The Ethnobotany of the Midzichenda Tribes of the Coastal Forest Areas in Kenya: 1
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South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69(3): 370–381 Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd Printed in South Africa — All rights reserved SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY ISSN 0254–6299 The ethnobotany of the Midzichenda tribes of the coastal forest areas in Kenya: 1. General perspective and non-medicinal plant uses M Pakia and JA Cooke* School of Life and Environmental Sciences, George Campbell Building, University of Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 12 December 2002, accepted in revised form 2 April 2003 The coastal forests of Kenya represent a rare and threat- the Midzichenda for basic domestic needs, cultural obli- ened forest type, rich in biodiversity, with an estimated gations and to understand their natural environment. In flora of over 3 000 plant taxa, of which about 550 taxa addition some forest plant resources are traded at a low are endemic. The existing forest patches include sacred scale by some members of the community. The plant kaya forests, which are the historical forest village usage is based on ‘fitness’ for purpose, as well as on homes of Midzichenda tribes. Living in the kaya forest traditional virtues (faith, traditions and taboos) in the villages, the Midzichenda have had diverse experiences Midzichenda social system. There is a significant rela- over generations, giving rise to a rich traditional knowl- tionship between utility and labelling of plant taxa, but edge of plants. This paper presents some of this tradi- utility is not the only basis used in the traditional plant tional knowledge of plants among three Midzichenda classification. Some traditional preparation procedures tribes: Duruma, Giriama and Digo. The plant resources of plants for usage are important and can be justified by found in the forest areas are significantly important to orthodox science. Introduction The coastal forests of Kenya are part of the ‘ancient coastal current and future generations (Hutchings et al. 1996). The vegetation mosaic’ of eastern Africa, which is rich in biodi- need to systematically document indigenous knowledge on versity and forms one of the most important biological sys- traditional plant use cannot be over-exaggerated (Van Wyk tems in the world (Robertson and Luke 1993). Mugabe and 2002), hence the necessity to see conservation areas Clark (1998) noted in general terms that most of Africa’s bio- through the eyes of the plant resource users (Cunningham diversity is a source of cultural development, as plants and 2001), and for ethnobotanical studies to be seen as indis- animals play specific major roles in the cultural evolution of pensable to many conservation and management issues. In local human societies. Despite its biotic capital, Africa is the the recent past, ethnobotanical studies have gained momen- World’s poorest continent, experiencing economic decline tum in Africa (Cunningham and Höft 1997) and at the and food insecurity. These problems result, in part, from Kenyan coast a number of ethnobotanical publications have environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity (Mugabe been produced (Greenway 1940, Glover et al. 1969, and Clark 1998). Although debates on sustainable develop- Schmidt 1991, Beentje 1994, Heine and Legáere 1995). ment have taken place since the 1992 World Summit in Rio, This study presents an overview of the traditonal plant loss and degradation of natural habitats in Africa have con- knowledge of Midzichenda tribes, through a qualitative tinued unabated (Balmford et al. 2002), mainly through over- analysis of plant labelling and usage, and is presented in two exploitation and habitat change. papers. In this first paper, non-medicinal plant uses (build- In Kenya there are about 70 coastal forest patches ing, food, crafting, tying material, poison, symbolic etc.) and (Burgess et al. 1998) and these include the kaya forests, the the general perspectives of the traditional plant knowledge historical forest village homes of Midzichenda tribes estab- system (plant identification and classification) are discussed. lished in the 16th Century (Spear 1978). After living in and The medicinal plant usage, which was noted to be the most interacting with the natural forest for centuries, the important category of use is addressed separately in a sec- Midzichenda developed a rich heritage of traditional plant ond paper. knowledge. However, information on the interaction between plants and people, folk taxonomies, and plant-related Material and Methods mythology still remain poorly recorded (Van Wyk 2002). The major current concern is the rapid loss of this traditional Ethnobotanical information was collected by interviewing 18 knowledge before it is accurately recorded for the benefit of reputable persons in the community, whose profession South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69(3): 370–381 371 involved significant contact with and good knowledge of forests, specifically the Digo, Duruma and Giriama. The plants: kaya elders, local healers, house constructors and plant families Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae were the most blacksmiths. Ethnobotanical information on the Digo was utilised (Figure 1). The main plant-use categories, based on gathered from eight respondents in six kaya forest areas the number of taxa used in each category (utility index), in and four respondents in other nearby forest areas. These descending order of importance were: building/timber, craft, respondents were interviewed between April 1995 and food, tying material, symbolic and poison. It is worth noting February 1996. Three Duruma respondents in kaya here that in this analysis, two of the major uses (medici- Mtswakara and three Giriama respondents in kaya Fungo nal/magical and firewood) have been excluded. On the basis were interviewed between March 1998 and June 1999. of plant parts used (for the above listed uses), the stem was These 18 respondents are listed in the citations. Interviews the most important and the latex was the least important. were conducted with an individual respondent while walking The relative importance of each main use category (utility along specific transects in the forests, crossing through pre- index) and the relative importance of each plant part (plant- determined different vegetation types, thus allowing for iden- part index) is summarised in Table 1. tifying and discussing as many different plant taxa as possi- ble. Ethnobotanical information collected included: vernacu- Plants for building and timber lar names of plants, plant uses, harvesting procedures and The species used for building residential houses, granaries, preparation methods. Differences between respondents livestock yards and sacred huts are selected from among were considered intra-cultural diversity and most of the infor- tree and shrub species that have strong, hard and durable mation gathered was considered genuine, except where, by wood. Cynometra suaheliensis, Cynometra webberi, subjective assessment, the information seemed unreliable. Manilkara sulcata, Craibia brevicaudata and Scorodophloeus fischeri are a few notable examples. Results and Discussion General plant usage among the Midzichenda KEY: Plant Family Codes The information concerning the species names, uses and 25 1. Fabaceae other anecdotal evidence from the respondents were com- 2. Euphorbiaceae bined into an ethnobotanical inventory, which is presented 3. Rubiaceae 20 4. Poaceae as Appendix 1. The species in the inventory have been 5. Apocynaceae grouped according to plant families. The species within each 6. Ebenaceae 7. Sapotaceae family are arranged alphabetically. After each scientific 15 name, the vernacular name is given, with an abbreviation of 8. Combretaceae 9. Moraceae the dialect i.e. ‘Dur’ for Duruma, ‘Gir’ for Giriama, and ‘Dig’ 10. Sapindaceae for Digo. All the plant names and plant uses by the different 10 tribal groups are given (except for medicinal and magical values), including alternative names and uses either given NUMBER OF TAXA USED 5 by the same or different respondents. The authors’ conclu- sions from the ethnobotanical data collected were based upon a qualitative analysis of the information given by the 12345678910 respondents. PLANT FAMILIES (coded, see key) In this study a total of 184 taxa, in 58 plant families, were recorded to be of ethnobotanical importance, exclusive of medicinal values, to communities living around the kaya Figure 1: Important plant families for general ethnobotanical use Table 1: Number of plant taxa used for each use-category and for each plant part Plant-part used Stem Fruits Leaves Roots Bark Latex Whole plant Relative utility-index Use category (100% = 239) Building/timber 63 0 0 0 0 0 5 28.5% Craft/carving 42 1 4 3 0 1 1 21.8% Food/spices 1 37 10 3 0 0 0 21.3% Tying material 8 0 5 0 7 0 0 8.4% Symbolic 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.9% Poison 0 1 2 0 0 1 3 2.9% Tabooed for certain use 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2.9% Cosmetics 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1.3% Meteorological indicators 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2.1% Other uses 6 3 4 0 0 2 4 7.9% Relative plant-part index (100% = 239) 53.1% 18.0% 10.9% 2.9% 2.9% 1.7% 10.5% 372 Pakia and Cooke Although stems make up most of the building materials used son. The wild fruits locally commercialised include: (Table 1), specific reeds (Cyperus exaltatus) and grasses Ancylobotrys petersiana, Dialium orientale, Saba comoren- (Panicum maximum and Panicum sp.) are used for roof sis, Syzygium guineense and Landolphia kirkii. Collection of thatching. Hardwood and good quality timber species wild fruit for consumption in a household was usually carried (Afzelia quanzensis, Milicia excelsa) are prefered for timber. out by children. However, because these species are becoming rare due to Wild food plants utilised for their leaves are mainly the over-exploitation, other species (Brachystegia spiciformis, vegetable species which include: Amaranthus sp., Solanum Albizia spp. and Syzygium guineense) are becoming alter- nigrum, Launea cornuta, Oxygonum sp, Bidens pilosa, native sources of sawn timber.