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Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WCl R 4EJ, ENGLAND 7921271 THOMPSON, ROBERT JOSEPH POLITICAL CHANGE IN SCOTLAND: THE RISE OF SCOTTISH NATIONALISM AND THE DEVOLUTION ISSUE. THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA, PH .D ., 1979 CDPR. 1979 THOMPSON, ROBERT JOSEPH Universtt/ . Miopfilrns International 300 n .z e e b r o a d , a n n a r b o r , mi 4 8 ioe 0 1979 ROBERT JOSEPH THOMPSON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE POLITICAL CHANGE IN SCOTLAND: THE RISE OF SCOTTISH NATIONALISM AND THE DEVOLUTION ISSUE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ROBERT JOSEPH THOMPSON Norman, Oklahoma 1979 POLITICAL CHANGE IN SCOTLAND: THE RISE OF SCOTTISH NATIONALISM AND THE DEVOLUTION ISSUE APPROVED BY R •'/ a - G DISSERTATION COMMITTEE To Effie and Papa For Julia, Christy, and Elaine ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As in any piece of work there are a number of individuals who deserve to be thanked for their assistance. I would like to take this opportunity to publicly adknowledge my debts to some of the peo ple who have aided me in the process of completing this dissertation. For assistance in securing access to research materials, I would like to thank Professors Richard Rose, William M iller, and Tom Mackie, University of Strathclyde; James Kellas, University of Glas gow; Henry M. Drucher, University of Edinburgh; and, Keith Webb, City University, London. For useful comments during the writing stages of the dissertation, I would like to thank Professors Bonnie Browne, Texas ASM University; Richard Flickenger, Wittenburg Uni versity; and, Donley Studlar, Centre College. I also wish to thank Mrs. Margo MacDonald and Miss Muriel Gibson, both o f the S co ttish National Party, for granting me some insight into the character of the people supporting the Scottish National Party. Thanks should also be extended to my advisory committee and chairman. Professor Stephen Sloan, for their help, persistence, and patience. My ty pists, Geri Rowden and Charlotte Jones, are also very deserving of my thanks for working under the usual pressures of finishing 111 IV for a deadline. Two other individuals are deserving of special thanks for their assistance and contributions to my thinking on this and related topics. Professor Joseph R. Rudolph, University of Tulsa and Professor Ofira Seliktar, Texas A§M University and the Univer sity of Haifa. My family is also deserving of particular thanks for their support. To my grandparents and parents, I desire to express • ny thanks for their example, inspiration, and hopes. Thanks and apologies are also owed my children, Julia and Christy. They have given up much in terms of time that cannot be replaced, but lost in nothing in terms of love. And finally, I wish to thank my wife, Elaine, for the love she demonstrated by reading the many drafts of this document and for putting up with ny varying moods. Without her, this dissertation would not have been finished. Moreover, her support and love have taught me more than can be expressed in pages such as these. Any errors of judgment or otherwise that have survived, are, as they must be, the responsibility of the author. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................. v ii LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................. v i i i Chapter I. ELEMENTS OF SCOTTISH DISTINCTIVENESS WITHIN THE UNITED KINGDOM.................................................................... 9 Historical Origins of Scittish Distinctiveness ................. 10 Current Scottish Governmental Structures .............................. 21 The Distinctiveness of Scottish Identity and Political Behavior .................................................................... 29 Scottish Identity, the Desire for Self-Government and Political Action ............................................................... 34 Contemporary Expressions of the Scottish Desire for Self-Government ........................................................................ 40 Scottish National Identity as an Explanation ..................... 48 I I . CONTRIBUTORS TO CONTEXTUAL .\ND POLITICAL CHANGE .... 53 The Socioeconomic Context of Scottish Politics ................. 54 Population Change in Scotland .......................................... 56 Social Class Structures and the Division of Wealth . 64 Housing and Unemployment....................................................... 68 The Impact of North Sea O i l............................................... 73 Regional Policy in Britain ................................................... 75 The Significance of Scottish Socioeconomic C o n d itio n s ............................................................................ 77 Change Within the P o litic a l P a rtie s o f Scotland .... 79 The Labour Party in S c o tla n d ............................................... 80 The Scottish Conservative and Unionist Association ........................................................................ 84 The S co ttish L iberal Party ................................................... 88 The Impact of P o litic a l Party Changes .......................... 90 Change w ithin the B ritish P o litic a l System ......................... 91 Contributors to Contextual and Political Change; Conclusions................................................................................ 95 VI I I I . THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL PARTY: AGGREGATOR AND ARTICULATOR OF CHANGE............................................................................. 97 A Brief History, 1928-1974 ........................................................... 99 The O rganization of the P a r t y ........................................... 107 Policy Objectives of the P arty ........................................... 109 The Bases of SNP S u p p o rt........................................................ 115 Changes in the Level of SNP S upport....................... 116 The Political Characteristics of SNP Support.... 123 National identity ........................................................... 123 Previous party background .......................................... 125 Tactical voting and the SN P ............................... 129 The SNP and the Liberal p a r ty ........................... 133 The Socioeconomic Characteristics of SNP Support . 135 Geographic dispersion ................................................... 135 Social class background .............................................. 136 Religious background ....................................................... 138 Voter a g e ..................................................................... 140 The Structural Aspects of SNP S upport................... 141 Increased SNP candidatures .......................................... 142 Repetitive constituency competition........ ................. 143 Voter turnout............................................................ 144 Local/Parliamentary elections and the SNP . 144 A Preliminary Evaluation of the SNP's Impact ................. 146 IV. THE RISE OF THE DEVOLUTION ISSUE AND ITS IMPACT .... 151 The Royal Commission on the C o n s titu tio n....................... 153 Political Parties and the Beginnings of the Devolution Issue ....................................................................... 160 The Beginnings of Parliamentary Consideration of Devolution: The November White Paper .......................... 170 The Scotland and Wales B i l l ........................................

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