Damage of Railway Structures due to 2011 Great East Earthquake

Jun IZAWA Earthquake and Structural Engineering Lab. Railway Technical Research Institute

Railway Technical Research Institute 1 Topics

1. Progress of Aseismic Techniques for Railway Structures 2. Damage due to 2011 Great East Japan EQ. (1) Damage of Structures due to Seismic Wave (2) Damage of Electric Power Poles (3) Damage due to Tsunami Attack (4) Soil Liquefaction in Tokyo Bay area 3. Running Simulation of a train 4. Urgent Earthquake Detection & Alarm System

Railway Technical Research Institute 2 Earthquake chronology in Japan Year Earthquake Ｍ Japanese railways have experienced 1923 Great Kanto EQ 7.9 many huge earthquakes. 1927 Kita-Tango 7.3 1930 Kita-Izu 7.3 1948 Fukui 7.1 Aseismic techniques 1952 Tokachi-Oki 8.2 have been developed. 1961 Kita-Mino 7.0 1964 Niigata 7.5 1968 Tokachi 7.9 1978 Izu Ohsima Kinkai 7.0 1978 Miyagi-Oki 7.4 1982 Uraga-Oki 7.1 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu 7.7 1993 Hokaido-Nansei-Oki 7.8 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu 7.2 2000 Tottoki-ken Seibu 7.3 2003 Sanriku-Minami 7.0 2003 Tokachi-Oki 8.0 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu 6.8 2007 Niigata-ken Chuetsu-Oki 6.8 Railway Technical Research Institute 3 2011 Great East Japan EQ.

Earthquakes over M 7 hit the East Japan Area 4 times a day!!!

M 7.4, 3:08 p.m. M 9.0, Main Shock, 2:46 p.m. M 7.5, 3:25 p.m. M 7.7, 3:15 p.m.

Many after shocks hit the disaster area again and again.

Railway Technical Research Institute 4 Damage due to main shock

1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu EQ. 2011 Great East Japan EQ.

JR Kobe Line

Shear Failure Bending Failure

brittle failure ductile failure Easy to repair CountermeasureWorks

Railway Technical Research Institute 5 After shock

（ K-NET Kitakami） 5000 Main shock(11th March) ) l ) a

l Design earthquake a G ( g

( 1000 (Railway standard)

n o 度 i t

a 500 速 r e 加 l e 答 c c 応 スペクトルII After shock(7th April) A K-NET北上（NS方向） 100 3/11本震 4/7余震 50 0.1 0.5 1 5 Period周期 (sec) (sec) Elastic response spectrum Almost the same scale after shock occurred in 7th April.

Railway Technical Research Institute 6 Damage due to After shock

3.11 after main shock

4.7第 after２愛宕 theＢＬ largest、Ｒ３ after shock

Railway Technical Research Institute 7 Damage of the Nagamachi viaduct

新青森

八戸

いわて沼宮内

盛岡

北上

一ノ関

新幹線総合 車両センター 仙台 St. 福島

郡山

那須塩原

宇都宮

小山

大宮 東京

Railway Technical Research Institute 8 Damage of the Nagamachi viaduct

Tohoku Shinkansen

Tohoku Line Local Service

Railway Technical Research Institute 9 Damage due to seismic wave

Tohoku Shinkansen Tohoku line Local service Designed with the old Standard Designed with the Current Standard In 1970s.

Damaged

Railway Technical Research Institute 10 Soil Liquefaction

Many electric poles collapsed due to seismic intensity.

Restoration took long time as compared with other structures.

Railway Technical Research Institute 11 Damage due to After shock Main shock(11th March) After shock(7th April)

【凡 例】 土木 電気 新青森 【凡 例】 新青森 土木 50箇所 八戸 電気 八戸 50箇所 １0箇所 いわて沼宮内 いわて沼宮内 １0箇所 １箇所 盛岡 盛岡 盛岡 盛岡 １箇所 北北上上 北上北上

一ノ関 一ノ関

新幹線総合 新幹線総合 仙台 車両センター 仙台 車両センター 仙台 仙台

福島 福島

郡山 郡山

那須塩原 那須塩原 宇都宮 宇都宮

小山 小山

大宮 大宮 東京 東京

Referred from Web site of JR East（http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/earthquake/index.html） Railway Technical Research Institute 12 Damage due to After shock

Shin-Aomori Fully opened 新青森 盛岡～新青森 八戸

on April 29, 2011 March３月２２日運 22転再開 いわて沼宮内 Morioka

Suspended 48 days 盛岡 一ノ関～盛岡 after the earthquake 北上 福島～一ノ関 ４April月７日に運転 7再開予定 一ノ関 ４April月下旬までに 29は運転再開予定 新幹線総合 車両センター 仙台 那須塩原～福島 福島 Sendai ４April月１２日頃 12に運転再開予定 郡山

那須塩原

宇都宮 Omiya 大宮～那須塩原 小山 ３March月１５日運転再開 15

大宮 東京～大宮 東京 March３月１２日 12運転再開 Given【凡 例】 by JR-East 土木 電気

50箇所

１0箇所 Tokyo １箇所

Railway Technical Research Institute 13 Damages of Tohoku Shinkansen

Shin-Aomori St.

22th March Morioka St.

7th April

29th March Ichinoseki St.

Sendai St. 12th April Fukushima St.

Nasu-Shiobara St.

Ohmiya St. 15th March

12th March Damaged Structures Damaged Electric Poles Tokyo St. http://www.jreast.co.jp/pdf/restore02.pdf Railway Technical Research Institute 14 Damage of Local Lines

Shin-Aomori St. Attacked by Tusnami St. JR

Morioka St. JR Yamada Line

JR Line JR Sendai St. Field TripArea

Fukushima St.

http://www.jreast.co.jp/pdf/restore02.pdf Railway Technical Research Institute 15 Damage by Tsunami

JR Yamada Line Heigawa Bridge

The bridge girder was washed away by Tsunami.

Railway Technical Research Institute 16 Damage by Tsunami

JR Tsuyagawa Bridge

The bridge girder was washed away and the piers were overturned by force of Tsunami.

Railway Technical Research Institute 17 Damage by Tsunami

Senseki-Sen,

Some rigid flame viaducts bore tsunami.

Railway Technical Research Institute 18 Damage by Tsunami

JR Kesen-numa Line Minami-Kesennuma St.

JR Kesennuma Line Tsuyagawa Bridge

No passengers on the trains were killed. Train Crews properly guided passengers to refuge from Tsunami.

Railway Technical Research Institute 19 Soil Liquefaction

) 1000 2011 Great East Japan EQ. . l 新青森 a Tokyo Bay(K-NET URAYASU) 八戸 G ) l ( a n g

( いわて沼宮内 o i

t 0 度 a 盛岡 r 速 e l 加 北上 e c

c Max. Acc. =156gal 一ノ関 -1000 A 0 100 200 300 新幹線総合 時間 (秒) 車両センター Time(sec.) 仙台 福島

郡山

) 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu EQ. . 1000 l 那須塩原 a Kobe city (Kobe JMA)

G 宇都宮 ) ( l About 350km a n

g 小山 o ( i

t 0 大宮 度 a 東京 r 速 e Tokyo Bay l 加 e c c Max. Acc. = 818gal

A -1000 0 100 200 300 Time(sec.)時間 (秒) Comparison between 2011 Great East Japan EQ. and 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu EQ. Railway Technical Research Institute 20 Soil Liquefaction We are here now.

Tokyo St.

JR Keiyo Line Shin-Urayasu St.

About 12km From Tokyo St.

Tokyo Disney Resort Heavy liquefaction area

Railway Technical Research Institute 21 Soil Liquefaction

Heavy Sand boil

http://www.nikkei.com/ Sand boil and settlement of houses

Plenty of mud

Uplift of manhole Railway Technical Research Institute 22 Soil Liquefaction

No damage was observed in viaducts which runs at heavy liquefaction area Because viaducts were designed in consideration of liquefaction in 1970s.

Railway Technical Research Institute 23 Urgent Earthquake Detection & Alarm System

Running Simulation of a train

Railway Technical Research Institute 24 Urgent Earthquake Detection & Alarm System

Arrival of S-wave

Detection of P-wave

80 Detection points

3 sec. Surplus time Alarm Stop train running Before big shock Estimate of Magnitude And Location of Focus

Estimate of Power Damage shut down Railway Technical Research25 Institute 25 A New System for Early Earthquake Warning

About 180 Japan A new method of estimating Japan Meteorological epicenter distance and magnitude Meteorological Agency Agency Seismic P-wave detected P-wave Epicenter

Seismic Stations e Sensor ) Amplification rate

d e distance l Seismic u a t i c l

Source s

p c i m m A

Seismic P-wave h e t t

i Amplitude r u l S-wave a o g s o l b 1 second (

A

Amplitude & Magnitude Epicenter distance Several seconds after Railway earthquake detected Several minutes after companies STOP! GO! earthquake detected Train control system,etc Feeding current cut off, OR trains stopped Round instructions issued; feeding current and trains restarted GO! Train operation continuedRailway Technical Research26 Institute 26 Derailment

Simulation software named “DIASTARS“ Dynamic Interaction Analysis for Shinkansen Train And Railway Structures Viaduct behaviors Truck behavior

Railway Technical Research Institute 27 Damage of railway structures due to 2011 Great East Japan EQ. was relatively small because of proper countermeasure works and seismic design method.

Some characteristic damages were observed, such as Damage due to after shocks Damage of electric power poles Liquefaction due to low acceleration and long duration earthquake Tsunami Attack. Now, we have investigated causes and mechanisms of such phenomena.

Railway Technical Research Institute 28 The End

Railway Technical Research Institute 29