The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies vol. 12, no. 2, 2013

Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites and Polluting Enterprises before 1950

Anne-Sofie Fleischer Michaelsen,Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, University, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: In Denmark, the local environmental authorities have had an obligation to survey areas for soil contamination since the early 1980s. Through the years, detecting and locating old dumpsites and gathering historical information on them have been very dependent on old aerial photographs. As a result, the environmental authorities only have little knowledge of dumpsites operating before the mid-1950s. This study describes the utility of various historical sources for surveying of old dumpsites in the former -Maaløv near . The minute books of the Council and the Health Commission in the municipality were used. In order to locate two dumpsites mentioned in the minute books and gather information on them, the fol- lowing additional sources were used: Old census papers, index cards from tax assessments of real property, income tax returns, writings from local history societies on the former villages, recorded memories told by senior citizens and jubilee publications from homeowners’ associations together with old cadastral maps, old topographical maps, and old aerial photographs plus a comparison of terrain heights in a topographical military map from 1900 and the Danish Elevation Model from 2005-2007. The minute books of the Council and the Health Commission contain information on 31 dumpsites and 15 possible dumpsites of very different characteristics. Only a few of the dumpsites were already known by the local environmental authorities. In addition, the minute books and the index cards for properties contain much information which can be used for surveying of other activities in the past that may have caused soil contamination e.g. former industrial enterprises.

Keywords: Dumpsite, soil contamination, surveying, health commission, minute book, elevation model, Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality, Denmark.

The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies, ISSN 1602-2297 http://www.journal-tes.dk/ Michaelsen: Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites ....

1. Introduction The counties’ knowledge was based on reports In Denmark, the local environmental authorities from the in the early 1980s. Ex- have an obligation to survey areas for soil con- perience shows that these reports do not include tamination in accordance with the Danish Soil all old dumpsites (Københavns Amtskommune Contamination Act (Jordforureningsloven 2013). 1986; Københavns Amt 1997; Holt 2012a; Holt The survey of areas for soil contamination caused by 2012b). The reports mainly contain information activities in the past e.g. dumpsites and industrial on dumpsites with a file in the municipal record enterprises has been performed since 1982. The act system or dumpsites the staff could remember. The defines areas of priority for public action to avoid the reports were made when the Danish Ministry of the damaging effect of soil contamination. This includes Environment in 1980 asked the counties to register surveying. The act concerns areas where there is soil old dumpsites in order to investigate the effects contamination which may have a harmful effect on the environment from any deposited or buried on groundwater within an area with special drink- chemical waste (Københavns Amtskommune 1986). ing water interest or a catchment area for a public The primary purpose of the municipal reports was water supply plant or may have a harmful effect on therefore to obtain information on old dumpsites people in an area containing housing, child care where there was either knowledge of or a possibility centers or public playing fields. The act has recently of deposited chemical waste. This has probably led been changed, and now it includes areas with soil to a greater focus on large dumpsites, since it was contamination which may have a harmful effect on widely believed that the possibility of deposition of surface water and international nature protection chemical waste on these sites was very high. areas. Generally, contamination of groundwater is given the highest priority in extensively urbanized Several counties and municipalities have since car- areas (Danske Regioner 2010). ried out a more systematic detection and location of the old dumpsites, mainly based on examinations of Areas with an increased background concentration old aerial photographs. The reason for these efforts of immobile contaminants, usually polycyclic aro- was primarily due to the landfill gas explosion in a matic hydrocarbons (PAH’s) and heavy metals, are house in 1991 next to an old dumpsite in Skelling- classified by the local environmental authorities as sted in Denmark, and to assess the risk of landfill “lightly contaminated” without warranting an indi- gas explosion hazards (Københavns Amt 1997). vidual registration of each property (Miljøstyrelsen However, old aerial photographs have shortcom- 2007). These areas are typically urban areas in 1945 ings in relation to the detection and location of old (Danske Regioner 2010). dumpsites in Denmark, especially in urban areas.

In recent years, a number of soil contamination cases Dumpsites operating until the late 1920s were carried out by the local environmental authorities used in a period where no aerial photographs were have surfaced because old abandoned dumpsites un- taken. Dumpsites operating from the early 1930s to expectedly and accidentally were found in developed the early 1950s were used in a period where aerial areas (Michaelsen 1987-2003). photographs were only taken in a few selected years and have a poorer picture quality compared to aerial In the 1980s and early 1990s, the old dumpsites photographs taken during and after 1954. It can received a great deal of attention from the former be difficult to get aerial photographs of operating Danish counties (abolished in 2007), and many dumpsites and aerial photographs where the deposit counties expected that all significant dumpsites in appears clearly relating to the early 1930s to the early environmental terms were surveyed (Miljøstyrelsen 1950s. In addition, the small dumpsites and the 2000b). The author estimates that the counties’ ef- traces of them are almost impossible to spot on aerial forts mainly resulted in knowledge of large and new- photographs from this period if one is not aware of er dumpsites, while primarily small, older dumpsites their existence and geographical location in advance. remained undetected. This is due to the methods used for detecting and locating the dumpsites. Large dumpsites in operation and traces after them are easier to spot on aerial photographs due to their size. In addition, the deposition on large dumpsites

30 The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies (TES) often has been going on for several years. The deposi- and carbon dioxide can be detected and the landfill tion, or part of it, has in many cases happened later gas can be a potential threat for buildings etc. on than on many small dumpsites. This makes it often the dumpsite (Bote 2013). Some of the older dump- possible to obtain aerial photographs of large dump- sites that have not been detected yet may therefore sites from different years and aerial photographs represent a significant overlooked risk to human from years where the picture quality is good. health and the environment, especially dumpsites with municipal waste or with household waste and It is not easy to identify abandoned dumpsites on other kinds of waste from a homeowners’ associa- old aerial photographs, when the dumpsites are lo- tion or a village. cated within urban areas. Thus, it is more difficult to see traces of former dumpsite activity in gardens, When the local environmental authorities do not industrial areas, developed areas and sealed areas know about the dumpsites, they cannot act on the than in agricultural fields without crops and green environmental risks, and when the local environ- areas covered with grass. It is also more difficult to mental authorities become aware of the dumpsites identify dumpsites on old aerial photographs, where during ongoing construction and maintenance the deposit occurs in a waterhole, small lake, bog, work, conditions for acting are difficult. The survey- hollow or flat ground instead of a gravel or clay pit. ing of the dumpsites provides a number of environ- mental benefits. Some examples are mentioned in As a result of the methods used in detecting and the following. locating the old dumpsites, the environmental authorities only have little knowledge of dumpsites On dumpsite areas with sensitive land use (dwell- operating before the mid-1950s. ings, allotments, holiday cottages, child care centers, schools, public playing fields and green areas), the One could argue that the large dumpsites, which local environmental authorities inform the property have primarily been operating after the mid-1950’s, owners and the users about the health risks and give pose a higher risk to human health and the environ- advice on behavior that reduces the risks, where the ment, because they contain more chemicals and soil contamination has exceeded the values when no younger waste and therefore pollute more. However, risks are expected; the Danish quality criteria for soil site investigations carried out in Denmark include (Miljøstyrelsen 2000a; Miljøstyrelsen 2010). On many dumpsites without chemical waste and sev- dumpsite areas with very sensitive land use, the local eral older dumpsites and the results show that the environmental authorities carry out remediation, investigated dumpsites within this category pose a where the soil contamination has exceeded the val- risk to human health in areas with sensitive land use. ues, when the exposure should be cut off; the Danish In several of the dumpsites, the risk is due to, for cut-off criteria for soil contamination (Miljøstyrelsen example, high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic 2000a; Miljøstyrelsen 2010), and where landfill gas hydrocarbons (PAH’s) and heavy metals in the waste. poses a fire and explosion hazard. Because of low mobility and low biodegradability, PAH’s and heavy metals remain in the waste (Bote Environmental considerations can be included in 2013). The site investigations also show that a num- planning of construction and maintenance works ber of the dumpsites pose a risk to groundwater. from the very beginning. This allows more time for engineering studies on the dumpsite as well as more Waste from gasworks, the production of fertilizer, time for the local environmental authorities to assess tanning etc. can be the source of high concentra- conditions for the work. Property owners, develop- tions of specific substances, but ordinary household ers and builders avoid work stops and exceeding of waste is also a source of heavy metals, inorganic schedules and financial budgets. compounds and environmentally harmful organic substances including PAH’s in fill and leachate (Bote The local environmental authorities avoid the cases 2013). Furthermore, household waste and other where old dumpsites are unexpectedly and randomly types of waste with a high content of organic mat- found in housing areas. Such cases are resource ter are the source of landfill gas production. Even intensive, partly because the soil contamination, in older dumpsites, high concentrations of methane even at small dumpsites, usually comprises several

31 Michaelsen: Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites .... properties and people and partly because the cases The study has focused on the utility of the afore- often get attention from journalists and politicians mentioned minute books and writings on local and typically must be solved under considerable time history for detecting and locating old dumpsites pressure (Michaelsen 1987-2003). and gathering historical information on them. It has also included other historical sources, among them Another issue is the gathering of historical informa- old municipal records from tax levy on income and tion on the individual old dumpsites in connection real property. with surveying and investigating areas with soil contamination. The reports from the municipali- In addition, the study has used a different approach ties contain generally only little information on the in the detection phase compared to the approach individual dumpsites. The information has to be used hitherto by the local environmental authorities gathered from many different sources, which often for old dumpsites and other activities in the past are difficult to use. However, the time and money that may have caused soil contamination. In the that normally is spent on gathering historical in- method used hitherto, information on potential formation result in considerable limitations in the soil contamination sites in the geographical detec- collection of data, and that valuable information tion area has been gathered separately for each site. on the individual dumpsites is not gathered and In the study, there are both gathered information included in the work. on the individual dumpsites and on the utilisation, handling and transport of waste and the municipal Some historical sources are not structured by proper- waste management throughout the detection area ties but by geographical areas, e.g. minute books of in a historical perspective. the health commission and the council in the former municipalities, the health regulations of the former To take advantage of the historical sources in the municipalities, jubilee publications published by most suitable way, the study has gathered informa- homeowners’ associations, books and articles pub- tion on dumpsites in a geographical area which con- lished by local history societies and recorded memo- sists of a municipality before the local government ries told by senior citizens. Usually, these historical reform in 1970. Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality was sources are not examined because the work of finding chosen as a test area. This is a former rural munici- information on a single dumpsite is cumbersome pality, which after World War II developed into a and expensive in time and money. It has a big in- suburban municipality of Copenhagen. Information fluence on the survey and the investigations of the on dumpsites was primarily gathered from about old dumpsites that these sources not are included, 1900 to the mid-1950s when aerial photographs partly for the validity of the historical information have most shortcomings. All written sources were on each dumpsite, partly for dumpsites, which are found in the Ballerup Town Archive (Ballerup Stad- overlooked. This also counts for other activities in sarkiv 2009-2010). the past that may have caused soil contamination. In the study, an examination was made of the minute books of the Health Commission and the Council 2. Problem and Methods in the municipality. The minute books have been The questions for this study were: keystones in the gathering of information on old dumpsites. Can detecting and locating old dumpsites in the area of Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality in Denmark and Subsequently, two of the dumpsites mentioned in gathering historical information on the individual the minute books were selected and was made to dumpsites be organized differently and done better? locate the dumpsites geographically and delimit the waste layer’s area and thickness as well as an ef- What types of old dumpsites have not been detected yet fort to gather information on the operation period in Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality and how many are and the waste composition. The minute books do there of the different types? not answer these questions. This work included an examination of old census papers, old index cards from tax assessments of real property, old income tax

32 The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies (TES) returns, writings from local history societies on the The text of the facts, issue and decision in the cases former villages, recorded memories told by senior was written by hand in cursive writing. In the minute citizens and jubilee publications from homeowners’ book from 1893-1948 passages with poor formula- associations together with an examination of old ca- tions and a careless handwriting are often found. dastral maps, old topographical maps and old aerial This and the older and handwrit- photographs plus a comparison of terrain heights in ing at that time makes it difficult to understand the a topographical military map from 1900 and DK- passages. Information on dumpsites and waste is DEM/Terrain, part of the Danish Elevation Model scattered, random and there is no index. One must from 2005-2007. read all pages in every minute book to find relevant information. In another example, the information from the minute books was elaborated by examination of old There is information on dumpsites and waste on writings from Ballerup Homeowners’ Association specific sites in cases of complaints from citizens that covered Ballerup Town. This included letters, regarding nuisances, reports from the police and minute book, jubilee publication and a newspaper the council department in the municipality on con- clipping collection. travention of the municipality’s health regulations, the Health Commission’s orders to landowners, the In the examination of the historical sources, there Health Commission’s requests for assistance from was also gathered impression of their utility to give the police, and applications of permission to use information on other activities in the past that may household waste. However, not all cases, which the have caused soil contamination. Health Commission dealt with are documented in the minute books (Michaelsen 2012). Generally, the minute books contain limited exact information on 3. Experience from Ballerup-Maaløv the individual dumpsites. Municipality For a number of sites on farms and market gardens, 3.1 The Minute Books of the Health Commission the texts do not directly mention a dumpsite. How- An examination was made of the minute books ever, based on the historical information gathered, of the Health Commission of Ballerup-Maaløv it is a possibility that there has been a dumpsite. Municipality from 1893-1948 and 1950-1972 (Sundhedskommissionen 1861-1972). The Health Information on existing dumpsites and possible Commission oversaw the health situation in the dumpsites cannot be given a defined geographical municipality. The work was mainly based on the location immediately. Before 1950, most of the local health regulations laid down by the council dumpsites are associated with a name and position in the municipality, who also elected the members of a farmer, a gardener and/or a name on a farm, a of the health commission (Betænkning 1970). In market garden. The other dumpsites are associated most of the rural areas in Denmark, there was no with a name of a homeowners’ association or with a health commission or the health commission was village pond and the name of a neighbouring street. not active up to about 1900 (Engberg 1999). The After 1950, the dumpsites are primarily associated health commission was repealed when the Dan- with the cadastral number in the Danish cadastral ish Parliament passed the Danish Environmental register for the property, where the dumpsite was Protection Act in 1973. located. There is no indication of where the dumpsite was located on the property. The minute books contain much information on dumpsites and the utilisation, handling and transport The minute books also contain information about of waste and the Health Commission’s policy on dump- the introduction of compulsory collection of house- sites and waste. They include in all approximately 345 hold waste in urban areas and the changes in the pages and contain minutes for every meeting of the municipality’s health regulations and in the Health Health Commission. The minutes show which cases Commission’s general policy in relation to dumpsites the Health Commission discussed and what decision and the utilisation, handling and transport of waste. the Health Commission made in the individual cases.

33 Michaelsen: Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites ....

In total, the minute books of the Health Com- locating the old dumpsites and gathering historical mission contain much historical information on information on them. dumpsites and waste that can provide valuable information on the individual dumpsites beyond There is information on dumpsites and waste on the minute books exact information on them. The specific sites in cases of the municipality’s buying and minute books also contain information on other leasing land for waste disposal, implementation of types of pollution e.g. from industrial enterprises. actions and operation conditions for the municipal dumpsites, filling of village ponds, reports from the 3.2 The Minute Books of the Council police on contravention of the municipality’s health An examination was made of the minute books of regulations, and complaints from citizens regarding the Council of Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality from nuisances and the Health Commission’s decisions. 1908-1913 and 1925-1952 (Sognerådet 1908- Generally, the minute books contain limited exact 1952). In this period, the municipality had the status information on the individual dumpsites just as the of a rural municipality. In 1952, Ballerup-Maaløv minute books of the Health Commission. Municipality gained a new government system similar to a municipality with a market town (Dansk The minute books contain information on the Center for Byhistorie 2013). Council’s decisions to buy land or enter into a con- tract with a private landowner for lease of land for The minute books contain minutes of every meeting a dumpsite. However, for several of the dumpsites of the Council. Decisions made by the President of there is no information in the minute books which the Council between the meetings are not recorded can confirm that the land was bought or agreement in the minute books. One of the Council’s fields of of the lease of land was achieved and the dumpsite responsibility was waste management. came into operation.

In total, the minute books include 2795 pages. Texts There is no direct mention in the texts that there is a were written by hand in cursive writing. The lan- dumpsite for a number of sites on farms. However, guage is concise and precise. The texts are therefore based on the historical information gathered, it is a hardly affected by the older Danish language used at possibility that there has been a dumpsite. the time when the minute books were written. The handwriting is neat. There are also many headlines Like the minute books of the Health Commission, that make it easier to find text which may contain information on existing dumpsites and possible relevant information. This makes the handwriting dumpsites cannot be given a defined geographical simpler to read than the handwriting in the minute location immediately. About half of the dumpsites books of the Health Commission. Information on are associated with a name and position of a farmer dumpsites and waste is scattered, random and one and/or a name on a farm. The other dumpsites are must read all pages in every minute book to find associated with a name of a company or with a village relevant information as is also the case with the pond and the name of the village or a neighbouring minute books of the Health Commission. The total street. Cadastral number for the property is only amount of information on dumpsites and waste is listed for a few sites. There is no indication of where almost the same. the dumpsite was located on the property.

The examination of the minute books of the Council The minute books of the Council contain addi- is time-consuming because of the many handwrit- tional information on the waste collection and the ten pages and the many different types of cases changes in the municipality’s health regulations in the Council considered. On the other hand, the relation to dumpsites and the utilisation, handling examination gives an essential supplement to the and transport of waste. They also contain informa- information on dumpsites and waste in the minute tion on steps taken in the extermination of rats in books of the Health Commission and many details relation to dumpsites and waste. and a great insight into the urban development and the development of industry and agriculture in Furthermore, the minute books contain informa- the municipality. This can be used in detecting and tion on specific industrial enterprises. Until the late

34 The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies (TES)

1930s, the minute books contain little information was operating. Primarily, the use includes dumpsites on them. In the 1930s, the Council began to give operating in the index cards data period. permission to establish industrial enterprises. Per- mission was given to both large and small enterprises The information in the index cards can also help in existing and new buildings. In the 1940s, the to illuminate changes on the individual properties Council began to allocate land areas where industrial such as change in ownership, change in land use and enterprises could be established. The Council also parceling or extension. This can provide information allocated a land area for artisans. on the dumpsite.

3.3 Index Cards for Properties from 1932-1952 When the information in the index cards about the The Ballerup Town Archive holds old index cards, individual properties are linked with old cadastral which have been used by the council department maps on the website on the Internet for the Dan- in Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality for the period ish Geodata Agency, it is possible to obtain a more about 1932-1952 to record information on each detailed picture (spatial and in time) of the prop- property in the municipality for tax levy on real erty’s area and the parceling and/or extension of the property. The information comes from tax assess- property than from the index cards and the cadastral ments of real property, which were carried out at maps separately. For some properties, the picture approximately 5-year intervals or when there were may also include subsequent residential housing and significant changes on the property. An examination enterprises. This provides better conditions for read- was made of all index cards for properties in the ing old topographical maps, old aerial photographs area of Ballerup By (town), Ballerup Sogn (parish) and writings on local history in studies of specific in the Danish cadastral register. This corresponds to dumpsites. half of the total number of index cards. The index cards were also used to provide information on two The index cards’ facts about properties’ use are copi- dumpsites. ous. This provides information on the different types of enterprises about 1932-1952 that potentially may The index cards were filled in by hand in cursive have disposed their waste (or a part of the waste) writing. The letters and numbers are small and some- of to some of the nearby dumpsites. It also makes times difficult to read. Extraction of information the index cards suitable for detecting and locating from the index cards is very time-consuming. On other activities in this period that may have caused the other hand, the index cards contain much useful soil contamination. Table 1 shows examples of ac- information to detect and locate old dumpsites and tivities, listed in the index cards under the heading other activities in the past that may have caused soil “Property type and use”, which may be a source of contamination. soil contamination.

The index cards contain information on e.g. the property’s cadastral number/numbers, the property’s use and area in acres, parceling and extension of the property and the date, the landowners name and position and the date for change in ownership. Often there will be information on the property’s name.

The index cards are therefore suitable for the geo- graphical location of names of people, farms, market gardens and companies mentioned in connection with specific dumpsites in the minute books of the Health Commission and the Council and in writ- ings on local history. By using the index cards, the names can be associated with the cadastral number/ numbers belonging to the person, farm, market garden or company at the time when the dumpsite

35 Michaelsen: Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites ....

Table 1. Examples of activities listed in the index cards for the individual properties in the municipality about 1932-52 under the heading “Property type and use”, which may be a source of soil contamination.

factory workshop - master builder grocery orchard tannery workshop - master painter gas station mink farm dairy workshop - master cabinetmaker garage brickyard workshop - turner haulage contractor printing house workshop - master smith laundry wallpaper printing storage yard - timber yard telephone exchange bindery storage yard - master builder cable house - phone brigade storage yard - roads authority transformer storage building transformer substation

3.4 Tax Census Papers from 1905-1923 The Ballerup Town Archive holds an annual census dumpsites for the town’s waste. Since 1900, Ballerup paper for each property in Ballerup - Maaløv Mu- Town has been the largest town in the municipality. nicipality from 1905 to 1923 created for tax levy. In the 1920s-1930s, Ballerup Homeowners’ Associa- An examination was made of all census papers from tion was very active in solving the town’s problems 1905, 1910, 1915 and 1920 for properties in the in a number of areas including disposal of waste. area of Skovlunde By (Town), Ballerup Sogn (Parish) in the Danish cadastral register. They were also used The writings include 12 letters to and from Bal- to provide information on two dumpsites. lerup Homeowners’ Association in 1924-1938, which contain much information on the disposal of The census paper contains information on the prop- household waste from the members of the Ballerup erty’s cadastral number/numbers, the landowner’s Homeowners’ Association as well as the dumpsites name and position as well as name, position and date where the waste was deposited. The letters from of birth of people who lived on the property. The the homeowners’ association (half of the letters) landowners have filled in the census papers. This has were written by hand in cursive writing in the older been done by hand in a readable cursive writing. Like Danish language and handwriting at that time. The the index cards from tax assessments of real property, text is written in a formal and polite style. This often the tax census papers are suitable for the geographical makes the text difficult to understand. location of dumpsites mentioned in the historical sources by a person’s name and his position. The use The writings also include the minute book of Bal- primarily includes dumpsites operating in the census lerup Homeowners’ Association from 1926-1953, papers data period. The information in the census written by hand in cursive writing in the older papers can also help to illuminate changes on the Danish language and handwriting at that time (Bal- individual properties, which can provide informa- lerup Grundejerforening 1926-1953). There are few tion on the dumpsite. headlines, which makes it difficult to estimate where the text may contain relevant information and where The tax census papers are not suitable for detecting the text can be skipped. There are only relevant data other activities in the past that may have caused soil in the first part of the minute book. Nevertheless, contamination. the data elaborates the information in the letters.

3.5 Writings on the History of Ballerup Town Furthermore, the writings includes the 50-years In the Ballerup Town Archive, under the topic Bal- jubilee publication of Ballerup Homeowners’ Asso- lerup Homeowners’ Association, an examination ciation (Ballerup Grundejerforening 1944), which was made of writings with historical information contains information on the disposal of household on the handling of waste in Ballerup Town and the waste from Ballerup Town based on the letters and

36 The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies (TES) the minute book. The jubilee publication also con- A search in the Ballerup Town Archive was per- tains information on the disposal of household waste formed to identify writings on the history of the from the town at a later time. two farms and the subsequent holiday cottages and single-family houses built on the farm land. A In addition, a newspaper clipping collection from direct search for the dumpsites themselves will not 1924-1950 produced by a citizen in Ballerup Town be successful. was found (Avisudklipsamling 1924-1950). It con- tains selected newspaper articles both from local The search identified two books on the history of newspapers and national newspapers on various mat- the former villages published by Ballerup History ters in Ballerup Town and its environs. Among them Society and two articles in the society’s journal, a are articles on the disposal of household waste from book of memories told by senior citizens, a fest- Ballerup Town and on nuisances and complaints schrift published by the town archive and five jubilee from citizens due to the supply and utilisation of publications published by homeowners’ associations household waste in agriculture and market garden- (Bitsch and Hansen 1992; Grundejerforeningen ing. This information supplements the information Egebjerglund-Syd 1986; Grundejerforeningen in the letters, the minute book and the jubilee pub- Egebjerglund-Syd 1996; Hassing 1986; Jensen 1988; lication. The newspaper clipping collection contains Jensen 1990; Jensen 1998; Johannsen and Jensen also a few newspaper articles on the pollution from 1973; Rugaard 1964; Thomsen 1983; Thomsen and a large chemical factory. Johansson et al. 1998).

3.6 Writings on the History of Aagesdal and The writings on local history contain much infor- Kavsbjerggaard mation that is useful to the geographical location Information was gathered on two dumpsites men- of the dumpsite on Aagesdal’s land, to delimit the tioned in the Health Commission’s minute books waste layer’s area and to provide information on the namely the dumpsite on Aagesdal farm and the dumpsite’s operation period and the waste composi- dumpsite on Kavsbjerggaard farm mentioned a few tion. The writings on local history also contain much times in the late 1930s and early 1940s. An effort information that is useful to illuminate develop- was made to locate the farm land and the dumpsite ments in the waste production and disposal of waste on the farm land geographically and delimit the in the subsequent holiday cottages and single-family waste layer’s area and thickness as well as to gather houses on the farm land. information on the dumpsite’s operation period and the waste composition. The writings on local history provide important information on the dumpsite at Aagesdal, which is The analysis was based on the historical information not obtainable through the other used sources. In on the utilisation, handling and transport of waste, addition, the data gives a much better interpreta- dumpsites, urban development and development of tion of the old topographical maps, the old aerial industry, agriculture and business in the municipal- photographs and the Danish Elevation Model of the ity from the examination of the previous sources. present terrain, mentioned in sections 3.8 and 3.9. Moreover, the analysis used historical information gathered on the supply and utilisation of household The writings on local history contain no information waste in agriculture and market gardening in the on the dumpsite on Kavsbjerggaard farm. There is municipality and around Copenhagen (Betænkning information on Kavsbjerggaard and the subsequent 1938; Carlsson and Carlsson 1996; Gøgsig 1994; holiday cottages and single-family houses on the Eriksen 1996; Hilden 1973; Jørgensen 2000 and farm land. This information supplements the in- 2001; Larsen 2000; Thomsen 1983). formation from the other used sources. However, the amount of information is significantly less than In addition, specific historical information was for Aagesdal. gathered about the two dumpsites, among others from the index cards for properties and the tax cen- sus papers plus old cadastral maps from the Danish Geodata Agency. 3.7 Old Income Tax Returns

37 Michaelsen: Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites ....

Old income tax returns in the Ballerup Town Archive from the writings on local history, taken as an were also used for information on the dumpsite on oblique photograph, where the farm buildings and Kavsbjerggaard. The historical information gathered part of the farm land can be seen, were used as well. indicates that in Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality The interpretation of the aerial photographs was there is a link between farms with many pigs and made with support from the historical information the occurrence of a dumpsite with household waste gathered. Two private photographs from 1937 of the on the farms in the period when the dumpsite on dumpsite on Aagesdal in recorded memories told by Kavsbjerggaard was operating (Carlsson and Carlsson a senior citizen were used to delimit the area, where 1996; Gøgsig 1994; Hilden 1973; Jørgensen 2000 the waste can be seen on the photographs. and 2001; Thomsen 1983). Income tax returns from 1944 and the following years contain a form where 3.9 The Danish Elevation Model owners and users of agricultural properties gave infor- In order to get information on the contemporary mation on livestock herd and number of the different geographical extent and thickness of the waste farm animals (Hansen 2009). The income tax returns layer on the dumpsite on Aagesdal farm and on may therefore provide information on development Kavsbjerggaard farm, a comparison was made of in livestock herd and the number of pigs on each terrain heights in the landscape today and before farm. This can be used to identify farms where there the dumpsites were operating. The comparison also is a possibility of a dumpsite with household waste included the dumpsite for the subsequent holiday and to illustrate the development of the dumpsite. cottages and single-family houses on Aagesdal’s land detected by the old aerial photographs. 3.8 Old Topographical Maps and Old Aerial Photographs The comparison started with the farm land. The Dan- To locate and delimit possible areas for the ish Elevation Model DK-DEM from the Danish Geo- dumpsite activity on Aagesdal’s and Kavsbjerg- data Agency was used. It is a high resolution digital gaard’s land, a survey was made in a geographic elevation model for Denmark produced by airborne information system (GIS) of waterholes and wet laser scanning in 2005-2007. From the model, DK- areas, which are reduced or have disappeared on DEM/Terrain was used. Here all objects above ground the farm land and nearby the subsequent holiday surface such as trees, houses, bales of straw, cars, etc. cottages and single-family houses on the farm are removed, so that it is high points at the ground land. The survey was carried out on the basis of surface that are analysed. Also, DK-DEM/Contours old topographical maps, which include a topo- was used, which consists of automatically generated graphical military map on the scale of 1:10.000 contour lines with an equidistance of 0.5 m based on from 1900. These kinds of maps are known as the DK-DEM/Terrain. The GIS, DK-DEM/Terrain and Fortification Maps around Copenhagen. The maps DK-DEM/Contours were juxtaposed to the contour also include a topographical map on the scale of lines in a digital geo-referenced version of a Fortifica- 1:20.000 (Ordnance map) from the same time tion Map. The map is based on field survey in 1900 and the subsequent topographical maps on the on the scale of 1:10.000 and has contour lines with scale of 1:20.000 (Ordnance maps) and the later an equidistance of 1.25 meters. The reading of dif- topographical maps on the scale of 1:25.000 (4-cm ference in terrain height and assessment of thickness maps). Subsequently, the survey was carried out on of fill and dumpsite waste was made manually with the basis of old aerial photographs with support support from the historical information gathered. from the historical information gathered. There Figure 1 shows the comparison south of the former were aerial photographs, taken as a vertical photo- farm buildings on Aagesdal. graph, from 1944, 1945, 1954 and different years during the 1960s and up to date ortophotographs. The comparison could be used to estimate whether The most of the maps and aerial photographs were there has been a filling in a specific area and to es- used in a digital geo-referenced version. timate the fill’s thickness. However, the estimate of the fill’s thickness was associated with some uncer- The aerial photographs were also used to identify tainty and with restrictions in areas of the former areas that may indicate dumpsite waste and traces waterholes, due to lack of information on the wa- of the former dumpsite activity. Aerial photographs terhole’s depth. DK-DEM/Terrain could also supply

38 The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies (TES)

Figure 1. A section of DK-DEM/Terrain south of the former buildings on Aagesdal with contour lines from the Fortification Map, areas with a possibility of dumpsite waste and areas where filling was surveyed by comparison of terrain heights in DK-DEM/Terrain and the Fortification Map.

39 Michaelsen: Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites .... information from the old topographical maps and to the old aerial photographs and the writings on the old aerial photographs on the waterholes and local history and on waterholes and wet areas, which clarify uncertainties about filling in the waterholes. disappears or are reduced according to the topo- If the individual waterhole was not filled up, the graphical maps and the aerial photographs. Outside waterhole recess appeared in a different color in these areas, the comparison was only a screening to DK-DEM/Terrain. However, the estimate of filling identify possible areas with big fill thickness. Such and fill thickness was difficult and time consuming. areas were not found. The comparison is not suit- able for a detection of old dumpsites. It is only to Generally, the Fortification Maps give a better repre- be used in selected areas where the historical sources sentation of the terrain than the topographical maps indicate a possibility of dumpsite waste. on the scale of 1:20.000 (Ordnance maps) from the same time and later. However, the Fortification Map On the Island of outside the Copenhagen for Aagesdal’s land was not placed exactly geographi- area, where the Fortification Maps do not exist, a cally in the GIS, partly because of error in the survey comparison of terrain heights in DK-DEM/Terrain of Aagesdal’s land when the Fortification Map was and the topographical maps on the scale of 1:20.000 produced, partly because of a general uncertainty in from the same time and later are not suitable for geo-reference of the old topographical maps as the estimation of differences in terrain height. The maps method is based on linking in points in the middle have contour lines with an equidistance of 2.5 me- of the roads on the old and the newest topographical ters or twice the equidistance of 1.25 meters on the map. The real geographical location of the water- Fortification Maps. This results in a high uncertainty holes and wet areas and probably also the contour in reading the heights in DK-DEM/Terrain and lines on the fortification map was estimated to be estimates of filling and fill thickness. approximately 5 meters further east and 2.5 meters further north (Michaelsen 2012). When DK-DEM/Terrain, old topographical maps and old aerial photographs for the land of Aagesdal It was disruptive to the reading of heights in DK- and Kavsbjerggaard were compared in the GIS, it DEM/Terrain and to the estimate of filling and fill was observed that the contour lines of the topo- thickness that the contour lines on the Fortification graphical map on the scale of 1:20.000, based on Map (which were drawn up as a layer in the GIS) field survey in 1899-1900, and the topographical were not placed precisely geographically, and the map on the scale of 1:20.000, corrected in 1930, displacement needed to be kept in the head instead from the Danish Geodata Agency’s nationwide of a recorded line on the computer screen. This can digital and geo-referenced map series, are not at the easily cause an error in the reading of heights in DK- same geographical location. The contour lines on DEM/Terrain if one does not pay attention to the the map from 1899-1900 are located east-northeast contour lines real geographical location all the time. of the same contour lines on the map from 1930. It was also disruptive to the reading of heights in At Aagesdal’s land, the distance varies from 8 to 21 DK-DEM/Terrain that there have been fillings on meters. In many places, the distance is in the interval the many plots of land for single-family houses on from 17 to 21 meters (Michaelsen 2012). This was Aagesdal’s and Kavsbjerggaard’s former land in con- also observed at Kavsbjerggaard’s land. nection with the plots’ use. The fillings have made the present terrain surface irregular and this made it The difference is not due to changes in terrain difficult to get an overview of where there are fillings heights as both maps are based on the field survey and fill thickness. In addition, this made it impos- in 1899-1900. Possible reasons may be differences sible to distinguish between dumpsite waste or soil in delineation of the contour lines when the maps and other kinds of fill that later have been deposited were produced, printing of the paper maps, physical on the plots during their use and therefore it was not impact on the paper maps from use before digitiza- possible to delimit the contemporary geographical tion, and geo-reference of the maps. extent and thickness of the dumpsite waste layer. It was also observed that waterholes in Aagesdal’s Because of these weaknesses, the comparison focused land are not at the same geographical location on the on areas where dumpsite waste may occur according two maps. Waterholes on the map from 1899-1900

40 The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies (TES) are located east-northeast of the same waterholes on When using a paper or a digital geo-referenced the map from 1930 (Michaelsen 2012). The direc- version of the Fortification Maps and the various tion is the same as for the contour lines, but the old topographical maps on the scale of 1:20.000 to distance is not the same, it is less - approximately 8 locate old dumpsites and to delimit the waste layer’s meters. See Figure 2. geographical extent and thickness, it is important to

Figure 2. Comparison of waterholes around the former Aagesdal farm in the topographical map on the scale of 1:20.000 (Ordnance map) based on field survey in 1899-1900 and the topographical map on the scale of 1:20.000 (Ordnance map) corrected in 1930, from the Danish Geodata Agency’s nationwide digital map series.

41 Michaelsen: Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites .... note that the maps do not have the same high exact- it is a possibility that there has been a dumpsite. ness as DK-DEM/Terrain in the representation of See Table 2. terrain heights and geographical location and extent of elements in the terrain. This also includes the old Four of the dumpsites were already known by the topographical maps on the scale of 1:25.000 (4-cm local environmental authorities (the local environ- maps). There is a significant uncertainty when the mental authorities have knowledge of 12 dumpsites maps are compared with DK-DEM/Terrain and in the municipality (Region Hovedstaden 2010)). when the maps are used to delimit a dumpsite’s geographical extent on existing properties of which 4.2 The Minute Books of the Council many are plots of land for single-family houses. The minute books of the Council of Ballerup- Maaløv Municipality contain information on eight dumpsites and eight possible dumpsites of very dif- 4. Detected Dumpsites in Ballerup-Maaløv ferent characteristics as in the minute books of the Municipality Health Commission. They cover the filling of village ponds, use of household waste in agriculture and 4.1 The Minute Books of the Health Commission waste disposal sites for urban settlements established The minute books of the Health Commission of by the Council. Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality contain information on 23 dumpsites and seven possible dumpsites of The minute books contain information on the very different characteristics. They cover the filling of Council’s decisions to buy land or enter into a a village pond, use of household waste in agriculture contract with a private landowner for lease of land and market gardening, illegal deposits of waste and for a dumpsite. For several of the sites there is no waste disposal sites for homeowners’ associations and information in the minute books which can confirm urban settlements in the municipality. that the dumpsite came into operation. For some of the sites on farms, there is no direct mention of a For a number of sites on farms and market gardens, dumpsite. However, based on the historical informa- the texts do not directly mention a dumpsite. How- tion gathered, it is a possibility that there has been ever, based on the historical information gathered, a dumpsite. See Table 2.

Table 2. Dumpsites in the minute books of the Health Commission and the Council. Their type, numbers and years they are mentioned. Type of dumpsite Numbers Numbers Time-period Health Com. Council Filled village pond 1 2 1908-1912 Dumpsite on a farm 9 2 1930-1946 Possibility of a dumpsite on a farm 4 4 1956-1960 Dumpsite on a market garden 5 1939-1946 Possibility of a dumpsite on a market garden 3 Dumpsite of a homeowners’ association 2 1937-1939 Municipal dumpsite 4 1925-1944 Municipal dumpsite - no confirm of operation 4 Municipal dumpsite - large 1 1957-1971 Illegal deposit 4 1957-1967 Other dumpsite 1 1957 Dumpsites total 23 8 Possible dumpsites total 7 8

42 The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies (TES)

One of the dumpsites was already known by the local Figure 3 shows the existing single-family houses on environmental authorities. Three of the dumpsites Aagesdal’s former land and the recreational green are among the dumpsites mentioned in the minute area immediately south of it. The figure depicts the books of the Health Commission. Although the area where the dumpsite on Aagesdal can be seen minute books of the Council covers the same type on photographs taken in 1937 and the areas where of dumpsites as the minute books of the Health a possibility of dumpsite waste is indicated on the Commission, but with different fields of respon- aerial photographs and in the writings on local his- sibility, very few dumpsites are mentioned in both tory. The figure also depicts the areas where filling minute books. was surveyed by the comparison of terrain heights on the Fortification Map and DK-DEM/Terrain in 4.3 Written Materials from Ballerup the selected areas. The figure shows, that filling is Homeowners’ Association surveyed in almost the whole area, where dumpsite The historical sources from Ballerup Homeowners’ waste is possible. Association contain information on two dumpsites mentioned in 1924-1933, where household waste On Aagesdals land, the biggest fill thickness occurs from the association was deposited. Concerning an- in a former low area in terrain with a little waterhole, other site mentioned in 1929-1930, it is a possibility which lay immediately south of the buildings on that there has been a dumpsite receiving household Aagesdal, before filling with household waste started. waste from the association and municipal buildings. Here, the fill thickness can be up to 2.5 meters above Two of the dumpsites are mentioned in the minute the former ground surface around the waterhole. To books of the Council. None of the dumpsites were this must be added the fill in the waterhole. This known by the local environmental authorities. thickness cannot be estimated by the comparison due to lack of information on the waterhole’s depth. 4.4 The Dumpsites on Aagesdal and at Pæremosen In the comparison, it was not possible to distinguish The examination of the various historical sources between dumpsite waste or soil and other kinds of has resulted in the following conclusions about the fill from the later use on the former farm land. This dumpsite on Aagesdal farm and the dumpsite at made it not possible to delimit the geographical Pæremosen. extent and the vertical extent of the dumpsite waste today. The total amount of fill in the area where the The dumpsite on Aagesdal farm was operating from dumpsite can be seen on photographs taken in 1937 1936 to 1940 and possibly until spring 1941. The and is estimated to be approximately 8000 m3. A dumpsite consists of household waste and waste production of landfill gas would be possible from from restaurants that were collected by the farmer, the household waste in the waterhole. who also had a refuse collecting company operating in Copenhagen. The waste was used as feed for the Just south of the farm land in the area of the dump- many pigs on the farm. The pigs rooted in the waste site, the biggest fill thickness occurs in the filled part and ate what the they could find on the dumpsite. of the two waterholes called Pæremosen. Here, the After 1941, a part of the waste was sold to market fill thickness is a minimum 1.3-2.0 meters above the gardens as fertilizer. former ground surface around the waterholes. The total amount of fill in the dumpsite area is estimated In addition, a dumpsite was detected and located to be approximately 11000 m3. In the fill in the just south of the farm land. The dumpsite started waterholes, a production of landfill gas would be operating in the mid-1950s and shut down in 1966. possible depending on the organic matter in the fill. The fill may contain building materials from the demolition of the holiday cottages and soil, stumps and cuttings of trees and of bushes from the estab- lishment of year-round houses on the former farm land. The fill may also contain household waste from the houses until the compulsory collection of household waste was introduced in 1962.

43 Michaelsen: Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites ....

Figure 3. A section of orthophotograph DDOby 2009 with the single-family houses on Aagesdal’s former land and the recreational green area south of the former farm land together with the areas where filling was surveyed by comparison of terrain heights in DK-DEM/Terrain and the Fortification Map in the selected areas and where the historical sources indicates a possibility of dumpsite waste.

44 The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies (TES)

5. Discussion the yield of information. Thus, a better understand- The historical sources used in the study are all ing and interpretation of the individual historical useful for detecting and locating old dumpsites in sources is achieved, which both affects the dumpsites Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality and gathering histori- one detect and the information one gathers on each cal information on them. The sources complement dumpsite in the individual historical sources. It also each other well. Generally, it takes many hours to makes it possible to supplement the specific factual use the sources. However, the time spent is a good information on each dumpsite in the sources with investment because one can gain much useful in- information from other dumpsites and handling formation in return. of waste in the municipality. This can for example give information on the dumpsite’s size, waste The minute books of the Health Commission and composition and operation period. Together this the Council of Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality con- contributes to a better detection and location of the tain, in all, information on 31 dumpsites and 15 old dumpsites and a better gathering of historical possible dumpsites, mainly from the 1930-1940s information on them from the historical sources. and of very different characteristics. Few were already Furthermore, the knowledge on the history of the known from the earlier efforts to detect and locate entire municipality can provide input to methods old dumpsites. For the Ballerup-Maaløv-area is was for detecting and locating dumpsites that are not based on reports from the municipality, primarily mentioned in the minute books. of dumpsites with a file in the municipal record system, and the former county’s examination of The historical information on the individual dump- old aerial photographs in selected areas from 1945 site, which can be obtained from the history of the and onwards (Københavns Amtskommune 1986; entire municipality and specific information from Geoteknisk Institut 1994; N&R Consult A/S 1991). the old tax documents and the writings on the his- tory of the area where the dumpsite was located, The minute books generally contain little factual provides a much better gathering of information on information on the individual dumpsites. The used the dumpsite than the traditional sources. Moreover minute books, health regulations, tax index cards it provides a much better gathering of information for properties, writings on local history, letters and from the traditional sources. One obtains a more newspaper clippings contain, taken together, a correct interpretation of the old topographical maps great deal of historical information on the utilisa- and old aerial photographs. One obtains a better tion, handling and transport of waste, dumpsites delimitation of possible properties the dumpsite and conflicts of interest about waste and dumpsites comprises today and where it is necessary to look in Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality plus the Health through the present municipality’s files involving Commission’s and the Council’s policy on waste and the properties (environmental, construction of dumpsites. The sources contain also much histori- buildings, fire, parceling and planning files). In cal information on the urban development and the addition, one obtains a better selection of useful development of industry, agriculture and business in information from the records. Furthermore, it is the municipality. This can provide valuable informa- possible to ask the relevant questions in interviews tion on the individual dumpsites and improve the with landowners and senior citizens and to obtain detection of the dumpsites. a better interpretation of the responses, which pro- vides more information. In the historical sources, information on dumpsites most often has to be found in the form of indirect The minute books of the Health Commission and information. Therefore, it is important to be able the Council and the index cards from tax assessments to decode the information in the historical sources. of real property appear to contain much information The more historical sources one reads, the better one that can be used to detect and locate other activities gets to decode the information. By reading various in the past that may have caused soil contamination historical sources and compiling their information, and to gather historical information on them e.g. as in this study, knowledge on the history of the former industrial enterprises. entire municipality including waste and dumpsites can be established. This provides a synergy effect in

45 Michaelsen: Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites ....

As the survey is based on gathering information from in other parts of the country, depending on the many sources, most benefit will be provided when nature and the urban development and the devel- reading the historical sources and selection of data opment of industry, agriculture and business in the is made by the same person or by few persons who municipality. Outside the Copenhagen area, many work closely together. Preferably, the survey should of the dumpsites were probably located around the be carried out as a tightly focused project. It can also market towns. A different picture of dumpsites and be expected that some of the sources often must be waste may lead to a need to perform the method in reexamined, because facts often are seen in a different a slightly different way, for example by beginning perspective, when more knowledge on the history of the analyses before 1900. the local area and the entire municipality is gained. It is too early to assess whether the surveying of the The minute books, index cards, and private letters old dumpsites before the mid-1950s with the used were written by hand in cursive writing. In the ma- method is well worth the effort compared to the jority of the material, an older Danish cursive writing knowledge obtained. More methodological experi- and an older Danish language were used. However, ence is needed and more historical information on the older text’s readability varies, as stated in the the old dumpsites before the mid-1950s is needed, description of the individual sources. In some of the partly from Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality and sources there are passages, where the handwriting is partly from other municipalities before the local careless and/or there are poor formulations or the government reform in 1970. handwriting is small. Here can the older handwriting be difficult to read, especially for the reader who does not have experience of writing by hand in cursive. 6. Conclusion The minute books of the Health Commission and Use of the same types of written historical sources for the Council of Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality con- other municipalities in Denmark require that they tain information on a large number of dumpsites have been archived and not subsequently lost and are of very different characteristics, which were not readily available. The Ballerup Town Archive has been discovered by the methods used by the local envi- a well-managed municipal town archive for many ronmental authorities earlier efforts to detect and years, where many records of the Council and the locate old dumpsites. council departments in Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality are stored together with other records and writings The minute books, health regulations, tax index on local history in the municipality. All the sources cards for properties, writings on local history, letters used in the study from the town archive are archived and newspaper clippings contain, taken together, in a readily available manner. This is necessarily not much historical information on the utilisation, the situation for other municipalities. On the other handling and transport of waste, dumpsites and ur- hand, there might be other useful sources that do not ban development and the development of industry, exist for Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality. agriculture and business in the municipality.

The detection and location of the old dumpsites in This information provides a better understand- Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality and the gathering ing and interpretation of the individual historical of historical information on them can be improved sources. It also makes it possible to supplement the e.g. by mapping the urban development and by specific factual information on each dumpsite in gathering information on the development in the the historical sources with information from other waste production (waste composition and quantity dumpsites and handling of waste in the municipality. of waste), the handling of waste and the waste collec- Furthermore, the information can provide input to tion in the areas with dwellings and holiday cottages. methods for detecting and locating dumpsites that are not mentioned in the minute books. Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality has much in common with the other municipalities around Copenha- The historical information on the individual dump- gen from about 1900 to the mid-1950s regarding site, which can be obtained from the history of the dumpsites and waste. The picture may be different entire municipality, the old tax documents and the

46 The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies (TES) writings on the history of the area where the dump- References site was located, provides much better information Avisudklipsamling (1924-1950): Avisudklipsamling fra en on the dumpsite than the traditional sources like borger i Ballerup by. A newspaper clipping collection from old topographical maps, old aerial photographs, a citizen in Ballerup Town archived in the Ballerup Town the present municipality’s files and interviews with Archive under the topic Ballerup Homeowners’ Association. landowners. Ballerup Grundejerforening (1926-1953): Forhandlingsprotokol Finally, the minute books of the Health Commis- for Ballerup Grundejerforening fra 1926-1953. Minute book sion and the Council and the index cards from tax of Ballerup Homeowners’ Association. assessments of real property contain much informa- Ballerup Grundejerforening (1944): Ballerup Grundejerforening tion that can be used in detecting and locating other gennem 50 aar, 1894-1944. Jubilee publication published activities in the past that may have caused soil con- by Ballerup Grundejerforening (Ballerup Homeowners’ tamination and in gathering historical information Association). on them e.g. former industrial enterprises. Ballerup Stadsarkiv (2009-2010): Research in the Ballerup Town Archive. Address: Hold-an Vej 7, Ballerup, Denmark. Acknowledgements Betænkning (1938): Betænkning III afgivet den 17. December The study has been carried out at Roskilde Uni- 1938 af Det i Henhold til Københavns Magistrats Skrivelse af versity, Department of Environmental, Social and 9. Maj 1921 nedsatte Udvalg til Udarbejdelse af Forslag til en Spatial Change and supported economically by fremtidig Ordning vedrørende Dagrenovationens Fjernelse og The Information Center on Contaminated Sites - a eventuelle Udnyttelse. Pages 23-24, 42-44 and 191. Report department of Danish Regions. about household waste in Copenhagen. Betænkning (1970): Betænkning nr. 590 1970 afgivet af den af The author would like to thank Tage Vikjær Bote indenrigsministeriet den 30. juni 1964 nedsatte kommission in COWI A/S for inspiration, discussions and com- vedrørende den offentlige hygiejne m.v.Report about the ments on manuscripts during the study and writing health commission in the municipalities and the municipal this article. health regulations. The author would also like to thank Peter Steffen Bitsch, Mona and Hansen, Bente Dahl (1992): Rosenhaven Rank from The Information Center on Contami- 1978-1992, 17. februar 1992 14 år. Festschrift published nated Sites and Niels Schrøder from The Depart- by Ballerup Stadsarkiv (Ballerup Town Arcive) on occasion ment of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, of the 14th anniversary of Rosenhaven, a residential home who have followed the study and contributed with for elderly people. guidance assistance, and thank Ritta Juel Bitsch Bote, Tage Vikjær (2013): Personal interviews with engineer from the department for tutoring assistance for the Tage Vikjær Bote from The Department of Contaminated preparation of maps. Sites, COWI A/S, Kongens Lyngby in Denmark. Specialist in environmental investigations of old dumpsites. Further thanks are due to Bente Dahl Hansen and Mona Bitsch from the Ballerup Town Archive for Carlsson, Frede and Carlsson, Aage (1996): Vasehøj og inspiration and advice in the choice of historical Carlssons. En gård og en familie i det nordligste Ballerup, sources in the town archive. 1917-1954. Historical description of a farm published by Kulturhistorisk Forening for Egebjerg og Omegn (a local history society). Dansk Center for Byhistorie (2013): Look-up on http://den- digitalebyport.byhistorie.dk/kommuner/ Danske Regioner (2010): The Danish Administrative Setup on Soil Contamination. Memo prepared by Christian Andersen, Information Centre on Contaminated Sites - a department of Danish Regions, 19th of October 2010, case nr. 08/3523, document nr. 52610/10.

47 Michaelsen: Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites ....

Engberg, Jens (1999): Det heles vel. Forureningsbekæmpelsen Holt, Julie Ring-Hansen (2012a): Det vælter ind med tips i Danmark fra loven om sundhedsvedtægter i 1850’erne til fra læserne om gamle lossepladser. Article in the Danish miljøloven i 1974. History of environmental management magazine Ingeniøren.dk, 29th of June 2012. http://ing. in Denmark. Published by Miljøkontrollen, Københavns dk/artikel/det-vaelter-ind-med-tips-fra-laeserne-om-gamle- Kommune (, Environmental lossepladser-130499. Department). ISBN 87-88920-89-5. Pages 91-95. Holt, Julie Ring-Hansen (2012b): Masser af skjulte lossepladser Eriksen, John M. (1996): Lossepladser og opfyldninger i Køben- ligger ned til vandløb og søer. Article in the Danish magazine havn. Historisk redegørelse for Københavns opfyldninger og Ingeniøren, 10th of August 2012. http://ing.dk/artikel/ lossepladser fra omkring århundredskiftet til 1995. History masser-af-skjulte-lossepladser-ligger-ned-til-vandlob-og- of dumpsites in Copenhagen Municipality. Published by soer-131091. Miljøkontrollen, Københavns Kommune (Copenhagen Jensen, Henrik et al. (1988): Fra pløjemark til villakvarter. Municipality, Environmental Department). ISBN 87- Jubilæumsskrift 1948-1988. Jubilee publication published 88920-71-1. by Parcelforeningen Toftholm (the Homeowners’ Associa- Geoteknisk Institut (1994): Losse- og fyldpladser. Gasrisikovurde- tion Toftholm). ring og stedfæstelse. Sammenfattende rapport, 1994-03-29. Bi- Jensen, Svend Jørgen (1990): Anders Berthelsen og Kavsbjerg- lagsbind 1 Stedfæstelse, 1994-03-29. Bilagsbind 2 Datablade, gaard. Article in the local history journal Byhornet vol 19, 1994-03-29. A location of old dumpsites and estimates no. 3, September 1990 published by Ballerup Historiske of landfill gas, published by Københavns Amt, Teknisk Forening (a local history society covering Ballerup Mu- Forvaltning (, Technical Department). nicipality). Grundejerforeningen Egebjerglund-Syd (1986): 26. juli 1946 Jensen, Svend Jørgen (1998): Skovlunde før og nu. Historical - 1986. Jubilee publication published by Grundejerfore- description of a village published by Ballerup Historiske ningen Egebjerglund-Syd (the Homeowners’ Association Forening (a local history society covering Ballerup Munici- Egebjerglund-Syd). pality). ISBN 87-982307-2-7. Grundejerforeningen Egebjerglund-Syd (1996): 1946 - 28. Johannsen, G. Hvidkjær and Jensen, Poul (1973): Aagesdal juli 1996. Jubilee publication published by Grundejerfore- Grundejerforening 25 års jubilæum. 16. september 1973. ningen Egebjerglund-Syd (the Homeowners’ Association Et tilbageblik over grundejerforeningens arbejde og virke i de Egebjerglund-Syd). forløbne 25 år. Jubilee publication published by Aagesdal Gøgsig, Tage (1994): Forkarl på Larsbjerggård. Article in the Grundejerforening (the Homeowners’ Association Aages- local history journal Byhornet vol 23, no. 4, December dal). 1994 published by Ballerup Historiske Forening (a local Jordforureningsloven (2013): Lovbekendtgørelse nr. 1427 af history society covering ). 04/12/2009 Bekendtgørelse af lov om forurenet jord. Senere Hansen, Bente Dahl (2009): Personal interviews with historian ændringer til forskriften: Lov nr. 1151 af 17/12/2003 § 3, lov Bente Dahl Hansen from the Ballerup Town Archive. nr. 484 af 11/05/2010 § 16, lov nr. 1555 af 21/12/2010 § 4, lov nr. 1273 af 21/12/2011 § 4, lov nr. 446 af 23/05/2012 § Hassing, Caspar (1986): Fire byvandringer i Ballerup gamle sogn, 4, lov nr. 580 af 18/06/2012 § 7, lov nr. 490 af 21/05/2013. 1785 og 1985. Article in the book “Ballerup og omegn - et The Danish Soil Contamination Act repealed by the Dan- tilbageblik” published by Ballerup Historiske Forening (a ish Parliament. local history society covering Ballerup Municipality) on occasion of the society’s 50 years jubilee. Jørgensen, Kaj (2000, 2001): Referat af samtale den 8. og 11. september 2000 samt 22. januar 2001 med Kaj Jørgensen Hilden, Hans Peter (1973): Skrald, storby og miljø. En beretning på Kastebjergvej 29 i Ballerup Kommune om lossepladsen på om Københavns kamp mod affaldet gennem 200 år. Published gården Vasehøj. Documents on interviews with an elderly by Renholdningsselskabet af 1898 (a waste colleting com- person prepared by Anne-Sofie F. Michaelsen in Køben- pany) on occasion of the company’s’s 200 years jubilee. havns Amt, Teknisk Forvaltning (Copenhagen County, ISBN 87-980273-0-1. Pages 61-63. Technical Department).

48 The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies (TES)

Københavns Amtskommune, Teknisk Forvaltning (1986): Miljøstyrelsen (2000b): Vejledning nr. 8 2000, Kortlægning af Losse- og fyldpladser. List of old dumpsites and information forurenede arealer. Guidelines about surveying of areas for on the indevidual dumpsites primarily from the municipali- soil contamination. Published by the Danish Environmen- ties’ reports in 1981 published by Københavns Amt, Teknisk tal Protection Agency. Pages 107 and 120-121. Forvaltning (Copenhagen County, Technical Department). Miljøstyrelsen (2007): Vejledning nr. 3 2007 om områdeklas- Københavns Amt, Teknisk Forvaltning (1997): Rapport om sificering. Guidelines about classification of areas with an amtets gashandlingsplan. Report on the Copenhagen increased background concentration of immobile contami- County’s steps to prevent fire and explosion hazards from nants. Published by the Danish Environmental Protection gas in dumpsites. Prepared by Anne-Sofie F. Michaelsen Agency. in Københavns Amt, Teknisk Forvaltning (Copenhagen Miljøstyrelsen (2010): Liste over kvalitetskriterier i relation til County, Technical Department). Pages 4-7. forurenet jord og kvalitetskriterier for drikkevand. Quality Larsen, Johannes (2000): Referat af telefonsamtale den 23. august criteria for soil in areas with very sensitive land use, quality 2000 med gartner Johannes Larsen, Skinderskovvej 97 i criteria for necessary contamination cut off, quality criteria Kommune om gården Vasehøj og anvendelse af dagrenovation for groundwater beneath contaminated sites and quality i gartnerier. Document on a telephone interview with an criteria for evaporation from contaminated sites. Published elderly gardener prepared by Anne-Sofie F. Michaelsen by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. in Københavns Amt, Teknisk Forvaltning (Copenhagen N&R Consult A/S (1991): Stedfæstelse af losse- og fyldpladser County, Technical Department). og vurdering af gaseksplosionsrisiko. Sammenfattende rapport, Michaelsen, Anne-Sofie F. (1987-2003): Personal experience september 1991. Bilagsbind nr. 1 Flyfotos, matrikelkort og with cases about old dumpsites from employment in depotbeskrivelse, august 1991. Bilagsbind nr. 2 Risikovurder- Copenhagen County, Environmental Department, 1987- ing af gaseksplosionsfare, standardskemaer, november 1991. 2003, among others these old dumpsites that unexpectedly A location of old dumpsites and estimates of landfill gas, and accidentally were found in developed areas: published by Københavns Amt, Teknisk Forvaltning (Co- • The old dumpsite at Brogårdsvej, matr. nr. 7 fi og 7 bø penhagen County, Technical Department). (cadastral numbers in the Danish cadastral Region Hovedstaden, Koncern Miljø (2010): Oversigt over register), in Municipality. Discovered in 2000. gamle losse- og fyldpladser i Ballerup Kommune og deres • The old dumpsite at Damhusdalen, Pantervej, Bjørn- kortlægningsstatus. A list of old dumpsites in Ballerup evej, Leopardvej, Løvevej and Nordkærvej, matr. nr. Municipality prepared by Katerina R. Hantzi in Region 3ac-3vø, 4e-4h, 12e-12o, 13c-13æ, 14e-14æ, 19i-19r Hovedstaden, Koncern Miljø (the Capital Region, Envi- and others. Rødovre By, Hendriksholm (cadastral ronmental Department). Reciewed the 7th of July 2010. numbers in the Danish cadastral register), in Rødovre Municipality. Discovered in 2002. Rugaard, Tage (1964): Flyfoto optaget som skråfoto/byparorama af Skovlunde i december 1964. An aerial photograph in the Michaelsen, Anne-Sofie F. (2012): Offentlige arkiver og andre local history journal Byhornet vol 19, no. 4, 1990 published kilder til kortlægning af lossepladser og forurenende virksomhe- by Ballerup Historiske Forening (a local history society der før 1950. A study carried out at Roskilde University, De- covering Ballerup Municipality). partment of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change with support from Tage Vikjær Bote, COWI A/S. Published by Sognerådet (1908-1952): Forhandlingsprotokol for Ballerup- Videncenter for Jordforurening, Danske Regioner. Teknik Maaløv Sogneraad fra 1908-1913, 1925-1929, 1929-1933, og Administration no. 1, 2012. (The Information Centre 1933-1937, 1937-1943, 1943-1949 og 1949-1952. Minute on Contaminated Sites - a department of Danish Regions). books of the Council of Ballerup-Maaløv Municipality Chapter 6, section 6.2.5 and chapter 13, section 13.15.2. examinated in the study. Miljøstyrelsen (2000a): Vejledning nr. 7 2000, Rådgivning af Sundhedskommissionen (1861-1972): Forhandlingsprotokol beboere i lettere forurenede områder. Guidelines on informa- for Ballerup-Maaløv Kommunes Sundhedskommission fra tion to owners and users on areas with sensitive land use, 1861-1862, 1893-1948 og 1950-1972. Existing minute about the health risks and advice on behavior that reduces books of the Health Commission. the risks, where the soil contamination has exceeded the values when no risks are expected. Published by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

49 Michaelsen: Public Archives and other Sources for Surveying of Dumpsites ....

Thomsen, Alice (1983): Egebjergmosaik. Ballerops Eege Bierg. Selected tape recordings from 1973-1977 of interwievs with senior citizens in Egebjerg. Published by Ballerup Kommunes udvalg for undervisning og kultur (Ballerup Municipality, the Council Committee of Teaching and Culture). ISBN 87-87283-03-4. Pages 33-44 and 49-51. Thomsen, Alice and Johansson, Per W. et al. (1998): Grundejerforeningen Aagesdal, 1948 16. September 1998. Jubilæumsskrift. Jubilee publication published by Grunde- jerforeningen Aagesdal (the Homeowners’ Association Aagesdal).

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