Sport Policy, Citizenship and the Social Integration of Immigrants in Denmark
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Sport Policy, Citizenship and the Social Integration of Immigrants in Denmark By Ioannis Chatzopoulos Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University 24 June 2019 © by Ioannis Chatzopoulos (2019) Certificate of Originality Thesis Access Conditions and Deposit Agreement Students should consult the guidance notes on the electronic thesis deposit and the access conditions in the University’s Code of Practice on Research Degree Programmes Author……Ioannis Chatzopoulos ……...………………………………………………………………………………… ……………..……. Title……Sport Policy, Citizenship and the Social Integration of Immigrants in Denmark ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………….. I [Ioannis Chatzopoulos], “the Depositor”, would like to deposit [Sport, Citizenship and the Social Integration of Immigrants in Denmark], hereafter referred to as the “Work”, once it has successfully been examined in Loughborough University Institutional Repository Status of access OPEN Moratorium Period…………………………………years, ending…………../…………20………………………. Status of access approved by (CAPITALS): BARRIE HOULIHAN ……………………………………………………………… Supervisor (Signature)…… ……… …...…………………………………... 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Author's signature Date: 24 June 2019 user’s declaration: for signature during any Moratorium period (Not Open work): I undertake to uphold the above conditions: Date Name (CAPITALS) Signature Address Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Emeritus Professor Barrie Houlihan, for the creative collaboration we have had throughout the writing of this dissertation and especially for his kindness, his helpful advice, his warm support and the unparalleled patience in difficulties encountered. I would also like to thank my co-supervisor, Dr. Borja Garcia-Garcia, and the annual reviewer, Dr. Carolynne Mason, for their remarkable suggestions during their annual review that led to the improvement of the dissertation's thesis and its general upgrading. In addition, I very much thank Malmö University Professor Kjell Eriksson for his advice and encouragement at the initial stage of my PhD that led to the submission of a research proposal to Loughborough University and then to my networking with the Scandinavian academic world as well as the Professor Bjarne Ibsen for his particularly important advisory role in this doctoral dissertation and his hospitality at the University of Southern Denmark. At the same time, I would like to express my acknowledgements to Professor Sine Agergaard and Associate Professor Lone Friis Thing for hosting me at the Aarhus and Copenhagen Universities respectively during my research trips to Denmark. Also, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues Dr. Stavros Afionis, postdoctoral researcher at Leeds University, Dr. Christos Ziogas, teaching fellow at the Department of International, European and Regional Studies at Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, as well as Lisa Merete Kristensen, PhD student at the University of Southern Denmark, for providing critical scientific and journalistic articles and books to which I did not have direct access. Moreover, I would like to thank Lars Grønvall Foldspang and Lasse Meyer, civil servants at the economic services of Copenhagen Municipality, for providing me significant statistical information. Furthermore, I would like to thank Christian Tolstrup Jensen, PhD student at the University of South-Eastern Norway, for providing a significant assistance with the translation of Danish documents into English. Finally, I would like to express my sincere acknowledgements to all the interviewees, especially Poul Broberg, Preben Astrup, Jens Christian Algreen-Petersen, Henriette Gaardbo, Camilla Graversgaard Nielsen, Pia Allerslev, Stephanie Piontek, Katrine Borg Albertsen, Katrine Syppli Kohl and Marianne Kennild i who contributed to the authenticity of this dissertation. Last but not least I would like to thank Ilias Tsontzoras for his valuable assistance in the layout design of the thesis. Besides those directly involved in the preparation of this dissertation, I would like to warmly thank my family for their unselfish and unwavering support throughout my doctoral studies. ii Contents Certificate of Originality Acknowledgements……………………………………………………… ………... i Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Aims of Research 1 1.2 The Political Significance of Immigration in Denmark 2 1.3 Sport and Integration in the Scandinavian Context 9 1.4 The Danish Contemporary State and Sport 12 1.5 Structure of the Thesis 15 Chapter 2 Theoretical Review 2.1 Aim of the Chapter 18 2.2 Power 18 2.3 Macro-Level Theories 23 2.3.1 Neo-Corporatism 24 2.3.2 Neo-Pluralism 26 2.4 Meso-Level Theories 29 2.4.1 Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) 30 2.4.2 Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) 33 2.5 Citizenship Theories in the Scandinavian Context 37 2.6 Conclusion 39 Chapter 3 Historical Review 3.1 Aims of the Chapter 43 3.2 The Decline of Danish Corporatism and the Rise 44 of the New Public Management 3.3 Social Policy Characteristics in Denmark in the 47 Period 1970-2018 3.3.1 1970-1982: Denmark within the European 49 Community Sphere: The first challenges in immigration and sport 3.3.1.1 Immigration 49 3.3.1.2 Sport 51 3.3.2 1983-1992: The Further Politicization of Immigration 53 and Sport 3.3.2.1 Immigration 53 3.3.2.2 Sport 55 3.3.3 1993-2000: Changes in Immigration and Integration 57 Strategies Based on the Labour Market Framework 3.3.3.1 Immigration 57 3.3.3.2 Sport 60 iii 3.3.4 2001-2018: The Tightening of Integration Policies 61 under International and Economic Crisis 3.3.4.1 Immigration 61 3.3.4.2 Sport 68 3.4 Conclusion 72 Chapter 4 Methodology 4.1 Aim of the Chapter 75 4.2 Ontology-Epistemology 75 4.3 Research Design 80 4.4 Methodology 84 4.5 Research Methods 86 4.5.1 Interviews 86 4.5.2 Documentary Analysis 92 4.6 Translation of Documents 96 4.7 Conclusion 98 Chapter 5 Organizational and Political Structure of Sport in Denmark 5.1 Aim of the Chapter 100 5.2 National Government Sport Strategy 100 5.3 Associationalism 103 5.4 Sport and the Local Government 109 5.5 Conclusion 117 Chapter 6 Aarhus 6.1 Introduction 119 6.1.1 Socio-Economic Identity 119 6.1.2 Sports Life in Aarhus 122 6.1.3 Municipal Organisation 124 6.1.3.1 Mayor and Municipal Council 124 6.1.3.2 Funding welfare and sport in Aarhus 125 6.1.3.3 Sports within the Aarhus Administration 127 6.1.3.4 Aarhus’ Integration Policy 128 6.2 Municipal Projects on Social Integration-putting