cm long, c. 1.5 cm wide, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, brown or bright green above, sometimes reddish glaucous below. Pod slightly to

79 10. Cassia CAESALPINIACEAE strongly compressed, distinctly transversely ribbed between the seeds, 20–45 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide. Fig. 46E. Occurs in eastern and southern Qld; in open forest and at the margins of rainforest. Flowers mostly in spring and summer. Map 73. Qld: 6 km N of Gunalda, K.A.Williams 82 (BRI); Charters Towers, S.T.Blake 14665 (BRI); Barmont to Sarina, M.E.Phillips 62 (BRI, CANB); c. 35 km N of Blackwater township, M.Lazarides & R.Story 137 (BRI, CANB); Clermont, S.T.Blake 8048 (MEL). A small tree to 12 m tall in drier open forest, but reaching 30 m in wetter areas. Where sympatric with var. tomentella morphological variants occur. Neither petals nor anthers are UV-reflective, but, when red, the corolla should be visible to some bees.

3b. Cassia brewsteri var. tomentella Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 282 (1864) Cassia tomentella (Benth.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 791 (1926). T: Castle Ck, Qld, E.M.Bowman s.n.; syn: MEL. Illustrations: F.M.Bailey, Queensland Fl. 2: 454 (1900), pods only; N.Nicholson & H.Nicholson, Austral. Rainforest Pl. 2: 17 (1988), as C. tomentella. Tree to 10 m tall, semi-deciduous; young shoots, undersides of leaflets and pods finely tomentose, otherwise glabrescent. Leaves c. 10 cm long; leaflets in 4–5 pairs, obovate, 4–6 cm long, c. 2 cm wide, brown or bright green above, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex. Pod ±cylindric, weakly transversely ribbed between the seeds, 15–30 cm long, 1–1.5 cm diam., densely minutely pubescent even at maturity. Figs 46F, 50. Occurs in Qld, from west of Rockhampton south to near Boonah; in dry scrub. Flowers mostly in summer. Map 74. Qld: Wood End, Rockhampton, Mar. 1920, W.D.Francis s.n. (BRI); Mt Etna Scrub, L.J.Webb 3005 & Norris (BRI, CANB); Yaamba, Port Curtis, C.T.White 12098 (BRI); Boonah, NW slopes of Mt French, K.A.Williams 83013 (BRI); Cunninghams Gap, Jan. 1914, J.L.Boorman (NSW). Where sympatric with var. brewsteri morphological variants occur.

3c. Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana F.M.Bailey, Queensland Agric. J. 1: 79 (1897) Cassia marksiana (F.M.Bailey) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 791 (1926). T: upper Nerang Ck, Qld, Dec. 1896, C.F.Marks; lecto: BRI (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell & B.A.Barlow, Fl. Australia 12: 194 (1998); isolecto: BRI (photo AD); upper Nerang Ck, Qld, F.M.Bailey; syn: n.v. (foliage and wood). Illustrations: F.M.Bailey, Queensland Fl. 2: 454 (1900), pods only; T.D.Stanley & E.M.Ross (eds), Fl. SE Queensland 1: 396, fig. 63B1–B3 (1983), as C. marksiana; B.R.Randell in G.J.Harden (ed.), Fl. New South Wales 2: 316 (1991). Tree to 20 m tall, glabrous. Leaves c. 20 cm long; leaflets in 7–8 pairs, lanceolate to ovate, 2.5–8.5 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, rounded at the apex, green below. Pod almost cylindric, weakly transversely ribbed between the seeds, c. 30 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide. Figs 46D, 49. Occurs in southern Qld and northern N.S.W., in the Macpherson Range and adjacent Tweed River scrubs. Flowers in summer. Map 75. Qld: Beechmont, 6 Nov. 1941, A.B.Cribb s.n. (BRI); Beenleigh, L.S.Smith 5181 (BRI); Canungra Ck, 3 Nov. 1968, K.A.Williams s.n. (BRI). N.S.W.: Murwillumbah Golf Links, 30 Oct. 1953, Hay s.n. (BRI); Tweed R., 1871, W.R.Guilfoyle (MEL).

80

CAESALPINIACEAE

11. SENNA

B.R.Randell & B.A.Barlow

Senna Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. 4th edn, 3: [1280] (1754), from the Arabic sana, for species which have leaves and pods with catharitic and laxative properties. Type: S. alexandrina Mill. [Cassia auct. non L.: Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 459 (1817)] Unarmed shrubs or rarely small trees or perennial herbs, sometimes glaucous or viscid, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves alternate, paripinnate, often with glands; stipules often caducous; leaflets in 1–25 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, racemose, bracteate. Flowers slightly zygomorphic. Sepals 5, subequal, obovate, green or yellowish. Petals 5, usually yellow, usually glabrous, sometimes hairy outside. Stamens and staminodes 10 (rarely 7), free; filaments subequal or unequal, the 3 adaxial ones sometimes obsolete, the 4 median ones longer, the 3 abaxial often elongate, arcuately curved; anthers basifixed, sometimes beaked, dehiscent by apical pores (usually 2), the 3 adaxial anthers often staminodal, the 1 abaxial anther and/or 7 adaxial rarely staminodal. Gynoecium curved, shorter than petals; style short; stigma terminal, minute. Pod coriaceous and dehiscent or woody and indehiscent; sometimes septate between the seeds. Seeds areolate or exareolate. x = 14, H.S.Irwin & B.L.Turner, Amer. J. Bot. 47: 309–318 (1960); B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77–97 (1970). A genus of c. 350 species widespread in South and Central America, southern Africa and Australia, with fewer representatives in North America, North Africa, and Asia. In Australia 46 species (of which 33 are endemic) and an additional 16 form taxa (all of which are endemic) are recognised, occurring in all mainland States and Territories. In arid areas, taxonomic distinctions are blurred by the occurrence of polyploidy, hybridisation and apomixis (see below). Bentham and, until recently, many other authors included the genus in Cassia. L.T.F.Colladon, Histoire naturelle et medicale des Casses (1816); W.Roxburgh, Senna, in Fl. Ind. 2nd edn, 2: 339–355 (1832); J.R.T.Vogel, Generis Cassiae Synopsis (1837); G.Bentham, Cassia, Fl. Austral. 2: 279–291 (1864); G.Bentham, Cassia, in C.F.P. von Martius, Fl. Bras. 15: 86–129 (1870); G.Bentham, Revision of the genus Cassia, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 503–593 (1871); H.C.D. de Wit, A revision of the genus Cassia as occurring in Malaysia, Webbia 11: 197–292 (1955); D.E.Symon, A revision of the genus Cassia in Australia, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 73–146 (1966); J.P.M.Brenan, Cassia, Fl. Trop. East Africa 47–103 (1967); B.R.Randell, Adaptations in the genetic system of Australian arid-zone Cassia species, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77–97 (1970); H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, The American Cassiinae, Mem. New York. Bot. Gard. 35: 1–918 (1982); B.R.Randell, Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna sect. Chamaefistula, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 19–49 (1988); B.R.Randell, Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 2. Senna sect. Psilorhegma, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 165–272 (1989); B.R.Randell, Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 3. Senna sect. Senna, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 1–16 (1990). For infrageneric classification see Randell (1988, 1989). For reasons explained below, infrageneric classification has been dispensed with in this treatment.

89 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

RATIONALE FOR THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA TREATMENT OF SENNA TAXA

In comparison with other families and genera dealt with in the Flora of Australia, the treatment of Senna presented below is somewhat unconventional, and requires explanation. However, in formulating this treatment the same two objectives which apply generally to the Flora have been observed. Firstly, it is a practical treatment which permits users to identify by name various more or less recognisable forms within the genus. Secondly, it reflects the complex biological and phylogenetic situation within the genus, which makes a conventional treatment virtually unworkable. Complex interactions between polyploidy, apomixis and hybridisation occur widely within the genus Senna in Australia. This situation is of course far from unique, and Senna in fact exhibits all of the structural features and taxonomic difficulty of classical agamic/polyploid complexes, such as those in Antennaria, Crepis, Parthenium, Poa and Rubus. These complexes have been known for more than 50 years, and their taxonomic intractability has been widely discussed. The elements of the agamic/polyploid complex in Senna, their interactions in complex populations, and their implications for are briefly summarised below.

Polyploidy The basic chromosome number for Senna is x = 7 (H.S.Irwin & B.L.Turner, Amer. J. Bot. 47: 309–318, 1960). This number is not known in Australia, where the secondary diploid number n = 14 has been recorded for several taxa, and is basic for the polyploid complexes (Randell, 1970). Triploid (n = 42/2) and tetraploid (n = 28) forms are common and widespread, the triploids generally being generated through hybridisation between diploid and tetraploid progenitors (Randell, 1970). Like other arid zone groups in Australia, polyploidy in Senna is essentially an infraspecific phenomenon (B.A.Barlow in W.R.Barker & P.J.M.Greenslade (eds), Evol. Fl. Fauna Arid Australia 161–166, 1982). The differentiation of morphological taxa preceded the major phase of establishment of polyploid races. This is indicated by the fact that several morphological taxa exhibit all three ploidy levels. To a large extent, the diploids in the arid zone are now confined to upland habitats which may be refugial (Randell, 1970), and to which they may have contracted during Quaternary arid maxima. During subsequent recolonisation of arid lands, newly derived polyploid races appear to have predominated.

Apomixis Polyembryony in Australian Senna was reported by D.E.Symon (Nature 177: 191, 1956), including the occurrence of non-identical seedlings in which one sibling was maternal and the other of apparently hybrid derivation. Randell (1970) subsequently demonstrated that apomixis, in the form of adventitious embryony, was widespread in Australian Senna. The apomixis is facultative and pseudogamous, requiring a fertilisation event, and adventitious embryos probably only develop in sexually-produced endosperm. Normal fertilisation of an ovum may produce a sexually-derived embryo, which competes with the adventitious embryos in the same endosperm mass. Seeds with multiple embryos may thus comprise a sexually-derived one together with one or more genetically maternal ones. In complex populations, in which there is a high incidence of hybridisation, the sexually-derived embryo may arise through a hybridisation event, and may therefore be morphologically different from its parent and its siblings. Wherever adventitious embryony occurs in Senna, therefore, individual plants (whether themselves hybrid or not), may produce among their progeny a proportion which are genetically identical to the parent and a proportion which show genetic segregation to a greater or lesser extent. In consequence, recognisable morphotypes may persist within freely interbreeding hybrid populations (see below).

90 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

Hybridisation In the Australian arid zone Senna taxa commonly occur in dense populations of up to several thousand plants (Randell, 1989). Morphological diversity is often extreme, and many of the plants which Flora users will wish to identify will be from such populations. These populations were shown to be hybrid swarms (Randell, 1989). Some are relatively simple, comprising two recognisable parental forms and their hybrids. However, the majority of hybrid swarms appear to comprise up to six parental morphotypes, and an array of intermediates which appear to represent every possible parental and backcross combination. Morphological disjunctions between supposedly parental taxa cannot therefore be recognised. These hybrid swarms consist almost exclusively of polyploids. As in many other genera, polyploidy appears to have weakened reproductive barriers between species and facilitated hybridisation events. In contrast, hybridisation has not been reported between diploids. Apomixis through adventitious embryony is also clearly associated with these hybrid swarms. Australian Senna taxa thus exhibit the classic complexity which results from interaction of hybridisation with polyploidy and apomixis.

Structure of the complex populations Expansion of Senna biotypes from refugial sites presumably occurred as extreme arid conditions eased. The expanding biotypes were apparently mostly polyploids. It also seems likely that the expanding biotypes had similar habitat requirements, and that their movements were contemporaneous. These circumstances would explain the common occurrence of polyploid biotypes in mixed populations. Lack of strong reproductive isolating mechanisms at the polyploid level, coupled with apparent self-fertility (G.J.Keighery in W.R.Barker & P.J.M.Greenslade (eds), Evolution of the Flora and Fauna of Arid Australia 167–172, 1982), has allowed free interbreeding and gene flow, resulting in large hybrid swarms. The distinctive feature of these swarms in Senna is that newly generated hybrid biotypes can be maintained by apomixis. This means that both parental and newly generated hybrid morphotypes can persist as discernable forms over many generations. Even in populations which contain the same range of hybrid biotypes, however, selection at the local population level may favour different hybrid genotypes at each site. Detailed analyses of some complex populations are presented by Randell (1989). In summary, Senna has an excellent reproductive strategy for success in a stressful environment. Much of the reproductive effort produces genetic replicas of already adapted biotypes, while some is devoted to genetic experimentation with a chance of yielding something even better. Each complex population in Senna comprises a number of ±recognisable morphotypes. However, for the reasons set out above, different complex populations may exhibit slightly different morphotypes. Furthermore, what is apparently the same hybrid form is derived from different parental types in different populations. At a practical taxonomic level, and on a regional basis, it is not possible to trace consistent morphotypes, and many morphotypes are polyphyletic. This presents a serious obstacle to the rigorous taxonomic treatment of such morphotypes.

Previous taxonomic treatments Predictably, the herbarium-based approach used for early taxonomic revisions and flora treatments was not satisfactory. Bentham (1871) complained that 'all (species) had so little regard to specific distinctness that, whilst I considered I had gone as far as I fairly could in reducing the number of species ... F.Mueller is of opinion that six or seven of those I have adopted are really variable forms of a single one'. In his critical revision of Cassia sens. lat., Symon (1966) encountered similar difficulties, and made frequent reference to intergradation of morphological forms. Symon followed

91 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE earlier practice of recognising a suite of morphotypes as species, including some he described as new. This work provided a nomenclatural basis for dealing with the genus, and the epithets accepted by Symon are still commonly applied to the various morphotypes which occur in the complex populations. More recently, Randell (1989) presented a revision designed to reconcile the biological situation in Senna with the formal requirements for classification and nomenclature. Adopting a species concept based on reproductive isolation, she treated the interbreeding entities which occur in complex populations at infraspecific level as constituents of a smaller number of broadly defined species. While pointing out that there was no satisfactory formal classification of entities within these broadly defined biological species, she generally treated them at subspecific rank. She considered this to be the least flawed formal approach, one which allowed the accumulated mass of biological data to be referred to named infraspecific entities. In some cases she clearly indicated that the subspecies recognised were entirely of hybrid origin, and were sometimes taxa 'of convenience' erected to accommodate an assemblage of similar individuals.

The Flora treatment presented here There is no taxonomic category, including subspecies, which is appropriate for a critical taxonomic treatment that properly reflects the biology of these complexes. The practical approach adopted here is not to give any taxonomic status or rank to the hybrid forms which occur in the polyploid agamic complexes. These hybrid forms are accordingly treated below as they really are in nature: ±recognisable 'form taxa' which may not have genetic homogeneity or morphological continuity from population to population, and which, therefore, lack the predictiveness expected in a formal classification. For the purposes of a Flora treatment, this may be the best practical approach because it allows a high proportion of individual specimens to be referred to binomial names. These names were used in the more recent treatments by Symon and by Randell, and are already in general use in the genus. Although these form taxa in Senna have not been given any rank, they have been treated along with the 'good' species as a single suite of entities. All are treated together in a single key. This has the advantage of avoiding a series of keys to sections, series, species, subspecies and varieties, with which users may have practical difficulty. This treatment is not intended to override Randell's taxonomic treatment of the genus, which is still a valid formal resolution of the biological problem. The sections and series of Senna have been circumscribed primarily by Irwin & Barneby (1982). The polyploid agamic complexes known in Australia occur in sect. Psilorhegma ser. Subverrucosae (Benth.) Randell, which is numerically the largest and most widespread in Australia. The sections and series are robust groups, but have not been used in the treatment below. For treament of the sections and series, see Randell (1988, 1989, 1990). Like most genera which have polyploid agamic complexes, there are many 'good' Australian species of Senna, which can be circumscribed and identified unequivocally. They stand in strong contrast to the form taxa. In addition there are other entities which were treated by Randell as subspecies alongside those treated here as form taxa, but which contrast with the form taxa in showing little or no evidence of intergradation with other taxa. In view of this distinction they are accordingly treated below as species. This approach also eliminates the need for an hierarchical treatment of the entities. Notes have been provided with the form taxa to explain their similarities, intergradations and possible derivations and relationships.

92 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

KEY TO SPECIES AND FORM TAXA OF SENNA

Because of the complex and widespread intergradation between taxa, as outlined above, there will be many specimens which users will not be able to satisfactorily identify from this key. This is usually a reflection of the biology of the genus rather than a shortcoming of the key. In the case of intergrades between form taxa, users should identify material to the nearest form taxon, and seek to explain the derivation of the material accordingly. 1 Pod cylindrical, containing pith; leaves always glandular (sect. Chamaefistula) 2 Gland(s) located at or near the base of petiole 3 Pod more than 10 cm long; seeds 40–100 per pod 4 Petiole 20–40 mm long; peduncle 2–5 mm long; leaves initially pubescent, soon glabrescent 55. S. occidentalis 4: Petiole 40–65 mm long; peduncle c. 10 mm long; leaves persistently pubescent 56. S. hirsuta 3: Pod less than 10 cm long; seeds 20–40 per pod 5 Gland on the petiole erect, taller than broad 53. S. clavigera 5: Gland on the petiole broader than tall 6 Petiole 10–20 mm long; leaflets 4–9 mm wide; anther beaks recurved; pod 3–5 cm long 52. S. barclayana 6: Petiole 25–50 mm long; leaflets 15–25 mm wide; anther beaks incurved; pod 7–10 cm long 54. S. planitiicola 2: Glands located between pairs of leaflets 7 Leaflets in 1–3 pairs 8 Seeds without areoles; plants woody, shrubby 9 Anthers biporose; leaflets acute 60. S. corymbosa 9: Anthers with a single U-shaped pore; leaflets obtuse or emarginate 59. S. pendula 8: Seeds with areoles; plants ±herbaceous 10 Anthers 7, beaked; petiole 15–20 mm long; pedicels 15–20 mm long; areole oblique 61. S. obtusifolia 10: Anthers 7 or 10, truncate; petiole 20–45 mm long; pedicels | c. 10 mm long; areole longitudinal 62. S. tora 7: Leaflets in 4–8 pairs 11 Gland 1 between the basal pair of leaflets 59. S. pendula 11: Glands 2–4 between the lower pairs of leaflets 12 Plants pubescent; leaflets in 6–8 pairs, recurved at the margins 58. S. multiglandulosa 12: Plants glabrous; leaflets in 4–5 pairs, flat 57. S. × floribunda 1: Pod flat or compressed or, if cylindrical, then the leaf rachis eglandular 13 Fertile anthers 2, 6 or 7 (sometimes 10 in S. siamea), often beaked, the 2 or 3 abaxial anthers markedly larger and borne on filaments often elongate and widely divergent; leaf rachis usually eglandular (sect. Senna) 14 Inflorescences forming a loose, many-flowered panicle in upper axils 15 Stipules minute, subulate, persistent; leaflet pairs (10–) 15–25 mm apart; petals 15–20 mm long; pod 15–30 cm long; tree to 30 m tall 51. S. siamea 15: Stipules acicular, caducous; leaflet pairs 5–7 mm apart; petals to 8 mm long; pod 7–9 cm long; shrub to 2 m tall 50. S. timorensis

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14: Inflorescences dense, axillary and/or terminal 16 Floral bracts dark brown or black 48. S. didymobotrya 16: Floral bracts yellow, yellow-brown, orange or green 17 Pod 12–16 cm long, with lateral wings 49. S. alata 17: Pod 2.5–10 cm long, without lateral wings 18 Leaves usually distinctly hairy; foliar glands present, small 19 Floral bracts pubescent, acuminate, caducuous, green 45. S. notabilis 19: Floral bracts glabrous, obtuse, persistent, yellow 46. S. venusta 18: Leaves not distinctly hairy; foliar glands absent 20 Leaflets emarginate, broadly oblong to orbicular, 30–50 mm wide 47. S. magnifolia 20: Leaflets obtuse and mucronate to emarginate, linear to elliptic, never more than 20 mm wide 44. S. pleurocarpa 13: Fertile anthers 10, rarely 7 (in S. heptanthera), truncate, subequal; filaments short and straight, the 1–3 abaxial ones sometimes slightly longer; leaf rachis with glands between the lower leaflet pairs at least (sect. Psilorhegma) 21 Pod with ridges on the inner faces of the valves, flat or plump; seeds glossy or lustrous; leaves usually not sclerophyllous 22 Petioles (10–) 15–65 mm long 23 Pod 5–10 mm wide, sometimes oval in T.S. 24 Leaflets narrowly elliptic, 3–8 mm wide; pod usually curved or coiled through 1/2–3/4 of a circle; flowers 5–8 per peduncle 7. S. costata

24: Leaflets broadly elliptic, 10–15 mm wide; pod curved through 1/4 of a circle; flowers 2–5 per peduncle 1. S. acclinis 23: Pod 10–25 mm wide, quite flat 25 Leaflets in 6–10 pairs, discolorous 5. S. surattensis subsp. surattensis 25: Leaflets in 2–6 (–7) pairs, concolorous 26 Longest petals 15–30 mm long; petiole 20–65 mm long; longest 5. S. surattensis leaflets 40–70 (–100) mm long subsp. sulfurea 26: Longest petals 10–15 mm long; petiole 10–30 mm long; longest leaflets 20–50 (–60) mm long 6. S. gaudichaudii 22: Petioles 2–15 mm long 27 Peduncles 10–30 mm long; glands only between the lowermost 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets 2. S. coronilloides 27: Peduncles 20–90 mm long; glands between all pairs of leaflets 28 Petioles mostly less than 5 mm long; leaflets linear to narrowly elliptic, usually revolute at the margins, 1–4 mm wide; usually pubescent 4. S. aciphylla 28: Petioles more than 5 mm long; leaflets lanceolate to elliptic, rarely slightly recurved at the margins, 5–10 mm wide; not obviously pubescent, sometimes sparsely hairy 3. S. odorata 21: Pod without ridges on the inner faces of the valves, flat; seeds dull or rarely lustrous; leaves usually highly modified and/or sclerophyllous 29 Petals 11–19 mm long 30 Leaflets mostly more than 10 mm wide 31 Foliar glands flat; petiole robust; midrib of the leaflets raised and | orange-brown below 8. S. ferraria

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31: Foliar glands erect, clavate or conical or hair-like; petiole not robust; midrib of the leaflets not raised and orange-brown below 32 Peduncles with 2–3 flowers; leaflets broadly elliptic 39. S. leptoclada 32: Peduncles with 5–8 flowers; leaflets narrowly elliptic to lanceolate 41. S. procumbens 30: Leaflets mostly less than 10 mm wide 33 Petiole 40–100 mm long; leaflets usually lacking or in 1 (–2) pairs, when present terete or compressed, c. 1 mm diam. 9. S. charlesiana 33: Petiole less than 45 mm long; leaflets in 3–7 pairs, mostly more than 1 mm wide 34 Plants with leaflets elliptic to broadly elliptic, more than 4 mm wide, pruinose; and stipules broadly falcate, foliaceous, persistent 11. S. form taxon 'pruinosa' 34: Plants not having this complete combination of characters 35 Plants with foliar glands stalked, pointed; and stipules acicular, ±persistent; and leaves narrowly elliptic, 1–4 mm 10. S. form taxon wide; and petals consistently hairy outside 'chatelainiana' 35: Plants not having this complete combination of characters 36 Plants viscid; and leaflets elliptic, mostly distinctly longer than the distance between successive pairs; and stipules acicular, caducous; and foliar glands sessile, flat 13. S. form taxon 'glutinosa' 36: Plants not having this complete combination of characters 12. S. form taxon 'luerssenii' 29: Petals 4–c. 10 mm long 37 Leaflets absent or in 1–4 pairs 38 Petals mostly 4–6 mm long 39 Low shrub to 0.3 m tall; leaflets increasing in size distally, the pairs 4–10 mm apart 42. S. curvistyla 39: Shrub or small tree 0.4–2 m tall; leaflets equal or decreasing in size distally, the pairs 1–5 mm apart 40 Leaflets linear, tightly recurved, appearing terete 36. S. manicula 40: Leaflets linear to narrowly spathulate, flat 34. S. cardiosperma 38: Petals 6–10 mm long 41 Plants to 0.3 m tall; perennial herbs or shrubs or prostrate or creeping 42 Stipules cordate, persistent 43. S. cladophylla 42: Stipules acicular, caducous 43 Leaflets 5–12 mm long; fertile anthers 10 30. S. hamersleyensis 43: Leaflets 20–50 mm long; fertile anthers 7 40. S. heptanthera 41: Plants more than 0.5 m tall, shrubs or trees, erect or spreading 44 Petiole to 6 mm long 45 Leaflets narrowly elliptic to elliptic; inflorescences usually 2-flowered, produced along the branches 38. S. goniodes 45: Leaflets obovate; inflorescences 3–5-flowered, produced near the ends of the branches 27. S. symonii 44: Petiole at least 6 mm long 46 Petiole laterally compressed 25. S. form taxon 'petiolaris'

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46: Petiole terete 47 Mature leaves usually without leaflets 26. S. circinnata 47: Mature leaves with leaflets 48 Leaflets terete or laterally compressed 49 Leaflets laterally compressed 25. S. form taxon 'petiolaris' 49: Leaflets terete 50 Leaflets in 1–4 pairs, 20–40 mm long; petiole 15–25 mm long 24. S. form taxon 'filifolia' 50: Leaflets in 3–8 pairs, 15–25 mm long; petiole 15. S. form taxon 6–15 mm long 'artemisioides' 48: Leaflets dorsiventrally flattened and/or channelled above 51 Leaflets more than 5 times longer than wide 52 Leaflets inrolled, completely enclosing the upper 15. S. form taxon surface and/or channelled above 'artemisioides' 52: Leaflets with the upper surface visible 53 Petiole 15–25 mm long 17. S. form taxon 'quadrifolia' 53: Petiole 6–15 (–20) mm long 54 Leaflets incurved or inrolled at the margin 55 Leaflets in 1–2 pairs, 18–40 mm long, glabrous or very sparsely pubescent, glaucous 21. S. form taxon 'zygophylla' 55: Leaflets in 2–8 pairs, 15–25 mm long, grey- pubescent, not glaucous 16. S. form taxon 'sturtii' 54: Leaflets flat or recurved at the margin 56 Leaflets in 4–7 pairs, narrowly to broadly elliptic, acute; petals rarely less than 11 mm long 12. S. form taxon 'luerssenii' 56: Leaflets in 2–5 pairs, linear, rounded; petals 8–10 mm long 28. S. stricta 51: Leaflets less than 5 times longer than wide 57 Leaflets mostly more than 8 mm wide 58 Leaflets densely woolly-hairy 18. S. form taxon 'helmsii' 58: Leaflets pubescent to glabrous 59 Pod curved, crenate; inflorescences borne along the stems 60 Inflorescence 2- or 3-flowered; petiole 4–10 mm long; leaflets acute 38. S. goniodes 60: Inflorescence mostly 3–5-flowered; petiole 8–15 mm long; leaflets acute to rounded 37. S. oligoclada 59: Pod straight or slightly curved, not crenate; inflorescences borne near the ends of the stems 61 Leaflets presented ±vertically, with adaxial surfaces exposed; leaflet pairs 8–12 mm apart 20. S. form taxon 'alicia' 61: Leaflets presented ±horizontally; leaflet pairs 15–25 mm apart 19. S. form taxon 'oligophylla' 57: Leaflets mostly less than 8 mm wide 62 Leaflets slightly to distinctly recurved at the margin

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63 Leaflets densely woolly-hairy 18. S. form taxon 'helmsii' 63: Leaflets glabrous to sparsely appressed-hairy, or pubescent 64 Leaflets glaucous with a reddish tinge, often acute, in 2–4 pairs 29. S. glaucifolia 64: Leaflets usually glaucous, lacking reddish tinge, obtuse, usually in 2–6 pairs 22. S. form taxon 'coriacea' 62: Leaflets flat or inrolled at the margin 65 Leaflets moderately to densely silky or woolly- hairy, inrolled at the margin 16. S. form taxon 'sturtii' 65: Leaflets glabrous or sparsely appressed-hairy, not inrolled at the margin 66 Leaflets presented ±vertically, with adaxial surfaces exposed; leaflet pairs 8–12 mm apart; petiole 8–10 mm long 20. S. form taxon 'alicia' 66: Leaflets presented ±horizontally; leaflet pairs 1–8 mm apart; petiole 3–8 mm long 27. S. symonii 37: Leaflets in 5–14 pairs 67 Leaflets terete 68 Petiole less than 5 mm long; leaflet pairs less than 5 mm 14. S. form taxon apart 'microphylla' 68: Petiole more than 5 mm long; leaflet pairs more than 5 mm 15. S. form taxon apart 'artemisioides' 67: Leaflets flat, concave or inrolled 69 Petals 4–8 mm long; petiole mostly 1–4 mm long 70 Leaflets densely woolly, at least on the underside 32. S. cuthbertsonii 70: Leaflets with sparse, soft, erect hairs 71 Peduncle 25–35 mm long, often exceeding the leaves 35. S. pilocarina 71: Peduncle to 5 mm long, not exceeding the leaves 72 Leaflets in 5–10 pairs, 3–6 mm long, 2–4 mm wide 23. S. form taxon 'gawlerensis' 72: Leaflets mostly in 9–14 pairs, mostly 6–10 mm long, 1–4 mm wide 33. S. stowardii 69: Petals 7–10 mm long; petiole mostly 5–60 mm long 73 Leaflets in 10–13 pairs 31. S. flexuosa 73: Leaflets in 1–8 pairs 74 Leaflets inrolled, enclosing the upper surface or channelled 15. S. form taxon above 'artemisioides' 74: Leaflets with the upper surface visible 75 Leaflets moderately to densely silky to woolly-hairy 16. S. form taxon 'sturtii' 75: Leaflets glabrous or sparsely hairy 76 Leaflets usually 7–15 mm long, less than 5 times longer than wide 22. S. form taxon 'coriacea' 76: Leaflets 10–25 mm long, more than 5 times longer than wide 77 Leaflets narrowly to broadly elliptic, acute 12. S. form taxon 'luerssenii' 77: Leaflets linear, blunt 28. S. stricta

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1. Senna acclinis (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 200 (1989) Cassia acclinis F.Muell., Fragm. 4: 13 (1863). T: Ipswich, Qld, Nernst; lecto: MEL, fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; Hastings R., [N.S.W.], H.Beckler; syn: K (photo AD); Fitzroy R., [Qld], Thozet; syn: n.v.; Edgecombe Bay, [Qld], Fitzalan; syn: K (photo AD), MEL. [Cassia glauca auct. non Lam.: G.Bentham, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 555 (1871) p.p.] [Cassia retusa auct. non Vogel; D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 101 (1966) p.p.] Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 201, pl. 9f–k. Shrub, erect, to 3 m tall, glabrous and glaucous. Leaves to 15 cm long including a terete petiole 20–40 mm long; stipules acicular, subpersistent; leaflets in 5–7 pairs spaced c. 15 mm apart, elliptic, 25–50 mm long, 10–15 mm wide, increasing distally, discolorous, broadly acute or obtuse; glands 1 or 2, between the lowest leaflet pairs, stipitate. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2–5 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 20–40 mm long; pedicels c. 10 mm long; bracts persistent or caducous. Petals 12–15 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long; anthers subequal, 5–6 mm long. Pod flat but plump, 12–15 cm long, 6–8 mm wide, curved, entire. Seeds glossy, with a large, ovate areole. Occurs in south-eastern Qld and northern N.S.W.; apparently restricted to rainforest margins. Flowers in spring and summer. Map 76. Qld: Yarraman to Nanango, 16 May 1924, C.T.White (BRI). N.S.W.: Mt Chincogan, Mullumbimby, May 1895, W.Bauerlen (PERTH); Bungwahl Rd, Bulahdelah, May 1924, H.M.R.Rupp (MEL); Mt Warning, W of Murwillumbah, K.I.Beamish 100 (NSW). Survival threatened due to clearance of rainforest.

2. Senna coronilloides (Benth.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 205 (1989) Cassia coronilloides Benth., in T.L.Mitchell, J. Exped. Trop. Australia 384 (1848). T: St George's Bridge Camp on the Balonne River, [Qld], T.L.Mitchell 426; lecto: CGE (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: K (photo AD). Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 201, pl. 9a–e. Shrub, erect and straggling, to 3 m tall, glabrous but with the leaves and ovary sometimes sparsely hairy. Leaves 5–9 cm long including a terete or slightly winged petiole 5–10 mm long; stipules acicular, subpersistent; leaflets in 9–12 pairs spaced 6–8 mm apart, elliptic, 10–20 mm long, 3–8 mm wide, obtuse and mucronate; glands 1 or 2, between the lowest leaflet pairs, stipitate. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 3–5 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 10–20 (–30) mm long; pedicels c. 10 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 10–13 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal 1–2 mm long; anthers subequal, 4–6 mm long. Pod flat but plump, 6–8 cm long, 4–6 (–8) mm wide, curved, entire. Seeds glossy, with a small narrow areole. Occurs in south-eastern Qld and eastern N.S.W.; in dry sclerophyll communities, often under (Brigalow). Flowers all year. Map 77. Qld: Broad Sound, R.Brown Iter Austral. 59 (NSW); c. 68 km SSW Nebo township, R.Story & G.Yapp 71 (PERTH); Rifle Range Reserve, Chinchilla, B.R.Randell 280 (AD). N.S.W.: Werris Ck, Mt Terrible, A.N.Rodd 3334 (NSW).

3. Senna odorata (Morris) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 202 (1989) Cassia odorata Morris, Fl. Conspic. t. 57 (Sept. 1826). T: the cited plate, fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit. Cassia australis Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2676 (Aug. 1826). T: the cited plate, fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit. Cassia barrenfieldii Colla, Hortus Ripul. App. 4: 343 (1827). T: 'grown from seed from New Holland', coll. unknown; lecto: K (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit. Cassia schultesii Colla, Hortus Ripul. App. 4: 344 (1827). T: 'grown from seed from New Holland', coll. unknown; lecto: K (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit. Cassia umbellata Rchb., Iconogr. Bot. Exot. t. 206 (1830). T: the cited plate, fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.

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Cassia australis var. pedunculata Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 286 (1864). T: St George's River, [N.S.W.], R.Brown Iter Austral. 4259; lecto: BM (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; Blue Mountains [N.S.W.], A.Cunningham; syn: n.v. Cassia riedelli Benth., in C.F.P. von Martius, Fl. Bras. 15: 122 (1870). T: Riedel 651, LE n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 59 (1982). Illustrations: E.R.Rotherham, Fl. & Pl. New South Wales & Southern Queensland 86 (1982); B.R.Randell, op. cit. 203, pl. 10a–d. Shrub, erect, to 3 m tall, glabrous but with the leaf undersides and ovary sometimes sparsely hairy. Leaves 8–15 cm long including a terete or winged petiole 6–14 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 8–13 pairs spaced 5–8 mm apart, lanceolate to elliptic, 10–30 mm long, 5–10 mm wide, increasing distally, flat or slightly recurved at the margin, acute or obtuse and mucronate; glands between all leaflet pairs, stipitate. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 3–5 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 30–90 mm long; pedicels 10–20 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 12–20 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long, or 1–3 longer; anthers subequal, 4–6 mm long. Pod flat but plump, 8–12 cm long, 5–6 mm wide, slightly curved, entire. Seeds glossy, with a narrow areole. Fig. 52. Occurs in eastern N.S.W.; in wet sclerophyll or subtropical rainforest. Flowers in early summer. Map 78. N.S.W.: NW of Bowral, L.Rodway 2197 (K, NSW); c. 6 km ENE of Gloucester Tops, B.Briggs 2449 (NSW); 4 km W of Barnard R. bridge, between Gloucester and Nowendoc, B.R.Randell 291 (AD).

4. Senna aciphylla (Benth.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 204 (1989) Cassia aciphylla Benth., in A.Gray, U.S. Explor. Exped. 15: 465 (1854). T: Hunter River, [N.S.W.], A.Cunningham; holo: K (photo AD). Cassia revoluta F.Muell., Trans. Philosoph. Inst. Victoria 1854–1855: 120 (1855); C. australis var. revoluta (F.Muell.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 286 (1864). T: Avon River, Vic., F.Mueller; lecto: K (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: MEL (photo AD). Illustrations: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 203, pl. 10e–j; K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 76 (1984); B.R.Randell, Austral. Garden J. 15(1): 59 (1995). Shrub, erect or spreading, to 3 m tall, pubescent on the vegetative parts and ovary or glabrous. Leaves 3–5 cm long including a terete or rarely winged petiole 2–5 (–8) mm long; stipules acicular, persistent or caducous; leaflets in (4–) 8–12 pairs spaced 1–5 mm apart, linear or narrowly elliptic, 20–25 (–45) mm long, 1–4 mm wide, increasing distally, usually revolute at the margins, acuminate or almost pungent; glands between all leaflet pairs, stipitate. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2 or 3 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 20–50 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long; bracts persistent or caducous. Petals 10–15 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal or unequal, 1–4 mm long; anthers subequal or unequal, the largest 4–5 mm long. Pod flat but plump, 6–8 cm long, 5–6 mm wide, straight or slightly curved, entire. Seeds lustrous, with a narrow areole. n = 13, fide D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 73 (1966). Fig. 54. Occurs in south-eastern Qld, eastern N.S.W., A.C.T. and Vic.; in wet or dry sclerophyll forest. Flowers in early summer. Map 79. Qld: c. 28 km SW of Theodore, S.L.Everist 8072 (NSW); 5.5 km E of Kogan, B.R.Randell 279 (AD). N.S.W.: c. 24 km ENE of Capertee, E.F.Constable 7214 (NSW, PERTH). A.C.T.: Red Rocks Gorge, Murrumbidgee R., D.Mallinson 166 (CANB). Vic.: Suggan Buggan, East Gippsland, 16 Jan. 1948, J.H.Willis (MEL, NSW).

5. (Burm.f.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 79 (1982) Cassia surattensis Burm.f., Fl. Ind. 97 (1768). T: G n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, loc. cit. Cassia fastigiata Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 57 (1794). T: C n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, loc. cit. Cassia suffruticosa Roth, Nov. Sp. Pl. 213 (1821); Psilorhegma suffruticosa (Roth) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23(4): 255 (1930); C. surattensis subsp. suffruticosa (Roth) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, J. Nat.

99 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Hist. Soc. Siam 25: 205 (1974); Senna surattensis var. suffruticosa (Roth) Isley, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 25: 129, 209 (1975). T: n.v. Senna speciosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2nd edn, 2: 347 (1832). T: India; holo: K n.v. (photo AD). Cassia glauca var. koenigii Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 45: 284 (1876); C. glauca var. suffruticosa (Roth) Baker, in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 265 (1878), nom. illeg. T: n.v. [Cassia glauca auct. non Lam.: G.Bentham, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 555 (1871)] Shrub or small tree to 11 m tall, variably golden-pubescent or glabrescent. Leaves 5–15 (–20) cm long including a channelled petiole 20–40 (–65) mm long; stipules acicular, usually caducous; leaflets in 4–10 pairs spaced c. 15 mm apart, elliptic to slightly obovate, (20–) 25–75 (–100) mm long, 10–20 mm wide, increasing distally, obtuse, rounded or emarginate; glands 2–5, between the lowest leaflet pairs, stipitate. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 4–10 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 20–60 mm long; pedicels 15–30 mm long; bracts ±persistent. Petals 10–24 (–30) mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long, or 1 longer (to 5 mm); anthers subequal, 5–6 mm long. Pod flat, 8–15 cm long, 10–15 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds glossy, with a linear areole. 2n = 28, 56, fide C.D.Darlington & A.P.Wylie, Chromosome Atlas Fl. Pl. 148 (1956). Occurs in the Kimberley, W.A., also N.T. and Qld. The natural distribution is probably restricted to closed forest, but is obscured by a long history of cultivation. Further distributed in tropical Asia, Malesia and the Pacific. There are two subspecies. Leaflets in 6–10 pairs, discolorous, (20–) 25–45 (–50) mm long; petals 16–24 mm long 5a. subsp. surattensis Leaflets in 4–6 (–7) pairs, concolorous, 40–70 (–100) mm long; petals (10–) 15–30 mm long 5b. subsp. sulfurea

5a. Senna surattensis (Burm.f.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby subsp. surattensis Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 196, pl. 8g (1989). Petiole 3–4 cm long; leaflets in 6–10 pairs, discolorous, (20–) 25–45 (–50) mm long. Petals 16–24 mm long. Occurs in coastal and subcoastal areas of N.T. and Qld. Early collections indicate scattered distributions in closed tropical forest. Further distributed in tropical Asia, Malesia and the Pacific. Flowers Jan.–May. Map 80. N.T.: Morgans Is., R.Brown Iter Austral. 22 (NSW); Port Darwin, M.W.Holtze 113 (BRI, MEL). Qld: Iron Ra., Cape York Penin., L.J.Brass 19233 (BRI, GH); Roberts Plateau, Lamington Natl Park, C.T.White 6036 (BRI).

5b. Senna surattensis subsp. sulfurea (DC. ex Collad.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 197 (1989) Cassia sulfurea DC. ex Collad., Hist. Nat. Med. Casses 84 (1816); Senna sulfurea (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 79 (1982). T: G-DC n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, loc. cit. Cassia glauca Lam., Encycl. 1: 647 (1785). T: P-LAM (microfiche seen), fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, loc. cit. Cassia arborescens Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 56 (1794); Senna arborescens (Vahl) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2nd edn, 2: 345 (1832). T: C (Herb. Vahl) n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, loc. cit. Cassia enneaphylla Koenig ex Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 289 (1834). T: not designated. [Cassia suffruticosa auct. non Roth: G.Bentham, Fl. Austral. 2: 285 (1864)] [Cassia surattensis auct. non Burm.f.; H.C.D. de Wit, Webbia 11: 269 (1955), p.p.; D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 100 (1966), p.p.; B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 55 (1979), p.p.; K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 25: 205 (1974), as C. surattensis subsp. surattensis; P.T.Isley, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 25: 129, 209 (1975), as C. surattensis var. surattensis] Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 196, pl. 8f.

100 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

Petiole 2–4 (–6.5) cm long; leaflets in 4–6 (–7) pairs, concolorous, 40–70 (–100) mm long. Petals (10–) 15–30 mm long. Occurs in coastal and subcoastal areas of the Kimberley, W.A., also in N.T. and central- coastal and south-eastern Qld. Early collections in Australia indicate scattered distribution in tropical and subtropical forests. Further distributed in tropical Asia and Malesia. Flowers all year. Map 81. W.A.: Mitchell Plateau north end, J.S.Beard 8455 (PERTH). N.T.: Nightcliff, Darwin, along sandy beaches, R.L.Specht 25 (NSW, PERTH). Qld: Helsey Ck, Proserpine, N.Michael 1502 (BRI); Port Denison, 1874, E.Fitzalan (MEL).

6. (Hook. & Arn.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 80 (1982) Cassia gaudichaudii Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. 2: 81 (1832); Psilorhegma gaudichaudii (Hook. & Arn.) Degener, New Illustr. Fl. Hawaiian Is. Fam. 169b (1932). T: Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, F.W.Beechey s.n.; holo: K (photo AD). Cassia retusa Vogel, Linnaea 15: 72 (1841); Senna surattensis subsp. retusa (Vogel) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 198 (1989). T: Bustard Bay, N.S.W. [Qld], 1770, J.Banks & D.Solander; lecto: BM (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: BRI; Shoalwater Bay, Broad Sound, and Thirsty Sound, R.Brown; syn: n.v. Cassia horsfieldii Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 99 (1855). T: n.v., fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit. Cassia deplanchei Benth., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 555 (1871). T: New Caledonia, 1861–1867, É.Déplanche 342; holo: K (photo AD). Cassia retusa var. glabrata Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 794 (1926). T: Percy Isles, [Qld], 1819, A.Cunningham 168 (cited as 160); lecto: BM (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; Mungana, near Chillagoe, Qld, K.Domin s.n.; syn: n.v.; Port Mackay, Qld, A.Dietrich 673 p.p.; syn: US. Cassia retusa var. dietrichiae Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 794 (1926). T: Brisbane River, [Qld], A.Dietrich 2841; holo: n.v. Cassia retusa var. typica Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 794 (1926). T: Rockhampton, Qld, A.Dietrich 910; lecto: NSW, fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; Rockhampton, A.Dietrich 672; syn: NSW; Port Mackay, Qld, A.Dietrich 673 p.p.; syn: US. Illustrations: K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 3: 60 (1987); B.R.Randell, op. cit. 196, pl. 8a–e, as S. surattensis subsp. retusa. Shrub or small tree to a few metres tall, sparsely to densely golden-pubescent or glabrescent. Leaves 5–10 cm long including a channelled petiole 10–30 mm long; stipules acicular, ±persistent; leaflets in (2–) 3–5 (–6) pairs spaced 6–10 mm apart, oblong to obovate, 20–50 (–60) mm long, 7–15 mm wide, increasing distally, obtuse to emarginate; glands 1–3, between the lowest leaflet pairs, stipitate. Inflorescence of 4–10 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 30–50 mm long; pedicels 20–30 mm long; bracts ±persistent. Petals 10–15 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long, or 1 longer; anthers subequal, 5–7 mm long. Pod flat, 10–15 cm long, c. 10 mm wide, slightly curved, entire. Seeds glossy, with a linear areole. Occurs in coastal and subcoastal Qld; apparently in tropical and subtropical closed forests. Apparently not cultivated. Further distributed in Malesia and the Pacific. Flowers Feb.–Oct. Map 82. Qld: Don R., near Edgecombe Bay, 1886, Weld (AD, MEL); Pine Inlet, Percy Is., M.Lazarides 5680 (CANB, NSW); Bouldercombe, Oct. 1906, G.Smith (BRI, NSW).

7. Senna costata (J.F.Bailey & C.T.White) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 206 (1989) Cassia costata J.F.Bailey & C.T.White, Queensland Agric. J. 4: 287 (1915). T: Woolgar, Qld, Aug. 1915, E.W.Bick; lecto: BRI (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: BRI (photo AD), K (photo AD). Cassia australis var. glaucescens Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 286 (1864). T: Hooker's Ck, [N.T.], F.Mueller; holo: K (photo AD). Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 207, pl. 11.

101 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Shrub or small tree to 2 m tall, sparsely to densely pubescent on the leaves, inflorescence axes, ovary and young pod, otherwise glabrous. Leaves 4–6 cm long including a terete or winged petiole to 20 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 4–5 (–6) pairs spaced 8–10 mm apart, narrowly elliptic, 20–40 mm long, 3–8 mm wide, broadly acute or obtuse; glands 1–3, between the lowest leaflet pairs, stipitate. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 5–8 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 10–15 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long; bracts usually caducous. Petals 7–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long, or 3 longer (to 3 mm); anthers subequal, c. 3 mm long. Pod flat, 7–8 cm long, 8–10 mm wide, usually curved through 0.5–0.8 of a circle, weakly crenate. Seeds glossy, frequently hanging from open pod by their funicles. n = 14, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Occurs in northern W.A., N.T. and Qld; scattered in grassy woodlands under Eucalyptus and Acacia spp. Flowers winter and spring. Map 83. W.A.: Cape Bertholet South, Dampier Penin., K.Kenneally 6120 (CANB, PERTH); between De Grey R. and Lagrange Bay, 1879, A.Forrest (MEL). N.T.: Elsey Falls, E of Mataranka, N.T.Burbidge 5067 (AD, CANB). Qld: Jericho and vicinity, M.S.Clemens s.n. (AD).

8. Senna ferraria (Symon) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 194 (1998) Cassia ferraria Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 130 (1966); Senna glutinosa subsp. ferraria (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 219 (1989). T: Mt Tom Price, Hamersley Ra., W.A., 1963, M.M.Cole WA 5104; holo: PERTH; iso: K n.v. Illustrations: D.E.Symon, op. cit. pl. 5, as C. ferraria; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 212, pl. 13g (1989), as S. glutinosa subsp. ferraria. Shrub, erect, softly and sparsely pubescent on most parts, sometimes glaucous or quite glabrous. Leaves 6–8 cm long including a thick, terete petiole 5–15 mm long; stipules acicular, ±persistent; leaflets in (2–) 3–4 pairs spaced 12–20 mm apart, broadly elliptic to obovate, (20–) 30–40 (–50) mm long, 10–15 mm wide, obtuse to rounded or emarginate; glands c. 2, between the lowest leaflet pairs, sessile, flat, dark. Inflorescence subumbellate, of c. 12 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle c. 25 mm long; pedicels 15–20 mm long; bracts usually caducous. Petals c. 15 mm long, usually hairy outside. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 0.5–1 mm long, or 1–3 slightly longer; anthers subequal, 5–7 mm long. Pod flat, 5–7 cm long, 10–20 mm wide, straight, entire or coarsely crenate. Seeds dull. Occurs in north-western W.A.; in arid shrublands. Flowers in winter. Map 84. W.A.: c. 1.5 km S of Vlaming Head Lighthouse, A.S.George 2578 (PERTH); Hamersley Range Natl Park, A.C.Beauglehole 48784 (AD); Newman area, K.Walker 135 (PERTH). Vegetatively resembles the more common and widespread Senna form taxon 'oligophylla', but differs in having larger hairy petals and prominent leaflet midribs.

9. Senna charlesiana (Symon) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 194 (1998) Cassia charlesiana Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 126 (1966); Senna glutinosa subsp. charlesiana (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 217 (1989). T: 1 mile [c. 1.6 km] N of Pintharuka, W.A., 29 Aug. 1945, C.A.Gardner 7540; holo: PERTH. Illustrations: D.E.Symon, op. cit. pl. 4, as C. charlesiana; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 210, pl. 12g, h, 212, pl. 13b (1989), as S. glutinosa subsp. charlesiana. Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, sparsely to densely pubescent on vegetative parts, inflorescence, outer floral parts and ovary, otherwise glabrous. Leaves 4–10 cm long including a terete or laterally compressed petiole 4–10 mm long; stipules acicular, ±caducous; leaflets in 0–1 (–2) pairs, 5–20 mm long, c. 1 mm diam., the second (when present) c. 15 mm above the first, terete or compressed, acuminate; glands 1–2, sessile, flat or globular. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2–4 flowers, axillary; peduncle 10–20 mm long; pedicels 5–7 mm long; bracts persistent or caducous. Petals c. 12 mm long, hairy outside. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long, or 2 longer (to 3 mm); anthers subequal, 3–4 mm long. Pod flat, 5–6 cm long, c. 12 mm wide, curved, entire. Seeds dull. Occurs from the Murchison River region to southern-inland W.A.; in arid shrublands. Flowers in winter. Map 85.

102 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

W.A.: East Yuna Reserve, NE of Geraldton, A.C.Burns 40 (PERTH); c. 2 km E of Paynes Find, E.M.Scrymgeour 2124 (K, PERTH); Mt Singleton, Aug. 1953, C.A.Gardner s.n. (PERTH). Superficially similar to the more common and widespread Senna form taxon 'filifolia', but differs in having larger hairy petals and longer petioles. A minor variant treated by Randell, op. cit. 219 (1989) as Senna glutinosa subsp. charlesiana form 'falcata' is included here, and probably reflects limited interspecific hybridisation.

10. Senna form taxon 'chatelainiana' Cassia chatelainiana Gaudich., in H.L.C. de S. de Freycinet, Voy. Uranie 485, t. 3 (1826); Senna glutinosa subsp. chatelainiana (Gaudich.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 213 (1989). T: 'In Novae–Hollandiae ora occidentali baie des Chiens–Marins' [Shark Bay, W.A.], C.Gaudichaud; holo: P (photo AD). Illustrations: C.Gaudichaud, loc. cit.; M.Morcombe, Australia's Western Wildfl. 20 (1968), as C. chatelainiana; Anon., Austral. Pl. 8: 348 (1976), all as C. chatelainiana. Shrub, erect, to 4 m tall, sparsely pubescent on vegetative parts, inflorescence, outer floral parts and ovary, glabrescent. Leaves 4–6 cm long including a terete petiole 10–20 (–25) mm long; stipules acicular, ±persistent; leaflets in 3–6 pairs spaced 10–25 mm apart, narrowly elliptic, 6–20 (–25) mm long, 1–4 mm wide, acute; glands 1–4, between the lowest leaflet pairs, stipitate, pointed. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2–4 (–6) flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 15–25 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long; bracts somewhat persistent. Petals 11–19 mm long, hairy outside. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 0.5–1 mm long, or 1–2 longer (to 3 mm); anthers subequal, c. 4 mm long. Pod flat, 5–8 cm long, 15–20 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. n = 14, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Occurs in the central-west of W.A.; in arid shrublands. Flowers mostly in winter. Map 86. W.A.: Callytharra Springs, R.J.Cranfield 2130 (PERTH); Dirk Hartog Is., J.S.Beard 7082 (PERTH); near James Pool, Windidda, R.J.Chinnock 826 (AD, PERTH). Vegetatively resembles the sympatric Senna form taxon 'stricta', but differs in having larger hairy petals and green leaflets. Minor variants treated by Randell, op. cit. 214 as Senna glutinosa subsp. chatelainiana forms 'acifolia' and 'aplinii' are included here, and possibly reflect interspecific hybridisation. See note under Senna form taxon 'luerssenii' on hybridisation with other taxa.

11. Senna form taxon 'pruinosa' Cassia pruinosa F.Muell., Fragm. 3: 48 (1862); Senna glutinosa subsp. pruinosa (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 216 (1989). T: Nickol Bay, W.A., P.Walcott s.n.; lecto: P (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: MEL. Illustrations: A.A.Mitchell, Arid Shrubland Pl. W. Australia 123 (1988), as C. pruinosa; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 212, pl. 13c, as S. glutinosa subsp. pruinosa. Shrub, erect or straggling, to 2 m tall, almost glabrous, usually pruinose. Leaves 5–10 cm long including a terete petiole 10–15 mm long; stipules broadly falcate, persistent; leaflets in 3–5 pairs spaced 8–10 mm apart, elliptic, 10–20 mm long, 4–7 (–12) mm wide, broadly acute to shortly rounded; glands 1–3, between the lowest leaflet pairs, sessile, flat. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 4–6 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 20–30 mm long; pedicels 10–20 mm long; bracts somewhat persistent. Petals c. 12 mm long, sometimes sparsely hairy outside. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, subsessile, or 1–2 longer (to 2 mm); anthers subequal, 4–5 mm long. Pod flat, 3–6 cm long, c. 10 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. n = 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Fig. 48. Occurs from north-western W.A. eastwards to far-northern S.A. and far-western Qld and N.S.W.; in arid shrublands. Flowers usually in winter. Map 87. W.A.: Woodstock, E.H.M.Ealey E/115 (AD, CANB, PERTH). N.T.: c. 13 km N of Barrow Ck Telegraph Stn, N.Forde 210 (AD, DNA). S.A.: Emery Ra., c. 22 km E of Pedirka, T.R.N.Lothian 4799 (AD). Qld: c. 20 km S of Dajarra township, R.A.Perry 4054 (AD, CANB). N.S.W.: Sturt Natl Park, B.Wiecek 3626 (NSW). Intergrades to other taxa are common. See note under Senna form taxon 'luerssenii'.

103 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

12. Senna form taxon 'luerssenii' Cassia luerssenii Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 794 (1926); Senna glutinosa nothosubsp. luerssenii (Domin) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 214 (1989). T: Nordwest-Australien: zwichen Ashburton und De Grey River, [Qld], E.Clement s.n.; holo: PR n.v.; iso: K (photo AD). Illustrations: K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 78 (1984), as C. pruinosa; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 212, pl. 13a, as S. glutinosa nothosubsp. luerssenii. Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, almost glabrous, sometimes viscid or pruinose. Leaves 4–8 cm long including a terete petiole c. 15 mm long; stipules linear to broadly falcate, persistent or caducous; leaflets in 4–7 pairs spaced 7–12 (–20) mm apart, narrowly to broadly elliptic, 8–18 mm long, 1–4 (–6) mm wide, acute; glands 1–3, between the lowest leaflet pairs, sessile and flat or stalked and pointed. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 3–5 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 20–30 (–45) mm long; pedicels 20–25 mm long; bracts somewhat persistent. Petals (7–) 11–15 mm long, rarely sparsely hairy outside. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, subsessile, or 1–2 longer (to 3 mm); anthers subequal, 4–5 mm long. Pod flat, 3–6 cm long, 10–15 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. n = c. 24, fide D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 73 (1966). Occurs in arid shrublands from the central coast of W.A., east-north-east to near the N.T. border. Flowers mostly in winter. Map 88. W.A.: 34 km SE of Mt Vernon HS, H.R.Toelken 6360 (AD, MTJB); Camballin, Y.Power 735 (CANB, PERTH); c. 15 km N of Wongawol, Nullagine Hills, N.H.Speck 1277 (AD, CANB). Plants referrable to Senna form taxon 'luerssenii' are probably always of hybrid origin, and the taxon is therefore one of convenience for treating a commonly occurring morphological form. Most parental combinations involve form taxa 'glutinosa', 'pruinosa' and 'chatelainiana'. Form taxon 'luerssenii' thus shows considerable internal variation as well as intergradation to other taxa.

13. Senna form taxon 'glutinosa' Cassia glutinosa DC., Prodr. 495 (1825); Senna glutinosa (DC.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 209 (1989). T: 'In Novae-Hollandiae ora orientali' (probably in error for ora occidentalis, fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.); holo: P (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit. Cassia glutinosa var. 'ß' Vogel, Gen. Cass. Syn. 47 (1837). T: 'in Nova Holl. et in Ins. Admiralitatis'; holo: P (photo AD). Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 210, pl. 12a–f, as S. glutinosa. Shrub, erect or straggling, to 3 m tall, glabrous except for the pubescent ovary and occasional scattered hairs on inflorescence and outer floral parts, viscid. Leaves 3–5 cm long including a terete petiole 10–15 mm long; stipules acicular, usually caducous; leaflets in 4–6 pairs spaced 10–15 mm apart, elliptic, 10–25 mm long, 3–6 mm wide, acute; glands 1–3, between the lowest leaflet pairs, sessile, flat. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2–4 (–6) flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 20–40 mm long; pedicels 10–20 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals c. 14 mm long, sometimes sparsely hairy outside. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, subsessile, or 1–2 longer (to 2 mm); anthers subequal, c. 5 mm long. Pod flat, 4–6 cm long, 8–11 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull or lustrous. n = 42/2, 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Occurs from north-western W.A. eastwards to N.T. and north-western S.A.; in arid shrublands. Flowers mostly in winter. Map 89. W.A.: Blackstone Mining Camp, c. 630 km SW of Alice Springs, R.Hill & T.R.N.Lothian 920 (AD, K, PERTH); , A.A.Mitchell 605 (AD, DNA, PERTH). N.T.: c. 25 km N of Inverway, R.A.Perry 2347 (AD, CANB). S.A.: Dulgunia Hill, Tomkinson Ra., J.Z.Weber 5395 (AD). Vegetatively resembles the largely sympatric S. glaucifolia, but differs in having larger hairy petals.

104 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

14. Senna form taxon 'microphylla' Senna cardiosperma subsp. microphylla Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 252 (1989). T: far-north-west [of S.A.], head of Arckaringa Ck, Elder Exploring Expedition, Camp 12, 30 June 1891, R.Helms; holo: AD; iso: AD, NSW. Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 248, pl. 18j, as S. cardiosperma subsp. microphylla. Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, densely woolly-tomentose on the vegetative parts, otherwise mainly glabrous. Leaves 2–3 cm long including a terete petiole c. 4 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 8–10 pairs spaced c. 2 mm apart, terete, 8–12 mm long, c. 1 mm diam., blunt; glands not prominent. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2–4 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 2–15 mm long; pedicels 15–25 mm long; bracts usually caducous. Petals 4–6 (–8) mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long with 3 abaxial ones c. 2 mm long; anthers subequal, 2–3 mm long. Pod flat, 3–5 cm long, 6–8 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. Occurs in far-north-western S.A., and the southern N.T.; in arid shrublands. Flowers in spring. Map 90. N.T.: Palm Valley, c. 125 km SW of Alice Springs, R.Hill & T.R.N.Lothian 937 (AD, DNA, K). S.A.: c. 95 km E of Tallaringa Well [c. 150 km W of Mabel Creek HS], N.N.Donner 3844 (AD, G, TI, Z); c. 16 km NE of Moolalpinna Hill, c. 5 km ESE of Ampeinna Hills, W.R.Barker 2863/2 (AD, LUN, M, MO). See note under Senna form taxon 'artemisioides' on intergradation and phyletic relationship. Intergradation also occurs between form taxon 'microphylla' and form taxa 'coriacea' and 'gawlerensis', both of which have broader, flat leaflets.

15. Senna form taxon 'artemisioides' Cassia artemisioides DC., Prodr. 2: 495 (1825); Senna artemisioides nothosubsp. artemisioides (DC.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 225 (1989). T: 'Novae Hollandiae interioribus', C.Fraser 100; lecto: E (photo AD), fide D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 117 (1966); 'N.Holl.', Fraser 163; syn: K (photo AD); 'Pt Jackson, N. Holl.', C.Gaudichaud; syn: P (photo AD). Cassia teretifolia A.Cunn. ex Lindl., in T.L.Mitchell, Three Exped. Australia 1: 286 (1838). T: Mt Flinders, N.S.W., 1817, A.Cunningham 184; holo: K (photo AD). Cassia teretiuscula F.Muell., Linnaea 25: 389 (1853). T: near Cudnaka, [Flinders Ra., S.A.], F.Mueller; holo: MEL (photo AD). Illustrations: E.R.Rotherham, Fl. & Pl. New South Wales & Southern Queensland 149 (1982); K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 76 (1984), as C. artemisioides; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 221, pl. 14a–k, as S. artemisioides nothosubsp. artemisioides. Shrub, erect, to 3 m tall, sparsely to densely pubescent on vegetative parts and inflorescence axes; otherwise glabrous. Leaves 3–6 cm long including a terete petiole 6–15 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 3–8 pairs spaced 6–10 mm apart, terete or channelled above or tightly inrolled, 15–25 mm long, c. 1 mm diam., acute or blunt; glands 1–3, between the lowest leaflet pairs, sessile, flat. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 4–12 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 5–40 mm long; pedicels 5–25 mm long; bracts ±caducous. Petals 7–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long with 3 abaxial ones c. 2 mm long; anthers subequal, 4–5 mm long. Pod flat, 4–8 cm long, 6–10 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. n = 42/2, 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Fig. 51. Occurs in all mainland states except Vic. Widely distributed in a range of arid habitats from rocky hillsides to deep desert sands. Flowers mostly in winter. Map 91. W.A.: Lawlers, N.T.Burbidge 4820 (AD, CANB). N.T.: Mt Cavenagh, c. 20 km SW of Kulgera HS, A.A.Munir 5087 (AD, BRI, DNA). S.A.: Angepena, Flinders Ra., P.E.Conrick AD114 (AD, MEL). Qld: c. 45 km N of Adavale, 1 July 1967, E.Wollaston (AD). N.S.W.: Fowlers Gap, c. 110 km N of Broken Hill, L.R.Richley F2 (AD). Although long recognised as a characteristic species of the Australian arid zone, Senna form taxon 'artemisioides' is probably always of hybrid derivation (Randell, op. cit. 227). Hybrid swarms commonly link it with Senna form taxa 'coriacea', 'filifolia', 'gawlerensis', 'glutinosa', 'helmsii', 'microphylla', 'oligophylla', 'petiolaris', 'quadrifolia' and 'sturtii'. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus Senna. In particular, form taxon 'artemisioides' is intermediate between form taxa 'filifolia' and 'microphylla', which are considered to be its putative parents (Randell, op. cit. 227).

105 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

16. Senna form taxon 'sturtii' Cassia sturtii R.Br., in C.Sturt, Narr. Exped. C. Australia 2, Bot. Append. 77 (1849); Senna artemisioides nothosubsp. sturtii (R.Br.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 238 (1989). T: Western Interior, C.Sturt 25; holo: BM (photo AD). Cassia desolata F.Muell., Linnaea 25: 389 (1853). T: between Arkaba and Wulpina [Wilpena], Flinders Ranges, S.A., F.Mueller; holo: MEL (photo AD). Illustrations: Anon., Austral. Pl. 8: 340 (1976), as C. sturtii; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 223, pl. 16f, as S. artemisioides nothosubsp. sturtii. Shrub, erect to 2 m tall, sparsely to densely grey-pubescent with woolly or rarely straight hairs except for the inner floral parts. Leaves 2–4 cm long including a terete petiole 6–10 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 2–8 pairs spaced c. 10 mm apart, linear to elliptic, 15–25 mm long, 2–8 mm wide, inrolled at the margin, acute; glands 1–3, between the lowest leaflet pairs, sessile, dark. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 4–8 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 10–20 (–30) mm long; pedicels 5–15 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 7–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long with 3 abaxial ones 2–3 mm long; anthers subequal, 3–5 mm long. Pod flat, (2–) 6–7 (–8) cm long, 9–12 (–15) mm wide, straight or curved, entire. Seeds dull. n = 42/2, 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Occurs in all mainland states except Vic. Widely distributed in a range of arid habitats from rocky hillsides to deep desert sands. Flowers in winter. Map 92. W.A.: 14 km SE of Edagee HS turnoff, c. 90 km SE of Carnarvon, E.N.S.Jackson 3104 (AD, BRI, COLO). N.T.: 6 km E of Hawks Nest Well, Welbourne Hill Stn, T.S.Henshall 3013 (AD, CANB, DNA). S.A.: c. 15 km S of Ooldea, T.R.N.Lothian 5442 (AD, BRI). Qld: SW of Nappamerrie, E.N.S.Jackson 419 (AD). N.S.W.: 40 km N of Tibooburra, Wittabrenna Ck floodplain, P.E.Conrick 641 (AD). This widely recognised taxon is probably always of hybrid derivation, but not always from the same parents, although form taxon 'helmsii' may often be involved (Randell, op. cit. 237, 239). Intergradation has been observed with Senna form taxa 'artemisioides', 'coriacea', 'filifolia', 'helmsii', 'oligophylla', 'petiolaris' and 'quadrifolia'. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus description.

17. Senna form taxon 'quadrifolia' Senna artemisioides subsp. quadrifolia Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 239 (1989). T: 9 km W of Watson on west side of Maralinga road intersection, S.A., 14 July 1972, T.R.N.Lothian 5516; holo: AD; iso: F n.v. [Cassia oligophylla auct. non F.Muell.: D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 112 (1977), p.p.] Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 223, pl. 16e, as S. artemisioides subsp. quadrifolia. Shrub, erect, to 3 m tall, sparsely pubescent with erect or appressed hairs except for the inner floral parts. Leaves c. 4 cm long including a terete petiole 15–25 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 2 or rarely 3 pairs spaced c. 20 mm apart, narrowly elliptic, 20–50 mm long, 2–10 mm wide, acute; glands usually 2, between all leaflet pairs, sessile, flat. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 4–8 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 10–20 (–30) mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 8–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long with 3 abaxial ones 2–3 mm long; anthers subequal, 3–5 mm long. Pod flat, c. 7 cm long, c. 15 mm wide, straight or curved, entire. Seeds dull. Occurs in southern N.T., northern S.A. and south-western Qld. Widely distributed in a range of arid habitats from rocky hillsides to deep desert sands. Flowers in winter. Map 93. N.T.: north-western Simpson Desert, N.M.Henry 974 (AD, CANB, DNA). S.A.: c. 8 km E of Frome Downs, J.Z.Weber 2052 (AD, BRI, KRA, MEL, RSA, W, WRSL). Qld: c. 18 km E of Comet township, M.Lazarides & R.Story 135 (AD, CANB). Sometimes confused with the partially sympatric Senna form taxon 'zygophylla', but differs in its denser indumentum. Intergradation has been observed with Senna form taxa 'alicia', 'filifolia' and 'sturtii'. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus description.

106 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

18. Senna form taxon 'helmsii' Cassia helmsii Symon, in H.J.Eichler, Suppl. J.Black's Flora 180 (1965); Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 236 (1989). T: 5 miles [c. 8 km] E of Coniston HS, N.T., 11 Aug. 1959, G.M.Chippendale 6428; holo: AD; iso: DNA, NSW n.v. Cassia sturtii var. tomentosa Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 289 (1864). T: Mt Murchison, N.S.W., J.Dallachy; lecto: MEL, fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: K (photo AD). Cassia sturtii var. involucrata J.Black, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 47: 370 (1923); C. desolata var. involucrata (J.Black) J.Black, Fl. S. Australia 2nd edn, 2: 430 (1948). T: Birksgate Range, far NW of S.A., Camp 15, 6 July 1891, R.Helms; holo: AD; iso: NSW. Illustrations: K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 76 (1984); A.A.Mitchell, Arid Shrubland Pl. W. Australia 121 (1988), both as C. helmsii; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 222, pl. 15e, as S. artemisioides subsp. helmsii. Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, densely white- to grey-woolly-tomentose except for the inner floral parts. Leaves 2.5–5 cm long including a terete petiole 5–15 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 2–4 pairs spaced c. 10 mm apart, obovate, 10–25 mm long, 6–12 mm wide, recurved at the margins, with cuticular wax darkening with age, obtuse to emarginate; glands 1–4, between all or the lowest leaflet pairs, sessile, flat, dark. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 4–10 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 10–25 mm long; pedicels 8–13 mm long; bracts somewhat persistent. Petals 8–10 (–12) mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long with 3 abaxial ones 3–5 mm long; anthers subequal, 3–4 mm long. Pod flat, (3–) 5–6.5 cm long, 15–20 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. n = 42/2, 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Fig. 57. Occurs in inland W.A., N.T., S.A., Qld and N.S.W. Widely distributed in a range of arid habitats from rocky hillsides to deep desert sands. Flowers in winter. Map 94. W.A.: Giles Settlement, Rawlinson Ra., c. 70 km W of the N.T. border, R.Hill 1374 (AD, BM). N.T.: Ayers Rock, NE side near base, N.N.Donner 4636 (AD, DNA). S.A.: c. 8 km WNW of Cordillo Downs HS, T.R.N.Lothian & D.E.Francis 645 (AD, E). Qld: c. 11 km SE of Gypsy Plains Stn, N.H.Speck 4794 (AD, CANB). N.S.W.: near Milparinka, c. 6 km SW of Mt Shannon, E.N.S.Jackson 2812 (AD, ZT). Intergradation has been observed with Senna form taxa 'alicia', 'artemisioides', 'filifolia', 'oligophylla', 'quadrifolia' and 'sturtii'. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus description.

19. Senna form taxon 'oligophylla' Cassia oligophylla F.Muell., Fragm. 3: 49 (1862); Senna artemisioides subsp. oligophylla (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 235 (1989). T: Nickol Bay, [W.A.], P.Walcott s.n.; lecto: K (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: MEL (photo AD). Cassia oligophylla var. sericea Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 113 (1966). T: The Granites, N.T., 14 Aug. 1936, J.B.Cleland s.n.; holo: AD. Illustrations: G.M.Cunningham et al., Pl. Western New South Wales 381 (1981); A.A.Mitchell, Arid Shrubland Pl. W. Australia 127 (1988), both as C. oligophylla; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 222, pl. 15a, as S. artemisioides subsp. oligophylla. Shrub, erect or spreading, to 2 m tall, sparsely pubescent with appressed hairs except for the inner floral parts, often glaucous. Leaves 2–5 cm long including a terete petiole 5–15 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 2–3 pairs spaced 15–25 mm apart, ovate to obovate, 10–40 mm long, 10–20 mm wide, flat or rarely recurved at the margin, obtuse to emarginate; glands 1–3, between all or the lowest leaflet pairs, sessile, flat, dark. Inflorescence usually subumbellate, of 4–12 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 20–30 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long; bracts persistent. Petals 8–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long or with 1 abaxial filament 2–3 mm long; anthers subequal, 3–4 mm long. Pod flat, c. 7 cm long, 15–25 mm wide, straight or slightly curved, entire. Seeds dull. n = 42/2, 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Figs 55. Occurs in W.A., N.T., S.A., Qld and far-western N.S.W. Widely distributed in a range of arid habitats from rocky hillsides to deep desert sands. Flowers in winter. Map 95. W.A.: c. 14 km ESE of Calwynyardah, Kimberley, M.Lazarides 6506 (AD, CANB). N.T.: Mt Davidson, Tanami Sanctuary, J.R.Maconochie 1010 (AD, DNA). S.A.: 61 km E of Dalhousie Springs, T.R.N.Lothian 1904 (AD, BRI). Qld: c. 32 km NE of Dajarra township, S.T.Blake 4036 (AD, CANB). N.S.W.: Purnanga, L.R.Richley 1383 (NSW).

107 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Intergradation has been observed with Senna form taxa 'alicia', 'coriacea', 'filifolia', 'helmsii', 'quadrifolia' and 'sturtii'. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus description.

20. Senna form taxon 'alicia' Senna artemisioides subsp. alicia Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 234 (1989). T: 6 miles [c. 9 km] SE of Alice Springs, 29 Aug. 1967, B.R.Randell 222/257; holo: AD. [Cassia oligophylla auct. non F.Muell.: D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 112 (1966), p.p.] [Cassia eremophila var. coriacea auct. non Benth.: D.E.Symon, op. cit. 124, p.p.] Illustrations: K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 78 (1984), as C. oligophylla; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 222, pl. 15f, as S. artemisioides subsp. alicia. Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, sparsely clothed with silky hairs or glabrous; bluish or reddish glaucous. Leaves 1–3 cm long including a terete petiole 8–10 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 1–2 (–3) pairs, the second and third (when present) spaced 8–12 mm apart, folded together upwards, elliptic to oblanceolate, 15–30 mm long, 5–8 (–12) mm wide, acute or obtuse; glands 1–3, between all or the lowest leaflet pairs, sessile, flat. Inflorescence usually subumbellate, of 6–15 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 20–30 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long; bracts usually caducous. Petals 8–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long or with 1 abaxial filament 2–3 mm long; anthers subequal, 3–4 mm long. Pod flat, c. 7 cm long, 15–25 mm wide, straight or slightly curved, entire. Seeds dull. n = 14, 42/2, 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Occurs in southern N.T., northern S.A., south-western Qld and north-western N.S.W. Widely distributed in a range of arid habitats from rocky hillsides to deep desert sands. Flowers in winter. Map 96. N.T.: c. 8 km W of Stuart Hwy on Hamilton Downs road, J.R.Maconochie 116 (AD, DNA). S.A.: c. 50 km E of Copley, T.R.N.Lothian 2577 (AD, PRE). Qld: c. 6 km S of Hughenden on Muttaburra road, N.T.Burbidge 5367 (AD, CANB). N.S.W.: 5 km E of Tibooburra, N.N.Donner 5722 (AD). The folded presentation of the leaflets is distinctive. Complex intergradation has been observed with Senna form taxa 'coriacea', 'oligophylla' and 'quadrifolia', to the extent that distinction of these taxa is more or less arbitrary. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus description.

21. Senna form taxon 'zygophylla' Cassia zygophylla Benth., in T.L.Mitchell, J. Exped. Australia 288 (1848); Cassia eremophila var. zygophylla (Benth.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 288 (1864); Senna artemisioides subsp. zygophylla (Benth.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 233 (1989). T: locality unknown, 31 Aug. 1846, T.L.Mitchell 276; lecto: K (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: CGE (photo AD); locality unknown, 29 Aug. 1846, T.L.Mitchell 268; syn: K (photo AD). Cassia canaliculata R.Br., in C.Sturt, Narr. Exped. C. Australia 2, Bot. Append. 78 (1849). T: Barrier Range, about 36 miles [c. 58 km] from the Darling, lat. 32°S, C.Sturt 2; holo: BM (photo AD). [Cassia nemophila var. zygophylla auct. non (Benth.) Benth.: D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 123 (1966); nemophila is a transcriptional error for eremophila, fide B.R.Randell, op. cit. 232] Illustrations: G.M.Cunningham et al., Pl. Western New South Wales 380 (1981); K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 76 (1984); K.A.W.Williams, op. cit. 3: 60 (1987). Shrub or rarely small tree, erect, to 3 m tall, glabrous or very sparsely pubescent with appressed hairs, glaucous. Leaves 8–30 mm long including a terete or compressed petiole 8–12 (–20) mm long, c. 1 mm diam.; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 1 or 2 pairs, the second (when present) 10–15 mm above the first, linear to narrowly elliptic, 18–40 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, incurved at the margins, acute or obtuse; glands 1–2, between one or both leaflet pairs, sessile, flat. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 3–5 flowers, mostly in the upper axils; peduncle 3–6 mm long; pedicels 4–7 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 6–9 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 0.5–1 mm long; anthers subequal, 1.5–4 mm long. Pod flat, 2–7 cm long, 10–12 mm wide, straight or slightly curved, entire. Seeds dull. Fig. 56.

108 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

Occurs in inland southern Qld, N.S.W. and northern Vic.; in a range of habitats from rocky hills to sandy slopes. Flowers in winter. Map 97. Qld: Chinchilla, 29 Oct. 1917, J.Shirley (NSW); 35 km SE of Blackwater, R.Henderson 1190 (NSW). N.S.W.: Gilgandra, 14 Oct. 1904, R.H.Cambage s.n. (NSW); 16 km SW of Cowra, E.J.McBarron 21019 (NSW). Vic.: Wycheproof, Oct. 1917, W.Watts s.n. (NSW). Intergradation has been observed with Senna form taxa 'coriacea', 'petiolaris', 'quadrifolia' and 'sturtii'. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus description and S. form taxon 'petiolaris'.

22. Senna form taxon 'coriacea' Cassia sturtii var. coriacea Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 288 (1864); Cassia eremophila var. coriacea (Benth.) Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 124 (1966), as nemophila; Senna artemisioides nothosubsp. coriacea (Benth.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 231 (1989). T: Mt Flinders, N.S.W., A.Cunningham 185; lecto: BM (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: BM (photo AD), K (photo AD); Inlet XII, South Coast, [S.A.], 1802, R.Brown Iter Austral. 4334; syn: BM (photo AD); Darling and Murray Desert; syn: n.v.; S.A.: syn; n.v. Cassia eremophila A.Cunn. ex Vogel, Gen. Cass. Syn. 47 (1837), as nemophila. T: 'In Novae Hollandia', not located; southwesterly and westerly of Lachlan River, 7 June 1817, A.Cunningham 183; neo: BM n.v., fide D.E.Symon, op. cit. 120; isoneo: NSW. [nemophila is a transcriptional error for eremophila, fide B.R.Randell, op. cit. 232] Illustrations: G.R.Cochrane, Fl. & Pl. Victoria 62 (1968), as C. sturtii var. coriacea; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 222, pl. 15b, as S. artemisioides nothosubsp. coriacea. Shrub or small tree to 3 m tall, sparsely pubescent with appressed hairs except for the inner floral parts, sometimes glaucous. Leaves 1–5 cm long including a terete petiole 6–10 (–15) mm long; stipules acicular, ±caducous; leaflets in (1–) 2–6 pairs spaced 6–8 mm apart, linear to elliptic or obovate, 7–15 (–30) mm long, 2–6 mm wide, recurved at the margins, obtuse; gland 1, between the basal pair of leaflets, sessile, flat or somewhat conical. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 6–10 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 1–10 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 5–8 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long; anthers subequal, 2–4 mm long. Pod flat, 3–5 cm long, 10–12 mm wide, straight or slightly curved, entire. Seeds dull. n = 42/2, 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Occurs in southern Australia, in all mainland states. Widely distributed in a broad range of habitats from rocky hillsides to deep sands. Flowers in winter. Map 98. W.A.: Coolgubbin, c. 16 km S of Neales Junction, M.D.Crisp 37 (AD). N.T.: Beddome Ra., P.K.Latz 5241 (AD, DNA, NY). S.A.: around Angorichina Hostel, c. 95 km NNE of Hawker, R.Kuchel 2441 (AD, BRI, C, CANB, CHR). Qld: Gravel Pit Rd, 14 km N of Birdsville and 24 km E of Bedourie Rd, R.E.Grandison 137 (AD). N.S.W.: Fowlers Gap, N of Broken Hill, S.W.L.Jacobs 2274 (AD, NSW). Vic.: beside Borung Hwy, 7 km WNW of Litchfield, T.B.Muir 5759 (AD, MEL). Plants referrable to Senna form taxon 'coriacea' are probably always of hybrid origin, but not always from the same parents, although form taxon 'gawlerensis' may often be involved (Randell, op. cit. 232, 250). The taxon is therefore one of convenience for treating a commonly occurring morphological form (Randell, op. cit. 232). Hybrid swarms commonly link it with Senna form taxa 'alicia', 'artemisioides', 'filifolia', 'gawlerensis', 'oligophylla', 'petiolaris', 'quadrifolia', 'sturtii' and 'zygophylla'. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus description. Some variants of the taxon are almost identical to the distinctly allopatric S. symonii, but are probably not directly related (Randell, op. cit. 243). Similarly, other variants in South Australia closely resemble the Western Australian S. stowardii, but differ in having larger flowers.

109 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

23. Senna form taxon 'gawlerensis' Senna cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 250 (1989). T: Yandoolka Well, c. 10 km W of Lake Everard HS [c. 145 km ENE of Ceduna], V.Jaegermann 147; holo: AD. Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 248, pl. 18g, as S. cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis. Shrub or small tree to 2 m tall, sparsely pubescent with appressed hairs except for the inner floral parts, glaucous. Leaves 2–3 cm long including a terete petiole c. 5 mm long; stipules acicular, ±caducous; leaflets in 5–10 pairs spaced 3–4 mm apart, 3–6 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, obovate, emarginate to obtuse and shortly mucronate; gland 1, between the basal pair of leaflets, inconspicuous. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 3–6 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 1–3 mm long; pedicels 4–7 mm long; bracts usually caducous. Petals c. 5 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long with 3 abaxial ones c. 2 mm long; anthers subequal, 2–3 mm long. Pod flat, 3–5 cm long, 6–8 mm wide, straight or curved, entire. Seeds dull. n = 14, 42/2, 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970), as Cassia nemophila var. coriacea forma. Occurs in S.A., restricted to Eyre Peninsula and the north-west of the State; in a range of habitats from rocky hillsides to sands. Phantom hybrids suggest that it may have disappeared from the Flinders Ranges since European settlement. Flowers almost all year. Map 99. S.A.: c. 25 km W of Mabel Creek HS, N.Forde 314 (AD, CANB); on Peterlumba and near Buckleboo Stn, c. 50 km NW of Kimba, K.D.Rohrlach 414 (AD, B, BM); c. 35 km N of Watson, near Maralinga, P.G.Wilson 1740 (AD, BM, G, K, P); c. 10 km N of Emu, G.Brooks 28 (AD, NY, OSHKOSH). Intergradation has been observed with Senna form taxa 'artemisioides', 'filifolia' and 'petiolaris'. Form taxon 'coriacea' is a common intermediate. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus description.

24. Senna form taxon 'filifolia' Senna artemisioides subsp. filifolia Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 227 (1989). T: 20 miles [c. 32 km] NW of Alice Springs, 30 Aug. 1967, B.R.Randell 223/117; holo: AD. [Cassia eremophila auct. non A.Cunn. ex Vogel: G.Bentham, Fl. Austral. 2: 287 (1964)] [Cassia eremophila var. eremophila auct. non A.Cunn. ex Vogel; G.M.Cunningham et al., Pl. Western New South Wales 379 (1981)] [Cassia nemophila var. nemophila auct. non A.Cunn. ex Vogel: D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 123 (1966): nemophila is a typographical error for eremophila, fide B.R.Randell, op. cit. 232] Illustrations: A.A.Mitchell, Arid Shrubland Pl. W. Australia 125 (1988); B.R.Randell, op. cit. 222, pl. 15c, as S. artemisioides subsp. filifolia. Shrub, erect, to 3 m tall, sparsely pubescent with appressed hairs except for the inner floral parts, soon glabrescent. Leaves 2–5 cm long including a terete petiole 15–25 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 1–4 pairs spaced 6–10 mm apart, terete, 20–40 mm long, c. 1 mm diam., acute; glands 1–4, between the lowest or all leaflet pairs, sessile, flat. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 3–10 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 5–15 mm long; pedicels c. 10 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals (4–) 7–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 0.5–1 mm long with 3–4 abaxial ones to 2 mm; anthers subequal, 3–5 mm long. Pod flat, 2–7 cm long, 10–12 mm wide, straight or slightly curved, entire. Seeds dull. n = 14, 42/2, 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970), as Cassia nemophila var. nemophila. Fig. 58. Occurs in all mainland states. Widely distributed in a broad range of arid habitats from rocky slopes to deep sands. Flowers mostly in winter. Map 100. W.A.: 100 km S of Balladonia, P.G.Wilson 2888 (AD, PERTH, S). N.T.: c. 45 km ENE of Hermannsburg Mission, M.Lazarides 5315 (AD, CANB). S.A.: near NW branch of Coopers Ck, S Coongie L., N.N.Donner 5222 (AD, K, KRA, KW, MEL). Qld: Bedourie road, 6 km N of Birdsville, R.E.Grandison 85 (AD). N.S.W.: Fowlers Gap N of Broken Hill, S.W.L.Jacobs 2234 (AD, NSW). Vic.: 4 km SW of Sunset Tank, M.G.Corrick 6616 (AD, MEL). Intergradation has been commonly observed with Senna form taxa 'alicia', 'artemisioides', 'coriacea', 'gawlerensis', 'glutinosa', 'helmsii', 'oligophylla', 'petiolaris' and 'sturtii'. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus description.

110 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

25. Senna form taxon 'petiolaris' Senna artemisioides subsp. petiolaris Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 229 (1989). T: 16 km SE of Yuendumu, c. 270 km NE of Alice Springs, 31 Aug. 1967, B.R.Randell 224A; holo: AD. For further synonymy see note below. Illustrations: G.M.Cunningham et al., Pl. Western New South Wales 381 (1981); B.R.Randell, op. cit. 222, pl. 15d, as S. artemisioides subsp. petiolaris. Shrub, erect, to 3 m tall, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with appressed hairs except for the inner floral parts, soon glabrescent. Leaves 2–7 cm long including a laterally compressed or flattened or rarely terete, straight or upcurved petiole 20–60 mm long and 2–8 mm wide; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 0–2 (–3) pairs spaced 7–10 mm apart, linear to elliptic, 10–25 mm long, 1–8 mm wide, laterally compressed or in intergrading forms dorsiventrally flattened, acute; glands 1–2 (–3), between the lowest or all leaflet pairs, sessile, flat. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2–10 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 2–10 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 7–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 0.5–1 mm long with 3–4 abaxial ones to 2 mm long; anthers subequal, 2–4 mm long. Pod flat, 4–8 cm long, 6–10 mm wide, straight or slightly curved, entire. Seeds dull. n = 14, 42/2, 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970), as Cassia nemophila var. platypoda and C. phyllodinea. Occurs in all mainland states. Widely distributed in a broad range of arid habitats from rocky slopes to deep sands. Flowers usually in winter. Map 101. W.A.: Giles, R.Hill & T.R.N.Lothian 903 (AD, PERTH). N.T.: c. 3 km E of Ayers Rock, N.N.Donner 4378 (AD, DNA, LASCH). S.A.: c. 40 km NE of Minnipa on road to Yardea, Gawler Ra., A.E.Orchard 2311 (AD, BRI, KRA, MEL, OSHKOSH, WRSL). Qld: near Mt Grey, between Merakee and Emmet, N.T.Burbidge 5507 (AD, CANB). N.S.W.: Wentworth, junction of Darling and Murray Rivers, 29 Aug. 1962, J.B.Cleland s.n. (AD). Vic.: 25 km NE of Sunset Country, M.G.Corrick 6399 (AD, MEL). When treated broadly, form taxon 'petiolaris' includes all forms with a laterally flattened or compressed petiole. It is therefore very variable, and includes many specimens placed in Cassia zygophylla and elsewhere by earlier authors. Much of this variability is the result of hybridisation. Intergradation has been commonly observed with Senna form taxa 'alicia', 'artemisioides', 'coriacea', 'filifolia', 'gawlerensis', 'quadrifolia', 'sturtii' and 'zygophylla'. Form taxon 'zygophylla' is the probable parent of many variants. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus description. The apparently progenital form, exemplified by the diploid race in central Australia, is typified strictly as above. There are several other names which apply to derived forms which are intergrades to other taxa, but cannot be treated strictly as equivalent synonyms of this parental form. They are included below because of the broad treatment of this form taxon: Cassia heteroloba Lindl., in T.L.Mitchell, Three Exped. Australia 121 (1838). T: near Gol Gol Ck, N.S.W., 6 June 1836, T.L.Mitchell 168; holo: CGE (photo AD). Cassia platypoda R.Br., in C.Sturt, Narr. Exped. C. Australia 2, Bot. Append. 78 (1849); C. eremophila var. platypoda (R.Br.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 288 (1864). T: Murray Scrub, S.A., 27 Nov. 1841, Mrs Gray 9; holo: BM (photo AD). Cassia phyllodinea R.Br., in C.Sturt, loc. cit.; C. artemisioides var. phyllodinea (R.Br.) F.Muell., Bot. Teach. Schools Victoria 31 (1877). T: Inlet XII, South Coast [foot of Spencers Gulf, S.A.], R.Brown Iter Austral. 4253; lecto: BM (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: E, K, MEL (photos AD); locality unknown, coll. unknown; syn: BM (photo AD). Cassia sturtii var. planipes J.Black, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 48: 256 (1924); C. desolata var. planipes (J.Black) Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 114 (1966). T: Cordillo Downs, S.A., May 1924, J.B.Cleland s.n.; lecto: AD, fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit. [Cassia artemisioides var. eremophila auct. non A.Cunn. ex Vogel: F.Muell., Bot. Teach. Schools Victoria 31 (1877)] [Cassia nemophila var. platypoda auct. non A.Cunn. ex Vogel: D.E.Symon, op. cit. 122: nemophila is a transcriptional error for eremophila, fide B.R.Randell, op. cit. 232]

111 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

26. Senna circinnata (Benth.) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 194 (1998) Cassia circinnata Benth., in T.L.Mitchell, J. Exped. Australia 284 (1848); Senna artemisioides subsp. circinnata (Benth.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 231 (1989). T: Camp at St Georges Bridge on the Balonne River, 28°S, 148°50'E, [Qld], 5–9 Nov. 1846, T.L.Mitchell 418; lecto: K (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit. (1989); isolecto: MEL. Illustrations: G.M.Cunningham et al., Pl. Western New South Wales 378 (1981), as C. circinnata; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 222, pl. 15g–j (1989), as S. artemisioides subsp. circinnata. Shrub or small tree to 2 m tall, sparsely pubescent with appressed hairs except for the inner floral parts, soon glabrescent. Leaves 3–6 cm long including a terete or rarely compressed petiole 15–50 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 1–3 pairs spaced 12–25 mm apart, usually absent at maturity, obovate, 8–12 mm long, 4–6 mm wide, emarginate; gland 1, between the positions of the basal pair of leaflets, sessile, flat. Inflorescence subumbellate, of few flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 5–15 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals c. 10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 0–0.5 mm long with 3–4 abaxial ones to 2 mm long; anthers subequal, 2–4 mm long. Pod flat, 6–12 cm long, 10 mm wide, helically coiled, entire. Seeds dull. n = 28, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Occurs in western Qld and N.S.W.; in arid shrublands. Flowers mostly in winter. Map 102. Qld: c. 22 km SE of Blackall, Smith & S.L.Everist 892 (MEL); c. 16 km N of Augathella, W.T.Jones 1899 (AD, CANB). N.S.W.: c. 22 km S of Bourke, B.R.Randell 205 (AD); 13 km W of Cobar towards Wilcannia, A.J.A.Sikkes & I.R.Telford AS188 (A, AD, L). The pod, which is circinnate through 1 or 2 coils, is distinctive. Apparent intergradation has been observed with Senna form taxon 'petiolaris'.

27. Senna symonii (Randell) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 194 (1998) Senna artemisioides subsp. symonii Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 243 (1989). T: road to Mt House, by Precipice Range, King Leopold Range, [c. 300 km NE of Broome], W.A., 25 June 1967, B.A.Barlow 1227; holo: AD. Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 223, pl. 16b (1989), as S. artemisioides subsp. symonii. Shrub, erect, to 1 m or more tall, sparsely to densely pubescent with appressed hairs except for the inner floral parts, glaucous. Leaves 2–3 cm long including a terete petiole 3–8 mm long; stipules acicular, somewhat persistent; leaflets in 2–3 pairs spaced 1–8 mm apart, obovate, 8–13 (–20) mm long, 5–7 mm wide, obtuse or rounded; gland 1, between the basal pair of leaflets, sessile, flat. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 3–5 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 10–30 mm long; pedicels 12–18 mm long; bracts persistent. Petals 7–9 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 0–0.5 mm long, with 3 abaxial ones to 1 mm long; anthers subequal, 2.5–4 mm long. Pod flat, 4–5 cm long, c. 10 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. n = 14, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970), as Cassia sp. 1. Occurs in north-western W.A.; in upland areas. Flowers in winter. Map 103. W.A.: 22.1 km from Shay Gap on the Goldsworthy road, R.J.Chinnock 3857 (AD, BAB); Nullagine Rd, S of Mt Edgar Stn, N.T.Burbidge 1164 (PERTH); plains near Paraburdoo, C.D.Boomsma 558 (AD). Apparent intergradation has been observed with S. glaucifolia. Senna symonii is almost identical to some variants of the distinctly allopatric Senna form taxon 'coriacea', but is probably not directly related (Randell, op. cit. 243).

28. Senna stricta (Randell) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 194 (1998) Senna artemisioides subsp. stricta Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 242 (1989). T: Great Northern Hwy, 22.5 km N of Roy Hill, W.A., G.Carr 4696 & A.C.Beauglehole 48474; holo: PERTH. Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 223, pl. 16c (1989), as S. artemisioides subsp. stricta. Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, glabrous and reddish glaucous. Leaves 2.5–4 cm long including a terete petiole 6–15 mm long; stipules acicular, somewhat persistent; leaflets in 2–5 pairs spaced 6–9 mm apart, linear, 10–25 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, recurved at the margin,

112 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna rounded; glands 1–3, between the lowest pairs of leaflets, subsessile, rounded, shortly pointed. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2–5 flowers, axillary; peduncle 8–20 (–35) mm long; pedicels 7–15 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 8–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 0–0.5 mm long, with 3 abaxial ones to 2.5 mm long; anthers subequal, 3–5 mm long. Pod flat, c. 8 cm long, c. 15 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. Occurs in central-western W.A.; mostly in arid inland habitats. Flowers in winter. Map 104. W.A.: Little Sandy Desert, A.A.Mitchell 677 (DNA, PERTH); Wiluna–Meekatharra road, c. 10 km NE of Killara HS turnoff, E.N.S.Jackson 2888 (AD); Newman area, K.Walker 149 (PERTH); Ravensthorpe–Esperance road, c. 160 km E of Munglinup R., E.N.S.Jackson 3462 (AD). Vegetatively resembles S. stowardii, which is sympatric in the southern part of the range, especially in the reddish cuticular wax, but differs in having longer petioles, less crowded leaflets and larger petals. It may also be confused with Senna form taxon 'chatelainiana', but differs in having shorter glabrous petals.

29. Senna glaucifolia (Randell) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 195 (1998) Senna artemisioides subsp. glaucifolia Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 240 (1989). T: Giles Settlement in Rawlinson Range, c. 70 km W of N.T. border, 29 July 1964, R.Hill 1366; holo: AD; iso: CHR, COLO n.v. Illustrations: A.A.Mitchell, Arid Shrubland Pl. W. Australia 129 (1988); B.R.Randell, op. cit. 223, pl. 16d (1989), as S. artemisioides subsp. glaucifolia. Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, pubescent on vegetative and inflorescence parts, glabrescent and reddish glaucous. Leaves 3–6 cm long including a terete petiole 10–15 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 2–4 pairs spaced 6–15 mm apart, elliptic, 10–26 mm long, 3–8 mm wide, slightly recurved at the margin, acute to rounded; glands 1–3, between the lowest pairs of leaflets, sessile, flat or pointed. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 4–7 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 15–20 mm long; pedicels 10–20 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 9–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 0.5 mm long, with 1 or 2 abaxial ones to 2 mm long; anthers subequal, 3–5 mm long. Pod flat, 4–8 cm long, 10–15 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. Occurs in arid inland central W.A. and N.T. Flowers in winter. Map 105. W.A.: Teutonic Administration site, R.Cumming 1390 (PERTH); Giles, R.Hill 897 (AD, K, MEL). N.T.: 15 km W of Angas Downs, c. 230 km SW of Alice Springs, R.Schodde 462 (CANB); road to Mulga Park HS, c. 120 km W of Cavenagh HS, N.N.Donner 4309 (AD, DNA, NSW). Vegetatively resembles some forms of the more southerly Senna form taxon 'coriacea', but does not occur in hybrid swarms as the latter always does. May also be confused with Senna form taxon 'glutinosa', but differs in being non-viscid and in having smaller flowers. Possible intergradation has been observed with Senna form taxa 'alicia', 'quadrifolia' and 'symonii'. For explanation of these complex populations see notes under genus description.

30. Senna hamersleyensis (Symon) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 195 (1998) Cassia hamersleyensis Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 108 (1966); Senna artemisioides subsp. hamersleyensis (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 244 (1989). T: flood plain of Wild Duck Ck, between Brockman and Mt Pyrton, Hamersley Ranges, W.A., 1963, M.M.Cole 5019; holo: PERTH; iso: K, n.v. Illustrations: A.A.Mitchell, Arid Shrubland Pl. W. Australia 118 (1988), as C. hamersleyensis; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 223, pl. 16a (1989), as S. artemisioides subsp. hamersleyensis. Shrub, almost prostrate, to 0.3 m tall, sparsely pubescent except for the inner floral parts, glaucous. Leaves 2–3 cm long including an angular petiole 0.3–0.6 (–1.2) cm long; stipules acicular, subpersistent; leaflets in 2–4 pairs spaced (4–) 6–8 (–15) mm apart, often folded together upwards, broadly elliptic to obovate, 5–12 mm long, 4–12 mm wide, obtuse or rounded, increasing distally; glands 1 or 2, between the lowest pairs of leaflets, usually obscure, sessile, pointed. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 4–5 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 40–90 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals c. 10 mm long.

113 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 0.5–2 mm long; anthers subequal, 3–4 mm long. Pod flat, 4–6 cm long, 10–15 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. Restricted to the Pilbara region of W.A. Flowers in winter. Map 106. W.A.: near Mulgul, A.M.Ashby 3352 (AD, PERTH); Newman area, K.Walker 119 (PERTH); Karratha, near Dampier, June 1974, Jurat s.n. (PERTH). The very long peduncles, which often exceed the leaves, are distinctive.

31. Senna flexuosa (Randell) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 195 (1998) Senna cardiosperma subsp. flexuosa Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 249 (1989). T: Jibberding, W.A., 7 Sept. 1953, C.A.Gardner 12095; holo: PERTH. Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 248, pl. 18c (1989), as S. cardiosperma subsp. flexuosa. Shrub, erect or spreading, to 2 m, sparsely appressed-pubescent except for the petals and stamens. Leaves 3–5 cm long including a terete petiole 3–8 (–15) mm long; leaflets in 10–13 pairs spaced 2–5 (–7) mm apart along the rachis, ovate, incurved at the margin, obtuse, 4–10 mm long, 2–4 mm wide; glands 1–2, between the lowest leaflet pairs, sessile, flat; stipules acicular, caducous. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 3–5 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle (4–) 8–13 mm long; pedicels 7–10 mm long; bracts subpersistent. Petals 7–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 0.5–2 mm long; anthers subequal, c. 3.5 mm long. Pod flat, 4–5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. Restricted to a small area in south-western W.A. Flowers in spring and summer. Map 107. W.A.: 13 km N of Carnamah, F.Chapman s.n. (PERTH); Edah Stn, 21 Oct. 1964, C.Malcolm s.n. (PERTH); track to Mt Churchman, H.Demarz 5393 (PERTH); 8 km N of Yuin Stn, A.A.Mitchell 925 (PERTH).

32. Senna cuthbertsonii (F.Muell.) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 195 (1998) Cassia cuthbertsonii F.Muell., Victorian Naturalist 5: 75 (1888); Senna cardiosperma subsp. cuthbertsonii (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 249 (1989). T: upper Ashburton River, W.A., 1888, W.Cuthbertson s.n.; lecto: MEL, fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: K (photo AD). Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard., op. cit. 248, pl. 18a (1989), as S. cardiosperma subsp. cuthbertsonii. Shrub, spreading or prostrate, to 0.4 m tall, densely tomentose, notably on lower leaf surface (rarely on both), ovary and pod, usually reddish glaucous on upper leaf surfaces. Leaves 4–5 cm long including a terete petiole 6–8 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous or subpersistent; leaflets in 5–9 pairs spaced c. 8 mm apart, elliptic to obovate, 6–11 mm long, 3–6 mm wide, recurved at the margin, emarginate; glands 3–5, between the lowest pairs of leaflets, small, sessile, pointed. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2–4 flowers, axillary; peduncle c. 15 mm long; pedicels c. 10 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals c. 8 mm long, tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Fertile stamens 10, glabrous; filaments subequal, 0.5–1 mm long; anthers subequal, 4–5 mm long. Pod flat but slightly plump, 3–4 cm long, c. 8 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. Known only from the upper Ashburton River, W.A. Flowers ?early summer. Map 108. W.A.: Terrella R. area, T.L.Setter 425 (AD); c. 6 km NNW of Woolgatharra Pool, Mt Augustus Stn, 13 Oct. 1973, T.L.Setter s.n. (AD); 50 km N of Mulgul, A.A.Mitchell 76/194, 242 (PERTH).

33. Senna stowardii (S.Moore) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 195 (1998) Cassia stowardii S.Moore, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 55: 171 (1920); Senna cardiosperma subsp. stowardii (S.Moore) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 251 (1989). T: Mt Marshall, W.A., 1916, F.Stoward 386; holo: BM (photo AD). Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 248, pl. 18b, d, e (1989), as S. cardiosperma subsp. stowardii. Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, sparsely pubescent except for the inner floral parts, reddish glaucous on upper leaf surfaces. Leaves 2–3 cm long including a terete petiole 1–4 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in (5–) 9–14 pairs spaced 1–3 mm apart, linear to narrowly elliptic, (4–) 6–10 mm long, 1–4 mm wide, broadly acute or obtuse; gland 1,

114 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna between the lowest leaflet pair, sessile, pointed. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 3–5 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 3–5 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 4–6 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long; anthers subequal, 2–3 mm long. Pod flat, 3–5 cm long, 6–8 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. Occurs in the Goldfields region of inland southern W.A.; in arid sites on faces of breakaways. Flowers winter and spring. Map 109. W.A.: Fraser Ra., E of Norseman, 21 Oct. 1891, R.Helms (AD); Teutonic Exploration Site, R.Cumming 1246 (PERTH); 20 km S of Windimurra, A.A.Mitchell 1019 (AD); 5 km S of Leonora on Menzies Rd, A.A.Mitchell 1479 (AD). Resembles the sympatric S. cardiosperma, but differs in having more leaflets and more flowers per peduncle. Vegetatively it also resembles the more northerly S. stricta, especially in the reddish cuticular wax, but differs in having shorter petioles, more crowded leaflets and smaller petals.

34. Senna cardiosperma (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 244 (1989) Cassia cardiosperma F.Muell., Fragm. 10: 50 (1876). T: between Victoria Spring and Ularing, W.A., 7–9 Oct. 1875, Young s.n.; holo: MEL (photo AD). Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 246, pl. 17a–k. Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, sparsely pubescent except for the inner floral parts, glaucous on upper leaf surfaces. Leaves 0.5–1 cm long including a terete petiole c. 2 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 2–4 pairs spaced 1–2 mm apart, linear to narrowly spathulate, flat, 8–15 mm long, 1–3 mm wide, rounded or emarginate; gland 1, between the lowest leaflet pair, sessile, pointed. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2–4 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 3–5 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 4–6 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long; anthers subequal, 2–3 mm long. Pod flat, 2–5 cm long, 6–8 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. Occurs in the Goldfields region of inland southern W.A.; in arid sites on rocky hillsides. Flowers winter and spring. Map 110. W.A.: Laverton, C.A.Gardner & W.E.Blackall 3951 (PERTH); 45 km E of Edjudina, P.G.Wilson 7566 (AD, PERTH); 15 km S of Laverton towards Mt Weld, B.R.Randell 315 (AD). Resembles the sympatric S. stowardii, but differs in having fewer leaflets and fewer flowers per peduncle.

35. Senna pilocarina (Symon) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 195 (1998) Cassia pilocarina Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 109 (1966); Senna cardiosperma subsp. pilocarina (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 247 (1989). T: South Barlee Range, W.A., 7 Sept. 1959, A.Robinson s.n.; holo: PERTH (photo AD). Illustrations: D.E.Symon, op. cit. pl. 2, fig. 2, as C. pilocarina; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 248, pl. 18f (1989), as S. cardiosperma subsp. pilocarina. Shrub, spreading, to 0.5 m tall, sparsely pubescent except for the petals and stamens. Leaves 1–2.5 cm long including a ribbed petiole 2–3 mm long; stipules acicular, subpersistent; leaflets in 5–6 pairs spaced 1–2 mm apart, spathulate, 8–12 mm long, 1–3 mm wide, flat or concave, emarginate; gland 1, between the lowest leaflet pair, sessile, pointed. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 4–5 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 25–35 mm long; pedicels 10–12 mm long; bracts usually caducous. Petals c. 6 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 0.5 mm long; anthers subequal, 2–3 mm long. Pod flat, c. 4 cm long, c. 15 mm wide, nearly straight, entire. Seeds dull. Known only from the Ashburton River headwaters, Pilbara region, W.A. Flowers in winter. Map 111. W.A.: Ullawarra, R.D.Royce 6477 (PERTH); Ullawarra, A.A.Mitchell 586 (PERTH); Wanna, J.S.Beard 6066 (PERTH); Amelia, A.A.Mitchell 595 (PERTH). The peduncles, which often exceed the leaves, are distinctive.

115 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

36. Senna manicula (Symon) Randell, Fl. Australia 12: 195 (1998) Cassia manicula Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 119 (1966); Senna cardiosperma subsp. manicula (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 253 (1989). T: Diorite King, W.A., 11 July 1960, S.Davies s.n.; holo: PERTH (photo AD). Illustrations: D.E.Symon, op. cit. pl. 4, fig. 1, as C. manicula; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 248, pl. 18h (1989), as S. cardiosperma subsp. manicula. Shrub, erect, to 1 m tall, sparsely to densely pubescent except for the inner floral parts, slightly glaucous. Leaves 1–1.5 cm long including a terete petiole 1–3 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 3–4 pairs spaced 3–4 mm apart, linear, 6–10 mm long, c. 1 mm diam., strongly recurved at the margins and appearing terete, obtuse or rounded; gland 1, between the lowest leaflet pair, inconspicuous. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 1–2 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 2–5 mm long; pedicels c. 10 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 4–6 (–7) mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 1–3 mm long; anthers subequal, 2–4 mm long. Pod flat, straight, entire, not seen mature. Occurs in inland southern W.A.; in arid sites on rocky hillsides. Flowers in ?winter. Map 112. W.A.: L. Barlee, 1869, J.Forrest s.n. (MEL); c. 9 km E of Caiguna, T.E.Aplin & M.Trudgen 5838 (CANB, PERTH); 29.8 km E of Malcolm, B.R.Randell 312 (AD).

37. Senna oligoclada (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 254 (1989) Cassia oligoclada F.Muell., Fragm. 3: 49 (1862). T: 'In locis arenoso–rupestribus secus ripus ostium Victoriae versus nec non ad rivum Sturt's Creek', F.Mueller; lecto: K (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: K, MEL (photos AD); near Attack Ck, N.T., 1862, J.M.Stuart s.n.; syn: MEL (photo AD). Cassia oligoclada var. gracilis Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 289 (1864). T: Attack Ck, N.T., 1862, J.M.Stuart s.n.; holo: MEL (photo AD). Cassia neurophylla C.T.White & W.D.Francis, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 37: 156 (1926). T: Sandstone Ranges, Settlement Ck, Qld, Feb. 1923, L.J.Brass 274; lecto: BRI (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: K (2 sheets) (photos AD). Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 255, pl. 19a–c. Shrub, erect, to 3 m tall, pubescent except for the petals and stamens. Leaves 3–6 cm long including a terete petiole 8–15 mm long; stipules acicular, usually caducous; leaflets in 1–3 pairs spaced 10–15 mm apart, elliptic to obovate, 20–35 mm long, 8–15 mm wide, acute to rounded and mucronate, increasing distally; glands between all leaflet pairs, sessile, erect. Inflorescence subumbellate, of (2–) 3–5 flowers, axillary, distributed along the stems; peduncle 30–50 mm long; pedicels 12–18 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 8–10 mm long. Fertile stamens usually 10; filaments subequal, 0.5–1 mm long; anthers subequal, c. 4 mm long. Pod flat, 3–5 cm long, c. 10 mm wide, curved, crenate between the seeds. Seeds dull. Occurs in the Kimberley, W.A., and N.T.; in inland sites, perhaps associated with sandy watercourses. Flowers most of the year. Map 113. W.A.: Drysdale Mission, Napier Broome Bay, C.A.Gardner 938 (PERTH); St Georges Ra., C.A.Gardner 12403 (PERTH); Kimberlite Pipe Gap, SW of L. Argyle, P.Weston 12317 (PERTH). N.T.: c. 25 km W of El Sharana, Pine Creek Rd, P.N.Martensz & R.Schodde AE 480 (AD). Closely related to S. goniodes, from which it differs in having more flowers per peduncle and generally broader, more rounded leaflets. However, some specimens of S. oligoclada have narrow, acute leaflets, making discrimination difficult in the absence of floral material.

38. Senna goniodes (A.Cunn. ex Benth.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 257 (1989) Cassia goniodes A.Cunn. ex Benth., in J.D.Hooker, Icon. Pl. ser. 3, 1: 48, t. 1061 (1870); C. oligoclada var. goniodes (A.Cunn. ex Benth.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 796 (1926). T: Usborne's Harbour, [W.A.], 1837–1838, A.Cunningham s.n.; lecto: K (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; Greville Is., Regent River, [W.A.], 1821–1822, A.Cunningham 225; syn: BM, K (photos AD); York Sound, [W.A.], 1820, A.Cunningham 210; syn: BM, K (photos AD). Cassia neurophylla W.Fitzg., J. Proc. Roy. Soc. W. Australia 3: 147 (1918). T: Edkins Range, hills near Barker R., W.A., 1905, W.Fitzgerald; holo: NSW (photo AD).

116 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

Cassia oligoclada var. subsinguliflora Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 796 (1926). T: between the Ashburton and De Grey Rivers, W.A., E.Clement s.n.; n.v., cited by D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 107 (1966) as doubtfully being in K; placed here because of the protologue. [Cassia oligoclada auct. non F.Muell.: F.Mueller, Fragm. 10: 9 (1876) p.p.; D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 106 (1966), p.p.] Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 255, pl. 19d–f. Shrub, erect, to 1 m tall, pubescent except for the petals and stamens. Leaves 3–5 cm long including a terete petiole 4–10 mm long; stipules acicular, usually caducous; leaflets in 2 or 3 pairs spaced 8–15 mm apart, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 20–40 mm long, 8–12 mm wide, acute and mucronate, increasing distally; glands between all leaflet pairs, sessile, erect. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2 (rarely 3) flowers, axillary, distributed along the stems; peduncle (20–) 30–50 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 8–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long; anthers subequal, c. 3 mm long. Pod flat, 3–5 cm long, 8–10 mm wide, curved, crenate between the seeds. Seeds dull. Occurs in the Kimberley, W.A.; in coastal sites near watercourses. Flowers autumn to spring. Map 114. W.A.: Augustus Is., Bonaparte Archipelago, P.G.Wilson 10851 (MEL, PERTH); 20 km S of Kimberley Downs, T.E.Aplin 5072 (CANB, PERTH); Gariyeli Ck, Prince Regent River Reserve, A.S.George 12837 (CANB, PERTH); SE of Cape Londonderry, A.S.George 13368 (CANB, PERTH); headwaters of Helby R., T.Hartley 14817 (DNA, PERTH). Closely related to S. oligoclada, from which it differs having fewer flowers per peduncle and generally narrower, acute leaflets. However, some specimens of S. oligoclada have narrow, acute leaflets, making identification difficult in the absence of floral material.

39. Senna leptoclada (Benth.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 258 (1989) Cassia leptoclada Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 290 (1864). T: Carpentaria Islands, [N.T.], 21 Jan. 1803, R.Brown Iter Austral. 4254 (No. 22 Descr.); lecto: BM (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: MEL. Illustrations: J.Brock, Top End Native Pl. 116 (1988); B.R.Randell, op. cit. 259, pl. 20a–c. Shrub, erect to pendulous, to 3 m tall, glabrous. Leaves 3–7 cm long including a terete petiole 10–25 mm long; stipules acicular, usually caducous; leaflets in (1–) 2 (–3) pairs spaced 10–20 mm apart, broadly elliptic, 15–30 mm long, 8–20 mm wide, increasing distally, obtuse or rounded; glands between all leaflet pairs, sessile, erect, conical. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2–3 flowers, axillary, distributed along the stems; peduncle 5–15 mm long; pedicels 10–20 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 11–14 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, 0.5–1 mm long; anthers subequal, 3–4 mm long. Pod flat, 1–5 cm long, c. 10 mm wide, straight, crenate between the seeds. Seeds dull. Occurs in Arnhem Land, N.T. Flowers autumn to spring. Map 115. N.T.: WNW of Nabarlek, C.R.Dunlop 4970 (AD, BRI, CANB, DNA, K); 2 km S of Muralidbar Ck crossing on Gerfelli–Maningrida road, T.S.Henshall 3831 (AD, CANB, DNA); 6 km S of Mt Gilruth, Arnhem Land, G.Wightman & L.Craven 1344 (AD, BRI, CANB, DNA, K, L, MEL, PERTH). Closely related to S. oligoclada, from which it differs in the glabrous habit and longer petals.

40. Senna heptanthera (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 260 (1989) Cassia heptanthera F.Muell., Fragm. 10: 8 (1876). T: Liverpool River, [N.T.], T.R.Gulliver s.n.; lecto: MEL (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: K (photo AD). [Cassia oligoclada auct. non F.Muell.: D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 106 (1966) p.p.] Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 261, pl. 21a–e. Herbaceous perennial, creeping, pubescent except for the petals and stamens. Leaves to 6 cm long including a terete petiole to 30 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 1–2 pairs spaced to 30 mm apart, broadly ovate, 20–50 mm long, 20–40 mm wide, slightly decreasing distally, obtuse or rounded and mucronate; gland 1, between the lower leaflet pair, sessile, erect, pointed. Inflorescence almost umbellate, of 8–10 flowers, in upper axils;

117 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE peduncle 30–60 mm long; pedicels to 15 mm long; bracts usually caducous. Petals to 10 mm long. Fertile stamens 7 (with 3 adaxial lacking); filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long; anthers subequal, c. 4 mm long. Pod flat, not known mature. Occurs in northern Arnhem Land, N.T. Flowers Feb.–Mar. Map 116. N.T.: c. 40 km NNE of Oenpelli Mission, M.Lazarides 7729 (AD, BRI); 22 km NE of Oenpelli Mission, L.G.Adams 2995 (AD); Nabarlek, M.O.Rankin 2226 (DNA); Workshop Rd, Murgenella, G.Wightman 1062 (DNA); Murgenella Camp, N.M.Smith 2018 (DNA).

41. Senna procumbens Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 260 (1989) T: 10 miles [c. 16 km] N of Pine Creek, N.T., 30 Jan. 1969, N.Byrnes 1321; holo: AD. Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 262, pl. 22a–e. Herbaceous perennial or undershrub, prostrate, glabrous except for a few hairs on the petioles and peduncles. Leaves 5–8 cm long including an angular petiole 10–12 mm long; stipules acicular, persistent; leaflets in 2–3 pairs spaced 8–12 mm apart, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 40–50 mm long, 10–15 mm wide, broadly acute or obtuse and mucronate; glands between all leaflet pairs, erect, hair-like. Inflorescence almost umbellate, of 5–8 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 30–60 mm long; pedicels 15–20 mm long; bracts caducous after anthesis. Petals 11–13 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long; anthers subequal, 4–5 mm long. Pod flat, 5–7 cm long, c. 8 mm wide, straight or slightly curved, entire. Seeds unknown. Occurs in western Arnhem Land, N.T.; among tall grasses in swamps or open mixed forest, possibly regenerating from lignotubers. Flowers Jan.–June. Map 117. N.T.: c. 240 km S of Darwin, A.S.George 6510 (PERTH); Lloyd Ck, Stuart Hwy, N.Byrnes 1800 (AD, DNA); c. 13 km N of Pine Creek, N.Byrnes 2035 (AD); Donydji, Arnhem Land, C.R.Dunlop 8509 (AD, DNA, MEL, NSW).

42. Senna curvistyla (J.Black) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 263 (1989) Cassia curvistyla J.Black, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 62: 354 (1938). T: W of Mt Davenport, N.T., B.Nicker 1938; lecto: AD, fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; 20 miles [c. 32 km] S of The Granites, N.T., Aug. 1936, J.B.Cleland s.n.; syn: AD; isosyn: K (photo AD), MEL. [Cassia oligoclada auct. non F.Muell.: D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 106 (1966) p.p.] Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 264, pl. 23a–e. Undershrub, spreading, to 0.3 m tall, pubescent except for the petals and stamens. Leaves 2–3 cm long including a terete petiole 3–6 (–8) mm long; stipules acicular, persistent; leaflets in 2–3 pairs spaced 4–10 mm apart, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 5–15 mm long, 3–5 mm wide, increasing distally, broadly acute or obtuse; glands between all leaflet pairs, cylindric or clavate, rounded or pointed, stipitate. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 2–3 flowers, axillary, distributed along the stems; peduncle 10–20 mm long; pedicels c. 2 mm long; bracts usually caducous. Petals c. 4 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long; anthers subequal, 4–5 mm long. Pod flat, 2–2.5 cm long, c. 10 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. Occurs in inland northern W.A. and N.T.; widely distributed in deep, red, desert sands. Flowers Jan.–Aug. Map 118. W.A.: Sahara Track, c. 96 km E of Telegraph Line, A.S.George 9160 (CANB, K, PERTH); upper Rudall R., A.S.George 10821 (CANB, K, PERTH); 82 km ESE of Telegraph Line, A.S.George 14820 (CANB, DNA, K, PERTH). N.T.: Campbell Ra., P.K.Latz 2081 (DNA, PERTH); Stuart Hwy, 100 km S of Elliott, P.E.Conrick 1171 (AD). Resembles S. cardiosperma and related species of southern Australia in the short petioles and small flowers, but differs in the leaflets increasing in size distally. The rootstock is often enlarged just below ground level, probably facilitating regeneration after fire.

118 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

Figure 79. Senna pleurocarpa. A–B, S. pleurocarpa var. longifolia. A, leaf; B, bract (A–B, Bumbiens s.n., AD). C–D, S. pleurocarpa var. angustifolia. C, leaf; D, bract (C–D, M.E.Phillips, AD 012101). E–H, S. pleurocarpa var. pleurocarpa. E, fruiting branchlet (D.Symon 23497, AD); F, flowering branchlet (G.M.Chippendale 1626, ?AD), G, anthers; H, bract (G–H, D.Symon 2155, AD). Scale bars: A, C = 8 cm; B = 11 cm; D = 1.7 cm; E, F = 3 cm; G = 9 mm; H = 1 cm. Drawn by Beth Chandler. Reproduced with permission from J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 4 (1990).

119 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 80. Senna. A–G, S. corymbosa. A, flowering twig; B, pod (A–B from living material, cult. Adelaide Bot. Gard., L.Haegi 3906, AD); C, adaxial staminode; D, median anther; E, largest anther (lateral abaxial); F, central abaxial stamen; G, twin pores of largest anther (C–G, L.A.S.Johnson & B.Briggs 3252, AD). H–N, S. barclayana. H, flowering twig; I, pod; J, adaxial staminode; K, median anther; L, largest anther (lateral abaxial); M, central abaxial staminode; N, twin pores of largest anther (H–N, from living material, cult. Adelaide Bot. Gard., B.Randell 333, ADU). Scale bars: A, B, H, I = 3 cm; C–F = 1.5 cm; G, N = 1 mm; J–M = 5 mm. Drawn by Beth Chandler. Reproduced with permission from J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 33 (1988).

120 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

43. Senna cladophylla (W.Fitzg.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 265 (1989) Cassia cladophylla W.Fitzg., J. Proc. Roy. Soc. W. Australia 3: 147 (1918). T: hills near the junction of the Hann and Barnett Rivers, [W.A.], 1905, W.G.Fitzgerald; lecto: PERTH; isolecto: NSW (photo AD); Erskines Range [Edkins Range], and Dillen's Springs, [W.A.]; syn: n.v. [Cassia oligoclada auct. non F.Muell.: D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 106 (1966) p.p.] Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 266, pl. 24a, b. Perennial herb or undershrub, spreading, to 0.3 m tall, pubescent except for the petals and stamens. Leaves 3–5 cm long including a terete petiole 5–8 mm long; stipules cordate or auriculate, persistent; leaflets in 2–3 pairs spaced 5–10 mm apart, broadly elliptic, 12–15 mm long, 8–10 mm wide, increasing distally, obtuse and mucronate; glands 1–2, between the lowest leaflet pairs, stipitate, pointed. Inflorescence almost umbellate, of 2 flowers, axillary, distributed along the stems; peduncle 25–30 mm long; pedicels 10–12 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 6–8 mm long. Fertile stamens 10; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long; anthers subequal, 4–5 mm long. Pod flat, 2.5–4 cm long, c. 8 mm wide, slightly curved, entire. Seeds dull. Occurs in the Kimberley, W.A., and Arnhem Land, N.T.; in moist rocky soils. Flowers Feb.–July. Map 119. W.A.: c. 80 km SW of Wyndham Pumping Stn, E.M.Bennett 1766 (PERTH); Packsaddle Ck, N of Carr Boyd Ra., T.Hartley 14343 (AD, CANB, PERTH). N.T.: c. 80 km SW of Willeroo HS, G.Chippendale 6841 (PERTH); Victoria R., N.Byrnes 714 (AD); Edith Falls, N.M.Henry 901 (AD, DNA). The conspicuous, broad, persistent stipules are distinctive.

44. Senna pleurocarpa (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 3 (1990) Cassia pleurocarpa F.Muell., Fragm. 1: 223 (1859). T: mouth of the Murchison R., W.A., A.F.Oldfield s.n.; lecto: MEL (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: K (photo AD). Shrub, spreading, to 0.8 m tall, glabrous. Leaves 8–12 cm long including a terete petiole 20–40 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 5–12 pairs spaced 15–20 mm apart, linear to elliptic, 30–60 mm long, 5–15 mm wide, obtuse and mucronate to emarginate; glands absent. Inflorescence dense, of 20–60 flowers, terminal and in upper axils; peduncle 20–80 mm long; pedicels 10–25 mm long; bracts subpersistent. Petals c. 15 mm long. Fertile stamens 7, with 3 adaxial staminodes; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long; anthers unequal, the largest two c. 10 mm long, the others 3–5 mm long. Pod flat, 3.5–7 cm long, 8–12 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull, with a short areole. Occurs in all mainland States except Vic.; in semi-arid areas, especially in disturbed sites. There are three varieties. 1 Leaflets in 5–10 pairs 2 Bracts obtuse, c. 12 mm long, caducous; leaflets in 5–7 pairs 44a. var. pleurocarpa 2: Bracts acute and acuminate, c. 15 mm long, subpersistent; leaflets in 8–10 pairs 44b. var. angustifolia 1: Leaflets in 10–12 pairs 44c. var. longifolia

44a. Senna pleurocarpa (F.Muell.) Randell var. pleurocarpa Illustrations: G.M.Cunningham et al., Pl. Western New South Wales 381 (1981), as C. pleurocarpa; K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 78 (1984), as C. pleurocarpa; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 4, pl. 1e–h. Leaflets in 5–7 pairs, 3–6 cm long, 5–12 mm wide. Bracts elliptic, rounded, c. 12 mm long, caducous. Pods 3.5–7 cm long, 8–12 mm wide. Fig. 79E, H. Occurs in all mainland States except Vic.; in semi-arid areas, especially in disturbed sites. Flowers June–Oct. Map 120. W.A.: c. 62 km E of Meekatharra on Wiluna road, A.M.Ashby 4783 (PERTH). N.T.: summit, Ayers Rock, R.Schodde 403 (AD). S.A.: c. 5 km S of Maralinga, N.Forde 628 (AD, CANB). Qld: 20 km SE of Arrabury HS, T.R.N.Lothian 673 (AD). N.S.W.: near Fort Grey, Aug. 1921, W.D.K.MacGillivray (AD). Purgative to stock (fide D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 98, 1966).

121 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 81. Senna. A–E, S. notabilis. A, habit; B, bract; C, largest anther; D, median anther; E, staminode (A–E, A.M.Ashby 2937, AD; pod on A, E.N.S.Jackson 2905, AD). F–J, S. venusta. F, habit; G, bract; H, largest anther; I, median anther; J, staminode (F–J, E.N.S.Jackson 3005, AD). Scale bars: A, F = 1.5 cm; B = 6 mm; C–E, H–J = 5 mm; G = 1.7 cm. Drawn by Beth Chandler. Reproduced with permission from J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 7 (1990).

122 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

44b. Senna pleurocarpa var. angustifolia (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 5 (1990) Cassia pleurocarpa var. angustifolia Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 99 (1966). T: Coolgardie, W.A., Oct. 1900, E.Kelso s.n.; holo: PERTH (photo AD). Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 4, pl. 1c–d. Leaflets in 8–10 pairs, 5–7 cm long, 5–8 mm wide. Bracts elliptic, acuminate and acute, c. 15 mm long, subpersistent. Pods to 7 cm long, to 15 mm wide. Fig. 79C, D. Occurs in W.A.; in subtropical to temperate semi-arid areas. Flowers Aug.–Dec. Map 121. W.A.: c. 110 km N of Norseman towards Coolgardie, 11 Sept. 1962, M.E.Phillips s.n. (AD, CANB); Hamersley Range Natl Park, E.N.S.Jackson 2934 (AD).

44c. Senna pleurocarpa var. longifolia (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 5 (1990) Cassia pleurocarpa var. longifolia Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 99 (1966). T: Mungalalla, Qld, 1 Jan. 1931, C.E.Hubbard 6076 & C.W.Winders; holo: BRI (photo AD). Illustrations: K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 78 (1984), as C. pleurocarpa var. longifolia; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 4, pl. 1a–b. Leaflets in 10–12 pairs, to 5 cm long, to 8 mm wide. Bracts broadly oblong, rounded to acute, c. 15 mm long. Pods to 7 cm long, to 15 mm wide. Fig. 79A, B. Occurs in central-western Qld. Flowers Apr.–Oct. Map 122. Qld: Charleville, 26 Aug. 1923, W.D.K.MacGillivray s.n. (AD); Charleville, 17 Apr. 1932, E.A.Smith s.n. (AD).

45. Senna notabilis (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 6 (1990) Cassia notabilis F.Muell., Fragm. 3: 28 (1862). T: between Bonney R. and Mt Morphett, N.T., Mar. 1862, J.M.Stuart s.n.; holo: MEL (photo AD). Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 7, pl. 2a–e. Shrub or subshrub, annual or perennial, erect, to 1.5 m tall, pubescent with appressed hairs except for the inner floral parts. Leaves 10–20 cm long including a terete petiole 15–20 mm long; stipules ovate, aristate, persistent; leaflets in 6–12 pairs spaced 10–15 mm apart, lanceolate, 15–30 mm long, 8–12 mm wide, sometimes slightly increasing distally, acute to aristate; glands between most leaflet pairs, small. Inflorescence dense, of 20–30 flowers, terminal and in upper axils; peduncle 25–60 mm long; pedicels c. 5 mm long; bracts acuminate, green, caducous. Petals c. 7 mm long. Fertile stamens 7, with 3 adaxial staminodes; filaments subequal, c. 1 mm long; anthers subequal, the largest two c. 3 mm long, the others c. 2 mm long. Pod flat, 2.5–4 cm long, 10–15 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. n = 14, fide B.R.Randell, Austral. J. Bot. 18: 77 (1970). Fig. 81A–E. Occurs in all mainland States except Vic. Widely distributed in a range of arid habitats from rocky hillsides to clays and deep desert sands, often with Triodia species. Flowers May–Oct. Map 123. W.A.: 20 km SE of Balfour Downs HS, P.G.Wilson 10367 (PERTH). N.T.: c. 17 km SE of Yuendumu, B.A.Barlow 1140/6 (AD). S.A.: 55 km S of Cordillo Downs HS, P.K.B.Warnes 56 (AD). Qld: Mt Isa, R.Coveny 471 (AD). N.S.W.: c. 58 km S of Barradale, A.M.Ashby 4679 (AD). Among the species of Senna sect. Senna, the presence of small foliar glands is distinctive, shared only with S. venusta.

46. Senna venusta (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 8 (1990) Cassia venusta F.Muell., Fragm. 1: 165 (1859). T: Arnhem Land and Gulf of Carpentaria, [N.T.], 22 July 1856, F.Mueller; lecto: K (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: MEL. Illustrations: Anon., Austral. Pl. 8: 384 (1976), as C. venusta; K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 78 (1984), as C. venusta; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 7, pl. 2f–k.

123 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 82. Senna. A–C, S. didymobotrya. A, leaf (D.Symon 21872, AD); B, inflorescence; C, pod (B, C, Wright 5782, AD). D–G, S. alata. D, leaf (Cilento s.n., AD); E, inflorescence; F, pod; G, pod T.S. (E–G, D.Symon 5151, AD). Scale bars: A–F = 6 cm; G = 2 cm. Drawn by Beth Chandler. Reproduced with permission from J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 11 (1990).

124 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, pubescent on vegetative parts and inflorescence axes, otherwise glabrous. Leaves 10–35 cm long including a terete petiole 10–30 mm long; stipules cordate, persistent; leaflets in 6–15 pairs spaced 15–30 mm apart, oblong to ovate, 30–80 mm long, 10–35 mm wide, slightly increasing medially, broadly acute or obtuse and mucronate; glands between most leaflet pairs, small. Inflorescence dense, of 15–40 flowers, terminal and in upper axils; peduncle 40–80 mm long; pedicels 12–15 mm long; bracts obtuse, yellow, persistent. Petals c. 15 mm long. Fertile stamens 7, with 3 adaxial staminodes; filaments subequal, 2 lateral ones c. 3 mm long, the others c. 2 mm long; anthers unequal, the largest two c. 12 mm long, the others c. 5 mm long. Pod flat, 4–8 cm long, 9–14 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull, with a small areole. Figs 62, 81F–J. Occurs in northern W.A., N.T. and north-western Qld. Widely distributed in a range of arid habitats in sand, gravel or lateritic soils, often with Triodia species. Flowers Feb.–Sept. Map 124. W.A.: head of Breadon valley, Southesk Tablelands, A.S.George 15501 (PERTH). N.T.: 56 km N of Tennant Creek, A.E.Orchard 890 (AD). Qld: c. 1.5 km E of Wernadinga Stn, D.E.Symon 4994 (AD). Among the species of Senna sect. Senna, the presence of small foliar glands is distinctive, shared only with S. notabilis.

47. Senna magnifolia (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 8 (1990) Cassia magnifolia F.Muell., Fragm. 1: 166 (1859). T: upper Gilbert R., northern Qld, F.Mueller; lecto: K (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, op. cit. 10; isolecto: K (photo AD). Illustrations: K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 76 (1984), as C. magnifolia; B.R.Randell, op. cit. 9, pl. 3b, c. Shrub, erect or straggling, to 1.5 m tall, glabrous but with the inflorescence axes, sepals and sometimes the ovary hispid. Leaves to 30 cm long including a terete petiole 8–10 cm long; stipules cordate, subpersistent; leaflets in 4–6 pairs spaced 25–45 mm apart, broadly oblong to orbicular, 50–80 mm long, 30–50 mm wide, slightly increasing distally, emarginate; glands absent. Inflorescence dense, of 20–60 flowers, axillary; peduncle 100–150 mm long; pedicels 12–15 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals unequal, 10–17 mm long. Fertile stamens 7, with 3 adaxial staminodes; filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long; anthers unequal, the largest two 8–10 mm long, the others 3–4 mm long. Pod flat, 8–10 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull, with a small areole. Figs 59, 83B, C. Occurs disjunctly in the Victoria River region of W.A. and N.T., and in northern Qld; on stony hillsides. Flowers May–July. Map 125. W.A.: 40 km NW of Louisa Downs Stn, E.A.Shaw 839 (AD); c. 110 km E of Halls Creek on Wave Hill road, A.C.Beauglehole 51250 (AD, MEL). N.T.: Newcastle Ra., W.Armit 271 (MEL). Qld: Tait R., 1892, Weld Birch s.n. (MEL); c. 31 km E of Georgetown, D.E.Symon 4903 (AD).

48. * (Fresen.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 467 (1982) Cassia didymobotrya Fresen., Flora 22: 53 (1839). T: n.v. Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 11, pl. 4a–c (1990). Shrub, erect, to 2.5 m tall, pubescent on vegetative parts, inflorescence axes and ovary, otherwise glabrous. Leaves 10–25 cm long including a terete petiole 15–40 mm long; stipules cordate, acuminate, subpersistent; leaflets in 8–10 pairs spaced 10–20 mm apart, oblong, 20–60 mm long, 10–20 mm wide, increasing distally, acute to obtuse and mucronate; glands absent. Inflorescence dense, of 15–30 flowers, axillary; peduncle 50–70 mm long; pedicels 6–8 mm long; bracts dark brown to black, caducous. Petals to 20 mm long. Fertile stamens 2, with 7 adaxial and 1 abaxial staminodes; filaments subequal, 1–2 mm long; fertile anthers c. 10 mm long. Pod flat, c. 7 cm long, 18 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds dull. Fig. 82A–C. Native to northern Africa, widely cultivated in tropical areas around the world. In Australia sparsely naturalised in Qld and N.S.W. in disturbed areas such as roadsides. Flowers Apr.–July. Map 126. Qld: Childers, L.Durrington 138 (MEL). N.S.W.: near South West Rocks, 30 Mar. 1964, B.S.Parker (CANB).

125 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 83. Senna. A, S. timorensis, fruiting twig (C.Dunlop 4262, AD). B–C, S. magnifolia. B, flowering twig; C, pod (B–C, D.Symon 12115, AD). Scale bars = 6 cm. Drawn by Beth Chandler. Reproduced with permission from J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 9 (1990).

126 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

49. * (L.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2nd edn, 2: 349 (1832) Cassia alata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 378 (1753). T: Herb. Cliff. 158, Cassia no. 33; holo: BM n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 32: 460 (1982). Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 11, pl. 4d–g (1990). Shrub, spreading, to 1 m tall, pubescent on vegetative parts, inflorescence axes and ovary, otherwise glabrous. Leaves 15–40 cm long including a terete petiole 20–40 mm long; stipules cordate, subpersistent; leaflets in 8–12 pairs spaced 10–20 mm apart, oblong, 80–110 mm long, 30–55 mm wide, increasing distally, obtuse and mucronate or emarginate; glands absent. Inflorescence dense, of 20–40 flowers, axillary; peduncle 15–30 cm long; pedicels 5–8 mm long; bracts orange, caducous. Petals to 20 mm long. Fertile stamens 2, with 7 adaxial and 1 abaxial staminodes; filaments unequal, 2–4 mm long; fertile anthers c. 4 mm long. Pod compressed–cylindric, 12–16 cm long, 10–15 mm wide, straight or curved, each valve with a median wing c. 6 mm wide. Seeds dull. Fig. 82D–G. Native to the Orinoco and Amazon basins of South America, now widely naturalised pantropically. In Australia occurs in N.T. and far-northern Qld. Flowers June–Nov. Map 127. N.T.: Darwin, Sept. 1923, Cilento s.n. (AD); c. 16 km SW of Jim Jim crossing, D.E.Symon 5151 (AD). Qld: Buchan Point, F.R.Morris 6427 (AD); Quintel Ck Beach, Lloyd Bay, 19 Aug. 1986, E.L.Robertson s.n. (AD).

50. Senna timorensis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 98 (1982) Cassia timorensis DC., Prodr. 2: 499 (1825), as timoriensis. T: Timor, coll. unknown, Musée de Paris 1821; holo: Prodromi Herbarium (microfiche seen). Senna glauca Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2nd edn, 2: 351 (1832). T: n.v. Cassia laxiflora Benth., Fl. Austral. 283 (1864). T: Arnhem North Bay [Melville Bay, N.T.], 14 Feb. 1803, R.Brown Iter Austral. 4255; holo: BM (photo AD); iso: K (photo AD), MEL (photo AD). Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 13: 9, pl. 3a (1990). Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, pubescent on vegetative parts, inflorescence, sepals and ovary, otherwise glabrous. Leaves 15–17 cm long including a terete petiole 10–15 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 15–18 pairs spaced 5–7 mm apart, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 35–45 mm long, 6–8 mm wide, increasing medially, broadly acute or obtuse; glands absent. Inflorescences of 8–10 flowers, in upper axils, forming a loose, many-flowered panicle; peduncle 10–20 mm long; pedicels 15–20 mm long; bracts subpersistent. Petals to 8 mm long. Fertile stamens 7, with 3 adaxial staminodes; filaments subequal, very short; fertile anthers unequal, the largest two c. 6 mm long, the others c. 4 mm long. Pod flat, 7–9 cm long, 7–10 mm wide, straight, entire. Seeds lustrous, with a linear areole. Fig. 83A. Occurs in northern W.A., N.T. and Qld; in sclerophyll woodland. Flowers May–Dec. Map 128. W.A.: c. 24 km SW of Argyle Downs Stn, R.A.Perry 2668 (CANB); Old Lake Argyle road, c. 7.9 km SE of Kununurra, A.C.Beauglehole 54331 (MEL); 6 km E of Mt Talbot, G.Keighery 10621 (PERTH). N.T.: Mt Bundey, C.R.Dunlop 4262 (AD). Qld: Riversleigh Holding, C.H.Gittins 801 (BRI). May flower in the first year after .

51. (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 98 (1982) Cassia siamea Lam., Encycl. 1: 648 (1785); Sciacassia siamea (Lam.) Britton ex Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 252 (1930). T: P n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, loc. cit. Illustration: H.R.Hughes, Fl. S. Pacific 24 (1972). Tree, to 30 m tall, spreading, pubescent on the leaf undersides and inflorescence, soon glabrescent. Leaves (10–) 15–20 (–35) cm long including a terete petiole 25–40 mm long; stipules minute, subulate, persistent; leaflets in (4–) 6–8 (–16) pairs spaced 15–30 mm apart, oblong, 30–50 (–75) mm long, (12–) 20–30 mm wide, increasing medially or distally, emarginate and mucronulate; glands absent, replaced by transverse bars between the leaflets.

127 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Inflorescences of 10–20 (–60) flowers, in upper axils, forming a many-flowered panicle to 40 cm long; peduncles 15–25 mm long; pedicels 15–20 (–35) mm long; bracts subpersistent. Petals (10–) 15–25 mm long. Fertile stamens 7 or 10 (with 3 large staminodes); filaments unequal, the lateral abaxial ones 7–12 mm long, the others 2.5–5.5 mm long; anthers subequal, weakly beaked, 5–8 mm long, opening by one U-shaped pore. Pod flat, 15–25 (–30) cm long, 10–15 mm wide, straight but laterally curved, entire. Seeds lustrous, with a narrowly spathulate areole. Probably native to Burma and Thailand, now widely cultivated and naturalised throughout the tropics. In Australia occurs in northern N.T. and northern Qld, apparently naturalised. Flowers all year. Map 129. N.T.: Darwin, D.E.Symon 5163 (AD). Qld: Laura R. at Old Laura Stn, J.R.Clarkson 7203 & B.E.Simon (BRI); 1 km E of Georgetown, G.N.Batianoff 9004020 (BRI).

52. #Senna barclayana (Sweet) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 34 (1988) Cassia barclayana Sweet, Fl. Australas. t. 32 (1828); C. sophera var. barclayana (Sweet) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 792 (1926). T: 'from the collection of Robert Barclay Esq., of Bury Hill and ... raised from seed from New Holland in 1824'; lecto: the cited plate, fide D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 89 (1966). Cassia lancifolia Colla, Herb. Pedem. 281 (1831). T: 'from seed collected in New Holland'; holo: TO n.v. (photo seen). Cassia schinifolia DC., Not. Pl. Rar. Jard. Genève 35 (1836); C. sophera var. schinifolia (DC.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 283 (1864); C. occidentalis var. schinifolia (DC.) de Wit, Webbia 11: 258 (1955). T: 'of uncertain locality, the seed came to Geneva from Montpellier'; n.v., fide G.Bentham, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 533 (1871). Illustrations: G.M.Cunningham et al., Pl. Western New South Wales 378 (1981); B.R.Randell, op. cit. 33, pl. 4h–n. Herbaceous perennial or subshrub, erect, to 1.5 m tall, glabrous but with the ovary pubescent. Leaves 8–12 cm long including a terete petiole 10–20 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 6–10 pairs spaced 10–15 mm apart, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 20–50 mm long, 4–9 mm wide, increasing distally, acute and acuminate; gland 1, near the base of the petiole, sessile, broader than tall. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 6–10 flowers, in upper axils; peduncle 20–35 mm long; pedicels 12–20 mm long; bracts usually caducous. Petals to 12 mm long. Fertile stamens 6, with 3 adaxial and 1 abaxial staminodes; filaments c. 2 mm long; fertile anthers c. 3 mm long but slightly unequal, with recurved beaks. Pod cylindric, 3–5 cm long, 6–9 mm diam., slightly curved, entire. Seeds dull. Fig. 80 H–N. Occurs naturally in eastern and northern N.S.W. and southern Qld; in open forest. Now weedy on roadsides and in pastures in these States as well as W.A. and S.A. Flowers all year. Map 130. W.A.: Noonkanbah Crossing, R.D.Royce 6986 (PERTH). S.A.: Salisbury, 25 Dec. 1954, D.E.Symon s.n. (AD). Qld: Greenswamps Rd, Chinchilla, 25 Feb. 1985, V.Hando s.n. (AD). N.S.W.: Dubbo, Dec. 1897, J.L.Boorman s.n. (MEL). Closely related to the sympatric and widespread S. clavigera, from which it differs in having smaller leaves with squat glands, recurved anther beaks and in being glabrous. The specimens from S.A. and W.A. are atypical, and may represent hitherto unrecorded exotic species.

53. Senna clavigera (Domin) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 39 (1988) Cassia sophera var. clavigera Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 792 (1826). T: Queensland, A.Dietrich s.n.; holo: PR (photo AD). Cassia sophera var. pubescens Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 283 (1864). T: Broad Sound, [Qld], 1802, R.Brown Iter Austral. 101; lecto: BM (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: K (photo AD), MEL; Parramatta, [N.S.W.], W.Woolls; syn: MEL; Broad Sound, Qld, E.M.Bowman; n.v.; Ottleys Stn, [Qld], L.Leichhardt; n.v. [Cassia barclayana var. barclayana auct. non Sweet: D.E.Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 89 (1966) p.p.]

128 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

Figure 84. Senna. A–E, S. planitiicola. A, habit (G.M.Chippendale 7165, AD); B, adaxial staminode; C, median anther; D, largest anther (lateral abaxial); E, abaxial staminode (B–E, G.M.Chippendale 3979, AD). F–J, S. clavigera. F, habit (R.Coveny 14419, AD); G, adaxial staminode; H, median anther; I, largest anther (lateral abaxial); J, abaxial staminode (G–J, Blaxell & Pickard 228, AD). Scale bars: A, F = 3 cm; B–E, G–J = 4 mm. Drawn by Beth Chandler. Reproduced with permission from J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 38 (1988).

129 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 38, pl. 5f–j. Herbaceous perennial, erect, to 1.5 m tall, glabrous but with the ovary and sometimes the vegetative parts pubescent. Leaves 10–12 cm long including a terete petiole 15–35 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 4–7 pairs spaced 10–20 mm apart, lanceolate to elliptic, 40–70 mm long, 10–20 mm wide, increasing distally, acute and acuminate; gland 1, near the base of the petiole, sessile, taller than broad. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 4–20 flowers, in upper axils, sometimes forming a loose, many-flowered panicle; peduncle 20–40 mm long; pedicels 12–15 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals to 10 mm long. Fertile stamens 6, with 3 adaxial and 1 abaxial staminodes; fertile filaments 2–4 mm long; fertile anthers 3–4 mm long but slightly unequal, with incurved beaks. Pod cylindric, 4–5 cm long, c. 5 mm diam., curved, entire. Seeds dull. Fig. 84F–J. Occurs naturally in eastern Qld and N.S.W.; in wet sclerophyll forest. Now possibly weedy in nearby areas. Flowers all year. Map 131. Qld: between Lotus and Marlborough, A.C.Beauglehole 3577 (MEL); Baking Board, near Chinchilla, V.Hando 12 (AD). N.S.W.: near Cobbity trig., 5.5 km N of Cobbitty, R.G.Coveny 7432 (AD); roadside 20 km N of Gloucester towards Nowendoc, B.R.Randell 290 (AD). Closely related to the sympatric S. barclayana, from which it differs in having larger leaves with erect glands, incurved anther beaks and in being pubescent.

54. Senna planitiicola (Domin) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 36 (1988) Cassia planitiicola Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 791 (1926). T: Rolling Downs, between Hughenden and Cloncurry, Qld, K.Domin 5027; holo: PR (photo AD). Illustration: B.R.Randell, op. cit. 38, pl. 5a–e. Shrub, erect, to 2.5 m tall, glabrous. Leaves 10–12 cm long including a terete petiole 25–50 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 5–7 pairs spaced 15–20 mm apart, broadly elliptic to ovate, 25–50 mm long, 15–25 mm wide, acute and sometimes shortly acuminate; gland 1, 5–8 mm above the base of the petiole, sessile, broader than tall. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 3–8 flowers, terminal and in upper axils; peduncle 20–40 mm long; pedicels 10–20 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals to 12 mm long. Fertile stamens 6, with 3 adaxial and 1 abaxial staminodes; fertile filaments 2–4 mm long; fertile anthers 3–4 mm long, unequal, with incurved beaks. Pod cylindric, 7.5–9.5 cm long, 8–11 mm diam., curved, entire. Seeds dull. Figs 61, 84A–E. Occurs widely in north-western W.A., arid parts of N.T. and northern S.A. and north-central and north-eastern Qld. Flowers all year. Map 132. W.A.: entrance to Buttons Gap, N.T.Burbidge 5194 (AD, CANB); Phangoo Stn, 20 km S of Broome, 25 Mar. 1987, McCormic s.n. (PERTH). N.T.: near Wavehill Police Stn, R.A.Perry 2253 (AD, MEL). S.A.: Illbillee Well, Everard Ra., A.C.Beauglehole 10172 (AD). Qld: Herbert R. to Carpentaria, 1886, A.Dietrich s.n. (MEL). Similar to the less widespread S. barclayana and S. clavigera but differs in the longer pods.

55. *Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Handb. 2: 140 (1831) Cassia occidentalis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 377 (1753). T: Herb. Cliff. 159, Cassia no. 7; lecto: BM n.v., fide J.L.Reveal, Phytologia 71: 454 (1991). Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 43, pl. 6a–e (1988). Shrub, erect, to 2 m tall, pubescent on vegetative parts, inflorescence, sepals and ovary, soon glabrescent. Leaves 15–17 cm long including a ribbed petiole 20–40 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 3–7 pairs spaced 15–30 mm apart, broadly elliptic to ovate, 50–70 mm long, 30–40 mm wide, increasing distally, acute and acuminate; gland 1, very near petiole base, sessile, broader than tall. Inflorescences of 2–4 flowers, terminal and in upper axils, paniculate; peduncle 2–5 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals to 10 mm long. Fertile stamens 6, with 3 adaxial and 1 abaxial staminodes; fertile filaments distinctly unequal, 2–8 mm long; fertile anthers distinctly unequal, 4–6 mm long, with short beaks. Pod cylindric, 12–18 cm long, c. 3 mm diam., slightly curved, entire. Seeds dull. Fig. 85A–E.

130 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

Figure 85. Senna. A–E, S. occidentalis. A, habit and pod (pod, Maconochie s.n., 18 Dec. 1967, AD); B, adaxial staminode; C, median anther; D, largest anther (lateral abaxial); E, abaxial staminode (A–E, D.Symon s.n., 8 Mar. 1966, AD); F, S. hirsuta, habit (Cabrera et al. 30258, AD, ex South America). A and F show abaxial surface of one disconnected leaflet. Scale bars: A, F = 4 cm; B–E = 10 mm. Drawn by Beth Chandler. Reproduced with permission from J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 43 (1988).

131 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 86. Senna. A–E, S. × floribunda. A, flowering twig; B, pod; C, largest anther (lateral abaxial); D, median anther; E, adaxial staminode (A–E, A.M.Ashby 2829, AD). F–J, S. multiglandulosa. F, flowering twig (Fisher 68, AD); G, pod (Brink 542, AD); H, largest anther (lateral abaxial); I, median anther; J, adaxial staminode (H–J, D.Symon s.n., 22 Oct. 1959, AD). Scale bars: A, B, F, G = 3 cm; C–E, H–J = 1 cm. Drawn by Beth Chandler. Reproduced with permission from J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 26 (1988).

132 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

An aggressive pantropical weed; the natural distribution is uncertain but is probably in the New World. In Australia widespread but scattered in N.T., S.A. and Qld. Flowers ?all year. Map 133. N.T.: near Oenpelli Mission, R.Specht 1200 (AD, MEL); Kapalga, Bullocky Point, C.R.Dunlop 6126 (MEL). S.A.: Todmorden HS, 23 Feb. 1958, P.Wigg s.n. (AD). Qld: Georgina R., 1893, C.S.Wilkinson s.n. (MEL).

56. *Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Phytologia 44: 499 (1979) Cassia hirsuta L., Sp. Pl. 1: 378 (1753). T: Herb. Cliff. 159, Cassia no. 4; holo: BM n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 425 (1982). Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 43, pl. 6f (1988). Shrub or herbaceous perennial, erect or spreading, to 2.5 m tall, pubescent except for the petals and stamens. Leaves 10–16 cm long including a ribbed petiole 40–65 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 2–6 pairs spaced 20–40 mm apart, ovate to obovate, 40–90 mm long, 20–35 mm wide, increasing distally, acute and acuminate; gland 1, at the base of the petiole, sessile, conical. Inflorescences of 2–5 flowers, terminal and in upper axils, paniculate; peduncle c. 10 mm long; pedicels 12–20 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 12–16 mm long. Fertile stamens 6, with 3 adaxial and 1 abaxial staminodes; fertile filaments distinctly unequal, 2–6 mm long; fertile anthers distinctly unequal, 3–8 mm long, beaked. Pod compressed–cylindric, 10–14 cm long, 4–6 mm diam., curved, entire. Seeds dull. Fig. 85F. A pantropical weed with its natural distribution in the New World. In Australia occurs in Qld; widespread but uncommon. Flowers ?all year. Map 134. Qld: Roma, 26 May 1959, R.A.Gould s.n. (BRI); Atherton, B.P.M.Hyland 5243 (BRI); O'Reillys Ck road, Lowood, Dillewaard 546 (BRI). Irwin & Barneby (1982) recognised seven varieties of S. hirsuta, and it is not clear whether the Australian material is referable to one or more of these varieties.

57. *Senna × floribunda (Cav.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 360 (1982) Cassia floribunda Cav., Descr. Pl. 132 (1801). T: cultivated in Madrid from Peubla, Mexico; lecto: G-DC (microfiche seen), fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, loc. cit. [Cassia corymbosa auct. non Lam.: Gomez Ortega, Nov. Pl. Descr. Dec. 10: 124 (1800)] [Cassia laevigata auct. non Willd.: G.Bentham, Fl. Austral. 2: 282 (1864)] Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 26, pl. 2a–e (1988). Shrub, erect, to 3 m tall, glabrous. Leaves 6–8 cm long including a terete petiole 15–30 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 4–5 pairs spaced 15–30 mm apart, ovate, 45–70 mm long, 15–28 mm wide, flat, increasing distally, acute and acuminate; glands 3–4, between the lowest leaflet pairs, erect, clavate. Inflorescence of 5–8 flowers, terminal and in upper axils; peduncle 30–40 mm long; pedicels 10–13 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals to 8 mm long. Fertile stamens 7 or rarely 6, with 3 adaxial and rarely 1 abaxial staminodes; fertile filaments distinctly unequal, 2–12 mm long; fertile anthers subequal, 4–6 mm long, the largest with a single U-shaped pore. Pod cylindric, 5–8 cm long, 10–15 mm diam., straight or slightly curved, entire. Seeds lustrous. Figs 60, 86A–E. Probably introduced to Australia as a garden specimen before 1900. Now naturalised and weedy in pasture or rainforest mainly in coastal Qld and N.S.W. (north of Wollongong). Flowers Apr.–Sept. Map 135. Qld: banks of Logan R., near Waterford, 23 May 1981, J.H.Willis s.n. (MEL); Maleny, B.R.Randell 283 (AD). N.S.W.: Wollongong, Macpherson 125 (MEL); Georges River Reserve, Ingleburn, F.J.McBarron 14180 (AD); Dorn Dorn, Tweed Valley, 1986, R.Kooyman s.n. (AD). Of putative hybrid origin between S. multiglandulosa and S. septemptrionalis (Viv.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby in Mexico (Irwin & Barneby, 1982).

133 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

58. * (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 357 (1982) Cassia multiglandulosa Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 1: 8, t. 72 (1783). T: 'cult. in hort schoenbrun., semina a Massone accepi, qui in hortis Tenerifae crescentem invenit'; holo: W (herb. Jacq.) n.v. Cassia tomentosa L.f., Suppl. Pl. 231 (1781). T: 'Habitat in America meridionali. Mutis'; holo: LINN 528/23 (microfiche seen), fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, loc. cit. Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 26, pl. 2f–j (1988). Shrub or small tree, erect, to 4 m tall, pubescent on leaves, inflorescence, sepals and ovary, otherwise glabrous or glabrescent. Leaves 6–8 cm long including a terete petiole 8–12 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 6–8 pairs spaced 8–12 mm apart, lanceolate to oblong, 20–30 mm long, 8–12 mm wide, increasing distally, recurved at the margins, acute and mucronate; glands 2–4, between the lowest leaflet pairs, erect, pointed. Inflorescence of 10–20 flowers, terminal and in upper axils; peduncle 20–30 mm long; pedicels 10–12 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 10–20 mm long. Fertile stamens 7, with 3 adaxial staminodes; fertile filaments distinctly unequal, 4–8 mm long; fertile anthers distinctly unequal, 4–7 mm long, the largest with a single U-shaped pore. Pod compressed-cylindric, 6–8 cm long, c. 8 mm diam., slightly curved, entire. Seeds dull. Fig. 86F–J. Native to Mexico and much of South America. Probably introduced to Australia as a garden specimen, now sparingly naturalised in south-eastern S.A., south-western Vic., and eastern border areas of Vic. and N.S.W. Flowers ?all year. Map 136. S.A.: Mil Lel, near Mt Gambier, 2 Dec. 1971, D.E.Symon s.n. (AD). N.S.W.: 27 km from Victorian border towards Eden, E.Canning 1239 (AD). Vic.: Lakes Entrance, c. 1937, T.F.Robbins s.n. (MEL); Battery Point area, Portland, A.C.Beauglehole 5214 (AD, MEL).

59. *Senna pendula (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 378 (1982) var. glabrata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 382 (1982) Cassia indecora var. glabrata Vogel, Gen. Cass. Syn. 19 (1837). T: 'In Brasilia: Sellow legit pr. Ypanema (Sao Paulo)'; neo: K n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, loc. cit. Cassia coluteoides Collad., Hist. Nat. Med. Casses 102, t. 12 (1816). T: cultivated at Montpellier from stock from Lisbon; lecto: MPU n.v., fide H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, op. cit. 381. [Cassia bicapsularis auct. non L.: G.Bentham, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 525 (1871) p.p.] Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 30, pl. 3a–f (1988). Shrub, spreading, to 3 m tall, sparsely pubescent on vegetative parts, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, soon glabrescent. Leaves 4–8 cm long including a terete petiole 20–40 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 3–6 pairs spaced 10–20 mm apart, oblanceolate to obovate, 20–50 mm long, 10–15 mm wide, increasing distally, obtuse or rarely emarginate; gland 1, between the lowest leaflet pair, clavate. Inflorescences of 15–20 flowers, terminal and in upper axils, paniculate; peduncle 30–40 mm long; pedicels 20–25 mm long; bracts usually caducous. Petals to 15 mm long. Fertile stamens 6 or 7, with 3 adaxial and sometimes 1 abaxial staminodes; fertile filaments distinctly unequal, 4–15 mm long; fertile anthers unequal, 5–8 mm long, opening by one U-shaped pore. Pod cylindric, 10–14 cm long, c. 10 mm diam., straight, entire. Seeds lustrous. Fig. 87. Native to Brazil. Probably introduced to Australia as a garden specimen, now extensively naturalised in coastal southern Qld and northern N.S.W. Flowers Apr.–Sept. Map 137. Qld: Ipswich, L.Pedley 4567 (MEL). N.S.W.: roadside near Wauchope, B.R.Randell 268 (AD); Myocum, 1986, R.Kooyman s.n. (AD). Irwin & Barneby (1982) recognised 19 varieties of S. pendula, but only var. glabrata appears to be naturalised in Australia.

134 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

Figure 87. Senna. Variation among Australian and South American specimens of S. pendula var. glabrata. A, flowering twig (from living material, cult. Adelaide, B.Randell 297, ADU & JWR (sic.), AD); B, central abaxial staminode; C, largest anther (lateral abaxial); D, median anther; E, adaxial staminode; F, single pore of largest anther (B–F, JWC (sic.), AD); G, flowering twig; H, adaxial staminode; I, median anther; J, largest anther (lateral abaxial); K, central abaxial staminode; L, single pore of largest anther (G–L, Kiesing 3397, AD, ex South America). Scale bars: A, G = 3 cm; B–E, H–K = 1 cm; F = 1.5 cm; L = 1 mm. Drawn by Beth Chandler. Reproduced with permission from J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 30 (1988).

135 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 88. Senna. A–E, S. tora. A, fruiting twig (B.Hyland 8786, AD); B–C, isolated anthers showing truncate tips; D–E, seed showing broad, longitudinal areole (S.L.Everist 5159, AD). F–I, S. obtusifolia. F, fruiting twig; G, androecium showing three abaxial beaked anthers (F–G, R.M.Barker 514, AD); H–I, seed showing narrow, transverse areole (H–I, Dutton & Taylor 6175, AD) A and F show abaxial surface of one disconnected leaflet. Scale bars: A, F = 3 cm; B, C = 3 mm; D, E, H, I = 4 mm; G = 6 mm. Drawn by Beth Chandler. Reproduced with permission from J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 46 (1988).

136 CAESALPINIACEAE 11. Senna

60. * (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 397 (1982) Cassia corymbosa Lam., Encycl. 1: 644 (1785). T: cult. at Paris from seeds collected by Commerson on Bougainville's voyage; holo: P-LAM (microfiche seen). [Cassia bicapsularis auct. non L.: E.E.Lord, Shrubs & Trees Austral. Gardens 256 (1948)] Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 33, pl. 4a–g (1988). Shrub, spreading, to 3 m tall, glabrous. Leaves 4–6 cm long including a ribbed petiole 20–35 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 2–3 pairs spaced 12–20 mm apart, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 25–50 mm long, 8–12 mm wide, increasing distally, acute; gland 1, between the lowest leaflet pair, erect. Inflorescence of 15–20 flowers, terminal and in upper axils, paniculate; peduncle 20–30 mm long; pedicels 12–18 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals to 15 mm long. Fertile stamens 6 or 7, with 3 adaxial and sometimes 1 abaxial staminodes; fertile filaments distinctly unequal, 4–12 mm long; fertile anthers unequal, 4–7 mm long. Pod cylindric, to 15 cm long, c. 10 mm diam., curved, entire. Seeds dull or lustrous. Fig. 80 A–G. Native to South America, but cultivated in before 1800. In Australia mostly cultivated, but apparently rare as a garden escape in N.S.W. Flowers ?all year. Map 138. N.S.W.: Tumbi Umbi, roadside near Tuggerah L., B.Briggs 3252 (AD). The name Cassia bicapsularis has been extensively misapplied to this species and to S. pendula var. glabrata in Australia.

61. * (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 252 (1982) Cassia obtusifolia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 377 (1753); C. tora var. obtusifolia (L.) Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 304 (1922). T: plate in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 71, t. 62 (1732); lecto: n.v., fide J.P.M.Brenan, Kew Bull. 1958: 250 (1958). [Cassia tora auct. non L.: G.Bentham, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 535 (1871) p.p.] Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 46, pl. 7f–i (1988). Herbaceous perennial or subshrub, erect or spreading, to 2 m tall but often lower, sparsely pubescent on vegetative parts, calyx and ovary, soon glabrescent. Leaves 4–6 cm long including a channelled petiole 15–20 mm long; stipules lanceolate, acicular, somewhat persistent; leaflets in 2–3 pairs spaced 12–15 mm apart, obovate, 40–50 mm long, 20–30 mm wide, markedly increasing distally, obtuse and mucronate; glands 1–2, between the lowest leaflet pairs, erect. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 1–2 flowers, axillary; peduncle 2–4 mm long; pedicels 15–20 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 8–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 7, with 3 adaxial staminodes; fertile filaments unequal, 1–4 mm long; fertile anthers unequal, 3–5 mm long, shortly beaked. Pod cylindric, 12–18 cm long, c. 3 mm diam., curved, entire. Seeds dull or lustrous, with a narrow, oblique areole. Fig. 88F–I. Probably native to the Americas but now of almost pantropical distribution. First recorded in Australia in 1963, now widespread in northern Australia and declared a noxious plant in Qld. Flowers Mar.–Aug. Map 139. N.T.: East Point, A.Robinson & D.G.Nelson 1060 (AD). Qld: roadside, Claudie R. crossing, Iron Range Natl Park, 18 Aug. 1986, E.L.Robertson s.n. (AD); Utchee Ck, F.M.Bailey 14 (BRI). Very similar to the equally widespread S. tora, but differs in the presence of anther beaks and in having oblique areoles.

62. * (L.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2nd edn, 2: 340 (1832) Cassia tora L., Sp. Pl. 1: 376 (1753). T: Flora Zeylanica No. 152, Herb. Herm. 4: 79; lecto: BM n.v., fide W.Fawcett & A.B.Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 4: 106 (1920). Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 46, pl. 7a–e (1988).

137 11. Senna CAESALPINIACEAE

Herbaceous perennial or subshrub, spreading, to 0.5 m tall, sparsely pubescent on vegetative parts, calyx and ovary, soon glabrescent. Leaves 5–6 cm long including a channelled petiole 20–45 mm long; stipules lanceolate, acicular, somewhat persistent; leaflets in 2–3 pairs spaced 10–15 mm apart, obovate, 25–55 mm long, 10–35 mm wide, increasing distally, obtuse or rounded and sometimes shortly mucronate; glands 1–2, between the lowest leaflet pairs, erect, sometimes pointed. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 1–2 flowers, axillary; peduncle 2–4 mm long; pedicels c. 10 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 8–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 10, or 7 with 3 adaxial staminodes; fertile filaments subequal, 1.5–2.5 mm long; fertile anthers slightly unequal, 1.5–2.5 mm long. Pod cylindric, 12–18 cm long, 2–5 mm diam., curved, entire. Seeds dull or lustrous, with a longitudinal areole. Fig. 88A–E. Probably native to the Asia-Pacific region but now of pantropical distribution. In Australia sparingly naturalised in the Kimberley, W.A., N.T. and Qld. Flowers ?in winter. Map 140. W.A.: Kalumburu, A.A.Mitchell 3658 (AD, PERTH). N.T.: Port Darwin, 1888, M.W.Holtze s.n. (AD, MEL). Qld: East Palmerston, c. 32 km SE of Millaa Millaa, S.L.Everist 5159 (AD, BRI). Very similar to the equally widespread S. obtusifolia, but differs in the absence of anther beaks and in having longitudinal areoles.

Excluded name

Senna australis (Vell.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, nom. illeg. = S. appendiculata (Vogel) Wiersema, Taxon 38: 652 (1989)].

12. CHAMAECRISTA

L.Pedley

Chamaecrista Moench, Meth. Pl. Hort. Marburg 272 (1794); from the Greek chamae (dwarf) and the Latin crista (a crest), the latter an allusion to Caesalpinia crista L. which was partly based on J.Greyne, Exot. Pl. Cent. 58, t. 28 (1678) 'Christa pavonis, ...' presumably so named because of the resemblance of its group of stamens to a crest. Type: C. nictitans (L.) Moench Cassia subg. Lasiorhegma Vogel ex Benth., in C.F.P. von Martius, Fl. Bras. 15(2): 129 (1870). T: not designated. Cassia subg. Absus (DC. ex Collad.) Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 77 (1966). T: Cassia nictitans L. = (L.) Moench Grimaldia Schrank, Bot. Zeitung 4: 184 (1805). T: G. opifera Schrank = Chamaecrista absus (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Unarmed herbs or shrubs. Leaves paripinnate; stipules persistent, strongly nerved; petiole usually bearing a concave nectary ('gland'); additional glands sometimes present on petiole or leaf rachis; leaflets opposite. Inflorescence racemose, usually greatly reduced, sometimes appearing supra-axillary; pedicels with 2 bracteoles in upper half. Sepals 5, imbricate, heteromorphic. Petals 5, highly heteromorphic, cream to yellow (in Australia); adaxial petal sessile. Functional stamens 5–10, rarely fewer; anthers basifixed, longer than filament, ciliolate along closed sutures, dehiscent by apical pore. Pod elastically dehiscent; valves coiling. Seeds smooth or spotted, without areole; funicle deltoidly dilated. A genus of perhaps 300 species mostly in tropical America but many in tropical Africa; it extends to southern Africa, SE and eastern Asia as far north as Korea and Japan and reaching Australia; 14 species in Australia, two naturalised (one only recently and sparingly), mainly tropical.

138 CAESALPINIACEAE 12. Chamaecrista

H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, The American Casiineae: Chamaecrista [Breyne] Moench, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 636–895 (1982). 1 Leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, large; petiolar gland absent; plant annual 2 Leaves with 2 pairs of leaflets; sepals obtuse or rounded at apex; plant sticky because of vesicle-based setae 1. C. absus 2: Leaves with 1 pair of leaflets; sepals acute at apex; plant not sticky 2. C. rotundifolia 1: Leaflets at least 3 pairs, small; petiolar glands always present on some leaves; plant annual or perennial 3 Petiolar gland sessile, not tapering to the base nor stipitate; stamens 8 or more 4 Petiolar gland oblong, cushion-like, 2–4 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide; leaflets 2–6 mm wide, almost symmetrical with ±central midrib 3. C. nigricans 4: Petiolar gland circular or elliptic, largest dimension less than 1.5 mm; leaflets less than 2 mm wide, asymmetrical; main vein antichous 5 Leaf rachis distinctly crested between leaflets on adaxial side, serrulate or crenate in profile; leaflets strongly sensitive to touch, closely folded 4. C. mimosoides 5: Leaf rachis canaliculate on adaxial side sometimes with ciliate rim; leaflets often not closely folded 6 Leaf rachis 4–10 cm long, markedly ciliate on adaxial side; leaflets 3–10 mm long; stipules 4–10 mm long; plant erect 5. C. nomame 6: Leaf rachis 2–4 cm long, ±glabrous on adaxial side; leaflets 3.3–6 mm long; stipules 2–3 mm long; plant prostrate or tufted 6. C. maritima 3: Petiolar gland stipitate or at least tapering to the base and obconic, distinctly raised from the petiole; stamens 5, rarely fewer 7 Gland with short, thick stipe (0.2–0.3 mm long) usually more than half diam. of head; a second smaller one sometimes present; leaflets 1–1.7 mm wide, sometimes discolorous; rachis 15–30 mm long; petiole 3–5 mm long 7. C. biddulphiana 7: Gland subsessile or with a slender stipe, rarely more than 0.1 mm diam., more than half diam. of head, a second rarely present; leaflets less than 1.5 mm wide, not discolorous; rachis less than 20 mm long; petiole less than 3.5 mm long 8 Petals less than 2 mm long, distinctly shorter than sepals; leaflets up to 3.5 mm long, rarely to 4 mm; pedicels to 6 mm long 8. C. deserti 8: Petals more than 3 mm long, slightly shorter, or longer than sepals; leaflets rarely less than 3.5 mm long; pedicels 5–30 mm long 9 Indumentum of stems predominantly of crisped hairs (rarely some only slightly curved), sometimes with scattered, spreading hairs, or hairs sparse, short, appressed; leaves ovate in outline 10 Petiole 1.5–3.5 mm long; leaf rachis 10–30 mm long; pedicel 15–30 mm long; style slender, not flared at tip 9. C. concinna 10: Petiole 1–2 mm long; leaf rachis 8–12 mm long; pedicel 5–20 mm, rarely to 30 mm long; style thick, often flared at tip 10. C. exigua 9: Indumentum of stems of predominantly spreading hairs (either stiff or soft); leaves ovate or oblong in outline 11 Indumentum of soft, spreading or occasionally antrorsely curved hairs; leaves narrowly ovate to oblong in outline; leaf rachis 10–20 mm long; pedicel usually 18–30 mm long 12 Stems and margins of leaves with soft, spreading hairs 1–1.5 mm long 11. C. grisea

139 12. Chamaecrista CAESALPINIACEAE

12: Stems and margins of leaves with spreading or somewhat curved hairs to 0.5 mm long 12. C. longipes 11: Indumentum of stiff, spreading hairs; leaves ovate to broadly ovate in outline; leaf rachis 4–12 mm long; pedicel 8–16 mm long 13 Subshrub to 60 cm tall; leaflets usually 8–12 pairs, crowded on rachis; flowers large; petals to 10 mm long; style not flared at tip 13. C. symonii 13: Tufted perennial to 30 cm tall; leaflets 2–7 pairs, widely separated on rachis; flowers small; petals to 5 mm long; style flared at tip 14. C. moorei

1. Chamaecrista absus (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 364 (1982) var. absus Cassia absus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 376 (1753); Grimaldia absus (L.) Link, Handb. 2: 141 (1831). T: Herb. Linnaeus 528.4; syn: LINN n.v. Illustration: J.P.M.Brenan, Fl. Trop. East Africa 82, t. 15 (1967). Annual, sometimes slightly woody, 0.1–1.2 m tall, sticky because of vesicle-based setae. Leaves variable in size; stipules subulate, c. 3 mm long; petiole 0.7–4 mm long, eglandular; rachis 5–15 mm long; finger-like trichomes c. 1 mm long between pairs of leaflets; leaflets in 2 pairs; lamina obliquely elliptic or obovate, obtuse, 10–45 mm long, 8–30 mm wide. Racemes terminal, c. 10-flowered; bracts 3–4 mm long, ovate, persistent; pedicels c. 3 mm long. Sepals shorter than petals. Petals subequal, obovate, 5–7 mm long. Stamens 5; anthers c. 6 mm long. Ovary strigose. Pod 3–5.5 cm long, 5–8 mm wide, setose-hairy. Widespread in the tropics, widely ranging in less arid parts of tropical W.A., N.T. and Qld; usually in sandy soils and occasionally as a weed of cultivation. Map 141. W.A.: Edkins Ra., I.R.Telford 11616 (CANB); King Leopold Ra., May 1967, Y.Power (MEL, PERTH). N.T.: 72 km N of Tennant Creek, P.K.Latz 5184 (CANB, DNA); Groote Eylandt, I.D.Cowie 2622 (DNA, MEL). Qld: Townsville, C.E.Hubbard & C.W.Winders 6672 (BRI, K). A second variety, C. absus var. meonandra (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, occurs in tropical America.

2. *Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene, Pittonia 4: 31 (1899) var. rotundifolia Cassia rotundifolia Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 456 (1805). T: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Dombey; P-JUSS n.v.; BRI: (microfiche seen). Illustration: H.S.Irwin & R.C.Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 34: 732, t. 47 (1982). Prostrate annual herb; stems pubescent; hairs long, straight and short-curved. Leaves variable in size; stipules lanceolate-cordate, to 10 mm long; petiole 3–4 mm long, eglandular; leaflets in 1 pair, asymmetrically subrotund to broadly ovate, 7–25 mm long, 5–30 mm wide, sometimes ciliate; apex rounded. Flowers 1 or 2 from axils; pedicels filiform, 1.5–3 cm long. Sepals slightly shorter than petals; apex obtuse to rounded. Petals obovate, c. 6 mm long, subequal. Stamens 5; anthers to 2 mm long. Ovary pubescent. Pod straight, 1.5–4 cm long, 3–5 mm wide. A native of South America introduced into Australia in the last 25 years as a pasture herb. Sparingly naturalised in coastal Qld usually in localities at no great distance from where it had been planted. Map 142. Qld: 'Heathlands' Ranger Stn, J.R.Clarkson 9372 (AD, BRI, K, MBA); 22.7 km E of Star R., W of Townsville, A.R.Bean 2914 (AD, BRI, MEL); Bruce Hwy, at turn-off to Caloundra, Apr. 1988, R.Tapp (BRI). A second variety, C. rotundifolia var. grandiflora (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby is widespread in South America.

140 CAESALPINIACEAE 12. Chamaecrista

3. *Chamaecrista nigricans (Vahl) Greene, Pittonia 4: 30 (1899) Cassia nigricans Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 30 (1790). T: Wadi Surdud, Yemen, Forsskål; holo: C n.v., fide J.P.M.Brenan, Fl. Trop. East Africa 81 (1967). Cassia harneyi Specht, in R.L.Specht & C.P.Mountford, Rec. Amer.-Austral. Sci. Exped. Arnhem Land 3: 237, t. 6. (1958). T: South Bay, Bickerton Is., N.T., 13°45'S, 136°06'E, R.L.Specht 523; holo: BRI; iso: CANB, K, MEL. Illustration: R.L.Specht & C.P.Mountford, loc. cit. Annual herb, usually unbranched, to c. 1 m tall; stems with short, crisped and sometimes long, spreading hairs. Leaves oblong in outline; stipules acicular, to 7 mm long; petiole c. 5 mm long, with cushion-like gland 2–4 mm long and 1–1.5 mm wide; rachis 4–8 cm long; leaflets 7–15 pairs, narrowly oblong, 12–25 mm long, 2–6 mm wide, pubescent; apex obtuse, mucronate; midrib ±central. Inflorescence supra-axillary, 3–8-flowered; pedicels 2–5 mm long. Sepals shorter than petals; apex obtuse. Petals oblong, 3.5–4.5 mm long, subequal. Stamens 8–10; anthers alternately long and short, 2–3 mm long. Ovary villous. Pod 1.5–5 cm long, 4–5 mm wide, finely pubescent. Widespread in Africa extending to Arabia and India (where possibly introduced). Probably a 19th century introduction in Australia. Occurs in the northern part of the Kimberley, W.A., extreme north of N.T., islands of Gulf of Carpentaria and northern part of Cape York Peninsula, Qld; usually in sandy soil. There are no collections from W.A. this century. Map 143. W.A.: Glenelg District, Martin (MEL). N.T.: East Alligator R., C.R.Dunlop 3410 (CANB, DNA); Elcho Is., J.R.Maconochie 2113 (BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL). Qld: 8 km N of Batavia Downs, J.R.Clarkson 8481 & V.J.Neldner (BRI, DNA, K, L, MBA, PERTH).

4. Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene, Pittonia 4: 27 (1899) Cassia mimosoides L., Sp. Pl. 1: 379 (1753). T: Sri Lanka, Herb. Hermann, vol. 2, fol. 13, 79; syn: BM. Illustrations: J.Ghesquière, Bull. Jard. Bot. Ètat. 9: 158, t. 1, 24/7 (1932); R.Steyaert, Fl. Congo Belge 3: 514, t. 37 (1952); K.D.H.Gordon-Gray & D.P.K.Schorn, J. S. African Bot. 41: 135, t. 1B8, 137, t. 2k (1975). Erect, annual or short-lived perennial to 1.5 m tall; stems with short, crisped hairs. Leaves linear-oblong in outline; stipules acuminate, 4–8 mm long; petiole 1–2 mm long, with sessile, slightly concave gland 0.4 mm diam.; rachis 5–8.5 cm long, crested adaxially; crests crenate or serrulate in profile, sometimes ciliate; leaflets 20–75 pairs, linear, 1.5–5 mm long, 0.5–1 mm wide, glabrous with marginal cilia; midrib excentric. Inflorescences supra-axillary, 1–3-flowered; pedicels 8–15 mm long. Sepals slightly shorter than petals. Petals obovate, 5–7 (–10) mm long. Stamens 10; anthers irregular in size, to c. 3 mm long. Ovary pubescent. Pod 3–5 cm long, 3.5–4.5 mm wide, appressed-pubescent. Widespread in the tropics of the Old World. In Australia occurs in coastal and subcoastal districts from the Kimberley, W.A., across the north of N.T. to the eastern tropical coast of Qld; usually grows in seasonally waterlogged places in sandy soil. Map 144. W.A.: 11 km ENE of Beagle Bay, B.J.Carter 288 (PERTH); Mitchell Plateau, K.F.Kenneally 4850 (CANB, K, PERTH). N.T.: 14 km SSW of Cooinda on Pine Creek road, M.Lazarides 8857 (CANB, DNA); Bickerston Is., R.L.Specht 553 (BRI, K). Qld: , H.S.McKee 9067 (BRI, CANB, K); near Leichhardt Ck, c. 40 km NW of Townsville, S.L.Everist 5499 (BRI). In Africa this species is extremely variable, but Australian plants are more uniform with usually smaller leaflets than African plants.

5. Chamaecrista nomame (Siebold) H.Ohashi, J. Jap. Bot. 64: 218 (1989) Sooja nomame Siebold, Verh. Batav. Genoot. 12: 50 (1830); Cassia nomame (Siebold) T.Mori, Enum. Pl. Corea 214 (1922); Cassia mimosoides subsp. nomame (Siebold) H.Ohashi, in H.Hara, Fl. East Himalaya: 144 (1966). T: Japan; holo: P n.v.; iso: ?L. Annual or short-lived perennial to 1.5 m tall; stems with crisped and sometimes scattered, long hairs. Leaves linear-oblong in outline; stipules long-pointed, 4–10 mm long; petiole

141 12. Chamaecrista CAESALPINIACEAE

2–5 mm long, with sessile, discoid gland, 0.5–1.4 mm diam.; rachis 4–10 cm long, channelled on adaxial surface; margins distinctly ciliate; leaflets 20–60 pairs, linear, 3–10 mm long, 0.7–2.3 mm wide, glabrous; midrib excentric. Inflorescence supra-axillary, 1–3-flowered; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Sepals somewhat shorter than petals. Petals 4–12 mm long. Stamens 4 or 5, or 8 or 9; anthers irregular in size, 2–4.5 mm long. Ovary pubescent; style short, thick. Pod 4–8 cm long, 4–5 mm wide, appressed-pubescent. Occurs in the Kimberley, W.A., the north of N.T. and along the eastern coast, south to about Taree, N.S.W. This species has an extremely wide longitudinal range from Korea and Japan through eastern Asia, the Philippines, New Guinea to Australia. It is found usually in well- drained situations in eucalypt communities. Two varieties are recognised here. Largest petal of flower to 9 mm long; petiolar gland 0.5–0.9 mm diam., c. 0.2 mm tall 5a. var. nomame Largest petal of flower 9–12 mm long; petiolar gland rather massive, to 1.4 mm diam., 0.3 mm tall 5b. var. grandiflora

5a. Chamaecrista nomame (Siebold) H.Ohashi var. nomame Illustration: E.R.Anderson, Pl. Centr. Queensland 150 (1993), as Cassia mimosoides. Largest petal of flower to 9 mm long; leaflets usually less than 1 mm wide; petiolar gland 0.5–0.9 mm diam., c. 0.2 mm tall. Occurs throughout the range of the species. Map 145. W.A.: Bushfire Hill, Prince Regent River Reserve, A.S.George 12267 (PERTH). N.T.: Nightcliff, Darwin, R.L.Specht 173 (BRI); loc. id., C.R.Dunlop 4125 (DNA). Qld: Lockerbie, L.J.Brass 18600 (BRI, CANB, K); Tamborine Mtn, C.E.Hubbard 2467 (BRI, K). N.S.W.: Brunswick Heads, J.O'Hara & R.Coveny 3478 (BRI, K, NSW).

5b. Chamaecrista nomame var. grandiflora Pedley, Fl. Australia 12: 195 (1998) T: Rockingham Bay, Qld, 12 Mar. 1868, J.Dallachy; holo: MEL; iso: AD, BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW. Largest petal of flower 9–12 mm long; leaflets often 1–2.3 mm wide; petiolar gland massive, 1–1.4 mm diam., 0.3 mm tall. Endemic in northern Australia in coastal areas of northern Qld between 15°S and 19°S with outliers in the Kimberley, W.A., and the north-west of N.T. Map 146. W.A.: NE of camp, Mitchell Plateau, J.Beard 8366 (CANB). N.T.: NE of Arnhem Land, T.McKinlay (MEL). Qld: Fitzroy Is., 1871, C.Walter (MEL); State Forest 461, 27 km S of Ingham, A.R.Bean 3260 (BRI).

6. Chamaecrista maritima Pedley, Fl. Australia 12: 196 (1998) T: Point Arkwright, Qld, 26°32'S, 153°06'E, Feb. 1984, P.R.Sharpe 3508; holo: BRI. Prostrate or tufted perennial, less than 15 cm tall; stems with sparse, crisped hairs. Leaves ovate-oblong in outline; stipules triangular, 2–3 mm long; petiole 1.5–3 mm long, with sessile, elliptic gland 0.3–0.5 mm long; rachis 2–4 cm long, grooved and glabrous on adaxial surface; leaflets 15–30 pairs, sometimes overlapping, oblong, 3.3–6.6 mm long, 1–1.6 mm wide, glabrous or a few hairs beneath. Inflorescence supra-axillary, 1–3-flowered; pedicels 6–25 mm long. Sepals c. 2/3 length of petals. Petals 8–10.5 mm long. Stamens 8 or 9; anthers 3–5 mm long. Ovary pubescent. Pod to 5 cm long, 3.5–4.5 mm wide, sparsely pubescent. Fig. 63. Confined to sandy soils in open situations near the sea in extreme south-eastern Qld and north-eastern N.S.W. Map 147. Qld: Coolum Beach, Apr. 1945, M.S.Clemens (BRI, K). N.S.W.: Byron Bay, 1895, H.Everett (MEL); Cape Byron, I.F.B.Common 2 (CANB).

142 CAESALPINIACEAE 12. Chamaecrista

7. Chamaecrista biddulphiana Pedley, Fl. Australia 12: 196 (1998) T: 'Summerdel', Qld, 23°45'S, 145°03'E, Apr. 1984, E.R.Anderson 3696; holo: BRI. Tufted perennial, less than 15 cm tall; stems with sparse, crisped hairs. Leaves oblong in outline; stipules lanceolate 1.5–2.5 mm long; petiole 3–5 mm long, gland with short, thick stipe 0.2–0.3 mm long; head 0.3–0.5 mm diam., a second smaller gland sometimes present; rachis 1.5–3 cm long; leaflets 9–14 pairs, narrowly oblong, 4–9 mm long, 1–1.7 mm wide, sometimes discolorous, some long, appressed hairs below. Inflorescence slightly supra- axillary, 1-flowered; pedicels 18–25 mm long. Sepals c. as long as petals. Petals 4.5–6 mm long. Stamens (?)4; anthers c. 4 mm long. Ovary pubescent; style flared at tip. Pod 3–4 cm long, 3.5–4 mm wide, sparsely pubescent. This species has a restricted range in south-central Qld where it occurs in sandy soils, usually in eucalypt woodland. Map 148. Qld: 45 km E of Aramac, G.Beeston 1267C (BRI); Jericho and vicinity, Mar. 1946, M.S.Clemens (BRI, K); 'Mt Playfair' Stn, 1895, M.R.Biddulph (MEL). The species is noteworthy in often having more than 1 petiolar gland.

8. Chamaecrista deserti Pedley, Fl. Australia 12: 196 (1998) T: 36 miles [c. 58 km] N of 'Dunmara', Stuart Hwy, N.T., Jan. 1968, P.K.Latz 60; holo: DNA; iso: AD, CANB, K. Illustration: B.R.Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 11: 22, t. 1c (1988), as Chamaecrista sp. Tufted perennial to 20 cm tall; stems with stiff, straight or curved hairs 0.3 mm long. Leaves narrowly ovate in outline; stipules 1.5–3 mm long; petiole 1–2 mm long; gland with stout stipe 0.1–0.2 mm long; head concave, c. 0.2 mm diam.; rachis 6–17 mm long; leaflets 6–11 pairs, linear, 2.5–4 mm long, 0.5–1 mm wide, a few stiff hairs beneath; venation usually prominent beneath. Inflorescence 1-flowered, axillary; pedicels 4–6 mm long. Sepals twice as long as petals. Petals 1.3–2 mm long. Stamens 5; anthers 2–2.5 mm long. Ovary appressed- pubescent; style short, flared at tip. Pod to 3 cm long, 3–3.5 mm wide, appressed-pubescent. A widespread but uncommon endemic species which ranges from the W.A.–N.T. border across N.T. to central Qld; grows in sandy, sometimes poorly drained situations, in semi-arid areas. Map 149. W.A.: Sturts Ck, F.Mueller (K, MEL). N.T.: 30 km W of Pine Creek road to Umbrawarra Gorge, G.J.Leach 541 (CANB, DNA); Daly Waters Creek Falls, c. 48 km NW of 'Dunmara', J.Must 421 (BRI, DNA, NSW). Qld: 'Yarrowmere', Apr. 1969, B.Walker (BRI).

9. Chamaecrista concinna (Benth.) Pedley, Fl. Australia 12: 196 (1998) Cassia concinna Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 198 (1864). T: Keppel's Isles, [Qld], Dec. 1847, J.MacGillivray, Voyage of 'Rattlesnake' no. 206 ex herb. Hook.; lecto: K, fide L.Pedley, loc. cit.; ?isolecto: BRI. Illustrations: K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 78 (1984), as Cassia pumila; E.R.Anderson, Pl. Centr. Queensland 150 (1993), as Cassia concinna. Tufted perennial to 30 cm tall; stems with sparse, crisped or occasionally appressed or longer curved hairs. Leaves ovate in outline; stipules 1.5–4.5 mm long; petiole 1.5–3.5 mm long; gland with slender stipe 0.2–0.7 mm long; head 0.2–0.4 mm diam., rarely a second smaller gland on rachis; rachis 10–20 mm long; leaflets 6–12 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 5–9 mm long, 0.8–1.8 mm wide, glabrous or with crisped hairs beneath; venation usually prominent beneath. Inflorescence axillary, 1-flowered; pedicel 10–30 mm long. Sepals somewhat shorter than petals. Petals 5.5–10 mm long. Stamens 5; anthers 3.5–4.5 mm long. Ovary appressed-pubescent; style slender, not flared. Pod linear, to 3.3 cm long, 2.5–3 mm wide, sparsely appressed-pubescent. Restricted to Qld in coastal and subcoastal districts from southern Cape York Peninsula to near Brisbane, uncommon in the southern part of its range. It occurs in eucalypt communities, often in sandy soils. Map 150. Qld: Mt Mulligan, J.R.Clarkson 5286 (BRI, K, MEL, NSW, QRS); near Guthulungra, S.T.Blake 18632 (BRI, CANB, MEXU); Moreton Bay, Bidwill (K).

143 12. Chamaecrista CAESALPINIACEAE

10. Chamaecrista exigua Pedley, Fl. Australia 12: 196 (1998) T: 'Springmount' Stn, 27 km SW of Mareeba, Qld, 17°13'S, 145°17'E, 9 Mar. 1994, J.R.Clarkson 10153; holo: BRI; iso: AD, CANB, DNA, K, L, MEL, PERTH, QRS. Tufted perennial to 30 cm tall; stems with moderately dense, crisped hairs, occasionally some spreading, sometimes glabrate. Leaves ovate in outline; stipules 1–3 mm long; petiole 1–2 mm long; gland with stipe 0.3–0.7 mm long; head discoid or somewhat obconic, 0.2–0.7 mm diam.; rachis 5–12 mm long; leaflets 4–12 pairs, narrowly oblong, 4–6.5 mm long, 0.6–1.2 mm wide, glabrous or with scattered, long hairs beneath. Inflorescences 1-flowered, ±axillary; pedicels 5–20 (–30) mm long. Sepals shorter than petals. Petals 4–9 mm long. Stamens (4–) 5; anthers 1.5–4.5 mm long. Ovary appressed-pubescent; style short, often flared. Pod to 35 mm long, 3–4 mm wide, sparsely appressed-pubescent. Endemic in north-eastern Qld with outliers near Camooweal in the north-west and Nebo near the central coast. It has been recorded from shallow, rocky soils derived from sandstone or granite, and from red basaltic soils, in eucalypt woodland. Two varieties are recognised. Leaf rachis 10–12 mm long; leaflets 10–12 pairs; gland with head 0.4–0.7 mm diam. 10a. var. exigua Leaf rachis 5–10 mm long; leaflets 4–10 pairs; gland with head 0.2–0.4 mm diam. 10b. var. minor

10a. Chamaecrista exigua Pedley var. exigua Stems usually with crisped hairs; leaves with rachis 10–12 mm long, leaflets 10–12 pairs; petiolar gland with head 0.4–0.6 (–0.7) mm diam. Occurs in north-eastern Qld centred around Hughenden and the Stannary Hills area with an outlier in north-western Qld. Map 151. Qld: Adels Grove, A. de Lestang 168 (BRI); Hughenden, Sept. 1925, H.A.Longman (BRI).

10b. Chamaecrista exigua var. minor Pedley, Fl. Australia 12: 196 (1998) T: Newcastle Ra., Qld, 18°18'S, 143°48'E, P.I.Forster PIF 3818; holo: BRI. Stems often glabrate; leaves with rachis 5–10 mm long; leaflets 4–10 pairs; petiolar gland with head 0.2–0.4 mm diam. Occurs in north-eastern Qld between the two major centres of distribution of var. exigua, extending south to Nebo. Map 152. Qld: Newcastle Ra., Mar. 1907, J.A.Blackman (BRI); Nebo, T.Gulliver ?31 (MEL).

11. Chamaecrista grisea Pedley, Fl. Australia 12: 197 (1998) T: Plumtree Ck crossing, Kakadu Natl Park, N.T., 13°31'S, 132°27'E, Feb. 1989, K.A.Menkhorst 217; holo: DNA. Tufted perennial, to c. 10 cm tall; foliage greyish; stems hirsute, hairs 1–1.5 mm long. Leaves narrowly oblong in outline; stipules 2.5–4 mm long; petioles 1.5–2 mm long; gland with stipe 0.3–0.4 mm long; head concave, 0.2–0.4 mm diam.; rachis 10–20 mm long, hirsute beneath; leaflets 10–18 pairs, linear-oblong, 4.5–7 mm long, 0.2–2 mm wide, with long, soft hairs beneath and on margins; venation conspicuous beneath. Inflorescence 1-flowered, sometimes slightly supra-axillary; pedicels filiform, 20–25 mm long. Sepals slightly shorter than petals. Petals 3.5–5.5 mm long. Stamens 5; anthers 2.5–3 mm long. Ovary appressed- pubescent; style short, distinctly flared. Pod to c. 2.5 cm long, 2.5 mm wide, appressed- pubescent. Known from only three specimens, two from N.T. in sandy soils, and the other some distance away in Qld. Map 153. N.T.: c. 100 km NE of Maranboy Police Stn, M.Lazarides & L.G.Adams 70 (CANB). Qld: Gilbert R., W.E.Armit 70 (MEL).

144 CAESALPINIACEAE 12. Chamaecrista

12. Chamaecrista longipes (Domin) Pedley, Fl. Australia 12: 197 (1998) Cassia longipes Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 242 (1926). T: 'In collibus calcareis apud app. Mungana apud urb. Chillagoe', Qld, Feb. 1910, K.Domin '4987'; lecto: PR 527635 (photo K), fide L.Pedley, loc. cit.; isolecto: PR 527634 (Domin '3053'), PR 527636 (Domin '4988'). Prostrate or tufted multi-stemmed perennial; stems to 30 cm long with spreading or curved hairs 0.3–0.5 mm long. Leaves narrowly ovate to oblong in outline; stipules 2–3 mm long; petiole 1–2 mm long; gland with stipe 0.3–0.6 mm long; head concave 0.3–0.4 mm diam.; rachis 10–20 mm long; leaflets 6–17 pairs, oblong-linear, 3.5–5.5 mm long, 0.4–1.3 mm wide, glabrous or with spreading hairs beneath; venation prominent beneath. Inflorescence 1-flowered, slightly supra-axillary; pedicels filiform, 20–30 mm long, rarely shorter. Sepals c. as long as petals. Petals 3.2–4.5 mm long. Stamens 4; anthers 2–2.5 mm long. Ovary appressed-pubescent; style short, flared. Pod to 3 cm long, 3–3.5 mm wide, appressed-pubescent. Occurs from the McArthur River area, N.T., to the north-central coast of Qld; usually grows in eucalypt communities. Map 154. N.T.: 11 km NE of Tin Mine, J.R.Maconochie 1960 (DNA). Qld: Langdon R., W.E.Armit 507 (MEL); near source of Poison Ck, c. 144 km N of Hughenden, S.T.Blake 8554 (BRI, MEL).

13. Chamaecrista symonii Pedley, Fl. Australia 12: 197 (1998) T: 14.5 miles [c. 23 km] W of Borroloola, N.T., Mar. 1959, G.Chippendale NT 5545; holo: DNA; iso: BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW, PERTH. [Cassia pumila auct. non Lam.: F.Mueller, Fragm. 3: 47 (1863)] Multi-stemmed perennial to 60 cm tall; stems hispidulous; hairs 0.3–0.6 mm long. Leaves ovate in outline; stipules 1.5–5 mm long, sometimes reflexed; petiole 1–2 mm long; gland with stipe 0.15–0.2 mm long; head discoid 0.2–0.4 mm diam.; rachis channelled adaxially, 5–12 mm long; leaflets 5–15 pairs, crowded, linear, 3–6 mm long, 0.5–1 mm wide, glabrous or with sparse, spreading hairs; venation prominent beneath. Inflorescence 1-flowered, axillary; pedicel 10–16 mm long. Sepals slightly shorter than petals. Petals 6–10 mm long. Stamens 5; anthers 3.5–5 mm long. Ovary appressed-pubescent; style slender, not flared. Pod oblong-linear, to c. 3 cm long, 4–5 mm wide, appressed-pubescent. Fig. 66. Endemic and widespread in seasonally dry and semi-arid areas from northern W.A. and N.T. to central Qld; grows in sandy, usually well-drained soils. Map 155. W.A.: c. 94 km NE of Broome on Derby road, D.E.Symon 5337 (AD, CANB, K, PERTH); Wolf Creek Crater, A.S.George 15277 (DNA, PERTH). N.T.: c. 80 km N of Tennant Creek, R.A.Perry 606 (BRI, CANB, DNA, K); c. 15 km NNW of Seven Emu, G.J.Leach 640 (BRI, CANB, DNA, L, MEL, MO). Qld: Milray Stn, S of Pentland, S.T.Blake (BRI, MEL, MEXU). The extent and density of indumentum, the length of stipules and the size of leaflets vary considerably. No infraspecific taxa are recognised, although plants from the western coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria and from sand plains and dunes in the south-west of the range are rather distinctive; however, these grade into 'normal' populations of the species.

14. Chamaecrista moorei Pedley, Fl. Australia 12: 197 (1998) T: 5 km SW of Beagle Bay Aboriginal Community, W.A., 17°01'S, 122°38'E, Mar. 1986, J.B.Martin JBM058; holo: PERTH; iso: BRI, CANB. Sparse, tufted perennial, to 30 cm tall; stems hispid; hairs to 0.7 mm long. Leaves broadly ovate in outline; stipules 3–5.5 mm long; petiole 1–4 mm long; gland with stipe 0.2–0.8 mm long; head 0.2–0.3 mm diam.; rachis 4–10 mm long; leaflets 2–7 pairs, linear, strongly falcate towards tip of rachis, 3–7 mm long, 0.5–1.2 mm wide; margins with long hairs; venation prominent beneath. Inflorescence 1-flowered, axillary; pedicels 8–12 mm long. Sepals as long as petals. Petals 3–5 mm long. Stamens 5; anthers 2.5–3 mm long. Ovary appressed-pubescent; style short, flared at tip. Pod to 3 cm long, 3–4 mm wide, appressed- pubescent. Endemic in the western part of the Kimberley, W.A.; in sandy and gravelly soils. Map 156. W.A.: 10 km N of Bobby Ck, 11 km ENE of Beagle Bay, B.J.Carter 276 (DNA); Roebuck Bay, J.G.O.Tepper 118 (MEL).

145 CAESALPINIACEAE

13. LABICHEA

J.H.Ross

Labichea Gaudich. ex DC., Prodr. 2: 507 (1825); named after J.J.Labiche (1784–1819), an officer of the French ship Uranie. He accompanied Freycinet and died during the latter's voyage around the world (1817–1820). Type: L. cassioides Gaudich. ex DC. Shrubs or subshrubs. Leaves imparipinnate, digitate or unifoliolate; leaflets usually coriaceous, mostly pungent-pointed. Stipules usually small, deciduous. Inflorescence a loose, axillary raceme. Flowers bisexual, irregular; bracts deciduous. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricate; outer 2 larger; inner 2 or 3 petal-like. Petals 4 or 5, yellow; adaxial one usually with a red basal flare; vexillar one interior in bud, unequal. Stamens 2, opposed to the 2 abaxial sepals; filaments much shorter than the anthers; anthers almost uniform or one much longer than the other, both fertile, dehiscing by vertical slits or apical pores. Ovary shortly stipitate, free, usually densely pubescent; style filiform; stigma terminal, small. Pods mostly oblong-elliptic, compressed, dehiscing along both sutures, usually with short, erect, uncinate hairs and longer, scattered, appressed hairs. Seeds slightly compressed; funicle dilated into a globular aril. An endemic genus of 14 species with a disjunct distribution in W.A., N.T. and Qld. J.H.Ross, A revision of the genus Labichea Gaudich. ex DC. (Caesalpiniaceae), Muelleria 6: 23–49 (1985). 1 Anthers unequal, one very much longer than the other 2 Leaves imparipinnately 3–17-foliolate 3 Lower surface of leaflets glabrous or with scattered, appressed hairs, especially on the midrib 1. L. cassioides 3: Lower surface of leaflets densely clothed with appressed or spreading hairs 4 Leaf rachis 0.5–1.5 cm long; terminal leaflet of each leaf disproportionately larger than the others; leaflets narrowed apically to a distinct pungent point 2. L. brassii 4: Leaf rachis mostly 1.5–9 cm long; terminal leaflet of each leaf larger than the others but not disproportionately so; leaflets rounded or obtuse apically and emarginate or slightly apiculate 3. L. buettneriana 2: Leaves unifoliolate or digitately 3–9-foliolate 5 Leaves unifoliolate or consistently 3-foliolate 6 Leaves unifoliolate 9. L. lanceolata 6: Leaves 3-foliolate 7 Central leaflet of each leaf usually more than 3 cm long and disproportionately longer than the lateral leaflets 8 Lateral leaflets elliptic or elliptic-oblong; leaves sessile or almost so 9. L. lanceolata 8: Lateral leaflets usually ±very broadly obtrullate or reniform, rarely narrowly elliptic; leaves distinctly petiolate 10. L. obtrullata 7: Central leaflet of each leaf to 2.5 cm long, longer than the lateral leaflets but not disproportionately so 6. L. deserticola 5: Leaves digitately 5–9-foliolate, occasional 3-foliolate leaves accompanied by leaves with 5–9 leaflets 9 Sepals usually 4 10 Upper leaflet surface usually glabrous; lower surface glabrous or with scattered, appressed or erect, uncinate hairs 9. L. lanceolata

146 CAESALPINIACEAE 13. Labichea

10: Upper leaflet surface with numerous, erect, uncinate hairs; lower surface densely clothed with appressed, white hairs to 2 mm long, especially on the midrib 7. L. saxicola 9: Sepals usually 5 11 Leaflets compressed and ±subterete or linear- to narrowly elliptic- oblong, to 2 mm wide; margins tightly recurved to conceal the lower surface except the midrib or portion of the midrib, or sometimes portion of the lower surface visible also 4. L. teretifolia 11: Leaflets not as above 12 Leaflets rigid, folded lengthwise and deeply channelled above or U-shaped in section, sometimes almost conduplicate, 1–3.5 mm wide 5. L. eremaea 12: Leaflets not as above 13 Upper leaflet surface sparingly to densely clothed with uncinate hairs; central leaflet of each leaf usually distinctly obovate- oblong 8. L. nitida 13: Upper leaflet surface usually glabrous; central leaflet of each leaf elliptic-oblong or narrowly oblong 9. L. lanceolata 1: Anthers ±the same size 14 Leaves unifoliolate 14. L. punctata 14: Leaves digitately or subdigitately 3–7-foliolate 15 Leaves 3–5-foliolate; central leaflet of each leaf disproportionately longer than the others, 2.5–9 cm long 11. L. rupestris 15: Leaves 5–7-foliolate; central leaflet of each leaf not disproportionately longer than the others, to 3 cm long 16 Sepals 4; branchlets usually with spreading hairs to 0.6 mm long; petiole to 1.5 mm long; lower leaflet surface usually with scattered, appressed hairs especially on the midrib 12. L. digitata 16: Sepals usually 5; branchlets with spreading hairs to 1.5 mm long and scattered, shorter, erect, uncinate hairs; petiole 1–5 mm long; lower leaflet surface glabrous except for scattered hairs to 1.75 mm long on the midrib and sometimes on the margins 13. L. stellata

1. Labichea cassioides Gaudich. ex DC., Prodr. 2: 507 (1825) T: 'baie des chiens marins' [Shark Bay], W.A., C.Gaudichaud; lecto: P, fide J.H.Ross, op. cit. 25; ?isolecto: K. Labichea tephrosiifolia Meisn., Bot. Zeitung 13: 12 (1855). T: between Moore and Murchison Rivers, W.A., J.Drummond 6: 7; iso: NY, W. Illustration: C.Gaudichaud, in H.L.C. de S. de Freycinet, Voy. Uranie 485, t. 112 (1830). Subshrub or shrub to 2 m tall, occasionally semi-scandent; branchlets glabrous or sparingly clothed with appressed hairs and scattered, erect, uncinate hairs. Leaves imparipinnate, 3–17-foliolate; rachis 0.15–4.8 cm long. Leaflets narrowly oblong to obovate- or elliptic- oblong, 1–3.5 cm long, 1.5–10 mm wide; upper surface with uncinate hairs especially when young, the raised bases persisting; lower surface glabrous or with scattered hairs especially on midrib. Racemes 2–10-flowered, often as long as or longer than the leaves. Sepals 5; outer two 9.5–11 mm long, 3.5–4.7 mm wide, sparingly clothed with appressed and scattered, uncinate hairs. Petals 4. Anthers unequal; short anther 4.5–6 mm long; long anther 8–9 mm long. Pod 2.2–3 cm long, 9–10 mm wide. Seeds c. 6.5 mm long, 4 mm wide. Occurs on the north-west coast and on the northern sandplain of W.A. from the Ashburton R. in the north to Cervantes in the south. A discontinuity apparently separates the populations in the north from those in the south. Found in sand, limestone or loam and often in association with Acacia, Triodia or Spinifex spp. Map 157.

147 13. Labichea CAESALPINIACEAE

W.A.: Cockleshell Gully, Feb. 1940, C.A.Gardner (PERTH); 5 km S of Kalbarri Natl Park boundary on coast road to Gregory, M.G.Corrick 8267 (MEL); NE of Tamala Stn HS, A.S.George 9564 (PERTH); between Monkey Mia and Denham, J.S.Beard 6777 (PERTH); 32 km S of Learmonth, A.S.George 9173 (PERTH). A polymorphic species within which a considerable range of variation in leaflet number and size is encountered. The extremes look quite different but they are linked by intermediates so that when the entire range of variation is inspected it is difficult to divide it satisfactorily. There is an inconsistent tendency for leaflet number to be correlated with leaflet width and, to a lesser extent, with shape and geographical distribution. The name L. tephrosiifolia Meisn. was used to refer to the southern populations with numerous pairs of narrow leaflets. Detailed field studies are required to determine whether there is a satisfactory means of dividing the range of variation and whether or not formal recognition of infraspecific taxa within L. cassioides is desirable.

2. Labichea brassii C.T.White & W.D.Francis, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 41: 140, t. IX (1929) T: Forest Home Stn, Gilbert R., Qld, July 1928, L.Brass s.n.; lecto: BRI, fide J.H.Ross, op. cit. 27; isolecto: CANB, K (fragm.). Labichea nitida var. pinnata F.Muell., Fragm. 10: 7 (1876). T: Gilbert R., Qld, R.Daintree s.n.; lecto: MEL, fide J.H.Ross, loc. cit. Shrub to 3 m tall; branchlets densely clothed with short, erect or uncinate hairs and scattered, longer hairs to 2 mm long. Leaves imparipinnate, (3–) 5–7 (–9)-foliolate; rachis 5–15 mm long. Leaflets elliptic, elliptic-oblong or ovate; margins sometimes slightly undulate; upper surface with short, erect, uncinate hairs and scattered, longer hairs, the raised bases persisting; lower surface with erect, appressed or spreading hairs to 2 mm long; terminal leaflet 1.8–4.6 cm long, 5–17 mm wide; lateral leaflets 0.8–2.5 cm long, 2.75–11 mm wide. Racemes 2–10-flowered. Sepals 5; outer two 8–10 mm long, 2.5–4 mm wide, densely clothed with short, erect and longer, mainly spreading hairs to 2 mm long. Petals 4. Anthers unequal; short anther 3.5–4 mm long; long anther 6.5–7.5 mm long. Pod 2.2–2.6 cm long, 1–11 mm wide. Seeds 4–5 mm long, 3.5–4.5 mm wide. Confined to northern Qld. Known from Mt Mulligan in the north south-west to Agate Creek. Recorded growing along creek and river beds. Map 158. Qld: Mt Mulligan, 27 Feb. 1934, H.Flecker (BRI); Mt Mulligan, 0.5 km S of mine site along pipeline leading to the falls on Richards Ck, J.R.Clarkson 5255 (BRI, MEL); southern plateau, Mt Mulligan, J.R.Clarkson 5302 (BRI, MEL); Agate Ck, Robinhood Stn, SW of Forsayth, P.I.Forster 19085 & T.Ryan (BRI, MEL). The Mt Mulligan population differs slightly from typical L. brassii in leaflet shape and size. The leaflets are consistently narrowly elliptic, usually lack undulate margins and are slightly smaller, the lateral leaflets being 2.75–7 mm wide (4–11 mm wide in typical L. brassii) and the terminal leaflets 1.8–4 cm long and 5–9 mm wide (3.5–4.6 cm long and 11–17 mm wide in typical L. brassii). In addition, the indumentum of the young branchlets is slightly denser and the lower leaflet surfaces are more densely pubescent than in typical L. brassii. This is a poorly known species with unclear affinities.

3. Labichea buettneriana F.Muell., Chem. & Druggist Australas., Suppl. 5: 12 (June 1882); Fragm. 12: 18 (Dec. 1882) T: Endeavour R., Qld, 1882, W.A.Persieh 395; lecto: MEL, fide J.H.Ross, op. cit. 28. Shrub to 2 m tall; branchlets densely clothed with appressed to spreading hairs to 0.5 mm long. Leaves imparipinnate, mostly 5–13-foliolate; rachis mostly 1.5–9 cm long. Leaflets opposite or subopposite, oval, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, oblong or sometimes obovate-oblong, 0.8–4.3 cm long, 0.5–2.2 cm wide; apex obtuse or rounded and emarginate or slightly apiculate; lower surface densely clothed with appressed or slightly spreading hairs. Racemes 9–22-flowered, to 10 cm long, longer than the leaves; bracts ovate, 4–6.5 mm long, 3– 3.5 mm wide, brown, densely pubescent outside except towards the margins. Sepals 4 or 5; outer two 11–14 mm long, 4.5–7 mm wide; outermost ±cucullate, densely clothed with

148 CAESALPINIACEAE 13. Labichea appressed to slightly ascending hairs. Petals 4. Anthers unequal; short anther 4.5–5.3 mm long; long anther 9–10.5 mm long. Pod 2.8–3.8 cm long, 1.4–1.7 cm wide. Seeds 6.5–7.5 mm long, 5–5.5 mm wide. Fig. 89A–C. Confined to north-eastern Qld from just north of Cooktown to Cape Flattery. Occurs in low- lying sandy areas often among coastal sand dunes. Map 159. Qld: Cape Flattery, P.Sharpe 1529 (BRI); between McIvor R. and Cape Flattery, A.Dockrill 623 (QRS); near Cape Bedford, L.Pedley 2625 (BRI); S of Cape Bedford, J.R.Clarkson 3301 (BRI, QRS). The obtuse, emarginate or only slightly apiculate leaflet apices are in contrast to the distinctly pungent apices found in other species, and the pods differ from those of other species examined in that the short, erect hairs are not uncinate. The seeds are reported (Dockrill 623) to be edible either raw or cooked. The identity of L.S.Smith 11145 (BRI), a sterile specimen from the Hoop Pine area near McIvor River, is not clear but it possibly represents a local expression of L. buettneriana. It differs from other material in having larger leaves and larger (3.5–7 cm long) oblong-elliptic leaflets. More material of this variant, especially fertile material, is required to confirm its identity.

4. Labichea teretifolia C.A.Gardner, J. Roy. Soc. W. Australia 27: 175 (1942) T: 48 km N of Murchison R., W.A., 29 Aug. 1931, C.A.Gardner 2575; holo: PERTH. Shrub to 1.5 m tall; branchlets densely clothed with appressed to spreading or crinkly hairs. Leaves digitate, mostly 5–7-foliolate. Central and lateral leaflets ±the same size, sessile, rigid, 8–22 mm long, either compressed, ±subterete and 0.6–1.1 mm wide, or linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic-oblong and 0.8–2 mm wide; margins tightly recurved to conceal all but midrib or part of midrib below, or portion of lower surface visible. Racemes 3–7-flowered, densely clothed with appressed to spreading, golden brown or silvery white hairs. Sepals usually 5; outer two 5.8–11 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, with scattered, erect, uncinate hairs and longer, appressed or spreading hairs. Petals usually 4. Anthers unequal; short anther 3.1–5.2 mm long; long anther 4.3–7 mm long. Pod 1.4–2.7 cm long, 5–8 mm wide. Seeds 4.4–4.6 mm long, 3.5–3.8 mm wide. Occurs on the northern sandplain in W.A. from the vicinity of Wannoo southwards to near Geraldton and inland to Mullewa. There are two subspecies. Stipules 1.5–2.5 mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide; indumentum on 2 outer sepals mostly golden-brown; non-uncinate hairs usually ±appressed 4a. subsp. teretifolia Stipules 3.5–5.5 mm long, 2–4.5 mm wide; indumentum on 2 outer sepals silvery white; hairs usually somewhat spreading 4b. subsp. grandistipulata

4a. Labichea teretifolia C.A.Gardner subsp. teretifolia Stipules 1.5–2.5 mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide; indumentum on the 2 outer sepals mostly golden- brown and the non-uncinate hairs ±appressed. Occurs on the northern sandplain from near Wannoo to south of the Murchison River, W.A. Grows in sandy soil in patches of tall scrub and in thickets. Map 160. W.A.: 25.6 km S of Wannoo roadhouse, C.H.Gittins 1548 (BRI, NSW, PERTH); proposed Toolonga Nature Reserve, A.Burbidge 65 (PERTH); 67 km N of Murchison R. on North West Coastal Hwy, J.H.Ross 2706 (AD, CANB, MEL, NSW, PERTH); between Yuna and Dartmoor, W.E.Blackall 4812 (PERTH).

4b. Labichea teretifolia subsp. grandistipulata J.H.Ross, Muelleria 6: 31 (1985) T: between Yuna and Mullewa Rd, W.A., 14 Aug. 1965, A.M.Ashby 1581; holo: AD; iso: MEL, PERTH. Stipules 3–5.5 mm long, 2–4.5 mm wide; indumentum on 2 outer sepals silvery white and the hairs usually somewhat spreading.

149 13. Labichea CAESALPINIACEAE

Occurs mainly south of the Murchison River to near Geraldton and inland to Mullewa, W.A. Recorded growing in loam, gravel, clay and sand and apparently a coloniser of disturbed sites such as disused gravel pits and road cuttings. Map 161. W.A.: 1.5 km W of Ajana on road to Kalbarri, J.H.Ross 2720 (AD, CANB, MEL, PERTH); 5 km S of turn-off to Kalbarri on North West Coastal Hwy, J.H.Ross 2723 (MEL); East Yuna Reserve, A.C.Burns 69 (PERTH); 1.6 km S of Eradu, E.M.Scrymgeour 1443 (PERTH); 15.5 km W of Mullewa on Geraldton–Mullewa road, J.H.Ross 2725 (CANB, HO, MEL, PERTH).

5. Labichea eremaea C.A.Gardner, J. Roy. Soc. W. Australia 27: 175 (1942) T: near Anketell, 27.2 km W of Sandstone, W.A., 17 Aug. 1931, C.A.Gardner 2505; holo: PERTH; iso: PERTH. Rigid shrub to 0.8 m tall; branchlets densely clothed with spreading hairs. Leaves digitately 5–7-foliolate, sessile; stipules narrowly triangular or subulate, persistent. Leaflets narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate-oblong, folded lengthwise and deeply channelled above or U-shaped in section, sometimes almost conduplicate, rigid; lower surface sparingly to densely clothed with uncinate and/or straight hairs; central leaflet largest, 1.2–2.8 cm long, 1–3.5 mm wide; lateral leaflets 0.7–2.1 cm long, 1–2 mm wide. Flowers mostly in pairs, shorter than the leaves. Sepals 5; outer two 7.8–8.5 mm long, 2.6–3.5 mm wide, densely clothed with spreading hairs. Petals 4. Anthers unequal; short anther 3.6–3.9 mm long; long anther 5.5–6 mm long. Pod (only immature pods and old twisted dehisced valves seen) 1.7–2.2 cm long, 8–10 mm wide. Seeds not seen. Occurs in W.A. between Anketell and Sandstone where it is found in red sand with mallee Eucalyptus spp. and other myrtaceous, proteaceous and solanaceous shrubs, and further south to the west of Yokradine Hills where it grows in yellow sand with Hakea, Grevillea and Acacia spp. Map 162. W.A.: 16 km W of Sandstone, C.A.Gardner & W.E.Blackall 474 (PERTH); c. 10 km from Anketell Stn eastern boundary along road towards Sandstone, P.S.Short 1546 (MEL); c. 1 km W of Anketell Stn eastern boundary along Sandstone–Mt Magnet road, P.S.Short 1547 (AD, CANB, K, MEL, PERTH); 11 km E of No. 1 Rabbit Fence on track to Clampton, B.H.Smith 1693 (MEL).

6. Labichea deserticola J.H.Ross, Muelleria 6: 32 (1985) T: Victoria Desert Camp 44, W.A., 1981, R.Helms s.n.; holo: AD; iso: MEL, NSW. Illustration: J.H.Ross, op. cit. 33, fig. 4. Shrub to 1 m tall; branchlets clothed with appressed or slightly spreading hairs. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. Leaflets narrowly ovate or elliptic, sessile, reticulate; upper surface with scattered, uncinate hairs; lower surface sparingly appressed-pubescent; central leaflet largest, 1.6–2.3 cm long, 4–6 mm wide; lateral leaflets 0.9–1.6 cm long, 3.25–5 mm wide. Racemes mostly 3–5-flowered, longer than the leaves. Sepals 4, sparingly to densely appressed-pubescent; outer two 10.5–11 mm long, 3.4–3.8 mm wide. Petals 4. Anthers unequal; short anther c. 5 mm long; long anther 8.5–9 mm long. Pod (only 1 immature pod seen) 1.8 cm long, 8 mm wide. Seeds unknown. Known only from the type collection from the Victoria Desert, W.A. Ecological preferences and conservation status unknown. Map 163. Differs from L. lanceolata in having consistently 3-foliolate leaves, the central leaflet being only slightly larger than the 2 lateral ones and not markedly disproportionate, and in the leaflets being differently shaped and conspicuously reticulately veined.

150 CAESALPINIACEAE 13. Labichea

Figure 89. Labichea. A–C, L. buettneriana. A, flowering twig; B, gynoecium (A–B, L.Pedley 2625, BRI); C, pod (J.R.Clarkson 3294, BRI). D–F, L. saxicola. D, flowering twig; E, flower; F, gynoecium (D–F, L.A.Craven 5797, CANB). Scale bars: A, C–E = 15 mm; B = 3 mm; F = 2 mm. Drawn by A.Barley (nee Podwyszynski).

151 13. Labichea CAESALPINIACEAE

7. Labichea saxicola J.H.Ross, Muelleria 6: 32 (1985) T: 1 km S of Twin Falls, Kakadu Natl Park, N.T., 23 May 1980, L.A.Craven 5797; holo: CANB; iso: DNA, MEL. Illustration: J.H.Ross, op. cit. 34, fig. 5. Shrub to 2 m tall; branchlets densely clothed with short, erect or appressed hairs and scattered longer hairs to 2 mm long. Leaves digitately 3–7-foliolate. Leaflets elliptic, elliptic- oblong, oblong or obovate-oblong; upper surface densely clothed with erect, uncinate hairs; lower surface densely clothed with appressed, white hairs to 2 mm long especially on midrib; central leaflet largest, 1.7–4.3 cm long, 6–13 mm wide; lateral leaflets 0.8–2.8 cm long, 4–9 mm wide. Racemes 2–10-flowered, usually longer than the leaves. Sepals 4 (5); outer two 9–11.5 mm long, 3.7–4.5 mm wide, clothed with short, erect, uncinate hairs and longer, appressed or spreading hairs. Petals 4. Anthers unequal; short anther 3.7–5 mm long; long anther 7.5–8.8 mm long. Pod 2–2.6 mm long, 9–11 mm wide. Seeds 5–5.5 mm long, 3.5–4.5 mm wide. Fig. 89D–F. Confined to N.T. north of 14°S and usually associated with sandstone outcrops. Map 164. N.T.: 3.7 km N of El Sharana, P.N.Martensz & R.Schodde 558 (BRI, CANB, DNA); 54.4 km SE of Mudginberry HS, M.Lazarides 7796 (BRI, CANB, DNA); 6 km ESE of Twin Falls, M.Lazarides 8942 (CANB, DNA); Jim Jim Falls, C.R.Dunlop 5685 (DNA, MEL). Apart from the difference in sepal number between L. saxicola and L. nitida, the indumentum in the two species differs in density and composition.

8. Labichea nitida Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 293 (1864) T: Burdekin R. estuary, Qld, E.Fitzalan s.n.; lecto: MEL, fide J.H.Ross, op. cit. 35. Shrub to 2 m tall; branchlets with short, erect, uncinate hairs and longer, appressed or spreading hairs to 0.75 mm long. Leaves digitately 3–7-foliolate. Leaflets elliptic-oblong, narrowly oblong or obovate-oblong; upper surface often shiny, with uncinate hairs; lower surface glabrous, or with scattered, uncinate hairs or with uncinate and longer, appressed hairs on midrib; central leaflet largest, 1.5–4.4 cm long, 2–12 mm wide; lateral leaflets 0.6–3.3 cm long, 2–9 mm wide. Racemes 2–7-flowered. Sepals 5; outer two 8.6–11 mm long, 3.2–4.2 mm wide, usually with short, uncinate hairs and appressed or spreading hairs to 0.5 mm long, occasionally subglabrous. Petals usually 4. Anthers unequal; short anther 4.3–5.5 mm long; long anther 6.8–7.2 mm long. Pod 2–3 cm long, 9–15 mm wide. Seeds 4.5–6 mm long, 3.3–4 mm wide. Fig. 65. Confined to the coastal area of north-eastern Qld from the vicinity of Bowen northwards, and common on Hinchinbrook Is. Recorded from coastal dunes, dry scrub, open woodland, exposed rocky outcrops and gravel beds in riparian vegetation subject to periodic flooding. Map 165. Qld: Browns Ck, Pascoe R., Cape York Penin., L.J.Brass 19566 (BRI, CANB); 2 km S of Station Ck, Cape Upstart, T.J.McDonald & G.N.Batianoff 1421 (BRI); Walsh R.–Channel road, B.Hyland 5053 (BRI); Little Ramsay Bay, Hinchinbrook Is., P.Sharpe 1598 (BRI).

9. Labichea lanceolata Benth., in S.F.L.Endlicher, Enum. Pl. 41 (1837) T: King George Sound, W.A., K.A.W.Huegel; syn: W; Swan R., W.A., K.A.W.Huegel; syn: W. Shrub to 4 m tall; branchlets glabrous or with short, erect, uncinate or appressed or spreading hairs. Leaves unifoliolate or digitately 3–6-foliolate and then the leaves sessile or almost so. Central or solitary leaflet petiolulate, usually narrowly oblong to elliptic-oblong, 1.1–12 cm long, 2–25 mm wide; lateral leaflets subsessile or shortly petiolulate, elliptic or elliptic- oblong, 0.6–1.7 cm long, 1.75–5 mm wide; upper leaflet surface usually glabrous; lower surface glabrous or with scattered, appressed or erect, uncinate hairs. Racemes 2–12-flowered. Sepals usually 4; outer two 8.8–12 mm long, 3–5 mm wide, usually with short, uncinate or appressed purplish or black hairs. Petals 4. Anthers unequal; short anther 4.5–5.5 mm long; long anther 7.5–9.5 mm long. Ovary clothed with white, ferruginous or black hairs. Pod 2.5–4 cm long, 8–11 mm wide. Seeds 5–6.5 mm long, 3.7–4.5 mm wide.

152 CAESALPINIACEAE 13. Labichea

Occurs in W.A. from the Murchison River southwards to the Darling Range and south- eastwards to Israelite Bay. There are two subspecies. Leaves unifoliolate or 3-foliolate; central or solitary leaflet mostly 4–12 cm long, 8–20 mm wide 9a. subsp. lanceolata Leaves usually 4–6-foliolate; central leaflet 1.1–6 cm long, 2–10 mm wide 9b. subsp. brevifolia

9a. Labichea lanceolata Benth. subsp. lanceolata Labichea bipunctata Paxton, Mag. Bot. 10: 149–150 (1843). T: J.Paxton, loc. cit.; iconotype. Labichea diversifolia var. longifolia Meisn., in J.G.C.Lehmann, Pl. Preiss. 1: 23 (1884). T: near Swan R., W.A., Drummond colln 1 in Herb. Shuttleworth; lecto: BM, fide J.H.Ross, op. cit. 37. Illustration: J.H.Ross, op. cit. 38, fig. 6a–d. Leaves unifoliolate or 3-foliolate; central or solitary leaflet mostly 4–12 cm long, 8–20 mm wide. Occurs on the northern sandplain from the Murchison River southwards to the Jarrah forest of the Darling Range and Canning River south-east of Perth. Recorded from sandy soils or silt along creeks or rivers, rocky creek banks, granite outcrops, stony hillsides, lateritic and granitic soils. Map 166. W.A.: above Murchison R. at Z Bend, Kalbarri Natl Park, M.G.Corrick 8216 (CANB, MEL, NSW); Arrowsmith R., near Drummonds Crossing, N of Eneabba, M.G.Corrick 8088 (AD, CANB, MEL); Dongara, Oct. 1898, R.Helms (PERTH); sources of the Swan R., 1889, J.Sewell (MEL); Kelmscott, Canning R., 10 Sept. 1898, R.Helms (PERTH). The leaves in subsp. lanceolata are either unifoliolate or trifoliolate with the lateral leaflets disproportionately smaller than the central leaflet. Unifoliolate specimens are found throughout the distributional range but tend to occur more frequently in the north. Most specimens can be referred readily either to subsp. lanceolata or to subsp. brevifolia. However, occasional specimens, for example C.E.Woolcock s.n. (MEL) from 5.5 km from Toodyay and E.Pritzel 554 (AD, W) from the Avon district, are difficult to place with certainty. These specimens are atypical in having some 4-foliolate leaves as in subsp. brevifolia but, as they have the general facies of subsp. lanceolata with the central leaflet very much larger than the laterals, they are referred to subsp. lanceolata.

9b. Labichea lanceolata subsp. brevifolia (Meisn.) J.H.Ross, Muelleria 6: 39 (1985) Labichea diversifolia var. brevifolia Meisn., in J.G.C.Lehmann, Pl. Preiss. 1: 23 (1844). T: 'Montis Bakewell ... et ad fluv. Canning', [W.A.], L.Preiss 1027; lecto: LD, fide J.H.Ross, op. cit. 39; isolecto: MEL, NY. [Labichea diversifolia auct. non Meisn.: J.Lindley & J.Paxton, Fl. Gard. 2: t. 52 (1851)] Illustration: J.H.Ross, op. cit. 38, fig. 6e. Leaves usually 4–6-foliolate, seldom 3-foliolate but then accompanied by 4–6-foliolate leaves; central leaflet 1.1–6 cm long, 2–10 mm wide. Occurs mainly from the Darling Range east and south-east of Perth inland to near Kellerberrin (with outliers further north) and south-eastwards to Israelite Bay and some of the islands of the Archipelago of the Recherche. Recorded from the sandy soil of creek beds, sandy loam, granite outcrops, granitic soil and coastal heath. Map 167. W.A.: Kellerberrin, Sept. 1897, R.B.Leake (PERTH); Mt Bakewell, A.S.George 3050 (PERTH); Avondale Research Stn, 6 km W of Beverley, R.J.Hnatiuk 790185 (PERTH); Young R. crossing c. 5 km N of Neds Corner, N.N.Donner 2810 (AD, PERTH); Sandy Hook Is., Archipelago of the Recherche, 10 Nov. 1950, J.H.Willis (MEL). In subsp. brevifolia some leaves are occasionally 3-foliolate but these are always accompanied by leaves with 4–6 leaflets. Four specimens from outlying localities north of the main distributional range have narrower leaflets than usual and a somewhat different facies as a consequence. The specimens in

153 13. Labichea CAESALPINIACEAE question are A.C.Burns 98 (PERTH) from East Yuna which is separated apparently from other populations by a large, geographical discontinuity, C.A.Gardner 12149 (PERTH) from Ninghan, C.A.Gardner 12126 (PERTH) from Waddourin Hill and W.E.Blackall 3400 (PERTH) from south of Bencubbin. Although atypical, for the present, the specimens are referred to subsp. brevifolia pending further investigation.

10. Labichea obtrullata J.H.Ross, Muelleria 6: 40 (1985) T: Gabyon Stn, W of Yalgoo, W.A., Oct. 1963, D.W.Goodall; holo: PERTH. Illustration: J.H.Ross, op. cit. 42, fig. 8. Shrub(?); branchlets glabrous or with short, erect, uncinate hairs and longer, appressed to spreading hairs. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate, on petiole 2–5.5 mm long; central leaflet longest, petiolulate, elliptic- or narrowly oblong, 3.3–7.5 cm long, 7.5–10 mm wide. Lateral leaflets sessile, variable, mostly ±very broadly obtrullate, to 3.8 cm long and 2.2 cm wide, the 3 angles pungent-pointed, sometimes with 4 points or ±reniform with 2 pungent points, occasionally narrowly elliptic, to 0.8 cm long, 2.5 mm wide; upper surface with scattered, uncinate hairs or glabrous, lower surface with scattered, uncinate hairs and/or appressed hairs especially on margins and midrib. Racemes 3–7-flowered, longer than the leaves. Sepals 4 or 5; outer two 9–12.5 mm long, 3–4 mm wide, clothed with short, erect, uncinate hairs and longer, dark, appressed hairs. Petals 4. Anthers unequal; short anther 4–5 mm long; long anther 5.3–8.5 mm long. Ovary densely clothed with short, erect, uncinate hairs and longer, dark, appressed hairs. Pods and seeds unknown. Known only from two specimens, one of which is sterile, from Gabyon Stn, west of Yalgoo, W.A. Ecological preferences and conservation status unknown. Map 168. W.A.: Gabyon Stn, 15 June 1962, D.G.Wilcox (PERTH). Readily distinguished from L. lanceolata by the distinctive lateral leaflets which are mostly ±very broadly obtrullate. Several attempts to re-locate L. obtrullata have proved unsuccessful and there is doubt whether the species still survives.

11. Labichea rupestris Benth., in T.L.Mitchell, J. Exped. Trop. Australia 342 (1848) T: Qld, 24°03'S, 144°42'E, 24 Sept. 1846, T.L.Mitchell 307; lecto: K, fide J.H.Ross, op. cit. 41; isolecto: CGE. Shrub to 1.5 m tall; branchlets usually clothed with short, erect, uncinate hairs and appressed or slightly spreading hairs. Leaves digitately 3–5-foliolate, subsessile. Leaflets petiolulate, narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate-oblong; upper surface with numerous erect or uncinate hairs; lower surface usually with scattered, appressed hairs and sometimes with erect or uncinate hairs; central leaflet disproportionately larger than the others, 2.5–9 cm long, 3–7 mm wide; lateral leaflets 0.7–4 cm long, 3–6 mm wide. Racemes 3–18-flowered, mostly shorter than the leaves. Sepals usually 4; outer two 4.8–6.9 mm long, 2–2.9 mm wide, with short, erect, uncinate hairs and longer, appressed hairs. Petals usually 4. Anthers almost equal in length; anthers 2.5–4.5 mm long. Pod 2–2.8 cm long, 10–14 mm wide. Seeds 5–6 mm long, 3.5–4 mm wide. Fig. 67. Confined to east-central Qld where apparently it has a disjunct distribution, being recorded from between Hughenden and Charters Towers in the north and from north-west of Blackall to north-east of Rolleston in the south. Reported to occur on sandstone, among rocks and on creek banks in open woodland and scrub. Map 169. Qld: Torrens Ck, C.T.White 8684 (BRI); Warrigal Ck, 27 km W of Pentland on Townsville–Mt Isa road, R.H.Rebgetz 385 (BRI); Cape R., Bowman (MEL 616544); Planet Ck, 48 km NE of Rolleston township, Story & Yapp 306 (CANB, MEL, NSW).

154 CAESALPINIACEAE 13. Labichea

12. Labichea digitata Benth., in T.L.Mitchell, J. Exped. Trop. Australia 273 (1848) T: Qld, c. 24°52'S, 146°42'E, 14 Sept. 1846, T.L.Mitchell 351; lecto: K, fide J.H.Ross, op. cit. 43; isolecto: CGE. Shrub to 1 m tall; branchlets usually densely clothed with spreading hairs to 0.6 mm long. Leaves digitately 5–7-foliolate, on petiole to 1.5 mm long. Leaflets subsessile, narrowly elliptic, ±the same size, 1.2–3 cm long, 2–3.5 mm wide, reticulately veined; upper surface with scattered, uncinate hairs; lower surface usually with scattered, appressed hairs especially on midrib and sometimes with short, uncinate hairs. Racemes 2–9-flowered, mostly shorter than the leaves, densely clothed with rusty, appressed hairs; bracts broadly ovate, 2.5–6 mm long, 2.25–7 mm wide, conspicuously longitudinally striate. Sepals 4; outer two 5–6.5 mm long, 1.9–2.5 mm wide, densely clothed with rusty, appressed hairs and scattered, erect, uncinate hairs. Petals 4 or occasionally 5. Anthers ±equal in length, 2.7–4 mm long. Pods obliquely ovate, 1.4–1.7 cm long, 7–9 mm wide. Confined to south-eastern Qld where apparently it has a disjunct distribution, being recorded from the vicinity of Mt Pluto and Mt Playfair in the north and Miles and Chinchilla in the south. Occurs in gravelly clay loam and sandy loam overlying sandstone in open forest. Map 170. Qld: Mt Playfair, 1890, Mrs Biddulph (MEL); Nogoa R., 16 km E of Mt Playfair, C.H.Gittins 1148 (BRI); 4 km S of Miles, G.W.Trapnell & K.A.Williams 327 (BRI); 6.1 km NNW of Chinchilla towards Auburn, R.Coveny 6805 & P.Hind (BRI, NSW). Bentham (1864) included this species as a synonym of L. rupestris, but it is here recognised as distinct.

13. Labichea stellata J.H.Ross, Muelleria 6: 45 (1985) T: c. 30 km N of Hyden along road to Narembeen, W.A., 13 Sept. 1982, P.S.Short 1724c; holo: MEL; iso: K, PERTH. Illustration: J.H.Ross, op. cit. 46, fig. 10. Shrub to 1 m tall; branchlets clothed with spreading hairs to 1.5 mm long and scattered, shorter, uncinate hairs. Leaves subdigitately 5–7-foliolate, on petiole 1–5 mm long. Leaflets sessile, narrowly elliptic, ±the same size, 0.7–2.2 cm long, 2–5 mm wide; margins revolute; upper surface with scattered, uncinate hairs; lower surface glabrous except for scattered hairs to 1.75 mm long on midrib and sometimes on margins. Stipules ovate, tardily deciduous. Racemes 3–9-flowered, pendulous, longer than the leaves, densely clothed with short, spreading, uncinate hairs. Sepals 5; outer two 4.5–7 mm long, 1.5–2.8 mm wide, sparsely clothed with short, erect, uncinate hairs. Petals 4. Anthers ±equal in length, 3.2–4.5 mm long. Pods (only immature pods seen) 1.1–1.5 cm long, 6–7 mm wide. Seeds not known. Confined to south-western W.A. where it occurs from the vicinity of Koonadgin in the north southwards to Hyden, south-westwards to Lake Grace, and eastwards to North Ironcap and Middle Ironcap. Reported growing in crevices between ironstone boulders on exposed slopes in low heath or with mallee Eucalyptus, Acacia, Allocasuarina and other myrtaceous and proteaceous shrubs, and in laterite and coarse sandy loam in disturbed roadside localities. Map 171. W.A.: 6.7 km from Koonadgin on road to Korbel, B.H.Smith 308 (MEL); eastern face of North Ironcap, P.S.Short 1700a (CANB, MEL, PERTH); Middle Ironcap, G.J.Keighery 896 (KPBG); Lake Grace district, 22 Sept. 1967, P.Nelson (PERTH); S of Lake Grace, 8 Oct. 1965, R.D.Royce (PERTH). Allied to L. digitata from south-eastern Qld, from which it differs in having flowers with 5 sepals, the branchlets, petiole and often the lower surface of the midribs of the leaflets clothed with spreading hairs to 1.75 mm long, subdigitate leaves, and differently shaped leaflets.

155 13. Labichea CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 90. Labichea punctata. A, flowering twig; B, flower; C, gynoecium (A–C, J.Seabrook 258, PERTH); D, pod; E, seed (D–E, F.Mueller s.n., MEL). Scale bars: A, D = 1 cm; B, E = 5 mm; C = 2 mm. Drawn by A.Barley (nee Podwyszynski).

156 CAESALPINIACEAE 13. Labichea

14. Labichea punctata Benth., in J.Lindley, Sketch Veg. Swan R. 15 (1839) T: Swan R., W.A., J.Drummond, s.n.; lecto: K, fide J.H.Ross, op. cit. 47. Labichea punctata var. lanceolata Meisn., in J.G.C.Lehmann, Pl. Preiss. 1: 24 (1844). T: near Ck, Darling Ra., W.A., 23 Sept. 1839, L.Preiss 1025; lecto: LD, fide J.H.Ross, op. cit. 47; isolecto: K, MEL, W. Illustration: J.H.Ross, op. cit. 48, fig. 11. Shrub or subshrub to 1 m tall; stems simple or sparingly branched, flattened apically, glabrous to densely clothed with appressed and uncinate hairs. Leaves unifoliolate, petiolate, linear, narrowly elliptic or ovate, mostly 4–12 cm long, 0.5–2 cm wide, reticulate, with scattered, uncinate hairs above and occasionally below, or with scattered, appressed hairs below especially on midrib. Stipules narrowly triangular or subulate, usually persisting for some time. Racemes 3–many-flowered, usually shorter than the subtending leaf. Sepals usually 5, becoming reflexed; outer two 6.5–10 mm long, 2.4–3.8 mm wide, sparingly to densely clothed with uncinate and sometimes scattered, appressed hairs. Petals 4. Anthers ±equal in length, 3.8–5.5 mm long. Pod 2.3–3.3 cm long, 0.9–1.4 cm wide. Seeds 5–5.5 mm long, 3.75–4.5 mm wide. Figs 64, 90. Occurs in heath and woodland in sandy soils of the coastal plain in south-western W.A. from Jurien to Cowaramup and in sandy and lateritic soils of the Darling Range. Map 172. W.A.: Bunbury, A.Oldfield (MEL 607407); Gooseberry Hill, Darling Ra., A.Morrison 10426 (MEL, PERTH); Midland, H.Demarz 5013 (PERTH); upper Helena Valley, J.Seabrook 258 (PERTH); Mt Benia, E of Jurien, E.A.Griffin 2214 (PERTH). Labichea punctata differs from L. lanceolata in being a low shrub or subshrub with simple or sparingly branched stems and in having consistently unifoliolate leaves and anthers of ±equal size.

14. PETALOSTYLIS

J.H.Ross

Petalostylis R.Br., in C.Sturt, Narr. Exped. C. Australia 2: app. 79 (1849); from the Greek petalon (a petal) and stylos (a column), in allusion to the petaloid styles. Petalostyles is an orthographic variant. Type: P. labicheoides R.Br. Petalogyne F.Muell., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 8: 324 (1856). T: Petalostylis labicheoides R.Br. Shrubs. Leaves imparipinnate; stipules small, deciduous; leaf rachises occasionally spinescent. Flowers axillary, solitary or in short racemes, bisexual, irregular; bracts deciduous. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, orange-yellow; adaxial one usually with a basal red flare; vexillar one interior in bud, unequal. Stamens 3, fertile, opposed to the 3 abaxial sepals; filaments much shorter than the anthers; anthers basifixed, dehiscing by vertical slits; staminodes 2, small, with imperfect anthers, opposed to adaxial sepals. Ovary subsessile, free; style dilated into a boat-shaped petaloid limb, saccate above the ovary, 3-lobed, with middle lobe terminated by a small stigma. Pod oblong, compressed, dehiscing along both sutures. Seeds compressed; funicle dilated into a globular aril. An endemic genus of two species, largely confined to the arid areas. G.Bentham, Petalostyles, Fl. Austral. 2: 291 (1864); J.H.Ross, Note on Afzelia Sm. and Petalostylis R.Br. (Caesalpiniaceae), Muelleria 6: 211–215 (1986). Leaflets 3–19, lanceolate, elliptic or narrowly obovate-oblong, acuminate apically, 0.8–3 cm long; leaf rachis 0.5–6 (–8) cm long 1. P. labicheoides Leaflets mostly 11–80, usually obovate, obovate-oblong, obcordate or suborbicular, rounded or obtuse apically and emarginate, retuse or shortly mucronate, 0.2–1.8 cm long; leaf rachis 1.5–14 cm long 2. P. cassioides

157 14. Petalostylis CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 91. Petalostylis. A–E, P. labicheoides. A, flowering and fruiting twig; B, flower; C, gynoecium and androecium with petals and sepals removed showing 3 fertile stamens, 2 staminodes and the petaloid style; D, pod (A–D, M.G.Corrick 5603, MEL); E, seed (Mrs Foot s.n., MEL). F–G, P. cassioides. F, flowering and fruiting twig; G, seed showing attachment to pod (F–G, S.J.Forbes 2605, MEL). Scale bars: A, F = 2 cm; B, D = 1 cm; C, E, G = 5 mm. Drawn by A.Barley (nee Podwyszynski).

158 CAESALPINIACEAE 14. Petalostylis

1. Petalostylis labicheoides R.Br., in C.Sturt, Narr. Exped. C. Australia 2: app. 79 (1849) Petalogyne labicheoides (R.Br.) F.Muell., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 8: 325 (1856). T: 'In the bed of a creek along with Sturtia', Central Australia, C.Sturt; holo: BM. Illustration: D.E.Symon, in B.D.Morley & H.R.Toelken, Fl. Pl. Australia 150, fig. 92a (1983). Shrub to 3 m tall; branchlets usually sparingly appressed-pubescent but sometimes glabrous, often pruinose. Leaves: stipules narrowly ovate, to 3.5 mm long, 1 mm wide; rachis 0.5–6 (–8) cm long, sparingly appressed-pubescent or glabrous; leaflets 3–19, lanceolate, elliptic or narrowly obovate-oblong, acuminate apically, 0.8–3 cm long, 3–9 mm wide, glabrous or with scattered, uncinate hairs above, subglabrous or with scattered, appressed hairs below. Sepals 10–16 mm long, with appressed or spreading hairs, sometimes erect, uncinate hairs present. Petals 1.5–2 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide. Pod 2–3.4 cm long, 7–9 mm wide, glabrous or with scattered, appressed or uncinate hairs on margins. Figs 69, 91A–E. This species has a disjunct distribution, being found in north-western W.A., the Flinders Ranges, S.A., central and eastern Qld and in N.S.W. Occurs on sandplains, stony ridges, in skeletal soils, along dry watercourses and in creek beds. Map 173. W.A.: 2 km E of Marble Bar, H.Demarz 7042 (PERTH). S.A.: near entrance to Wilpena Pound, Flinders Ra., N.N.Donner 1583 (AD). Qld: 5 km ENE of Eulo on road to Cunnamulla, R.J.Henderson 2577 (BRI). N.S.W.: 35 km ENE of White Cliffs on road to Wanaaring, J.C.DeNardi 893 (NSW); Donalds Plain, 120 km W of Cobar, E.F.Constable 4654 (NSW). Petalostylis labicheoides is relatively uniform throughout its range and can usually be distinguished without difficulty from P. cassioides by a combination of leaflet number, shape and size and the length of the leaf rachis. The former tends to have short leaves with few large leaflets in contrast to P. cassioides which tends to have longer leaves with more numerous smaller leaflets. The two species have different distributional ranges which show little overlap except perhaps between Onslow and Carnarvon, W.A., and in the Burke, Gregory and Mitchell districts of Qld.

2. Petalostylis cassioides (F.Muell.) Symon, in J.P.Jessop (ed.), Fl. Centr. Australia 106 (1981) Petalogyne cassioides F.Muell., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 8: 324 (1856); Petalostylis labicheoides var. cassioides (F.Muell.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 292 (1864), as Petalostyles. T: Sturt Ck, northern Australia, 1856, F.Mueller; syn: MEL; Nicholson R., Northern Australia, 1856, F.Mueller; syn: MEL. Petalostylis millefolium E.Pritz., Bot Jahrb. Syst. 35: 275 (1904), as Petalostyles. T: near Menzies, Austin Distr., W.A., L.Diels 5168; holo: ?B, destroyed. Petalostylis labicheoides var. microphylla Ewart & Morrison, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria n.s. 26: 160 (1913). T: 40 miles [c. 64 km] W of Landers Ck, Camp IV, N.T., G.F.Hill 364; holo: MEL. Petalostylis spinescens E.Pritz., Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 357 (1918), as Petalostyles. T: Central Australia, 1903, Basedow 440; holo: ?B, destroyed; 8 km W of Docker R. Settlement, N.T., 30 Oct. 1970, P.K.Latz 883; neo: MEL, fide J.H.Ross, Muelleria 3/4: 214 (1986); isoneo: AD, DNA. Shrub to 3 m tall; stems sometimes decumbent; branchlets glabrous to densely clothed with spreading, white hairs, sometimes pruinose. Leaves: stipules narrowly to broadly ovate or subcordate, sometimes obliquely so, 3–5 mm long, 1.2–3 mm wide, often persisting; rachis 1.5–14 cm long, sparsely appressed pubescent to densely clothed with spreading hairs, often rigid, almost spinescent and persisting after the leaflets have fallen; leaflets mostly 11–80, usually obovate, obovate-oblong or obcordate, 2–18 mm long, 1.3–8 mm wide, rounded or obtuse apically and emarginate, retuse or shortly mucronate, glabrous to densely pubescent above and below. Sepals 10–16 mm long, usually sparingly to densely clothed with appressed to spreading, white, ferruginous or black hairs, sometimes short, uncinate hairs also present. Petals 1.5–2.2 cm long, 0.7–1.6 cm wide. Pod 2.3–3 cm long, 0.7–0.9 cm wide; margins usually with spreading and uncinate hairs. Figs 70, 91F, G.

159 14. Petalostylis CAESALPINIACEAE

Widespread throughout much of arid W.A. and N.T. and in north-western S.A. and north- western Qld. Occurs on sand plains, stony plains, sandstone and rocky outcrops, scree slopes, gravel and along creek beds. Map 174. W.A.: c. 51 km W of Giles Meteorological Stn, Rawlinson Ra., A.S.George 8265 (PERTH); c. 56 km from old No. 2 vermin fence on Paynes Find–Wubin road, B.H.Smith 450 (MEL, PERTH). N.T.: 43 miles [c. 70 km] SW of Barrow Creek township, M.Lazarides 5804 (MEL). S.A.: 30 km W of Everard Park HS, Everard Ra., D.J.E.Whibley 1211 (AD). Qld: levee of Nicholson R., Doomadgee Aboriginal Reserve, J.R.Clarkson 2682 (BRI, QRS). Petalostylis cassioides, as treated here, is a polymorphic species, unlike P. labicheoides. The extremes look very different but when the entire range of variation is inspected it is difficult to divide it satisfactorily as the extremes are linked by numerous and varied intermediates. A critical evaluation and detailed field studies are required in order to establish whether any of the taxa placed in synonymy under P. cassioides warrant formal recognition at some rank. Occasional specimens are difficult to place in either of the two species with certainty, for example, Shields 2 (BRI) from 32–64 km SSW of Winton on the Opalton road, Qld. This specimen has some of the attributes of each species: it differs from typical P. labicheoides in having more numerous leaflets on some leaves and from typical P. cassioides in leaflet shape. The specimen is rather similar to P. cassioides, falls within the distributional range of this species, and has been referred to it hesitantly. Despite these occasional difficulties, P. cassioides and P. labicheoides appear to be sufficiently distinctive to warrant specific rank.

Trib. 3. CERCIDEAE

Caesalpiniaceae trib. Cercideae Bronn, De Formis Pl. Legum. 131 (1822). Type: Cercis L. Bauhinieae Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 74 (1840). T: Bauhinia L. Trees or shrubs, sometimes semi-scandent, or lianes, unarmed or armed with intrapetiolar spines. Leaves simple, bilobed or entire or with 2 separate leaflets. Stipules deciduous or persistent. Bracteoles minute to large, deciduous or persistent. Hypanthium nearly absent to greatly elongated. Sepals joined above hypanthium; tube shortly to deeply lobed or spathaceous to 5-partite. Anthers dehiscing by slits, rarely by pores. A tribe of five genera (as currently accepted, although the circumscription of the genera is still a matter of opinion); two genera in Australia. R.Wunderlin, K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, Cercideae, in R.M.Polhill & P.H.Raven (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 107–116 (1981).

15. BAUHINIA

A.S.George

Bauhinia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 374 (1753); Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 177 (1754); named for Johann Bauhin (1541–1613), a Swiss botanist, and his brother Caspar (1560–1624), a professor at Basle; the paired leaflets of some species recalling for Linnaeus the pair of brothers. Type: B. divaricata L.. Phanera Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 37 (1790). T: P. coccinea Lour. Hochst., Flora 29: 598 (1846). T: P. reticulata (DC.) Hochst. Bauhinia sect. Benth., in G.Bentham & J.D.Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1: 576 (1865); Lysiphyllum ( Benth.) de Wit, Reinwardtia 3: 431 (1956). T: (Benth.) de Wit

160 CAESALPINIACEAE 15. Bauhinia

Shrubs, small trees or climbers, unarmed, with or without tendrils, evergreen or briefly deciduous. Leaves: stipules narrow, acute, caducous; petiole swollen at apex; rachis ending in a short apiculum; lamina bilobed or appearing 1-foliolate, or of 2 free leaflets, palmately veined. Flowers solitary in upper axils or in few- or many-flowered racemes, sometimes paniculately branched, sometimes unisexual; buds ovoid or fusiform with tubular receptacle; bracts small. Sepals 5, free or united and then spathe-like and split on 1 side, or campanulate and dentate. Petals 5, free, similar, obovate, long-clawed. Stamens 1–10, all or most fertile, sometimes with staminodes, free or connate, exceeding petals; anthers dorsifixed, versatile. Ovary long-stipitate; style slender; stigma small, commonly peltate; ovules 1–several. Pods oblong to linear, stipitate, few- to many-seeded, ±woody or thin, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds flattened. A broad circumscription of the genus is adopted here, with Lysiphyllum and Piliostigma included as synonyms. About 300 or more species, pantropical. Seven species in Australia, of which four are endemic and one introduced. Most of the Australian taxa have been cultivated as garden subjects. For a conspectus of the infrageneric classification of Bauhina see Wunderlin et al. (1987). H.C.D. de Wit, A revision of Malaysian Bauhinieae, Reinwardtia 3: 381–539 (1956); K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, Reorganization of the Cercideae (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae), Bot. Helv. 93: 213–220 (1983); R.Wunderlin, K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, The genus Bauhinia in Australia. Taxonomy and palynology, Biol. Skr. 28: 1–40 (1987); Ding Hou, K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, Bauhinia, Fl. Males. ser. I, 12(2): 442–535 (1996). 1 Leaves bilobed 2 Calyx 15–22 mm long; petals 45–50 mm long, cream or yellow with red or purple markings; fertile stamen 1; pod 2–3 cm wide 1. B. monandra 2: Calyx 9–11 mm long; petals 11–16 mm long, white; fertile stamens 10; pod 1–2 cm wide 2. B. malabarica 1: Leaves of 2 leaflets 3 Petals 3–4 cm long; calyx (including receptacle) 2.3–3 cm long 6. B. hookeri 3: Petals 1–2 cm long; calyx (including receptacle) 0.8–2 cm long 4 Calyx 8–14 mm long; receptacle turbinate or campanulate; tendrils absent 5 Calyx rusty, prominently ribbed 6 Leaflets almost angular below middle on outer margin 3. B. carronii 6: Leaflets rounded 4. B. cunninghamii 5: Calyx creamy white, obscurely ribbed; leaves commonly clustered on short, lateral shoots 5. B. gilva 4: Calyx 15–20 mm long; receptacle cylindrical; tendrils present 7. B. binata

1. *Bauhinia monandra Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 73 (1873) T: 'Burma, Martaban? (Dr. Brandis)'; n.v. Bauhinia persiehii F.Muell., South. Sci. Rec. ser. 2, 1: 25 (1885). T: near the Endeavour R., Qld, Dec. 1884, W.A.Persieh; holo: MEL; iso: K. Illustrations: O.Degener & I.Degener, New Illustr. Fl. Hawaiian Is. Fam. 196 (1963); K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 2: 55 (1984). Deciduous shrub or tree to 7.5 m. Bark smooth, grey. Stems rusty-pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves: stipules 6–7 mm long, attenuate; petiole 4–6 cm long; lamina broadly ovate to rounded, 7–15 cm long and wide, divided into acute or rounded lobes; veins pubescent below. Flowers in short racemes; pedicels 2.7–4 mm long, puberulous. Calyx 15–22 mm long, pubescent. Petals ±ovate, 45–50 mm long; 4 lower ones cream with deep red markings, turning pink-lilac; upper petal yellow with crimson speckling; claws loosely hirsute at base. Perfect stamen 1; filaments loosely hirsute; staminodes c. 3 mm long. Pistil exceeding

161 15. Bauhinia CAESALPINIACEAE stamens. Pod narrowly oblong, thick, raised over seeds, to 22 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, puberulous, smooth or obliquely wrinkled on side opposite suture, brown. Seeds 10–20, c. 10 mm long, flat, black, shining. Orchid Tree. Natural distribution unknown, possibly from tropical America, now widely grown and commonly naturalised. In Australia naturalised in northern Qld, on river levees. Flowers Oct.–Jan.; fruits Jan., Apr., Oct. Map 175. Qld: near 'Old Laura' HS, Laura R., Lakefield Natl Park, A.R.Bean 5549 & P.I.Forster (BRI); near Cooktown, Endeavour R., S.T.Blake 23231 (BRI, MEL); Mowbray R., L.J.Brass 2083 (K). Sterile stamens are much shorter and more slender than the fertile one. Placed in subg. Bauhinia.

2. Bauhinia malabarica Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2nd edn, 2: 321 (1832) (Roxb.) Benth., in F.A.W.Miquel, Pl. Jungh. 2: 261, note (1852). T: 'native of Malabar, in the Botanic Garden at Calcutta'; n.v. Bauhinia acida Reinw. ex Korth., Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot. 86 (1841); Piliostigma acidum (Reinw. ex Korth.) Benth., in F.A.W.Miquel, Pl. Jungh. 2: 261 (1852); Piliostigma malabaricum var. acidum (Reinw. ex Korth.) de Wit, Reinwardtia 3: 531 (1956). T: locality not given, C.G.C.Reinwardt; holo: L 908.112–109 n.v., fide H.C.D. de Wit, op. cit. 533. Bauhinia gilesii F.Muell. & F.M.Bailey, South. Sci. Rec. 2: 151 (1882). T: near Darwin, N.T., A.Giles; holo: MEL 69717. Bauhinia hawkesiana F.M.Bailey, Queensland Agric. J. 15: 897 (1905). T: Coen, Qld, 13 Apr. 1905, Mary J.Garraway; holo: BRI n.v., fide L.Pedley (pers. comm.); iso: K (2 sheets), NSW (leaves and fruit), dated June 1905. Illustrations: H.C.D. de Wit, op. cit. 532, fig. 30; J.Wheeler et al. (eds), Fl. Kimberley Region 349, fig. 104D (1992), as Lysiphyllum. Multi-stemmed dioecious shrub or tree to 10 m tall, deciduous. Bark corky or tessellated, grey-brown to black. Stems pubescent. Leaves: stipules linear, 2–3 mm long; petiole 12–47 mm long; lamina transversely elliptic, 3–11 cm long, 4–13 cm wide, emarginate to bilobed, glabrous above, pubescent below, discolorous, with 9 nerves radiating from base. Racemes terminal or in upper axils, closely pubescent; bracts triangular, 1–2 mm long, caducous; pedicels 10–20 mm long. Receptacle 2–4 mm long. Calyx slit nearly to base on one side, velvety, 9–11 mm long; lobes 3–4 mm long. Petals narrowly obovate to spathulate, 11–16 mm long, white. Stamens 10, all fertile, in male flowers alternately long and short; female flowers with staminodes. Pistil 14–16 mm long; ovary tomentose and glandular; stigma peltate. Pod linear, slightly compressed, 9–36 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, wrinkled longitudinally, corky, minutely and sparsely puberulous. Seeds 10–30, transversely oblique, embedded in pith, obloid, 4–5 mm long, dark brown. Occurs in the Kimberley region from the Glenelg River to Drysdale River National Park, W.A., in northern N.T. and on Cape York Peninsula, Qld. Grows in alluvial clay-loam by watercourses, in tall shrubland, grassland or forest, and in rocky soil in rainforest. Flowers Dec.–Apr.; fruits May–Sept. Map 176. W.A.: 10.7 km N of Theda Stn HS on Kalumburu road, S.J.Forbes 2723 (MEL). N.T.: c. 6 km S of Katherine, N.Byrnes 2874 (BRI, CANB, K, NSW). Qld: Arthur Ck, c. 21 km SSW of Batavia Downs on track to Meluna, J.R.Clarkson 6084 (BRI, DNA, PERTH, QRS); Horsetailer Ck, 17 km S of Jabaroo outstation, V.J.Neldner 4068 (BRI, DNA, NSW). Flowers faintly scented, falling readily. Regenerates from the rootstock after fire. Recorded for the Kimberley in J.Wheeler et al. (1992) as Piliostigma malabaricum var. malabaricum. Var. acidum was said to differ in the pubescent abaxial leaf surface, apparent bitter taste of the shoots and in being deciduous, and this would apply to the Australian material, but Ding Hou et al. (1996) stated that in Malesia there is 'clinal variation' from glabrous to pubescent forms, and that the taste requires testing. Placed in subg. Elayuna.

162 CAESALPINIACEAE 15. Bauhinia

3. Bauhinia carronii F.Muell., Trans. & Proc. Philos. Inst. Victoria 3: 49 (1859) Lysiphyllum carronii (F.Muell.) Pedley, Austrobaileya 1: 33 (1977). T: Burdekin R., Qld, F.Mueller; lecto: MEL, fide L.Pedley, loc. cit.; isolecto: K. Illustration: K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 1: 181 (1979), as Lysiphyllum. Tree to 10 m tall, commonly multi-stemmed; branchlets usually spreading or pendulous. Bark furrowed, hard, dark grey. Stems pubescent. Leaves of 2 free leaflets; stipules ovate- rounded, 1 mm long, pubescent; petiole 10–25 mm long; leaflets asymmetrically ovate, commonly curved, 17–35 mm long, 6–15 mm wide, dull green, puberulous, glabrescent except apex of petiole. Inflorescence short on lateral peduncle; pedicels 5–10 mm long, appressed-pubescent. Calyx narrowly campanulate, ribbed, 8–12 mm long including lobes, rusty-velvety; lobes triangular, 2–3 mm long. Petals pink, red, white or orange-pink; longest 12–17 mm; others 10–15 mm long. Stamens 10, all fertile, 30–35 mm long, deep pink, glabrous; anthers 2–4 mm long. Pistil 30–38 mm long, glabrous. Pod oblong, undulate, commonly rather thin, 3–14 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, glabrous. Seeds broadly elliptic, 9–11 mm long, dark brown. Red Bauhinia, Northern Beantree. Fig. 72. Endemic and widespread in Qld except Cape York Peninsula, the south-west and the far- south-east. Grows in sandy or rocky soil in cypress-ironbark woodland, on sandy river banks, on flood plains, in grey silty soil, in clay in Brigalow scrub, Gidgee scrub, on red clay-loam flats, and on steep slopes in vine thicket. Flowers Aug.–Feb.; fruits recorded in most months. Map 177. Qld: Flinders Flood Plain, Hughenden, S.T.Blake 10068 (BRI, DNA, K); 10 km N of Mount Hope HS, V.J.Neldner 3466 & E.J.Thompson (BRI); Cracow, L.Pedley 2789 (BRI, K); Blackall, 30 Oct. 1940, R.Roe (AD, CANB, MEL); c. 32 km NW of Taroom, N.H.Speck 1987 (BRI, CANB). Apparently deciduous. The calyx separates from its base and remains as a loose collar on the pedicel of the mature pod. Although recorded for north-western N.S.W. by S.McCune & B.Wiecek, in G.J.Harden (ed.), Fl. New South Wales 2: 323–324 (1991), no collections from that State have been seen. A collection from 50 km N of Hughenden (D.H.Benson 630, NSW) may be a variant or a new taxon: leaflets 11–18 mm long; pedicels 5 mm long, appressed-pubescent; calyx 10 mm long, campanulate, the tube almost glabrous; lobes openly and shortly appressed-pubescent; petals pubescent outside, the longest 15 mm long; filaments c. 28 mm long, glabrous; pistil 25 mm long, glabrous, the stipe sparsely pubescent along one edge. Fruit are needed to assist determining its rank. This and subsequent taxa placed in subg. Phanera.

4. Bauhinia cunninghamii (Benth.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 295 (1864) Phanera cunninghamii Benth., in F.A.W.Miquel, Pl. Jungh. 2: 264, note (1852); Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (Benth.) de Wit, Reinwardtia 3: 431 (1956). T: Careening Bay, [W.A.], 1820, A.Cunningham 224; lecto: K, fide K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, Bot. Helv. 93: 215 (1983); isolecto: K, NSW (in fruit). Bauhinia leichhardtii F.Muell., Trans. & Proc. Philos. Inst. Victoria 3: 50 (1859). T: Arnhem Land and Gulf of Carpentaria, N.T., F.Mueller; syn: K; Arnhem Land, N.T., F.Mueller; syn: MEL 69692. Illustrations: J.Brock, Top End Native Pl. 245 (1988); J.Wheeler et al. (eds), Fl. Kimberley Region 348, fig. 103 (1992); C.R.Dunlop, G.J.Leach & I.D.Cowie, Fl. Darwin Region 2: 35, fig. 14 p.p. (1995), all as Lysiphyllum. Deciduous shrub or tree to 12 m. Bark tessellated or flaky, hard, dark grey or black. Stems pubescent. Leaves of 2 free leaflets; stipules minute, puberulous; petiole 1–3 cm long; leaflets obliquely ovate, 1.3–4 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, concolorous, puberulous, glabrescent. Racemes short, axillary, commonly below leaves; pedicels 5–7 mm long, velvety. Calyx broadly campanulate, ribbed, 9–14 mm long, rusty-velvety; lobes triangular. Petals ovate- oblong, dull red or pink, velvety; longest 15–17 mm; others 10–12 mm long. Stamens 10, all fertile, 25–40 mm long, red, glabrous; anthers 3.5–4 mm long. Pistil 33–43 mm long, glabrous; stigma prominently peltate. Pod oblong, rather thin, 7–21 cm long, 3–6.3 cm wide, red-brown. Seeds 10 mm long, red-brown. Bauhinia, Beantree. Fig. 71. Occurs in northern W.A. from Mitchell Plateau and Kununurra south to Coongan Station and the Oakover River; widespread in northern N.T. and in northern Qld except Cape York

163 15. Bauhinia CAESALPINIACEAE

Peninsula; endemic. Grows in sand, loam, cracking clay, calcareous or granitic soil, on flats in woodland or vine thicket and on river banks. Flowers May–Oct.; fruits July–Mar. Map 178. W.A.: 5 km N of Meda HS, T.E.H.Aplin 5124 (AD, CANB, K, MEL); near Police Camp Pool, Lennard R., M.J.Sands 5147 (K). N.T.: 26 km W of Eva Downs HS, T.S.Henshall 2066 (BRI, MEL, NSW). Qld: 2 km N of Koolatah on road to Oroners, J.R.Clarkson 9740 (BRI, K, MEL, NSW); c. 102 km NE of Camooweal on road to Thorntonia, P.Ollerenshaw 1314 & D.Hocking (BRI, CANB, DNA); 24 km W of Georgetown, V.Scarth-Johnson 142A (BRI). Leaflets broader than those of B. carronii. Usually flowers before the new leaves. The roots and bark are used by Aborigines to treat headache and as an antiseptic and antipyretic, and the provides a sweet drink. Also a useful fodder tree. Sprouts from the trunk after fire.

5. Bauhinia gilva (F.M.Bailey) A.S.George, Fl. Australia 12: 197 (1998) Bauhinia cunninghamii f. gilva F.M.Bailey, Queensland Agric. J. 25: 287, 288, pl. 29, fig. 2 (1910); Lysiphyllum gilvum (F.M.Bailey) Pedley, Austrobaileya 1: 33 (1977); B. cunninghamii subsp. gilva (F.M.Bailey) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, Bot. Helv. 93: 215 (1983). T: Georgina R., Qld, Oct. 1910, E.W.Bick 'No. 22'; holo: BRI n.v., fide L.Pedley (pers. comm.); iso: K. Bauhinia cunninghamii f. rosea F.M.Bailey, Queensland Agric. J. 25: 287, 288, pl. 29, fig. 1 (1910). T: Georgina R., Qld, Oct. 1910, E.W.Bick 'No. 26'; holo: BRI n.v., fide L.Pedley (pers. comm.); iso: K. Bauhinia leichhardtii var. cinerascens F.Muell., Mr Winnecke's Explorations during 1883 15 (1884). T: central Australia, 1883, C.G.A.Winnecke; lecto: MEL 69685, fide A.S.George, op. cit. 198; isolecto: AD, MEL 69705. [Bauhinia carronii auct. non F.Muell.: J.M.Black, Fl. S. Australia 2: 432 (1948)] Illustration: C.D.Boomsma, Native Trees S. Australia 57, fig. A (1972), as B. carronii. Deciduous? tree to 10 m tall with dense crown. Bark fissured or flaky, hard, dark grey. Stems appressed-puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves of 2 free leaflets; stipules curved-ovate, scarious, 1 mm long, glabrous; petiole 7–15 mm long, puberulous; leaflets unequally and obliquely ovate, rounded, 14–37 (–43) mm long, 6–18 (–25) mm wide, concolorous, glabrous above, puberulous but glabrescent below. Racemes few-flowered, axillary or terminal; rachis 5–15 mm long, pubescent; pedicels 5–6 mm long, pubescent; bracts ovate, obtuse, 2–2.5 mm long, pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 11–13 mm long, creamy white, tomentose. Longer petals white or cream, sometimes pink or red, puberulous outside, 13–20 mm long; others 9–12 mm long. Stamens 10, all fertile, 17–30 mm long, glabrous; anthers 2.8–3 mm long. Pistil 25–33 mm long, with a few hairs on upper side of style and sometimes on ovary, otherwise glabrous; stigma peltate. Pod oblong, obtuse, sometimes curved, 5–11 cm long, 2.5–3.5 cm wide, puberulous, glabrescent. Seeds 1–4, oblong, 11–15 mm long, smooth, shining, brown. Bauhinia, Bohemia, Beantree. Fig. 68. Endemic in south-eastern N.T., north-eastern S.A. and south-western Qld. Grows in woodland on alluvial flats and creek lines in clay or sand, sometimes with limestone, occasionally on lower slopes of dunes. Flowers Aug.–Nov.; fruits Feb.–Aug. Map 179. N.T.: Bundoona, Jan. 1953, T.Ryko (AD); c. 114 km SSE of Yamma Yamma, Cooper Creek, M.R.K.Lambert 583 (K). S.A.: Miranda HS ruins, Pandie Pandie Stn, F.J.Badman 4957 (AD, BRI); Cadelga Ck, near Cadelga Outstation on Birdsville–Cordillo Downs road, 12 km S of Qld border, M.Lazarides 8206 (CANB, DNA, K). Qld: 16 km S of Yaraka, M.E.Ballingall 2725 (BRI). The typically creamy white flowers (especially the calyx) are distinctive. They are of similar size to those of B. cunninghamii which has broader, more evenly rounded leaflets. A useful fodder tree.

6. Bauhinia hookeri F.Muell., Trans. & Proc. Philos. Inst. Victoria 3: 51 (1859) (F.Muell.) Pedley, Austrobaileya 1: 33 (1977). T: Gilbert R., Qld, F.Mueller; holo: MEL; iso: K. Illustration: K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 1: 181 (1979). Shrub or tree to 12 m tall with spreading crown. Bark tessellated, fissured or flaky, dark grey or brown; upper branches smooth, whitish brown. Stems puberulous, soon glabrous. Leaves of 2 free leaflets; stipules curved-ovate, 1 mm long, cilate, otherwise glabrous; petiole

164 CAESALPINIACEAE 15. Bauhinia

15–40 mm long, glabrous; leaflets ovate to obliquely ovate, 1.5–5 cm long, 1–3.2 cm wide, rounded, concolorous, glabrous. Inflorescence short, terminal; rachis 10–50 mm long, glabrous; pedicels 5–13 mm long, puberulous; bracts ovate, 1.5–2 mm long, scarious. Calyx 23–30 mm long including narrow, ribbed receptacle; lobes oblong-lanceolate, sparsely puberulous to almost glabrous. Petals obovate, 30–40 mm long, white, pubescent outside, sparsely puberulous inside especially on midvein. Stamens 10, all fertile, 37–52 mm long, white at base, pink to red above, glabrous or sparsely puberulous; anthers 4–5 mm long, red. Pistil 4.5–5.5 cm long; stipe pubescent; ovary and style glabrous; stigma peltate, green. Pod oblong, sometimes curved, 6–22 cm long, 2.5–4.5 cm wide, glabrous. Seeds up to 12, ±oblong, thick, 14–15 mm long, smooth, dark brown. Pegunny. Fig. 73. Endemic in eastern Qld. Grows in granitic, basaltic, calcareous soil, on sandstone, in clay or grey sand, sometimes on creek banks, in vine thicket, woodland, dry rainforest or Brigalow scrub. Flowers Sept.–Mar.; fruits Mar.–Apr. Map 180. Qld: The Archways, c. 16 km NW of Chillagoe on Burke development road, J.R.Clarkson 6854 & W.J.F.McDonald (BRI, DNA, MEL, PERTH, QRS); SE of Mt Slopeaway, c. 8 km SW of Marlborough, A.Kanis 2121 (CANB); Biloela Experimental Farm, L.S.Smith 3474 (K); Starlight Dam, Doongara, M.Stuart TWR 335 (BRI). The largest-flowered of the Australian taxa. The petals open very widely. Leaves widely spaced, not grouped on short lateral branches as in B. gilva.

7. Bauhinia binata Blanco, Fl. Filip. 331 (1837) Lysiphyllum binatum (Blanco) de Wit, Reinwardtia 3: 432, fig. 10 (1956). T: E.D.Merrill, Sp. Blancoanae 998; neo: L n.v., fide H.C.D. de Wit, loc. cit.; isoneo: NSW, also K, W, fide Ding Hou et al., op. cit. Bauhinia hookeri var. puberula Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 296 (1864). T: Burdekin R., Qld, 1856, F.Mueller; syn: MEL (2 sheets). Illustrations: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 111, fig. 26 (1979); J.Brock, Top End Native Pl. 245 (1988); C.R.Dunlop, G.J.Leach & I.D.Cowie, Fl. Darwin Region 2: 35, fig. 14 p.p. (1995), all as Lysiphyllum. Evergreen or briefly deciduous shrub or tree, sometimes climbing, to 7 m tall; branchlets commonly pendulous. Stems pubescent, glabrescent; tendrils openly circinnate, becoming woody. Leaves of 2 free leaflets; stipules triangular, c. 1 mm long, ±glabrous; petiole 1–2.5 cm long, extending beyond leaflets, with apex wrinkled, puberulous; leaflets asymmetrically oblong-ovate, 1.5–4.5 cm long, 1–4.5 cm wide, rounded at apex and base, discolorous, glabrous or sparsely hairy beneath. Inflorescence short, terminal or lateral; pedicels 3–8 mm long; bracts linear, 2–3 mm long, pubescent. Calyx 15–20 mm long including slightly ribbed receptacle; lobes 4 or 5, pubescent. Petals obovate, 17–20 mm long, white, puberulous in centre of lamina and with pubescent claw. Stamens 10, all fertile, 18–20 mm long, red; anthers red. Pistil 22–30 mm long, glabrous; stigma peltate. Pod oblong, commonly curved, woody to corky, 4–18 cm long, 2.5–4 cm wide, dark brown or black, indehiscent. Seeds 6–13, ±ovoid-rhomboid, truncate at hilar end, c. 11 mm long, 6.5 mm wide, dark purple- or red-brown, shining. Occurs from SE Asia through Malesia to Australia, in coastal far-northern N.T. and north- eastern Qld. Grows on mud banks, commonly behind mangroves, and in dune swales in coastal vine thicket; also recorded on coral cay in Casuarina woodland. Flowers Dec.–Feb.; fruits most months. Map 181. N.T.: S of Wangewanja Cove, Port Essington, I.Cowie 3350 (BRI, DNA, MEL); Inglis Is., C.R.Dunlop 7506 (BRI, DNA, MEL, NSW); Darwin, 1888, N.Holtze (MEL). Qld: S of Rolling Bay, Cairns, C.Lyons 79 (K). Thia has often been misdetermined in herbaria as B. (Lysiphyllum) hookeri but has smaller flowers than that species. Larsen & Larsen (1983, p. 214) considered that it may have been introduced to mainland Asia from Australia.

165 15. Bauhinia CAESALPINIACEAE

Other names

Bauhinia acuminata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 375 (1753). T: from the Indies, Hermann Ceylon Herb. 148; lecto: BM, fide H.C.D. de Wit, Reinwardtia 3: 397 (1956). Recorded by F.Mueller, Second Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 73 (1889), but apparently cultivated only.

Bauhinia hookeri var. broomensis Hochr., Candollea 2: 383 (1925). T: Broome, W.A., 4 Feb. 1905, B.P.G.Hochreutiner 2850; n.v. Probably synonymous with B. cunninghamii.

16. BARKLYA

A.S.George

Barklya F.Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 158 (1859), named after Sir Henry Barkly (1815–1898), Governor of Victoria 1856–1863. Type: B. syringifolia F.Muell. Unarmed trees. Leaves simple or appearing 1-foliolate; petiole swollen at apex. Flowers crowded in racemes in terminal, panicle-like groups, occasionally solitary in upper axil; bracts small. Calyx campanulate, with obtuse teeth. Petals all similar, erect on long claws. Stamens 10, free, exceeding petals. Ovules several. Stigma small. Pod flat, stipitate, indehiscent; valves thin. A monotypic genus endemic in Qld. Although R.Wunderlin et al., Biol. Skr. 28: 1–40 (1987), included this species in a broadly circumscribed Bauhinia, the simple leaves and small, crowded, almost regular flowers and indehiscent pod readily distinguish it from that genus.

Barklya syringifolia F.Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 158 (1859) Bauhinia syringifolia (F.Muell.) Wunderlin, Phytologia 44: 325 (1979). T: towards Pine R., Qld, W.Hill; holo: MEL 19047 (with Hill's notes and determined by Mueller). Barklya syringifolia var. tortuosa F.M.Bailey, Syn. Queensland Fl. 123 (1883). T: raised from seed, South Brisbane, Qld, A.J.Hockings; n.v. Illustrations: F.Mueller, Fragm. 1: 109, t. 3 (1859); K.A.W.Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 1: 29 (1979); T.D.Stanley & E.M.Ross, Fl. SE Queensland 1: 331, fig. 55E1–E4 (1983). Tree to 18 m tall; rachis, bracts and calyx rusty appressed-pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Bark slightly rough, white or grey-brown. Leaves: stipules ovate, rounded, 1.5 mm long, sometimes sparsely hairy, caducous; petiole 2–8 cm long; lamina broadly cordate, 2.5–9 cm long and wide, obtuse or sometimes shortly acuminate, shining above, pale below, 7-nerved from base, reticulate between. Racemes commonly 3–12 cm long; bracts ovate to lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm long, caducous; pedicels 1.5–3 mm long. Calyx 1.5–3 mm long, shortly lobed. Petals obovate, yellow turning orange; lamina 2–4 mm long; claw 2–4 mm long. Stamens 10 fertile, 4–7 mm long; anthers 1.3–2 mm long. Pistil 8 mm long, glabrous; stigma not enlarged. Pod elliptic-oblong, ±falcate, 3–4.5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, finely reticulate and spotted, dark brown. Seeds 1 or 2, rarely 3, obloid. Leather Jacket. Fig. 77. Occurs in Qld from Rockhampton southwards and possibly in north-eastern N.S.W.; in sandstone, granodiorite or basalt, in notophyll vine forest, microphyll vine thicket and softwood scrub. Flowers Oct.–Jan.; fruits Feb.–May. Map 182. Qld: South Pine R., Strathpine, Brisbane, S.T.Blake 3215 (BRI); 'Yerilgah' scrub, 8 km NW of Mingo Crossing, P.I.Forster 7665 (AD, BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL, NSW); Ormeau, P.Grimshaw 6852 & R.Price

166 CAESALPINIACEAE 16. Barklya

(BRI); Mt Archer area, Berserker Ra., near Rockhampton, L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey 10539 (BRI). N.S.W.: Richmond R. district, no date, ex Botanic Gardens, Sydney (K). Flowers with musty scent. Although recorded for N.S.W. by Maiden (1904), there is only the one early collection from that State. A garden subject for many years.

Trib. 4. DETARIEAE

Caesalpiniaceae trib. Detarieae DC., Prodr. 2: 521 (1825). Type: Detarium Juss. Caesalpiniaceae trib. Amherstieae Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 73 (1840), emend. J.Léon., Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique, Cl. Sci. (8°) 30: 163 (1957). T: Amherstia Wall. Caesalpiniaceae trib. Cynometreae Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 74 (1840), emend. J.Léon., op. cit. 54. T: Cynometra L. Unarmed trees (in Australia). Leaves simply pinnate, rarely unifoliolate or simple. Stipules intrapetiolar, if vestigial then bud scales usually well-developed. Bracteoles not always present and never protecting flower bud until anthesis. Hypanthium very shallow to tubular. Sepals 4–6, distinct in bud, free to base. Anthers dehiscing by slits. A tribe of 57 genera, six of which occur in Australia. R.S.Cowan & R.M.Polhill, Detarieae, in R.M.Polhill & P.H.Raven (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 117–134 (1981); Amherstieae, loc. cit. 135–142; F.J.Breteler, The boundary between Amherstieae and Detarieae (Caesalpinioideae), in M.D.Crisp & J.J.Doyle (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 7: 53–61 (1995).

17. CYNOMETRA

J.H.Ross

Cynometra L., Sp. Pl. 1: 382 (1753); derived from the Greek words kunos (a dog) and metra (a womb), in allusion to the shape of the pods. Type: C. cauliflora L. Unarmed, usually evergreen trees. Leaves usually simply pinnate, rarely unifoliolate; stipules caducous; leaflets nearly always opposite, in 1–many pairs, asymmetric, without gland dots. Inflorescence paniculate or simply racemose. Flowers bisexual, spirally arranged along the inflorescence axes; bracteoles small, not enclosing the flower buds. Sepals usually 4, imbricate. Petals usually 5, equal or nearly so. Stamens usually 10; filaments free or almost so; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary ±stipitate, 1–4-ovulate; style elongate, central, excentric or occasionally attached to wall of receptacle; stigma minute. Fruits either thickened and indehiscent or flattened, woody and dehiscing elastically into 2 smooth valves. Seeds usually 1 or 2, with a very short funicle, thin-walled. A pantropical genus of about 70 species, many poorly known, distributed nearly equally between the New World, Africa and Madagascar and the Indomalesian-Pacific region; one species in northern Australia. G.Bentham, Cynometra, Fl. Austral. 2: 296 (1864); M.S.Knaap-Van Meeuwen, A revision of four genera of the tribe Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae-Cynometreae in Indomalesia and the Pacific, Blumea 18: 1–52 (1970).

167 17. Cynometra CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 92. Cynometra iripa. A, flowering twig; B, leaflet base (lower surface); C, flower; D, gynoecium showing style slanting away from the perpendicular; E, internal view of gynoecium (with one half removed) showing the developing ovule and the ±appressed indumentum (A–E, B.Hyland 8873, QRS); F, fruit G, fruit with one valve removed to show the solitary seed (F–G, J.Dallachy s.n., MEL). Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–E = 2 mm; F, G = 9 mm. Drawn by A.Barley (nee Podwyszynski).

168 CAESALPINIACEAE 17. Cynometra

Cynometra iripa Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 4: 1341 (1835) T: Iripa Rheede, Hort. Malab. 4: t. 31 (1673). [ var. bijuga auct. non Span.: G.Bentham, Fl. Austral. 2: 296 (1864)] Illustration: G.M.Wightman, Mangroves N. Terr. 63, fig. 18 (1989). Shrub or straggly tree to 8 m tall; branches with lenticels, glabrous or rusty-pubescent. Leaves with petiole to 0.4 cm long, shortly pubescent; rachis 0.9–2.7 cm long, shortly pubescent. Leaflets usually in 2 pairs; upper pair much larger than the lower, obliquely ovate- or obovate-oblong to oblong or elliptic, 1.5–10 cm long, 0.9–5.5 cm wide, coriaceous; apex obtuse, emarginate or sometimes mucronate. Flowers in short, axillary racemes or clusters or borne on the branchlets, on pubescent pedicels to 9 mm long. Sepals 4 or 5, 2–3.5 mm long. Ovary densely rusty-pubescent externally, ±appressed-pubescent internally; style slanting away from the centre of the flower. Fruit obliquely subcircular, with a laterally displaced beak, 2.5–3.6 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, to 2 cm thick, rugose, shortly pubescent, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Wrinkle Pod Mangrove. Fig. 92. Occurs on Inglis Is., N.T., and in northern Qld from Cape York to Mackay and on some of the islands in the Great Barrier Reef; also widespread in the Indomalesian and Pacific regions. Found in or along the edge of mangrove swamps in the transitional area between mangroves and riparian forest. Map 183. N.T.: Inglis Is., C.R.Dunlop 7510 (BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL). Qld: Marmoss Ck, Weipa concession, A.W.Dockrill 853 (QRS); Meunga Ck, B.Hyland 8873 (QRS); Barrett Ck, 3.3 km NE of NW boundary of Cooktown aerodrome, A.K.Irvine 2182 (QRS); Marrett R., Princess Charlotte Bay, J.A.Elsol & T.D.Stanley 654 (BRI). Formerly but incorrectly referred to in Australian literature as C. ramiflora var. bijuga.

18. MANILTOA

J.H.Ross

Maniltoa Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 20 (1876); derivation uncertain but probably from the native name in one of the Malesian dialects. Type: M. grandiflora (A.Gray) Scheff. Unarmed trees; flushes of young leaves originating from large cone-shaped buds covered with imbricate, caducous bracts. Leaves simply pinnate; stipules deciduous; leaflets opposite or subopposite, in 1–15 pairs; midrib closer to one margin than the other. Inflorescence a dense, contracted, globular or ellipsoidal, sessile axillary raceme; axis usually thick; bracts mostly persistent. Flowers bisexual; bracteoles deciduous; receptacle campanulate and circumscissile, or tubular and splitting longitudinally as the fruit ripens. Sepals usually 4, imbricate. Petals 5, rarely absent. Stamens 15–80; filaments often connate basally; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile or stalked. Fruit globose or ovoid, often compressed, woody, indehiscent. Seeds globular. A genus of 20–25 species, the majority of which occur in New Guinea, but also in India, SE Asia, Malesia, Caroline Is., Solomon Is., Tonga and Fiji; one species in northern Qld. M.S.Knaap-Van Meeuwen, A revision of four genera of the tribe Leguminosae- Caesalpinioideae-Cynometreae in Indomalesia and the Pacific, Blumea 18: 1–52 (1970); B.Verdcourt, New taxa of Leguminosae from New Guinea, Kew Bull. 32: 225–251 (1977); B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 57–77 (1979).

169 18. Maniltoa CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 93. Maniltoa lenticellata. A, flush of drooping young leaves; B, flowering twig; C, flower (A–C, B.Hyland 6204, QRS); D, fruiting twig; E, seed (D–E, B.Hyland 2720, BRI). Scale bars: A, B, D = 2 cm; C, E = 1 cm. Drawn by A.Barley (nee Podwyszynski).

170 CAESALPINIACEAE 18. Maniltoa

Maniltoa lenticellata C.T.White, J. Arnold Arbor. 8: 130 (1927) T: Sageri, Northern Division, Papua New Guinea, July 1922, C.E.Lane-Poole 203; holo: A; iso: BRI. Tree to 22 m tall (in Australia); branchlets lenticellate, glabrous or shortly pubescent. Leaf buds to 9 cm long; young leaf flush cream to bright pinkish brown. Leaves drooping, with petiole 0.4–1.2 cm long; rachis mostly 5–19 cm long. Leaflets usually in (2–) 3–5 pairs (in Australia), asymmetrically ovate or obovate to elliptic or oblong, acuminate, 2.5–12.5 cm long, 1.1–5.4 cm wide; acumen well-developed, emarginate to bifid at the tip for 0.5–1.5 mm; lobes sometimes pincer-like, glabrous throughout or with scattered hairs on the petiolules. Inflorescence axis 2–5 cm long, shortly and densely rusty-pubescent when young, glabrescent; bracts 1.5–5 cm long, adpressed-hairy; bracteoles 5–8 mm long. Flowers on pedicels 1.3–3.4 cm long; receptacle 2.5–5 cm long. Sepals 1.3–1.5 cm long. Petals 1–1.8 cm long, white or cream. Staminal filaments to 2.3 cm long, shortly united basally. Ovary on a stipe 5–10 mm long, glabrous or with scattered hairs. Fruit 2.5–4.8 cm long, 1.8–3.6 cm wide, 0.7–1.7 cm thick (fide B.Verdcourt, loc. cit.). Figs 75, 76, 93. Occurs in rainforest and vine forest on Cape York Peninsula, northern Qld, and on some of the Torres Strait islands; also in New Guinea. Map 184. Qld: Banks (Moa) Is., Torres Strait, E.Cameron 20494 (QRS); Alligator Ck catchment on the Pascoe R. road, B.Hyland 2720 (BRI, QRS); Claudie R., B.Hyland 6204 (BRI, QRS); Nesbit R., B.Hyland 6832 (QRS); Chilli Ck, 8 km SW of Portland Roads, W.L.Scott sub H.Flecker 8693 (BRI, QRS). As indicated by Verdcourt (1977), great difficulty is experienced in differentiating M. lenticellata from M. schefferi K.Schum. and it is doubtful whether the two can be maintained as distinct species. A critical evaluation of the New Guinea material is required to clarify the situation. Maniltoa lenticellata var. villosa Verdc. from New Guinea differs from var. lenticellata in having ovaries with dense, persistent hairs.

19. INTSIA

J.H.Ross

Intsia Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagasc. 22 (1806); derivation uncertain but probably through a misunderstanding of the Malagasy word intsy ('there!' or 'there it is!'). Type: I. madagascariensis DC. Unarmed, evergreen trees. Leaves simply paripinnate; petiolules twisted; leaflets opposite or subopposite, without translucent gland dots, but usually with a dot-like gland on one or both sides of the base on the lower surface or on the margin. Stipules connate into a persistent intrapetiolar scale. Inflorescences simply racemose to paniculate. Flowers bisexual, spirally arranged along the inflorescence-axes; pedicels jointed basally; bracteoles ±concealing the young flower buds but falling before flower opens. Hypanthium ±elongate. Sepals 4, imbricate. Petal 1, large, clawed, the others rudimentary or absent. Fertile stamens 3; staminodes 4–7. Ovary stipitate; stipe adnate to the hypanthium; style long; stigma ±capitate. Pods indehiscent or ultimately ±dehiscent; valves woody. Seeds exarillate. A genus of nine species in tropical Asia and on the coasts and islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans; one species in northern Australia. Closely allied to Afzelia Sm. but differing mainly in the androecium and the exarillate seeds. E.Meijer Drees, The genera Intsia and Pahudia (Legum.) in the Netherlands Indies, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 16: 83–96 (1938); H.C.D. de Wit, Notes on the genera Intsia and Pahudia (Legum.), Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 17: 139–154 (1941); J.H.Ross, Notes on Afzelia Sm. and Petalostylis R.Br. (Caesalpiniaceae), Muelleria 6: 211–215 (1986).

171 19. Intsia CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 94. . A, flowering twig; B, leaflet base (lower surface) showing glands; C, leaflet base (upper surface) showing twisted petiolule; D, flower bud showing overlapping bracteoles; E, flower; F, petal; G, pod (A–G, B.Gray 3342, QRS); H, seed (T.L.Bancroft s.n., MEL). Scale bars: A, G, H = 2 cm; B–D = 3 mm; E = 5 mm; F = 4 mm. Drawn by A.Barley (nee Podwyszynski).

172 CAESALPINIACEAE 19. Intsia

Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 192 (1891) Macrolobium bijugum Colebr., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 12: 359, t. 17 (1818); Afzelia bijuga (Colebr.) A.Gray, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. 1: 467 (1854); A.Gray, U.S. Expl. Exped., Atlas Phan. t. 51 (1856). T: cultivated in the Calcutta Botanical Garden, India; n.v. Afzelia australis F.M.Bailey, Syn. Queensland Fl., Suppl. 2: 19 (1888). T: Johnstone R., Qld, T.L.Bancroft; lecto: MEL 1530057, fide J.H.Ross, Muelleria 3/4: 214 (1986). Illustrations: A.Gray, op. cit. t. 51 (1856), as Afzelia bijuga; J.P.M.Brenan, Fl. Trop. East Africa 129, fig. 23 (1967). Tree to 30 m tall; branchlets glabrous or nearly so. Bark usually smooth with numerous pustular lenticels and oval to oblong patches exfoliating to leave shallow depressions. Leaves: petiole 0.8–5 cm long; rachis 0–9.5 cm long; leaflets usually in (1–) 2 (–3) pairs, asymmetrically ovate to elliptic or rotund, 4–16 cm long, 3–11 cm wide, rounded to obtuse or obtusely pointed or emarginate apically, glabrous throughout or with hairs on one or both sides of midrib on lower surface, venose. Flowers in dense corymbose panicles 3–10 cm long, 4–12 cm wide, on slender, finely pubescent pedicels. Hypanthium 6–10 mm long; sepals oblong-elliptic, 6–13 mm long, finely pubescent. Petal 1.3–3.3 cm long, long-clawed, white turning pink; lamina 1–3.4 cm wide. Stamens red. Pods oblong, compressed, 10–28 cm long, 4–7.2 cm wide. Seeds blackish but with a rusty scurf, 2.2–3.5 cm long, 1.5–3.2 cm wide, somewhat compressed. Figs 74, 94. Occurs in N.T. along the coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria and in northern Qld on some of the Torres Strait islands and as far south as Hinchinbrook Is.; also widespread on the coasts and islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Found in coastal and lowland rainforest, sometimes on the upper margin of mangroves or growing on the shore. Map 185. N.T.: Gove, B.Hyland 7857 (QRS). Qld: Portion 62, Parish of Alexandra, Noah Ck, B.Gray 3342 (QRS); Clump Point, Bingil Bay, L.S.Smith 10199 (BRI); Lizard Beach, Hinchinbrook Is., P.Sharpe 1770 (BRI). Saibai Is., G.C.Stocker 1409 (BRI, QRS). On account of the lightness of the cotyledons, the seeds of I. bijuga are widely dispersed by ocean currents (see H.E.Ridley, Dispersal of Plants throughout the World 280, 1930).

20. CRUDIA

J.H.Ross

Crudia Schreb., Gen. Pl. 1: 282 (1789), nom. cons.; named after D.Crudy who sent Schreber the specimen upon which the description of the genus was based. Type: C. spicata (Aubl.) Willd. Unarmed trees. Leaves imparipinnate or seemingly paripinnate, the tip of the rachis often prolonged beyond the apical leaflet and caducous; stipules small or large, deciduous or subpersistent; leaflets 1–9, alternate or opposite. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal solitary or clustered racemes; bracts and bracteoles small, deciduous or subpersistent. Calyx tube short with the 4 imbricate lobes reflexed during flowering. Petals absent. Stamens 8–10, appearing free but joined into a basal tube which adheres inside the calyx tube; anthers versatile, small, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary shortly stipitate, 1–6-ovulate; style filiform; stigma terminal. Pods round, elliptic, ovate or oblong, compressed or somewhat swollen, dehiscent; valves coriaceous or woody. Seeds usually 1 or 2, orbicular or subreniform, compressed. A genus of 50–60 species in tropical forests of the Old and New World, often riverine. Many species very poorly known. One species in northern Qld. H.C.D. de Wit, The genus Crudia Schreb. (Leguminosae) in the Malay Archipelago south of the Philippines, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 18: 407–434 (1950).

173 20. Crudia CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 95. Crudia papuana. A, flowering twig; B, flower; C, anther (front); D, anther (back) (B.Hyland 10245, BRI); E, fruit; F, seed (B.Hyland 10248, QRS). Scale bars: A, E, F = 2 cm; B = 2 mm; C, D = 1 mm. Drawn by A.Barley (nee Podwyszynski).

174 CAESALPINIACEAE 20. Crudia

Crudia papuana Kosterm., Reinwardtia 6: 292 (1962) T: Oriomo R., 64 km from the coast, Western Division, Papua New Guinea, McVeagh N.G.F. 8275; holo: K n.v. Illustration: B.Verdcourt, Man. New Guinea Legumes 101, fig. 22 (1979). Tree to 10 m tall. Leaves usually with 2 opposite leaflets or, sometimes, 1-foliolate; petiolules thick, wrinkled, 2–8 mm long; lamina oblong, elliptic or narrowly ovate, 4–18 cm long, 1.6–5.5 cm wide (in Australia), obtuse to acuminate apically, coriaceous, glabrous. Stipules inconspicuous. Flowers green or creamy white, shortly pedicellate, in racemes to 7 cm long (in Australia); axes glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Sepals to 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, glabrous. Ovary densely hairy. Pods elliptic-oblong, 8–10 cm long, 4–6 cm wide (in Australia), mostly 1-seeded; valves woody, at first densely ferruginous-pubescent, glabrescent. Seeds 5–7.5 cm long, 3–5 cm wide, 0.5–1 cm thick. Fig. 95. Occurs at the Jardine River at the tip of the Cape York Peninsula, northern Qld; also in New Guinea. Grows in or close to water on the banks of freshwater creeks and rivers. Map 186. Qld: Jardine R., B.Hyland 10245 (BRI, MEL, QRS); loc. id., B.Hyland 10248 (QRS). Verdcourt (1979) questioned whether C. papuana is distinct from C. dewitii Kosterm.

21. SINDORA

A.S.George

Sindora Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 287 (1861); from sindur, an indigenous name for the type species in Sumatra. Type: S. sumatrana Miq. Unarmed trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate; stipules leafy, free; leaflets opposite. Inflorescence solitary or several together, paniculate or racemose. Flowers bisexual; bracts small, commonly caducous. Sepals 4 on short receptacle. Petal 1. Stamens 10, shortly united; uppermost free, sterile; next 2 fertile; remainder sterile; anthers dorsifixed. Pistil with a short stipe; style filiform. Pod flat, ovate or elliptic, commonly with prickles, woody, dehiscent. Seeds flat. A genus of 18–20 species in West Africa and SE Asia including Malesia. One introduced species in Qld. Australian herbarium material is fragmentary, hence this account is based largely on the descriptions of E.D.Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. suppl. 198 (1906) and Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. I, 12(2): 691–708 (1996).

*Sindora supa Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. suppl. 198 (1906) T: 10 collections from Luzon, Philippines, were cited, all n.v. Ding Hou, op. cit. 706 cited 'Merrill 2611, Tayabas', without stating it was a lectotype. Tree to 15 m tall. Stem puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves: stipules leafy, 1 cm long, acute; petiole 16–25 mm long, with prominent, wrinkled base; rachis 6–7 cm long; leaflets 3 pairs, opposite, elliptic, 4–7.5 cm long, 2.7–4 cm wide, rounded to shallowly retuse, penninerved and reticulate between, coriaceous, glabrous except puberulous abaxial midrib. Panicle axillary or terminal, 10–15 cm long; rachis pubescent; bracts 4 mm long; pedicels 2 mm long, 2-bracteate. Receptacle of calyx short; lobes 4, thick, 1 cm long, tomentose outside with yellowish hairs and a few, short, pubescent prickles in upper half, densely hirsute inside. Petal as long as calyx, appressed-tomentose on lower margins. Stamens: two 2 cm long with anthers c. 3 mm long; remainder c. 1 cm long and probably not fertile; filaments hairy at base, glabrous above. Pistil c. 22 mm long; ovary and base of style densely hirsute; stigma slightly enlarged. Pod broadly ovate, woody, 4–5 cm long, covered with robust prickles to 5 mm long, rusty-pubescent, glabrescent. Seeds 4, ovate, black.

175 21. Sindora CAESALPINIACEAE

Native to Tayabas Province, Luzon, Philippines. Possibly naturalised in northern Qld. Flowers Mar.–Apr.; fruits Apr. Map 187. Qld: White's farm, Mulgrave R., 20 Aug. 1969, L.Miller (BRI). An important timber tree in the Philippines; oil from the timber is used in marine paint and varnish.

22. TAMARINDUS

J.H.Ross

Tamarindus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 34 (1753); from the Arabic tamr (a date), and hindi (Indian), i.e. date of India. Type: T. indica L. Unarmed, evergreen tree. Leaves paripinnate; stipules free, deciduous; leaflets opposite, subsessile, asymmetric basally. Flowers in lax, terminal and lateral racemes; bracteoles 2, valvate, enclosing the young flower buds but deciduous before the buds mature. Hypanthium shortly elongate-turbinate. Sepals 4, imbricate. Petals: upper 3 well-developed; lower 2 minute, setiform, below the staminal tube. Staminal filaments united to about halfway into a tube terminating in 3 upcurved anther-bearing filaments alternating with 5 sterile teeth (1 or 2 teeth rarely elongated into short filaments). Ovary stipitate; stipe adnate to one side of the hypanthium; style gradually enlarged into the capitate stigma. Pod compressed, indehiscent, with a dry outer shell and a pulpy inner layer. Seeds ±compressed, each face with a continuous-margined areole. A genus of one species in the Old World tropics, but so widely planted that its native range is difficult to determine. Introduced into northern Australia. G.Bentham, Tamarindus, Fl. Austral. 2: 294 (1864); Anonymous, Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future 117–122 (1979).

*Tamarindus indica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 34 (1753) T: 'Habitat in India, America, Aegypto, Arabia'; LINN. Illustration: J.P.M.Brenan, Fl. Trop. East Africa 152, fig. 32 (1967). Tree to 20 m tall. Leaves: petiole 4–8 mm long; rachis 4.5–12 cm long; leaflets in 10–18 pairs, oblong, 0.8–2.5 cm long, 3–10 mm wide, mostly rounded to rounded-subtruncate apically, glabrous throughout or with a basal tuft of hairs on lower surface, or sometimes pubescent on midrib and margins or throughout; venation conspicuous. Racemes 1–15 cm long. Flowers red in bud. Hypanthium 3–5 mm long. Sepals 8–12 mm long, pubescent basally within. Petals: upper larger three 10–13 mm long, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, yellow with red veins. Pod subcylindric, curved or straight, mostly 6.5–14 cm long, 1.5–3 cm in diam., closely covered with small, brown scales; margins sometimes irregularly constricted. Seeds ±rhombic to trapeziform, 11–17 mm long, 10–12 mm wide, chestnut brown. Tamarind. Figs 78, 96. Introduced into northern Australia, possibly by Macassan fishermen, and naturalised in N.T. and on some of the islands; cultivated in W.A. and Qld. Map 188. N.T.: Melville Bay, Arnhem Land, R.L.Specht 1006 (BRI); Caledon Bay, J.R.Maconochie 1558 (AD, BRI, DNA, PERTH); Elcho Is. settlement, J.R.Maconochie 2158 (CANB, DNA, NSW); Victoria Settlement, Port Essington, C.R.Dunlop 6428 & G.Wightman (DNA). Tamarindus indica grows as an attractive long-lived tree with a dense, rounded crown. It is drought-resistant and is frequently found in sandy soils near the sea shore but tolerates a wide range of habitats.

176 CAESALPINIACEAE

Figure 96. Tamarindus indica. A, flowering twig; B, upper surface of leaflet showing venation; C, leaflet base (lower surface); D, young flower bud protected by bract; E, young flower bud protected by bracteole after fall of bract; F, older flower bud showing imbricate sepals; G, flower; H, one of three upper large petals; I, one of two lower minute petals; J, stamens showing the filaments fused basally; K, gynoecium (A–K, Bleeser 520, MEL); L, mature pod, breaking up; M, part of surface of pod; N, seed showing areole (L–N, F.Mueller, MEL). Scale bars: A, L = 2 cm; B, G = 1 cm; C–F = 2 mm; H, J, K = 4 mm; I = 0.5 mm; M, N = 5 mm. Drawn by A.Barley (nee Podwyszynski).

177 CAESALPINIACEAE

About half of the weight of the pod consists of pulp which has a sweet and sour taste as it contains both and acids (acetic, ascorbic, citric and tartaric). The pulp is a rich source of and minerals and is especially rich in calcium. It is used in preserves, jams, confectionery and in other foods, and, when mixed with sugar and water, forms a refreshing drink. The ripe, unshelled pods keep for a long time.

178

MAPS

Number in brackets refers to the page on which the taxon is described.

179

1. Adenanthera abrosperma (3) 2. Adenanthera pavonina (4) 3. Entada phaseoloides (6) 4. Entada rheedii (7) 5. Prosopis pallida (8) 6. Prosopis juliflora var. juliflora (9) 7. Prosopis glandulosa 8. Prosopis velutina (11) 9. Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa (10) × velutina (11) 10. Mimosa diplotricha 11. Mimosa pigra (14) 12. Mimosa pudica var. diplotricha (13) var. hispida (15) 13. Mimosa pudica 14. Mimosa pudica 15. Leucaena leucocephala var. tetrandra (15) var. unijuga (15) subsp. leucocephala (17)

180

16. Leucaena leucocephala 17. Dichrostachys cinerea 18. Dichrostachys spicata (19) subsp. glabrata (17) subsp. malesiana (19) 19. Desmanthus virgatus (20) 20. Neptunia amplexicaulis 21. Neptunia amplexicaulis f. amplexicaulis (23) f. richmondii (23) 22. Neptunia major (23) 23. Neptunia gracilis 24. Neptunia gracilis f. gracilis (24) f. glandulosa (25) 25. Neptunia dimorphantha (25) 26. Neptunia monosperma (26) 27. Albizia retusa subsp. retusa (27) 28. Albizia lebbeck (28) 29. Albizia canescens (29) 30. Albizia procera (29)

181

31. Samanea saman (32) 32. Calliandra surinamensis (33) 33. Paraserianthes lophantha subsp. lophantha (35) 34. Paraserianthes lophantha 35. Paraserianthes toona (36) 36. Archidendropsis basaltica (37) subsp. lophantha (35) 37. Archidendropsis thozetiana 38. Archidendropsis xanthoxylon 39. Pararchidendron pruinosum (38) (38) var. pruinosum (39) 40. Archidendron grandiflorum (41) 41. Archidendron lovellae (42) 42. Archidendron hirsutum (42) 43. Archidendron hendersonii (43) 44. Archidendron muellerianum (43) 45. Archidendron kanisii (44)

182

46. Archidendron whitei (44) 47. Archidendron vaillantii (46) 48. Archidendron lucyi (46) 49. Archidendron ramiflorum (47) 50. Cathormion umbellatum 51. Gleditsia triacanthos (56) subsp. moniliforme (49) 52. Peltophorum pterocarpum (58) 53. Delonix regia (59) 54. Caesalpinia bonduc (61) 55. Caesalpinia major (61) 56. Caesalpinia robusta (62) 57. Caesalpinia crista (62) 58. Caesalpinia hymenocarpa (63) 59. Caesalpinia scortechinii (63) 60. Caesalpinia erythrocarpa (64)

183

61. Caesalpinia traceyi (64) 62. Caesalpinia nitens (65) 63. Caesalpinia subtropica (65) 64. Caesalpinia decapetala (66) 65. Caesalpinia gilliesii (66) 66. Haematoxylum campechianum (67) 67. Parkinsonia aculeata (69) 68. Erythrophleum chlorostachys 69. Ceratonia siliqua (73) (70) 70. Storckiella australiensis (75) 71. Cassia fistula (76) 72. Cassia queenslandica (79) 73. Cassia brewsteri 74. Cassia brewsteri 75. Cassia brewsteri var. brewsteri (79) var. tomentella (80) var. marksiana (80)

184

76. Senna acclinis (98) 77. Senna coronilloides (98) 78. Senna odorata (98) 79. Senna aciphylla (99) 80. Senna surattensis 81. Senna surattensis subsp. surattensis (100) subsp. sulfurea (100) 82. Senna gaudichaudii (101) 83. Senna costata (101) 84. Senna ferraria (102) 85. Senna charlesiana (102) 86. Senna form taxon 87. Senna form taxon 'chatelainiana' (103) 'pruinosa' (103) 88. Senna form taxon 89. Senna form taxon 90. Senna form taxon 'luerssenii' (104) 'glutinosa' (104) 'microphylla' (105)

185

91. Senna form taxon 92. Senna form taxon 93. Senna form taxon 'artemisioides' (105) 'sturtii' (106) 'quadrifolia' (106) 94. Senna form taxon 95. Senna form taxon 96. Senna form taxon 'helmsii' (107) 'oligophylla' (107) 'alicia' (108) 97. Senna form taxon 98. Senna form taxon 99. Senna form taxon 'zygophylla' (108) 'coriacea' (109) 'gawlerensis' (110) 100. Senna form taxon 101. Senna form taxon 102. Senna circinnata (112) 'filifolia' (110) 'petiolaris' (111) 103. Senna symonii (112) 104. Senna stricta (112) 105. Senna glaucifolia (113)

186

106. Senna hamersleyensis (113) 107. Senna flexuosa (114) 108. Senna cuthbertsonii (114) 109. Senna stowardii (114) 110. Senna cardiosperma (115) 111. Senna pilocarina (115) 112. Senna manicula (116) 113. Senna oligoclada (116) 114. Senna goniodes (116) 115. Senna leptoclada (117) 116. Senna heptanthera (117) 117. Senna procumbens (118) 118. Senna curvistyla (118) 119. Senna cladophylla (121) 120. Senna pleurocarpa var. pleurocarpa (121)

187

121. Senna pleurocarpa 122. Senna pleurocarpa 123. Senna notabilis (123) var. angustifolia (123) var. longifolia (123) 124. Senna venusta (123) 125. Senna magnifolia (125) 126. Senna didymobotrya (125) 127. Senna alata (127) 128. Senna timorensis (127) 129. Senna siamea (127) 130. Senna barclayana (128) 131. Senna clavigera (128) 132. Senna planitiicola (130) 133. Senna occidentalis (130) 134. Senna hirsuta (133) 135. Senna × floribunda (133)

188

136. Senna multiglandulosa (134) 137. Senna pendula 138. Senna corymbosa (137) var. glabrata (134) 139. Senna obtusifolia (137) 140. Senna tora (137) 141. Chamaecrista absus var. absus (140) 142. Chamaecrista rotundifolia 143. Chamaecrista nigricans 144. Chamaecrista mimosoides var. rotundifolia (140) (141) (141) 145. Chamaecrista nomame 146. Chamaecrista nomame 147. Chamaecrista maritima (142) var. nomame (142) var. grandiflora (142) 148. Chamaecrista biddulphiana 149. Chamaecrista deserti (143) 150. Chamaecrista concinna (143) (143)

189

151. Chamaecrista exigua 152. Chamaecrista exigua 153. Chamaecrista grisea (144) var. exigua (144) var. minor (144) 154. Chamaecrista longipes (145) 155. Chamaecrista symonii (145) 156. Chamaecrista moorei (145) 157. Labichea cassioides (147) 158. Labichea brassii (148) 159. Labichea buettneriana (148) 160. Labichea teretifolia 161. Labichea teretifolia 162. Labichea eremaea (150) subsp. teretifolia (149) subsp. grandistipulata (149) 163. Labichea deserticola (150) 164. Labichea saxicola (152) 165. Labichea nitida (152)

190

166. Labichea lanceolata 167. Labichea lanceolata 168. Labichea obtrullata (154) subsp. lanceolata (153) subsp. brevifolia (153) 169. Labichea rupestris (154) 170. Labichea digitata (155) 171. Labichea stellata (155) 172. Labichea punctata (157) 173. Petalostylis labicheoides (159) 174. Petalostylis cassioides (159) 175. Bauhinia monandra (161) 176. Bauhinia malabarica (162) 177. Bauhinia carronii (163) 178. Bauhinia cunninghamii (163) 179. Bauhinia gilva (164) 180. Bauhinia hookeri (164)

191

181. Bauhinia binata (165) 182. Barklya syringifolia (166) 183. Cynometra iripa (169) 184. Maniltoa lenticellata (171) 185. Intsia bijuga (173) 186. Crudia papuana (175) 187. Sindora supa (175) 188. Tamarindus indica (176)

192

APPENDIX

New taxa, combinations and lectotypifications

New taxa, combinations and lectotypifications occurring in this volume of the Flora of Australia are formally published here. Taxa are arranged in the order they appear in the text. For economy the entries are brief; the treatment in the main text is more comprehensive. Accepted names are in bold, basionyms and synonyms in italic. The date of publication of this Volume will be given in Volume 48.

MIMOSACEAE

PROSOPIS

G.Perry

Prosopis limensis Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 350 (1841) T: Lima, Peru, 1831, H.Cuming 974; lecto: (here chosen) K; isolecto: GH, K; Lima, Peru, Mathews; syn: K. In the protologue of P. limensis, Bentham indicated that this species was based on two collections, Mathews s.n. and Cuming 974. It can be assumed that three specimens at K were used by Bentham, viz. two duplicates of Cuming 974 and the Mathews collection; there is a further duplicate of the Cuming collection at GH. All are referable to P. pallida (Willd.) Kunth. McBride (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3): 110, 1943) stated that 'Cuming 974' was the type of P. limensis, without indicating which of the duplicates was being referred to. One of the duplicates, now at K, came from Hooker's herbarium, the second from Bentham's. The latter is here chosen as the lectotype of P. limensis.

NEPTUNIA

Neptunia gracilis Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 355 (1842) [The lectotype chosen by the late R.S.Cowan (Nuytsia 11: 13, 1996) and one of the 'paralectotypes' postdates the description of the species by four years, and could not have been seen by Bentham. Since ICBN (Tokyo Code), Art. 9.9 (1994) dictates that "...the lectotype must be chosen from among the syntypes...", lectotypification has not been effected: Ed.]

193 APPENDIX

CAESALPINIACEAE

CASSIA

B.R.Randell & B.A.Barlow

Cassia brewsteri (F.Muell.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 282 (1864) Cathartocarpus brewsteri F.Muell., Fragm. 1: 110 (1859). T: hilly pastures and river banks on the Burdekin [River], Qld, F.Mueller; lecto: (here chosen) MEL; isolecto: E, K, P (photos AD). When Mueller described Cathartocarpus brewsteri he did not cite any collections, but indicated a geographic range from the Burdekin to the Brisbane Rivers. This suggests that the species is based on more than one collection. The lectotype (annotated by F.Mueller) is certainly one of these.

Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana F.M.Bailey, Queensland Agric. J. 1: 79 (1897) T: upper Nerang Ck, Qld, Dec. 1896, C.F.Marks; lecto (here chosen): BRI (photo AD); isolecto: BRI (photo AD); upper Nerang Ck, Qld, F.M.Bailey; syn: n.v. (foliage and wood).

Of the two syntypes, the one bearing flowers and pods is chosen as lectotype.

SENNA

B.R.Randell & B.A.Barlow

Senna ferraria (Symon) Randell, comb. nov. Cassia ferraria Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 130 (1966); Senna glutinosa subsp. ferraria (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 219 (1989). T: Mt Tom Price, Hamersley Ra., W.A., 1963, M.M.Cole WA 5104; holo: PERTH; iso: K n.v.

Senna charlesiana (Symon) Randell, comb. nov. Cassia charlesiana Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 126 (1966); Senna glutinosa subsp. charlesiana (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 217 (1989). T: 1 mile [c. 1.6 km] N of Pintharuka, W.A., 29 Aug. 1945, C.A.Gardner 7540; holo: PERTH.

Senna circinnata (Benth.) Randell, comb. nov. Cassia circinnata Benth., in T.L.Mitchell, J. Exped. Australia 284 (1848); Senna artemisioides subsp. circinnata (Benth.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 231 (1989). T: Camp at St Georges Bridge on the Balonne River, 28°S, 148°50'E, [Qld], 5–9 Nov. 1846, T.L.Mitchell 418; lecto: K (photo AD), fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit. (1989); isolecto: MEL.

Senna symonii (Randell) Randell, comb. nov. Senna artemisioides subsp. symonii Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 243 (1989). T: road to Mt House, by Precipice Range, King Leopold Range, [c. 300 km NE of Broome], W.A., 25 June 1967, B.A.Barlow 1227; holo: AD.

Senna stricta (Randell) Randell, comb. nov. Senna artemisioides subsp. stricta Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 242 (1989). T: Great Northern Hwy, 22.5 km N of Roy Hill, W.A., G.Carr 4696 & A.C.Beauglehole 48474; holo: PERTH.

194 APPENDIX Caesalpiniaceae

Senna glaucifolia (Randell) Randell, comb. nov. Senna artemisioides subsp. glaucifolia Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 240 (1989). T: Giles Settlement in Rawlinson Range, c. 70 km W of N.T. border, 29 July 1964, R.Hill 1366; holo: AD; iso: CHR, COLO n.v.

Senna hamersleyensis (Symon) Randell, comb. nov. Cassia hamersleyensis Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 108 (1966); Senna artemisioides subsp. hamersleyensis (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 244 (1989). T: flood plain of Wild Duck Ck, between Brockman and Mt Pyrton, Hamersley Ranges, W.A., 1963, M.M.Cole 5019; holo: PERTH; iso: K, n.v.

Senna flexuosa (Randell) Randell, comb. nov. Senna cardiosperma subsp. flexuosa Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 249 (1989). T: Jibberding, W.A., 7 Sept. 1953, C.A.Gardner 12095; holo: PERTH.

Senna cuthbertsonii (F.Muell.) Randell, comb. nov. Cassia cuthbertsonii F.Muell., Victorian Naturalist 5: 75 (1888); Senna cardiosperma subsp. cuthbertsonii (F.Muell.) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 249 (1989). T: upper Ashburton River, W.A., 1888, W.Cuthbertson s.n.; lecto: MEL, fide B.R.Randell, loc. cit.; isolecto: K (photo AD).

Senna stowardii (S.Moore) Randell, comb. nov. Cassia stowardii S.Moore, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 55: 171 (1920); Senna cardiosperma subsp. stowardii (S.Moore) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 251 (1989). T: Mt Marshall, W.A., 1916, F.Stoward 386; holo: BM (photo AD).

Senna pilocarina (Symon) Randell, comb. nov. Cassia pilocarina Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 109 (1966); Senna cardiosperma subsp. pilocarina (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 247 (1989). T: South Barlee Range, W.A., 7 Sept. 1959, A.Robinson s.n.; holo: PERTH (photo AD).

Senna manicula (Symon) Randell, comb. nov. Cassia manicula Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 90: 119 (1966); Senna cardiosperma subsp. manicula (Symon) Randell, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 12: 253 (1989). T: Diorite King, W.A., 11 July 1960, S.Davies s.n.; holo: PERTH (photo AD).

CHAMAECRISTA

L.Pedley

Chamaecrista nomame var. grandiflora Pedley, var. nov. Glans periolari grandior quam illa var. nomame dimensione maxima 1–1.4 mm, c. 0.3 mm alta; rhachis folii 5–11 cm longa; folioli 6–9.5 mm longi, plerumque 1–2.3 mm lati; flores petalo longissimo 9–12 mm longo, petalo sessile concavo 7–8 mm longo, 6–9 mm lato; stamina plerumque 9. T: Rockingham Bay, Qld, 12 Mar. 1868, J.Dallachy; holo: MEL; iso: AD, BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW. Endemic in northern Australia in coastal areas of northern Qld between 15°S and 19°S with outliers in the Kimberley, W.A., and the north-west of N.T.

195 Caesalpiniaceae APPENDIX

Chamaecrista maritima Pedley, sp. nov. Ad C. nomame (Siebold) Ohashi affinis, a qua habitu ±prostrato, folii rhachide breviore cum spatio interjugo vulgo breviore, foliolis parvioribus, plerumque glandula petiole parviore, seminibus parvioribus differt. T: Point Arkwright, Qld, 26°32'S, 153°06'E, Feb. 1984, P.R.Sharpe 3508; holo: BRI. Endemic in coastal areas of extreme south-eastern Qld and north-eastern N.S.W.

Chamaecrista biddulphiana Pedley, sp. nov. Ad C. concinnae (Benth.) Pedley et C. longipedi (Domin) Pedley affinis, ab illa foliis anguste ovatis vel oblongis non late ovatis in ambitu, petiolo saepe longiore, glandula cum stipe breviore, foliolis plerumque pluribus saepe amplioribus ciliis marginalibus brevioribus vestitis constructis, petalis antherisque grandioribus, stylo apice certe expanso differt; ab hac foliis petiolo plerumque longiore glandula cum stipe crassiore praedito, rhachide saepe longiore, foliolis plerumque grandioribus sine pilis longis incohaerentibus infra in dimidio distali constructis, legumine saepe latiore differt. T: 'Summerdel', Qld, 23°45'S, 145°03'E, Apr. 1984, E.R.Anderson 3696; holo: BRI. Endemic in south-central Qld. Named in honour of Harriet Sophia Biddulph (nee Foot) (1839–1940) who, in the 1890s, sent specimens to Mueller from 'Mt Playfair' Station (near Tambo, Qld).

Chamaecrista deserti Pedley, sp. nov. Planta singularis inter species Australiae petalis perparvis non nisi usque 2 mm longis sed ad C. longipedi (Domin) Pedley affinis a qua caulium foliorumque pilis brevioribus plerumque non patentibus, glandulae stipae capituloque parviore, foliolis parvioribus, corolla parviore, calyce (4–5 mm longo) breviore differt. T: 36 miles [c. 58 km] N of 'Dunmara', Stuart Hwy, N.T., Jan. 1968, P.K.Latz 60; holo: DNA; iso: AD, CANB, K. Occurs from the W.A.–N.T. border across N.T. to central Qld.

Chamaecrista concinna (Benth.) Pedley, comb. nov. Cassia concinna Benth., Fl. Austral. 2: 198 (1864). T: Keppel's Isles, [Qld], Dec. 1847, J.MacGillivray, Voyage of 'Rattlesnake' no. 206 ex herb. Hook.; lecto (here chosen): K; ?isolecto: BRI. All four fragments mounted on the sheet are nominated as lectotype.

Chamaecrista exigua Pedley, sp. nov. Ad C. concinnae (Benth.) Pedley affinis a qua petiolis et rhachidibus folium aliquantum brevioribus, pedicellis plerumque longioribus et stylis crassis apice saepe dilatatis differt. T: 'Springmount' Stn, 27 km SW of Mareeba, Qld, 17°13'S, 145°17'E, 9 Mar. 1994, J.R.Clarkson 10153; holo: BRI; iso: AD, CANB, DNA, K, L, MEL, PERTH, QRS. Endemic in north-eastern Qld with outliers near Camooweal in the north-west and Nebo near the central coast.

Chamaecrista exigua var. minor Pedley, var. nov. A C. exigua var. exigua foliis rhachidibus brevioribus (5–10 mm longis), foliolis paucioribus (in 4–10 paribus) capitulo glandis parvioribus constructis differt. T: Newcastle Ra., Qld, 18°18'S, 143°48'E, P.I.Forster PIF 3818; holo: BRI. Endemic in north-eastern Qld.

196 APPENDIX Caesalpiniaceae

Chamaecrista grisea Pedley, sp. nov. Quoad foliola oblonga in ambitu, numerum foliolorum in quoque folio, longitudineum pedicellorum, amplitudineum foliolorum, stylum certe expansum similis C. longipedi (Domin) Pedley autem pilis albis mollibus perlongis (usque 1.5 mm) caules et rhachides foliorum ultra et pedicellos et calyces obtengentibus differt. T: Plumtree Ck crossing, Kakadu Natl Park, N.T., 13°31'S, 132°27'E, Feb. 1989, K.A.Menkhorst 217; holo: DNA. Known from only three specimens, two from N.T. in sandy soils, and the other some distance away in Qld.

Chamaecrista longipes (Domin) Pedley, comb. nov. Cassia longipes Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 242 (1926). T: 'In collibus calcareis apud app. Mungana apud urb. Chillagoe', Qld, Feb. 1910, K.Domin '4987'; lecto (here chosen): PR 527635 (photo K); isolecto: PR 527634 (Domin '3053'), PR 527636 (Domin '4988').

Chamaecrista symonii Pedley, sp. nov. Quoad flores grandes stylo tenui apice non expanso praediti similis C. concinnae (Benth.) Pedley autem planta grandior plus ligna pubescensque pilis longis patulis in caulibus, pedicellis, foliorum rhachibus saepe foliolis obsita et stipulis persistentibus longioribus plerumque ubi in caulibus veteribus, foliis pedicellisque brevioribus, leguminibus latioribus. T: 14.5 miles [c. 23 km] W of Borroloola, N.T., Mar. 1959, G.Chippendale NT 5545; holo: DNA; iso: BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW, PERTH. Endemic and widespread in seasonally dry and semi-arid areas from northern W.A. and N.T. to central Qld. Named in honour of Mr David E. Symon, Australian taxonomist well known for his studies of Solanum and Cassia s. lat.

Chamaecrista moorei Pedley, sp. nov. Quoad pilos aliquantum rigentes patentes C. symonii Pedley similis sed ab ea et speciebus cognitis (C. concinnae (Benth.) Pedley in exemplum) floribus parvioribus, stylis brevibus in apice dilatatis praeditis differt; a speciebus parvifloris par C. longipedi (Domin) Pedley et speciebus cognatis indumento et foliolis paucis interjugale late separatis differt. T: 5 km SW of Beagle Bay Aboriginal Community, W.A., 17°01'S, 122°38'E, Mar. 1986, J.B.Martin JBM058; holo: PERTH; iso: BRI, CANB. Endemic in the western part of the Kimberley, W.A. Named in honour of Mr C.W.E. ('Ted') Moore, well known for his ecological studies of the vegetation of inland N.S.W., now, in his 'retirement', an honorary assistant at CANB.

BAUHINIA

A.S.George

Bauhinia gilva (F.M.Bailey) A.S.George, stat. nov. Bauhinia cunninghamii f. gilva F.M.Bailey, Queensland Agric. J. 25: 287, 288, pl. 29, fig. 2 (1910); Lysiphyllum gilvum (F.M.Bailey) Pedley, Austrobaileya 1: 33 (1977); B. cunninghamii subsp. gilva (F.M.Bailey) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, Bot. Helv. 93: 215 (1983). T: Georgina R., Qld, Oct. 1910, E.W.Bick 'No. 22'; holo: BRI n.v., fide L.Pedley (pers. comm.); iso: K. The obliquely obovate leaflets and creamy-white calyx give this taxon a distinctive aspect, and it is geographically disjunct from its nearest relative, B. cunninghamii.

197 Caesalpiniaceae APPENDIX

Bauhinia leichhardtii var. cinerascens F.Muell., Mr Winnecke's Explorations during 1883 15 (1884) T: central Australia, 1883, C.G.A.Winnecke; lecto (here chosen): MEL 69685; isolecto: AD, MEL 69705. L.Pedley, Austrobaileya 1: 33 (1977) cited a Winnecke collection as the holotype, but there are two sheets of the same collection at MEL, determined by Mueller only as B. leichhardtii, one labelled '31', the other '1883'. Both are labelled 'Central Australia'. The better specimen is selected as lectotype.

198

SUPPLEMENTARY GLOSSARY anticous: anterior, at the front, i.e. close to the leading or distal edge of the leaflet. diplostemonous: with stamens in 2 whorls. jugate: paired. obtrullate: a 2-dimensional shape resembling a trowel blade with the broadest axis above the middle and a length : breadth ratio between 3 : 2 and 2 : 1. pseudostipel: extensions of dorsal ridges on the petioles of Neptunia. ramiflorous: flowering on branches. ramuliflorous: flowering on branchlets.

199

Abbreviations and Contractions

Literature Author abbreviations follow R.K.Brummitt & C.E.Powell, Authors of Plant Names (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1992). Journal titles are abbreviated in accordance with G.H.M.Lawrence et al., Botanico- Periodicum-Huntianum (Hunt Botanical Library, Pittsburgh, 1968) and G.D.R.Bridson & E.R.Smith, Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum/Supplementum (Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Pittsburgh, 1991). Other literature is abbreviated in accordance with F.A.Stafleu & R.S.Cowan, Taxonomic Literature, 2nd edn (Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht, 1976–1987), except that upper case initial letters are used for proper names and significant words. The Flora of Australia is abbreviated to Fl. Australia.

Herbaria Abbreviations of herbaria are in accordance with P.K.Holmgren, N.H.Holmgren & L.C.Barnett, Index Herbariorum Part I, 8th edn (New York Botanical Garden, 1990). Those most commonly cited in the Flora are:

AD State Herbarium of South Australia, Adelaide BM The Natural History Museum, London BRI Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane CANB Australian National Herbarium, Canberra CBG Australian National Botanic Gardens Herbarium, Canberra DNA Northern Territory Herbarium, Darwin HO Tasmanian Herbarium, Hobart K Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew MEL National Herbarium of Victoria, Melbourne NSW National Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney PERTH Western Australian Herbarium, Perth QRS Australian National Herbarium, Atherton

States, Territories Abbreviations of Australian States and Territories as used in statements of distribution and citation of collections are:

A.C.T. Australian Capital Territory N.S.W. New South Wales N.T. Northern Territory Qld Queensland S.A. South Australia Tas. Tasmania Vic. Victoria W.A. Western Australia

200 Abbreviations and Contractions

General abbreviations alt. altitude app. appendix auct. auctoris/auctorum (of an author or authors) auct. mult. auctorum multorum (of many authors) auct. non auctorum non (of authors [but] not....), used for misapplied names c. circa (about) Ck Creek cm centimetre coll. collector colln collection comb. combinatio/combination cons. conservandus cult. cultivated cv. d.b.h. diameter at breast height Dept Department diam. diameter E east ed./eds editor/editors edn edition eds editors e.g. exempli gratia (for example) et al. et alii/et aliorum; and others/and of others f. forma/form fam. familia/family fig./figs figure/figures (in other works) Fig. Figure (referring to a Figure in this volume of the Flora) gen. genus/genus gen. nov. genus novus (new genus) Gt Great holo holotype hort. hortus (garden) or hortensis (of a garden) HS Homestead Hwy Highway i.e. id est (that is) ined. ineditus (unpublished) in litt. in litteris (in correspondence) Is. Island/s iso isotype isolecto isolectotype km kilometre L. Lake L.A. Logging Area lat. latitude lecto lectotype loc. cit. loco citato (in bibliographic citations: in the same work and page as just cited) loc. id. loco idem (in specimen citations: in the same place as just cited) long. longitude L.S. longitudinal section l:w length to width ratio m metre mm millimetre

201 Abbreviations and Contractions

Mt/Mts Mount/Mounts Mtn/Mtns Mountain/Mountains N north n haploid chromosome number 2n diploid chromosome number Natl National n.d. no date NE north-east (ern) nom. cons. nomen conservandum (conserved name) nom. cons. prop. nomen conservandum propositus (proposed conserved name) nom. illeg. nomen illegitimum (illegitimate name) nom. inval. nomen invalidum (name not validly published) nom. nov. nomina nova (new name) nom. nud. nomen nudum (name published without a description or reference to a published description) nom. prov. nomen provisorium (provisional name) nom. rej. nomen rejiciendum (rejected name) nom. superfl. nomen superfluum (superfluous name) nov. novus/new n. ser. new series n.v. non vidi (not seen) NW north-west (ern) op. cit. opere citato (in the work cited above) orth. orthography, orthographic p./pp. page/pages penin. peninsula pers. comm. by personal communication pl./pls plate/plates p.p. pro parte (in part) p.p. max pro parte maxima, the larger part p.p. min pro parte minore, the smaller part q.v. quod vide (which see) R. River Ra. Range Rd Road rly railway S south SE south-east (ern) sect. sectio/section SEM Scanning Electron Micrograph ser. series S.F.R. State Forest Reserve s. lat. sensu lato (in a wide sense) s. loc. sine loco (without locality) s.n. sine numero (without number) sp./spp. species (singular/plural) sp. aff. species affinis (species related to) sp. nov. species nova (new species) s. str. sensu stricto (in a narrow sense) St Street stat. status/status Stn (pastoral) Station subg. subgenus subsp./subspp. subspecies (singular/plural)

202 Abbreviations and Contractions subsp. nov. subspecies nova (new subspecies) suppl. supplement SW south-west (ern) syn syntype synon. synonym T Type (collection) t. tabula (plate) T.R. Timber Reserve trib. tribus/tribe trig. trigonometric station T.S. transverse section typ. cons. typus conservandus (conserved type) var. varietas/variety viz. videlicet (namely) UV ultraviolet W west x basic chromosome number

Symbols

† taxon included in key but not treated further in text * naturalised taxon, not originally native # native taxon now naturalised in Australia beyond its natural range [ ] misapplied name or nomen invalidum; also, in localities, denotes a place name later than that originally cited or on the herbarium sheet ± in species descriptions, more or less ± in lichen chemistry, with or without < less than ≤ less than or equal to > more than ≥ more than or equal to µm micrometre (♀) female (♂) male

203

Publication date of previous volumes

Volume 1 22 August 1981 Volume 3 24 April 1989 Volume 4 12 November 1984 Volume 8 9 December 1982 Volume 16 30 November 1995 Volume 18 8 June 1990 Volume 19 27 June 1988 Volume 22 17 May 1984 Volume 25 25 December 1985 Volume 28 28 June 1996 Volume 29 27 July 1982 Volume 35 6 August 1992 Volume 45 15 May 1987 Volume 46 2 May 1986 Volume 49 3 May 1994 Volume 50 29 July 1993 Volume 54 4 September 1992 Volume 55 21 December 1994

For the publication date of Volume 12, see Volume 48.

204

INDEX

Accepted names are in roman, synonyms and doubtful names in italic.

Principal page references are in bold, figures in italic.

Abarema Pittier Albizia continued grandiflora (Sol. ex Benth.) Kosterm. 41 vaillantii (F.Muell.) F.Muell. 46 hendersonii (F.Muell.) Kosterm. 43 xanthoxylon C.T.White & W.D.Francis 38 lovellae (F.M.Bailey) Kosterm. 42 Algaroba 9 muelleriana (Maiden & R.T.Baker) Kosterm. 43 Algarobia (DC.) Benth. 7 sapindoides (A.Cunn. ex Sweet) Kosterm. 39 dulcis Benth. 7 Acacia Mill. 1, 2 Amherstia Wall. 52, 167 basaltica F.Muell. 37 Anneslia Salisb. 32 glauca (L.) Moench 16 falcifolia Salisb. 32 glauca sensu Willd. 16 fasciculata (Willd.) Kleinhoonte 33 lebbeck (L.) Willd. 28 Archidendron F.Muell. 1, 3, 40 leucocephala (Lam.) Link 16 grandiflorum (Sol. ex Benth.) I.C.Nielsen xv, xvi, lophantha Willd. 35, 36 41, 42, 43, 45, 182 lophantha Delile 36 hendersonii (F.Muell.) I.C.Nielsen xvii, 41, 43, var. neumannii Hort. 37 182 lophantha speciosa Hort. 36 hirsutum I.C.Nielsen xvii, 40, 42, 182 pallida Willd. 8 kanisii R.S.Cowan 41, 44, 182 sapindoides A.Cunn. ex Sweet 39 lovellae (F.M.Bailey) I.C.Nielsen xvi, 40, 42, 43, shirleyana Domin 19 182 thozetiana F.Muell. 38 lucyi F.Muell. xviii, 41, 46, 183 Acacia Cedar 36 muellerianum (Maiden & R.T.Baker) I.C.Nielsen Adenanthera L. 1, 2, 3 41, 43, 44, 182 abrosperma F.Muell. 3, 4, 5, 180 papuanum Merr. & L.M.Perry 46 var. falcata F.M.Bailey 3 ramiflorum (F.Muell.) Kosterm. xvii, xviii, 41, 45, gogo Blanco 7 47, 183 pavonina L. xiii, 3, 4, 5, 180 sogorense Baker f. 46 Affonsea A.St.-Hil. vaillantii (F.Muell.) F.Muell. xvi, 40, 41, 45, 46, lucyi (F.Muell.) Kuntze 46 183 vaillantii (F.Muell.) Kuntze 46 var. pentzkeana Ewart 47 Afzelia Sm. 171 whitei I.C.Nielsen 41, 44, 45, 183 australis F.M.Bailey 173 Archidendropsis I.C.Nielsen 1, 3, 37 bijuga (Colebr.) A.Gray 173 basaltica (F.Muell.) I.C.Nielsen 34, 37, 182 Albizia Durazz. 1, 3, 27 fulgens (Labill.) I.C.Nielsen 37 amoenissima F.Muell. 30 thozetiana (F.Muell.) I.C.Nielsen 34, 37, 38, 182 basaltica (F.Muell.) Benth. 37 xanthoxylon (C.T.White & W.D.Francis) canescens Benth. 27, 29, 31, 181 I.C.Nielsen 34, 37, 38, 182 distachya (Vent.) J.F.Macbr. 35 Arthrosprion Hassk. 27 hendersonii (F.Muell.) F.Muell. 43 stipulatum (DC.) Hassk. 27 julibrissin Durazz. 27 latifolia Boivin 28 Bacon Wood 42 lebbeck (L.) Benth. 27, 28, 31, 181 Bactrilobium Willd. 75 var. pubescens Benth. 28 fistula (L.) Willd. 75, 76 lebbeckioides (DC.) Benth. 30 Barklya F.Muell. 53, 166 lophantha (Willd.) Benth. 35 syringifolia F.Muell. 88, 166, 192 lucyi (F.Muell.) F.Muell. 46 var. tortuosa F.M.Bailey 166 muelleriana Maiden & R.T.Baker 43 Barnbarngarri 26 plurijuga Domin 29 Bauhinia L. 53, 160, 163, 164, 166 procera (Roxb.) Benth. xv, 27, 29, 31, 181 subg. Bauhinia 162 pruinosa (Benth.) F.Muell. 39 subg. Elayuna 162 ramiflora F.Muell. 47 subg. Phanera 163 retusa Benth. 27, 28 sect. Lysiphyllum Benth. 160 subsp. retusa xiv, 27, 31, 181 acida Reinw. ex Korth. 162 saman (Jacq.) F.Muell. 32 acuminata L. 166 thozetiana (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. 38 binata Blanco 161, 165, 192 toona F.M.Bailey 36 carronii F.Muell. 87, 161, 163, 191 tozeri (F.Muell.) F.Muell. 41

205 INDEX

Bauhinia continued Caesalpiniaceae 50, 51 carronii auct. non F.Muell. 164 trib. Amherstieae Benth. 52, 167 cunninghamii (Benth.) Benth. 87, 161, 163, 166, trib. Caesalpinieae 52, 55 191, 197 trib. Caesalpinieae Endl. 55 subsp. gilva (F.M.Bailey) K.Larsen & trib. Cassieae Bronn 52, 72 S.S.Larsen 164, 197 trib. Cercideae Bronn 52, 160 f. gilva F.M.Bailey 164, 197 trib. Cynometreae Benth. 167 f. rosea F.M.Bailey 164 trib. Detarieae DC. 52, 167 divaricata L. 160 trib. Dimorphandreae Benth. 55 gilesii F.Muell. & F.M.Bailey 162 trib. Macrolobieae 52 gilva (F.M.Bailey) A.S.George 86, 161, 164, 191, trib. Sophoreae 52 197 trib. Swartzieae 52 hawkesiana F.M.Bailey 162 Cailliea Guill. & Perr. 19 hookeri F.Muell. 87, 161, 164, 191 Calliandra Benth. 1, 2, 32 var. broomensis Hochr. 166 houstonii Benth. 32 var. puberula Benth. 165 saman (Jacq.) Griseb. 32 leichhardtii F.Muell. 163, 198 surinamensis Benth. 33, 182 var. cinerascens F.Muell. 164, 198 Cantuffa J.F.Gmel. 59 malabarica Roxb. 161, 162, 191 exosa J.F.Gmel. 59 monandra Kurz 161, 191 nitens (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Kuntze 65 persiehii F.Muell. 161 Cape Leeuwin Wattle 35 syringifolia (F.Muell.) Wunderlin 166 Cape Wattle 35 Bauhinia, Red 163 Carob 73 Bauhinieae Benth. 160 Cassia L. 51, 54, 72, 75 Bead Tree, Red 4 subg. Absus (DC. ex Collad.) Symon 138 Bean, Match Box 6 subg. Lasiorhegma Vogel ex Benth. 138 Beantree 163, 164 sect. Cathartocarpus (Pers.) Benth. 75 Northern 163 absus L. 140 Bird of Paradise Tree 41 acclinis F.Muell. 98 Bohemia 164 aciphylla Benth. 99 Bonduc Mill. 59 alata L. 127 majus Medik. 61 arborescens Vahl 100 Bread, St Johns 73 artemisioides DC. 105 Brewsteria F.Muell. 75 var. eremophila auct. non A.Cunn. ex Vogel Burkea Hook. 51 111 Bush, Coffee 17 var. phyllodinea (R.Br.) F.Muell. 111 Bush, Pied Piper 20 australis Sims 98 var. glaucescens Benth 101 Caesalpinia L. 53, 55, 59 var. pedunculata Benth. 99 sect. Peltophorum Vogel 56 var. revoluta (F.Muell.) Benth. 99 bonduc (L.) Roxb. xix, 60, 61, 62, 183 barclayana Sweet 128 bonducella auct. non (L.) Fleming 61 var. barclayana auct. non Sweet 128 brachycarpa (Benth.) Hattink 65 barrenfieldii Colla 98 brasiliensis L. 59 bicapsularis 137 broomensis Hochr. 61, 62 bicapsularis auct. non L. 134, 137 coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. 60, 61 brewsteri (F.Muell.) Benth. xx, 76, 78, 79, 81, crista L. 60, 62, 138, 183 194 decapetala (Roth.) Alston xix, 60, 66, 184 var. brewsteri 78, 79, 184 erythrocarpa Pedley 60, 64, 183 var. marksiana F.M.Bailey 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, ferruginea Decne. 58 194 gilliesii (Wall. ex Hook.) Benth. 61, 66, 184 var. sylvestris F.M.Bailey 79 hymenocarpa (Prain) Hattink 60, 63, 183 var. tomentella Benth.78, 79, 80, 81, 184 inerme Roxb. 58 canaliculata R.Br. 108 major (Medik.) Dandy & Exell 60, 61, 62, 183 cardiosperma F.Muell. 115 nitens (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Pedley 60, 65, 184 charlesiana Symon 102, 194 nuga (L.) W.T.Aiton 62 chatelainiana Gaudich. 103 paniculata (Lam.) Roxb. 62 circinnata Benth. 112, 194 pulcherrima (L.) Sw. 60, 61 cladophylla W.Fitzg. 121 robusta (C.T.White) Pedley 60, 62, 183 coluteoides Collad. 134 scortechinii (F.Muell.) Hattink xix, 60, 63, 65, concinna Benth. 143, 196 183 coronilloides Benth. 98 sepiaria Roxb. 66 corymbosa Lam. 137 subtropica Pedley 60, 65, 184 corymbosa auct. non Lam. 133 costata J.F.Bailey & C.T.White 101 traceyi Pedley 60, 64, 184 curvistyla J.Black 118

206 INDEX

Cassia continued Cassia oligoclada continued cuthbertsonii F.Muell. 114, 195 var. goniodes (A.Cunn. ex Benth.) Domin 116 deplanchei Benth. 101 var. gracilis Benth. 116 desolata F.Muell. 106 var. subsinguliflora Domin 117 var. involucrata (J.Black) J.Black 107 oligoclada auct. non F.Muell. 117, 118, 121 var. planipes (J.Black) Symon 111 oligophylla F.Muell. 107 didymobotrya Fresen. 125 var. sericea Symon 107 enneaphylla Koenig ex Wight & Arn. 100 oligophylla auct. non F.Muell. 106, 108 eremophila A.Cunn. ex Vogel 109 phyllodinea R.Br. 111 var. coriacea (Benth.) Symon 109 pilocarina Symon 115, 195 var. coriacea auct. non Benth. 108 planitiicola Domin 130 var. eremophila auct. non A.Cunn. ex Vogel platypoda R.Br. 111 110 pleurocarpa F.Muell. 121 var. platypoda (R.Br.) Benth. 111 var. angustifolia Symon 123 var. zygophylla (Benth.) Benth. 108 var. longifolia Symon 123 eremophila auct. non A.Cunn. ex Vogel 110 pruinosa F.Muell. 103 excelsa Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth 76 pumila auct. non Lam. 145 fastigiata Vahl 99 queenslandica C.T.White xx, 76, 78, 79, 184 ferraria Symon 102, 194 retusa Vogel 101 fistula L. 75, 76, 77, 184 var. dietrichiae Domin 101 fistuloides Collad. 76 var. glabrata Domin 101 floribunda Cav. 133 var. typica Domin 101 gaudichaudii Hook. & Arn. 101 retusa auct. non Vogel 98 glauca Lam. 100 revoluta F.Muell. 99 var. koenigii Kurz 100 rhombifolia Roxb. 76 var. suffruticosa (Roth) Baker 100 riedelli Benth. 99 glauca auct. non Lam. 98, 100 rotundifolia Pers. 140 glutinosa DC. 104 schinifolia DC. 128 var. 'ß' Vogel 104 schultesii Colla 98 goniodes A.Cunn. ex Benth. 116 siamea Lam. 127 hamersleyensis Symon 113, 195 sophera harneyi Specht 141 var. barclayana (Sweet) Domin 128 helmsii Symon 107 var. clavigera Domin 128 heptanthera F.Muell. 117 var. pubescens Benth. 128 heteroloba Lindl. 111 var. schinifolia (DC.) Benth. 128 hirsuta L. 133 stowardii S.Moore 114, 195 horsfieldii Miq. 101 sturtii R.Br. 106 indecora var. glabrata Vogel 134 var. coriacea Benth. 109 laevigata auct. non Willd. 133 var. involucrata J.Black 107 lancifolia Colla 128 var. planipes J.Black 111 laxiflora Benth. 127 var. tomentosa Benth. 107 leptoclada Benth. 117 suffruticosa Roth 99 longipes Domin 145, 197 suffruticosa auct. non Roth 100 luerssenii Domin 104 sulfurea DC. ex Collad. 100 magnifolia F.Muell. 125 surattensis Burm.f. 99 manicula Symon 116, 195 subsp. suffruticosa (Roth) K.Larsen & marksiana (F.M.Bailey) Domin 80 S.S.Larsen 99 mimosoides L. 141 surattensis auct. non Burm.f. 100 subsp. nomame (Siebold) H.Ohashi 141 teretifolia A.Cunn. ex Lindl. 105 multiglandulosa Jacq. 134 teretiuscula F.Muell. 105 nemophila timorensis DC. 127 var. nemophila auct. non A.Cunn. ex Vogel 110 tomentella (Benth.) Domin 80 var. platypoda auct. non A.Cunn. ex Vogel 111 tomentosa L.f. 134 var. zygophylla auct. non (Benth.) Benth. 108 tora L. 137 neurophylla C.T.White & W.D.Francis 116 var. obtusifolia (L.) Haines 137 neurophylla W.Fitzg. 116 tora auct. non L. 137 nictitans L. 138 umbellata Rchb. 98 nigricans Vahl 141 venusta F.Muell. 123 nomame (Siebold) T.Mori 141 zygophylla Benth. 108, 111 notabilis F.Muell. 123 Cassia auct. non L. 89 obtusifolia L. 137 Cathartocarpus Pers. 75 occidentalis L. 130 brewsteri F.Muell. 75, 79, 194 var. schinifolia (DC.) de Wit 128 excelsus (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) G.Don 76 odorata Morris 98 fistula (L.) Pers. 75, 76 oligoclada F.Muell. 116 fistuloides (Collad.) G.Don 76

207 INDEX

Cathartocarpus continued Desmanthus Willd. 1, 2, 20 rhombifolius (Roxb.) G.Don 76 sect. Dichrostachys DC. 19 Cathormion Hassk. 1, 2, 49 cinereus (L.) Willd. 19 moniliforme (DC.) Hassk. sphalma moniliferum virgatus (L.) Willd. 18, 20, 181 49 Detarium Juss. 167 umbellatum (Vahl) Kosterm. 30, 49 Dichrostachys (DC.) Wight & Arn. 1, 2, 19 subsp. moniliforme (DC.) Brummitt 30, 48, 49, cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. 19, 20 183 subsp. malesiana Brenan & Brummitt 19, 181 f. moniliforme (DC.) Kosterm. 49 muelleri Benth. 19 Cedar nutans (Benth.) Benth. 20 Acacia 36 nutans auct. non (Pers.) Benth. 19 Mackay 36 spicata (F.Muell.) Domin xiv, 18, 19, 181 Native 36 Dimorphandra Schott 55 Red 36 Ceratonia L. 51, 54, 72 Entada Adans. 1, 2, 6 siliqua L. 72, 73, 184 cirrhosa Raf. 7 Cercidium Tul. 69 gogo (Blanco) I.M.Johnston 7 Cercis L. 51, 160 monostachya DC. 7 Chamaecrista Moench 55, 138 parrana Spreng. 6 absus (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 138, 139, 140 phaseoloides (L.) Merr. xiii, 5, 6, 180 var. absus 140, 189 phaseoloides auct. non (L.) Merr. 7 var. meonandra (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) pursaetha DC. 7 H.S.Irwin & Barneby 140 rheedii Spreng. 5, 6, 7, 180 biddulphiana Pedley 139, 143, 189, 196 scandens (L.) Benth. 6 concinna (Benth.) Pedley 139, 143, 189, 196 var. aequilatera Domin 7 deserti Pedley 139, 143, 190, 196 scandens auct. non Benth. 7 exigua Pedley 139, 144, 196 Enterolobium saman (Jacq.) Prain 32 var. exigua 144, 190 Erythrophleum Afzel. ex R.Br. 51, 53, 70 var. minor Pedley 144, 190, 196 chlorostachys (F.Muell.) Baill. xix, xx, 70, 71, grisea Pedley 139, 144, 190, 197 184 longipes (Domin) Pedley 140, 145, 190, 197 laboucherii F.Muell. 70 maritima Pedley 85, 139, 142, 189, 196 suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan 70 mimosoides (L.) Greene 139, 141, 189 Erythrophloeum 70 moorei Pedley 140, 145, 190, 197 Eucaesalpinieae Benth. 55 nictitans (L.) Moench 138 nigricans (Vahl) Greene 139, 141, 189 Faba marina Rumph. 6 nomame (Siebold) H.Ohashi 139, 141 Fabaceae 51 var. grandiflora Pedley 142, 189, 195 trib. Swartzieae 52 var. nomame 142, 189 Feuilleea rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene 139, 140 hendersonii (F.Muell.) Kuntze 43 var. grandiflora (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby lebbeck (L.) Kuntze 28 140 pruinosa (Benth.) Kuntze 39 var. rotundifolia 140, 189 tozeri (F.Muell.) Kuntze 41 symonii Pedley 85, 140, 145, 190, 197 Flamboyant 59 Chinese Lantern 20 Cinnamomum cassia Blume 76 Coffee Bush 17 Giant Sensitive Tree 14 Coralwood 4 Giddy Giddy 3 Crested Wattle 35 Gigalobium P.Browne 6 Crudia Schreb. 54, 173 Gleditsia L. 50, 51, 53, 55 dewitii Kosterm. 175 triacanthos L. 55, 56, 183 papuana Kosterm. 174, 175, 192 Grey-nicker 61 spicata (Aubl.) Willd. 173 Grimaldia Schrank 138 Cynometra L. 54, 167 absus (L.) Link 140 cauliflora L. 167 opifera Schrank 138 iripa Kostel. 168, 169, 192 Guilandina L. 59 ramiflora bonduc L. 59, 61 var. bijuga 169 bonducella auct. non L. 61 var. bijuga auct. non Span. 169 nuga L. 62 paniculata Lam. 62 Gymnocladus Lam. 51 Dead Finish 37 Delonix Raf. 53, 58 regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. xviii, 58, 59, 183 haematoxylin 67 Haematoxylon 67

208 INDEX

Haematoxylum L. 53, 55, 67 Leather Jacket 166 campechianum L. 67, 184 Leguminosae Honey Locust 56 subfam. Caesalpinioideae 51 Honey Mesquite 10 subfam. Mimosoideae 51 subfam. Papilionoideae 51 Indian Siris 28 Lens phaseoloides L. 6 Inga Mill. 1 Leucaena Benth. 1, 2, 16 fasciculata Willd. 33 glabrata Rose 17 moniliformis DC. 49 glauca (Willd.) Benth. 16 pterocarpa DC. 58 leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit xiii, 16 saman (Jacq.) Willd. 32 subsp. glabrata (Rose) Zárate 17, 181 Intsia Thouars 54, 171 subsp. leucocephala 17, 18, 180 bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze 87, 172, 173, 192 var. glauca 17 madagascariensis DC. 171 var. salvadorensis 17 Ironwood 70 Lysiphyllum (Benth.) de Wit 160, 161 binatum (Blanco) de Wit 165 carronii (F.Muell.) Pedley 163 Jalmbalmbuj 49 cunninghamii (Benth.) de Wit 160, 163 Jerusalem Thorn 69 gilvum (F.M.Bailey) Pedley 164, 197 hookeri (F.Muell.) Pedley 164 Katjuwa 29 Kirrimi 20 Mackay Cedar 36 Kurakura 26 Macrolobium bijugum Colebr. 173 Malla Waundie 40 Labichea Gaudich. ex DC. 50, 54, 146 Mangrove, Wrinkle Pod 169 bipunctata Paxton 153 Maniltoa Scheff. 54, 169 brassii C.T.White & W.D.Francis 146, 148, 190 grandiflora (A.Gray) Scheff. 169 buettneriana 146 lenticellata C.T.White 88, 170, 171, 192 buettneriana F.Muell. 146, 148, 151, 190 var. villosa Verdc. 171 cassioides Gaudich. ex DC. 146, 147, 190 schefferi K.Schum. 171 deserticola J.H.Ross 146, 150, 190 Match Box Bean 6 digitata Benth. 147, 155, 191 Mesquite 10 diversifolia Meisn. Quilpie 11 var. brevifolia Meisn. 153 Velvet 11 var. longifolia Meisn. 153 Mesquite, Honey 10 diversifolia auct. non Meisn. 153 Mezoneuron Desf. 59 eremaea C.A.Gardner 147, 150, 190 brachycarpum Benth. 65 lanceolata Benth. 146, 147, 150, 152, 154, 157 glabrum Desf. 59 subsp. brevifolia (Meisn.) J.H.Ross 153, 154, hymenocarpum Prain 63 191 robustum C.T.White 62 subsp. lanceolata 153, 191 scortechinii F.Muell. 63 nitida Benth. 85, 147, 152, 190 Mimosa L. 1, 2, 13 var. pinnata F.Muell. 148 diplotricha C.Wright ex Sauvalle 12, 13 obtrullata J.H.Ross 146, 154, 191 var. diplotricha 13, 180 punctata Benth. 85, 147, 156, 157, 191 distachya Vent. 35 var. lanceolata Meisn. 157 elegans Andrews 35 rupestris Benth. 86, 147, 154, 191 entada L. 7 saxicola J.H.Ross 147, 151, 152, 190 fasciculata (Willd.) Poir. 33 stellata J.H.Ross 147, 155, 191 glauca L. 16 tephrosiifolia Meisn. 147 glauca sensu L. 16 teretifolia C.A.Gardner 147, 149 invisa Mart. 13 subsp. grandistipulata J.H.Ross 149, 190 var. inermis (Adelb.) Verdc. 13 subsp. teretifolia 149, 190 f. inermis Adelb. 13 Laboucheria F.Muell. 70 invisa Mart. ex Colla 13 chlorostachya F.Muell. 70 juliflora Sw. 9 Laceflower lebbeck L. 28 Pink 41 leucocephala Lam. 16 Small-flower 44 lophantha (Willd.) Pers. 35 Veiny 44 pellita Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. 14 White 43 pigra L. 12, 13, 14, 180 Laceflower Tree 41 procera Roxb. 29 Lancewood, Red 37 pudica L. xiii, 13, 14 Lantern, Chinese 20 var. hispida Brenan 15, 180 Lead Tree 17 var. tetrandra (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) DC. 15, 180

209 INDEX

Mimosa pudica continued Peltophorum continued var. unijuga (Walp. & Duchass.) Griseb. 15, 180 ferrugineum (Decne.) Benth. 58 f. hispidior Benth. 15 inerme (Roxb.) Náves 58 rubricaulis Lam. 16 pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne xviii, 57, saman Jacq. 32 58, 183 scandens L. 6 Perima odorata Raf. 6 sensitiva L. 13 Petalogyne F.Muell. 157 tetrandra Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. 15 cassioides F.Muell. 159 unijuga Walp. & Duchass. 15 labicheoides (R.Br.) F.Muell. 159 venustula Dum.Cours 35 Petalostyles 157 virgata L. 20 Petalostylis R.Br. 50, 54, 157 Mimosaceae 1, 51 cassioides (F.Muell.) Symon 86, 157, 158, 159, Minijarr 49 160, 191 Mogum Mogum 41 labicheoides R.Br. 86, 157, 158, 159, 160, 191 Monkey Pod 32 var. cassioides (F.Muell.) Benth. 159 Murrulumpu 20 var. microphylla Ewart & Morrison 159 millefolium E.Pritz. 159 Native Cedar 36 spinescens E.Pritz. 159 Native Sensitive Plant 24 Phanera Lour. 160 Needlebush 20 coccinea Lour. 160 Neltuma Raf. 7 cunninghamii Benth. 163 glandulosa (Torr.) Britton & Rose 10 Pied Piper Bush 20 juliflora (Sw.) Raf. 7, 9 Piliostigma Hochst. 160, 161 velutina (Wooton) Britton & Rose 11 acidum (Reinw. ex Korth.) Benth. 162 Neptunia Lour. 1, 2, 21 malabaricum (Roxb.) Benth. 162 amplexicaulis Domin 21, 23 var. acidum (Reinw. ex Korth.) de Wit 162 f. amplexicaulis 22, 23, 181 var. malabaricum 162 f. richmondii Windler 23, 181 reticulata (DC.) Hochst. 160 depauperata Merr. 24 Pink Laceflower 41 dimorphantha Domin 21, 22, 25, 181 Pithecellobium var. clementii Domin 25 ferdinandi-muelleri Domin 47 gracilis Benth. xiv, 21, 24, 193 grandiflorum Sol. ex Benth. 41 var. major Benth. 23 hendersonii F.Muell. 43 var. villosula Benth. 24 lovellae F.M.Bailey 42 f. glandulosa Windler 24, 25, 181 lucyi (F.Muell.) Mohlenbr. 46 f. gracilis 24, 181 moniliferum (DC.) Benth. 30 major (Benth.) Windler 21, 23, 181 muellerianum (Maiden & R.T.Baker) Maiden & monosperma F.Muell. ex Benth. xiv, 21, 22, 26, Betche 43 181 pentzkeanum (Ewart) Mohlenbr. 47 oleracea Lour. 21 pruinosum Benth. 39 spicata F.Muell. 19 ramiflorum (F.Muell.) F.M.Bailey 47 Nganmarlennganmarlennyingin 20 saman (Jacq.) Benth. 32 Ngarmulurt 26 sapindoides (A.Cunn. ex Sweet) Domin 39 Northern Beantree 163 tozeri F.Muell. 41 umbellatum var. moniliforme (DC.) Miq. 49 vaillantii F.Muell. 46 Orchid Tree 162 Plant Native Sensitive 24 Paintbrush Tree 41 Sensitive 14, 25 Pararchidendron I.C.Nielsen 1, 2, 39 Pod, Monkey 32 pruinosum (Benth.) I.C.Nielsen 39 Poinciana L. 59 var. pruinosum xv, 39, 48, 182 gilliesii Wall. ex Hook. 66 Parasamanea Kosterm. 27 pulcherrima L. 59 landakensis Kosterm. 27 regia Bojer ex Hook. 59 Paraserianthes I.C.Nielsen 1, 2, 33 Poinciana lophantha (Willd.) I.C.Nielsen 35 Royal 59 subsp. lophantha xv, 33, 34, 35, 182 Thorny 66 toona (F.M.Bailey) I.C.Nielsen 34, 35, 36, 182 Prosopis L. 1, 2, 7 Parenterolobium Kosterm. 27 sect. Algarobia 8 rosulatum Kosterm. 27 chilensis (Molina) Stuntz 9 Parkinsonia L. 53, 55, 69 var. glandulosa (Torr.) Standl. 10 aculeata L. xx, 68, 69, 184 var. velutina (Wooton) Standl. 11 Pegunny 165 flexuosa auct. non DC. 11 Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth. 53, 56 glandulosa Torr. 8, 10, 11 dubium (Spreng.) Taub. 56 var. glandulosa Torr. 10, 12, 180

210 INDEX

Prosopis glandulosa continued Senna artemisioides continued var. torreyana (L.D.Benson) M.C.Johnst 10, 11 subsp. zygophylla (Benth.) Randell 108 × velutina Wooton 8, 11, 180 nothosubsp. artemisioides (DC.) Randell 105 juliflora (Sw.) DC. 7, 8, 9, 11 nothosubsp. coriacea (Benth.) Randell 109 var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell 10 nothosubsp. sturtii (R.Br.) Randell 106 var. juliflora 9, 180 australis (Vell.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 138 var. velutina (Wooton) Sarg. 11 barclayana (Sweet) Randell 93, 120, 128, 130, juliflora auct. non (Sw.) DC. 11 188 limensis Benth. 8, 193 cardiosperma (F.Muell.) Randell 95, 115, 118, pallida (Willd.) Kunth 8, 11, 12, 180, 193 187 f. armata Fosberg 8 subsp. cuthbertsonii (F.Muell.) Randell 114, palmeri S.Watson 8 195 spicigera L. 7 subsp. flexuosa Randell 114, 195 velutina Wooton 8, 9, 11, 180 subsp. gawlerensis Randell 110 Psilorhegma (Vogel) Britton & Rose subsp. manicula (Symon) Randell 116, 195 gaudichaudii (Hook. & Arn.) Degener 101 subsp. microphylla Randell 105 suffruticosa (Roth) Britton & Rose 99 subsp. pilocarina (Symon) Randell 115, 195 Pterolobium R.Br. ex Wight & Arn. 59 subsp. stowardii (S.Moore) Randell 114, 195 lacerans R.Br. 59 charlesiana (Symon) Randell 95, 102, 185, 194 nitens F.Muell. ex Benth. 65 circinnata (Benth.) Randell 96, 112, 186, 194 Purupuru 49 cladophylla (W.Fitzg.) Randell 95, 121, 187 Pusaetha Kuntze 6 clavigera (Domin) Randell 93, 128, 129, 130, 188 coronilloides (Benth.) Randell 94, 98, 185 Quilpie Mesquite 11 corymbosa (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 93, 120, 137, 189 costata (J.F.Bailey & C.T.White) Randell 94, 101, Raintree 28, 32 185 Red Bauhinia 163 curvistyla (J.Black) Randell 95, 118, 187 Red Bead Tree 4 cuthbertsonii (F.Muell.) Randell 97, 114, 187, Red Cedar 36 195 Red Lancewood 37 didymobotrya (Fresen.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 94, Red Sandalwood 4 124, 125, 188 Reichardia ?decapetala Roth. 66 ferraria (Symon) Randell 94, 102, 185, 194 Royal Poinciana 59 flexuosa (Randell) Randell 97, 114, 187, 195 × floribunda (Cav.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 84, 93, Samanea Merr. 1, 3, 32 132, 133, 188 saman (Jacq.) Merr. 32, 182 form taxon Sandalwood, Red 4 'alicia' 96, 97, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 186 Sciacassia siamea (Lam.) Britton ex Britton & 'artemisioides' 82, 96, 97, 105, 106, 107, 109, Rose 127 110, 186 Selenium Weed 23 'chatelainiana' 95, 103, 104, 113, 185 Senna Mill. 53, 55, 89, 90 'coriacea' 97, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, sect. Psilorhegma 186 ser. Subverrucosae (Benth.) Randell 92 'filifolia' 83, 96, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, sect. Senna 123 186 acclinis (F.Muell.) Randell 94, 98, 185 'gawlerensis' 97, 105, 109, 110, 186 aciphylla (Benth.) Randell 82, 94, 99, 185 'glutinosa' 95, 104, 105, 110, 113, 185 alata (L.) Roxb. 94, 124, 127, 188 'helmsii' 83, 96, 97, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, alexandrina Mill. 89 186 apomixis 90 'luerssenii' 95, 96, 97, 104, 185 appendiculata (Vogel) Wiersema 138 'microphylla' 97, 105, 185 arborescens (Vahl) Roxb. 100 'oligophylla' 83, 96, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, artemisioides 109, 110, 186 subsp. alicia Randell 108 'petiolaris' 95, 96, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, subsp. circinnata (Benth.) Randell 112, 194 186 subsp. filifolia Randell 110 'pruinosa' 81, 95, 103, 104, 185 subsp. glaucifolia Randell 113, 195 'quadrifolia' 96, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113, subsp. hamersleyensis (Symon) Randell 113, 186 195 'sturtii' 96, 97, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 186 subsp. helmsii (Symon) Randell 107 'symonii' 113 subsp. oligophylla (F.Muell.) Randell 107 'zygophylla' 83, 96, 106, 108, 109, 186 subsp. petiolaris Randell 111 gaudichaudii (Hook. & Arn.) H.S.Irwin & subsp. quadrifolia Randell 106 Barneby 94, 101, 185 subsp. stricta Randell 112, 194 glauca Roxb. 127 subsp. symonii Randell 112, 194

211 INDEX

Senna continued Senna continued glaucifolia (Randell) Randell 97, 104, 112, 113, symonii (Randell) Randell 95, 97, 109, 112, 186, 186, 195 194 glutinosa (DC.) Randell 104 timorensis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 93, 126, subsp. charlesiana (Symon) Randell 102, 194 127, 188 f. 'falcata' 103 tora (L.) Roxb. 93, 136, 137, 189 subsp. chatelainiana (Gaudich.) Randell 103 venusta (F.Muell.) Randell 84, 94, 122, 123, 188 f. 'acifolia' 103 Sensitive Plant 14, 25, 26 f. 'aplinii' 103 Native 24 subsp. ferraria (Symon) Randell 102, 194 Giant 14 subsp. pruinosa (F.Muell.) Randell 103 Serialbizzia Kosterm. 27 nothosubsp. luerssenii (Domin) Randell 104 acle (Blanco) Kosterm. 27 goniodes (A.Cunn. ex Benth.) Randell 95, 96, Serianthes Benth. 30 116, 187 Sindora Miq. 54, 175 hamersleyensis (Symon) Randell 95, 113, 187, sumatrana Miq. 175 195 supa Merr. 175, 192 heptanthera (F.Muell.) Randell 95, 117, 187 Sireb Lager 7 hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 93, 131, 133, Siris 188 Tulip 41, 43 hybrid swarms 82, 91 Yellow 38 hybridisation 91 Siris Tree 28 leptoclada (Benth.) Randell 95, 117, 187 Sleeping Tree 29 magnifolia (F.Muell.) Randell 84, 94, 125, 126, Small-flower Laceflower 44 188 Sooja nomame Siebold 141 manicula (Symon) Randell 95, 116, 187, 195 Sopropis Britton & Rose 8 multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 93, palmeri (S.Watson) Britton & Rose 8 132, 133, 134, 189 St Johns Bread 73 notabilis (F.Muell.) Randell 94, 122, 123, 125, Stinkwood 40 188 Storckiella Seem. 54, 73 obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 93, 136, australiensis J.H.Ross & B.Hyland 74, 75, 184 137, 138, 189 vitiensis Seem. 73 occidentalis (L.) Link 93, 130, 131, 188 Strombocarpa (Benth.) A.Gray 7 odorata (Morris) Randell 82, 94, 98, 185 strombulifera (Lam.) A.Gray 7 oligoclada (F.Muell.) Randell 96, 116, 117, 187 pendula (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 93, 134 Talingora 40 var. glabrata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 134, Tamarind 176 135, 137, 189 Tamarindus L. 51, 54, 176 pilocarina (Symon) Randell 97, 115, 187, 195 indica L. 88, 176, 177, 192 planitiicola (Domin) Randell 84, 93, 129, 130, Tassel Tree 41 188 Thorn, Jerusalem 69 pleurocarpa (F.Muell.) Randell 94, 121 Thorny Poinciana 66 var. angustifolia (Symon) Randell 119, 121, Thylacanthus Tul. 52 123, 188 Tree var. longifolia (Symon) Randell 119, 121, 123, Bird of Paradise 41 188 Giant Sensitive 14 var. pleurocarpa 119, 121, 187 Laceflower 41 polyploidy 90 Lead 17 procumbens Randell 95, 118, 187 Paintbrush 41 rationale for treatment 90 Siris 28, 41, 43 septemptrionalis (Viv.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 133 Sleeping 29 siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 93, 127, 188 Tassel 41 speciosa Roxb. 100 stowardii (S.Moore) Randell 97, 109, 113, 114, Veiny Laceflower 44 115, 187, 195 Velvet Mesquite 11 stricta (Randell) Randell 96, 97, 112, 186, 194 sulfurea (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 100 Wait-a-while 64, 66 surattensis (Burm.f.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 99 Warrbanji 26 subsp. retusa (Vogel) Randell 101 Wattle subsp. sulfurea (DC. ex Collad.) Randell 94, Cape 35 100, 185 Cape Leeuwin 35 subsp. surattensis 94, 100, 185 Crested 35 var. suffruticosa (Roth) Isley 100 Weed, Selenium 23 White Laceflower 43

212 INDEX

Wood, Bacon 42 Wrinkle Pod Mangrove 169

Yellow Siris 38 Yellow-nicker 62

Zenia Chun. 51 Zygia ramiflora (F.Muell.) Kosterm. 47

213

Flora of Australia — Index to families of flowering plants, current at December 1997. Bolding denotes published families/volumes.

Volume Volume Volume

Acanthaceae 33 Cabombaceae 2 Ebenaceae 10 Aceraceae 25 Cactaceae 4 Elaeagnaceae 16 Actinidiaceae 6 Caesalpiniaceae 12 Elaeocarpaceae 7 Agavaceae 46 Callitrichaceae 32 Elatinaceae 6 Aizoaceae 4 Campanulaceae 34 Epacridaceae 9 Akaniaceae 25 Cannabaceae 3 Ericaceae 9 Alangiaceae 22 Cannaceae 45 Eriocaulaceae 40 Alismataceae 39 Capparaceae 8 Erythroxylaceae 24 Aloeaceae 46 Caprifoliaceae 36 Eucryphiaceae 10 Alseuosmiaceae 10 Cardiopteridaceae 22 Euphorbiaceae 23 Amaranthaceae 5 Caryophyllaceae 5 Eupomatiaceae 2 Anacardiaceae 25 Casuarinaceae 3 Fabaceae 13,14,15 Annonaceae 2 Celastraceae 22 Fagaceae 3 Apiaceae 27 Centrolepidaceae 40 Flacourtiaceae 8 Apocynaceae 28 Cephaloteceae 10 Flagellariaceae 40 Aponogetonaceae 39 Ceratophyllaceae 2 Frankeniaceae 8 Aquifoliaceae 22 Chenopodiaceae 4 Fumariaceae 2 Araceae 39 Chrysobalanaceae 10 Gentianaceae 28 Araliaceae 27 Cistaceae 8 Geraniaceae 27 Arecaceae 39 Clusiaceae 6 Gesneriaceae 33 Aristolochiaceae 2 Combretaceae 18 Globulariaceae 32 Asclepiadaceae 28 Commelinaceae 40 Goodeniaceae 35 Asteraceae 37,38 Connaraceae 10 Grossulariaceae 10 Austrobaileyaceae 2 Convolvulaceae 30 Gunneraceae 18 Balanopaceae 3 Corsiaceae 47 Gyrostemonaceae 8 Balanophoraceae 22 Corynocarpaceae 22 Haemodoraceae 45 Basellaceae 5 Costaceae 45 Haloragaceae 18 Bataceae 8 Crassulaceae 10 Hamamelidaceae 3 Berberidaceae 2 Cucurbitaceae 8 Hanguanaceae 46 Betulaceae 3 Cunoniaceae 10 Hernandiaceae 2 Bignoniaceae 33 Cuscutaceae 30 Himantandraceae 2 Bixaceae 8 Cymodoceaceae 39 Hippocrateaceae 22 Bombacaceae 7 Cyperaceae 41,42 Hydatellaceae 45 Boraginaceae 30 Datiscaceae 8 Hydrocharitaceae 39 Brassicaceae 8 Davidsoniaceae 10 Hydrophyllaceae 30 Bromeliaceae 45 Dichapetalaceae 22 Icacinaceae 22 Brunoniaceae 35 Dilleniaceae 6 Idiospermaceae 2 Buddlejaceae 32 Dioscoreaceae 46 Iridaceae 46 Burmanniaceae 47 Dipsacaceae 36 Juncaceae 40 Burseraceae 25 Donatiaceae 34 Juncaginaceae 39 Byblidaceae 10 Droseraceae 8 Lamiaceae 31

Volume Volume Volume

Lauraceae 2 Pedaliaceae 33 Symplocaceae 10 Lecythidaceae 8 Philydraceae 45 Taccaceae 46 Leeaceae 24 Phytolaccaceae 4 Tamaricaceae 8 Lemnaceae 39 Piperaceae 2 Theaceae 6 Lentibulariaceae 33 Pittosporaceae 10 Thymelaeaceae 18 Liliaceae 45 Plantaginaceae 32 Tiliaceae 7 Limnocharitaceae 39 Plumbaginaceae 5 Tremandraceae 24 Linaceae 24 Poaceae 43,44 Trimeniaceae 2 Loganiaceae 28 Podostemaceae 18 Triuridaceae 39 Loranthaceae 22 Polemoniaceae 30 Tropaeolaceae 27 Lythraceae 18 Polygalaceae 24 Typhaceae 45 Magnoliaceae 2 Polygonaceae 5 Ulmaceae 3 Malpighiaceae 24 Pontederiaceae 45 Urticaceae 3 Malvaceae 7 Portulacaceae 5 Valerianaceae 36 Melastomataceae 18 Posidoniaceae 39 Verbenaceae 30 Meliaceae 26 Potamogetonaceae 39 Violaceae 8 Melianthaceae 25 Primulaceae 10 Viscaceae 22 Menispermaceae 2 Proteaceae 16,17 Vitaceae 24 Menyanthaceae 30 Rafflesiaceae 22 Winteraceae 2 Mimosaceae 11,12 Ranunculaceae 2 Xanthophyllaceae 24 Molluginaceae 5 Resedaceae 8 Xanthorrhoeaceae 46 Monimiaceae 2 Restionaceae 40 Xyridaceae 40 Moraceae 3 Rhamnaceae 24 Zannichelliaceae 30 Moringaceae 8 Rhizophoraceae 22 Zingiberaceae 45 Musaceae 45 Rosaceae 10 Zosteraceae 39 Myoporaceae 33 Rubiaceae 36 Zygophyllaceae 26 Myristicaceae 2 Ruppiaceae 39 Myrsinaceae 10 Rutaceae 26 Myrtaceae 19,20,21 Salicaceae 8 Najadaceae 39 Santalaceae 22 Nelumbonaceae 2 Sapindaceae 25 Nepenthaceae 8 Sapotaceae 10 Nyctaginaceae 4 Saxifragaceae 10 Nymphaeaceae 2 Scrophulariaceae 32 Ochnaceae 6 Simaroubaceae 25 Olacaceae 22 Smilacaeae 46 Oleaceae 32 Solanaceae 29 Onagraceae 18 Sonneratiaceae 18 Opiliaceae 22 Sparganiaceae 45 Orchidaceae 47 Sphenocleaceae 34 Orobanchaceae 32 Stackhousiaceae 22 Oxalidaceae 27 Stemonaceae 46 Pandanaceae 39 Sterculiaceae 7 Papaveraceae 2 Stylidiaceae 34 Passifloraceae 8 Surianaceae 10