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Review of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Central Africa: Cameroon

Ingram, V.; Schure, J.

Publication date 2010 Document Version Final published version

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Citation for published version (APA): Ingram, V., & Schure, J. (2010). Review of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Central Africa: Cameroon. CIFOR/FORENET Project.

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UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:03 Oct 2021 Establishment of a Forestry Research Network for ACP Countries

(FORENET)

9 ACP RPR 91#1

CIFOR Review of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Central Africa CAMEROON

Verina Ingram and Jolien Schure June 2010 Verina Ingram, Jolien Schure Review of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Central Africa, Cameroon

Photos: Verina Ingram, Jaap van der Waarde, Abdon Awono, Nouhou Ndam

Front cover photo: NTFP Market trader, Bamenda, Northwest region, Cameroon (Verina Ingram)

166p.+ v

CIFOR Central Africa office c/o IITA Humid Tropics Regional Centre BP 2008, Messa, Yaounde Cameroon

CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] Website http://www.cifor.cgiar.org

© 2010, Center for International Forestry Research. All rights reserved

This study was financed as part of the ACP-FORENET 9 ACP RPR 91#1 Regional NTFP study. The draft report was presented at the ATELIER SOUS-REGIONAL SUR«L’HARMONISATION DES REVUES NATIONALES SUR LES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX (PFNL) EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE», 17-18 MAI 2010, DOUALA, CAMEROUN, organized by the ACP-FORENET Project / RFPO AFRIQUE CENTRALE , with funding from the European Union.

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

CIFOR advances human wellbeing, environmental conservation and equity by conducting research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries.

CIFOR is one of 15 centres within the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). CIFOR’s headquarters are in Bogor, Indonesia. It also has offices in Asia, Africa and South America.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 Review of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Central Africa: Cameroon Summary This review of the current status of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Cameroon forms part of a regional study on NTFPs in Central Africa, an initiative of the Forestry Research Network for ACP countries (ACP-FORENET). Data and studies about NTFPs from 2004 to March 2010 were reviewed, filling the gap since the last national and regional studies in 1998 and 2004. Comprehensive data about nationally representative consumption, trade volumes and values exists only for some NTFPs. This absence explains why data from the 1990s are often reiterated and large gaps remain in scientific knowledge about species and the absence of sustainable consumption patterns and trade for many species. It also explains the inconsistencies in regulations and policy making. The Cameroonian 1994 Forestry Law identifies and sets out controls for ‘Special Forestry Products’, many of which are NTFPs. However it does not define NTFPs nor is there an explicit logic in the selection of products or prioritisation of NTFPs to enable sustainable management or monitoring.

A comprehensive list of the status of over 487 forest plants and 82 animals which provide non-timber forest products was compiled. These were scored using five ‘’value’’ criteria to evaluate the level of consumption, extent and volume of trade, multiple use of a species and use of multiple parts of a species, and the level of vulnerability. From this long list, 45 NTFPs, shown in the table below, were identified as ‘’priority’’ or ‘’key’’, meaning that they were attributed the highest values. The valuation revealed that there are at least 129 plant based products (consisting of over 59 species), which are highly valued for their trade and economic aspects, and are also important for subsistence use, their socio-cultural relevance and in maintaining environmental integrity. Fuelwood was classed as one product but in practice is comprised of many species which together have the highest estimated economic and social value. It is however the most neglected product in terms of data available. Other key plant products are predominantly used for food and oils (67%), followed by medicinal products (60%), with 20% having strong cultural connotations, and 13% of species also used for timber. In all, 67% of these key species have multiple uses. For the animal based NTFPs, the valuation exercise indicated that 42 species were the most used and highly valued. These animals are predominately used for food and were classed together as ‘bushmeat’, comprised largely of smaller mammals, birds, snakes and a range of insects. Apiculture products produced by bees (Apis mellifera), mainly honey and wax, were also rated with a high value, due to their multiple uses. The cultural and decorative uses of animals usually animal parts, such as spines, furs and skins had a lower value rating.

Priority NTFPS in Cameroon Species Annual value Forest type Value US$ score Fish (Silures & other species) 613,600,000 National 4 Fuelwood (wood, charcoal & sawdust) 378,641,309 National 4 Gnetum africanum, Gnetum bulchozium 12,197,503 Humid lowlands 4 Irvingia gabonensis, Irvingia wombulu 8,089,580 Humid lowlands 4 Prunus africana 2,874,928 Montane 4 Dacryodes edulis 989,504 Humid lowlands 4 Pausinystalia johimbe 847,182 Humid lowlands 4 Ricinodendron heudelotii 730,325 Humid lowlands 4 Voacanga africana 585,586 Humid lowlands 4 Cola nitida 430,639 Humid lowlands 4 Rattans (Laccosperma secundiflorum, L. 284,013 Humid lowlands 4

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 i

Species Annual value Forest type Value US$ score Robustum, Eremospatha macrocarpa) Cola acuminata 269,083 Humid lowlands 4 Garcinia kola 249,938 Humid lowlands 4 Garcinia lucida 171,175 Humid lowlands 4 Baillonella toxisperma 11,868 Humid lowlands 4 Piper guineensis 78.9 Humid lowlands 4 Xylopia aethiopica no data Humid lowlands 4 Acacia senegal, Acacia polyacantha 4,040,000 Savannah 3 Bushmeat (small mammals, ungulates, 2,799,330 Humid, savannah & montane 3 reptiles, rodents) Raphia spp. 1,574,661 Humid, montane, savannah 3 Tetrapleura tetraptera 124,489 Humid lowlands 3 Rauvolfia vomitoria 94,803 Humid lowlands 3 Chinconia spp. 31,500 Humid lowlands 3 Kigelia africana 18,000 Humid, montane 3 Carpolobia lutea, Carpolobia albea 5,911 Humid & montane zone 3 Aframomum melegueta, Aframomum - Humid lowlands 3 daniellii, Aframomum citratum Alstonia boonei - Humid lowlands 3 Coula edulis - Humid lowlands 3 Garcinia mannii - Humid lowlands 3 Guibourtia tessmannii - Humid lowlands 3 Harungana madagascariensis - Humid lowlands 3 Khaya ivorensis - Humid lowlands 3 Lophira alata - Humid lowlands 3 Lovoa trichilioides - Humid lowlands 3 Megaphrynium macrostachyum - Humid lowlands 3 Milicia excelsa - Humid lowlands 3 Monodora myristica - Humid lowlands 3 Morinda lucida - Humid lowlands 3 Nauclea diderrichii - Humid lowlands 3 Poga oleosa - Humid lowlands 3 Scorodophleus zenkeri - Humid lowlands 3 Terminalia superba - Humid lowlands 3 Trichoscypha arborea - Humid lowlands 3 Vitellaria paradoxa - Savannah 3 Apiculture beeswax 244,420 Savannah, montane 3 honey 61,105 3

Within the current, ongoing consultations to revise the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law, there is a particular emphasis on the regulatory framework for NTFPs. This revision process provides an excellent opportunity to update the policy and regulatory framework for NTFP value chains and products, and address problems and challenges identified with the current system. This review feeds into the revision process by identifying the priority NTFPs in Cameroon in terms of both trade and consumption. It is recommended that these NTFPs should form the basis of the revised framework and list of species which require permits and monitoring.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 ii A monitoring network on both a national and regional level for bushmeat, the Central African Bushmeat Monitoring System (SYVBAC) has been in development since 2008 by a group of stakeholders in the bushmeat and wildlife sector and provides an excellent existing framework for animal NTFP based monitoring. However, the criteria used for listing species for monitoring and protection need to be reconsidered in the light of two aspects, the level of vulnerability (using the Red Data List) and the level of off-take for sale and consumption. Taking these two criteria into account would mean that at least seven animals currently unclassified in the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law’s two major protection categories (Class A and B), would be need to be included as these species are classified as vulnerable according to the Red Data List of Threatened species. The monitoring, regulatory and harmonisation frameworks already proposed in detail for Cameroon (Walter and Mbala 2006; Betti 2007b; Bonannée, Zé et al. 2007) and for Central Africana in general (Walter and Mbala 2006, Bonannée, Zé et al. 2007) and the emerging presence of the Observatoire des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale (OFAC), provide an excellent opportunity for the regional level coordination and monitoring among Central African states.

Recommendations for enhancing the NTFP sector in Cameroon and regionally include: Plant NTFPs 1. Introduce a definition for NTFPs in the revision of the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law 2. Revise the list of Special Forestry Products, separating NTFPs and timber species, based on the lists presented above, stating both scientific name, local names in English, French and local languages and a description to avoid confusion during controls. 3. The COMCAM monitoring database should include all the revised list of Special Forestry Product NTFPs 4. Revise the permit system and introduce quotas and inventories for the key products from the wild. 5. Distinguish the source of forest products: plantations, agroforestry or natural forests, and include in permit system. 6. Distinguish between international and national trade in the permitting system. 7. Introduce harvesting guidelines and norms for the key NTFPs. 8. Improve the exchange of information from waybills (Lettre de Voitures), Control Posts and at the major transborder customs posts, and ensure this data feeds into a national COMCAM system.

Animal NTFPs 1. Revision of the hunting permit system to increase availability of data and improve control, including increasing the ease of obtaining Class C permits. 2. Coordination between regional and centralised MinFoF authorities on granting of permits, monitoring, controls and data collection at decentralised and national level. 3. Increased control and monitoring of bushmeat trade and markets for Class A and B species. 4. Increase basic knowledge of the biology of harvestable forest animals and the consequences of hunting, to would allow accurate estimations of production rates (the excess of growth over replacement rate) and enable the estimation of hunting quotas, related permits and sustainability. 5. Revise the Protected Classes of animals in the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law to include Red data listed species. 6. Assess if the ‘key’ non-protected but traded & consumed species are vulnerable, and if so, revise their rating and classification 7. Review the level and methods of protection and control for the key Class A and B species, given that they remain widely hunted.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 iii Contents

Summary ...... i Acknowledgements ...... vii 1.Introduction ...... 1 Definitions ...... 1 Context ...... 1 Aims of the study ...... 4 2.Methodology ...... 5 Approaches ...... 5 Grey literature ...... 5 Peer reviewed literature ...... 5 Theses ...... 5 Government and international institutions trade data ...... 5 Stakeholder interviews ...... 6 Market survey and Market Information Systems ...... 6 Data analysis ...... 6 Limitations ...... 8 Estimating revenues and volumes ...... 8 Extrapolation to annual volumes and values ...... 9 Study period...... 9 Species scientific and local names ...... 9 3.Background ...... 10 Climate, vegetation and topography ...... 10 Demography ...... 10 Governance and administration ...... 11 Socio-economics ...... 11 Infrastructure ...... 13 Cameroon’s forestry sector ...... 13 4.Results ...... 15 Defining priority NTFPs ...... 15 Key plant NTFPs ...... 17 Key animal NTFPs ...... 35 Key NTFPs in Cameroon ...... 44

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 iv 5. Description per NTFP ...... 47 6. Methodology for monitoring NTFPs in Cameroon ...... 47 Plant NTFPs ...... 47 Animal NTFPs ...... 48 7.References ...... 50 ANNEXES ANNEX 1 Literature searches ...... 74 Internet search ...... 74 Scientific literature search ...... 74 ANNEX 2 Market survey ...... 75 Questionnaire (market master/manager) ...... 75 Observations during market tour ...... 75 Markets visited & Region ...... 75 Overview of Markets visited & Region ...... 76 ANNEX 3 Species specific NTFP references ...... 78 ANNEX 4 General NTFP studies in Cameroon ...... 81 ANNEX 5 Location specific NTFP studies ...... 82 ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon ...... 85 Abbreviations ...... 85 Animal based NTFPs ...... 87 Plant NTFPs ...... 97 ANNEX 7 Protected animal species in Cameroon ...... 149 Class A ...... 149 Class B ...... 152 ANNEX 8 Exchange rates and inflation indexes ...... 157 ANNEX 9 Markets, Volumes and Prices 1995-2008 ...... 158 ANNEX 10 Ranking of most hunted animal species ...... 162 ANNEX 11 Description of priority NTFPs ...... 165

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 v

Boxes, Tables and Figures

Box 1 A defintion of key NTFPs ...... 16 Box 2 Capturing the value of multi-use species: Raphia ...... 24

Figure 1 Value scoring system...... 7 Figure 2 Ecological maps of Cameroon ...... 12 Figure 3 Infrastructure map of Cameroon ...... 13 Figure 4 Special Forestry Products in Cameroon ...... 19 Figure 5 Special Forestry Products: Species, Permitted quantities and Exported quantities ...... 21 Figure 6 Cameroon official data on exports NTFPs 2003-2009 ...... 22 Figure 7 Exports of Prunus africana from Cameroon 2000-2008 ...... 28 Figure 8 Proportion of 3 main NTFPs in the markets per region 1995-1997 ...... 29 Figure 9 Number of NTFPs sold in 18 Cameroon markets 1995-2008 ...... 30 Figure 10 Annual average quantity of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008 ...... 30 Figure 11 Annual average proportion % of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008 ...... 31 Figure 12 Annual, average quantity of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008 ...... 32 Figure 13 Key plant NTFPs by trade value ...... 33 Figure 14 Key plant NTFPs...... 34 Figure 15 Most hunted and trapped animal species in Cameroon...... 38

Table 1 Cameroon Human Development Indexes ...... 11 Table 2 Cameroon forest key figures ...... 14 Table 3 Internationally traded plant NTFPs from Cameroon in Europe ...... 18 Table 1 Special Forestry Products in Cameroon ...... 18 Table 2 Protected and vulnerability status of highly ranked hunted animals...... 14 Table 6 Values of animal NTFPs in order of value, per species ...... 40 Table 7 Volumes and values of bushmeat, Cameroon ...... 41 Table 8 Key animal NTFPs in order of species...... 42 Table 9 Cameroon Key NTFPs trade and consumption ...... 44

Photo 1 Cola acuminata, Garcina cola and Dacryodes edulis ...... 9 Photo 2 NW and Western highlands forests: Source of NTFPs such as honey, Voacanga africana and Prunus africana ...... 14 Photo 3 Key Cameroonian NTFPs; High trade but scarce data ...... 20 Photo 1 Traditional medicinal NTFPs, Bafoussam ...... 251 Photo 4 Raphia vinifera, Bafut ...... 25 Photo 6 Caterpillars, Lobeke ...... 43

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 vi 1. Abbreviations

ACP-FORENET Forestry Research Network for ACP countries CARPE Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBFP Congo Basin Forest Partnership CEFDHAC Conférence sur les Ecosystèmes des Forêts Denses et Humides d’Afrique Centrale CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species COMIFAC Commission on Central African Forests COMCAM Commercial Forestry Database of Cameroon FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FCFA Franc of the Central African Financial Community ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization MinEPIA Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries & Production MinFoF Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product NWFP Non-wood Forest Product OFAC Observatoire des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PSFE Forest and Environment Sectoral Program SFP Special Forestry Products SYVBAC Système de suivi de la filière viande de brousse en Afrique Central SIGIF Système de Gestion de l’Information Forestière SFP Special Forestry Products TRAFFIC CITES Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (IUCN and WWF) WHO World Health Organization

Acknowledgements Many thanks to Ousseynou Ndoye and Julius Tieughong at the FAO, Cameroon for providing vital references, likewise to Nouhou Ndam of TRAFFIC and Cédric Vermeulen of the University of Gembleau. We are grateful especially to all the participants at the Atelier Sous Regional sur les Produits Forestieres Non- Ligneux en Afrique Centrale and particularly members of Parallel Session Group 1 at the FORENET session in Douala from 17 to 18 May 2010.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 vii

1. Introduction

Definitions The definitions used here are the same as those used in the COMIFAC Sub-Regional Directives for the sustainable management of Non-wood forest products (NWFP) or Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) of plant origin in Central Africa (FAO, GTZ et al. 2008), unless otherwise specified: a. Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) or Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFP): Spontaneous forest products of biological (vegetable and animal origin), other that timber, derived from forests, and other wooded land and trees outside forests b. Threatened NTFPs: NTFPs whose species are, or could be threatened with extinction at a national level, in particular because of their nature, the frequency of their exploitation or an ecological factor. c. NTFP value chains: indicates the entire set of processes and activities involved in getting a product from harvest in the forests, including storage, transport, and transformation or processing and marketing to the final consumer. d. National competent authority: authority in charge of NTFPs in each State, according to its level of devolution and/or decentralization. e. Right to food: right to sufficient food, realised when each man, woman and child, alone or with others, has physically and economically constant access to sufficient food, or to the means of obtaining food. f. Food security: foods that provide a substantial contribution to human nutritional needs and intake, annually or within a particular season. g. Exploitation permit: an authorization to exploit, granted by the national competent authority h. Sustainable management: the management of a space and its resources which guarantees development that meets both present needs, without compromising the capacity of future generations to meet their needs. Context Within Central Africa, NTFPs are exploited for subsistence needs and also for sale (Trefon 1994; Clark and Sunderland 1998; Sunderland 1998; Wilkie, Hakizumwami et al. 2001; Clark and Sunderland 2004), often with no or very little coordination by competent authorities and thereafter are transformed and marketed, both locally, nationally, and internationally. That there is a significant, often decades and even centuries long regional trade in NTFPs amongst other Central African countries in several products such as Gnetum, honey and Cola, is well known in popular consciousness. However for many NTFPs, the value and quantities and trade circuits are not known precisely. There is also a known trade (again, not quantified) out of Africa, which has been remarkably little studied except for Tabuna’s classic study now more than a decade ago (Tabuna 1999). There is also little harmonisation or overview on a regional level, to ensure sustainable management of this sector (See Wasseige and al. 2009 p. 163, 164; Betti 2007).

Data concerning the values and volumes of exploitation and the management of NTFPs on a national and then regional level are patchy and inconsistent. Scientific data is largely not used to inform or support decision making on the level of regulating and managing exploitation on a national or regional level for

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 1 either subsistence needs, or for trade. The recent exception on a national level is Prunus africana, for which guidelines for its management have been developed based on inventories and market studies (Ingram, Awono et al. 2009). There is also no, or insufficient coordination, between research, development and conservation organisations to ensure that the competent public administrations use the wealth of data that has been produced (REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON 2008).

These knowledge gaps are despite the wealth of literature on the use and trade of NTFPs in Central Africa. As Dounias (2000) points out, within the Central African literature about the use of plants and particularly forest products, Cameroon is over-represented. This may be due to Cameroon being seen as ‘‘Africa in miniature’’ and a host of social, political and as well as logistical reasons which make the Republic a crossroad of vast phytogeographic entities, but also at the cultural centre of Baka’a, Bantu, Adamaoua- Oubangui and Chad speaking populations. Cameroon’s colonial legacy and largely stable political environment also ensures easy access for both Anglophone and Francophone researchers and large body of home-grown researchers and academics from national research institutes and universities, making its forests and products some of the most studied among the Central African nations. This intensity on a regional level is also paralleled on a national level, with four regions having been particularly well studied, notably the Southwest, Central and Eastern rainforests and Northwest/Southwest montane forests.

On a Central African regional level, some of the earliest regional studies highlighted the importance of the forest-rural-urban link for forest products (Trefon 1994; Ladipo 1998). Regional studies and compilations of national level data were published in 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2004. These synthesized data on NTFPs, the issues around the resource, harvest and trade, and the statistics available (Sunderland, Clark et al. 1998; Tchatat 1999) (Walter 2001); Clark and al 2004). These regional overviews were complemented by studies of exports from Central Africa on NTFPs in general to Europe (Tabuna 1998), on bushmeat (Wilkie and Carpenter 1999b; LeBreton, Prosser et al. 2006), and on NTFPs used for food (Bikoue, Essomba et al. 2007). By 2001 two good bibliographies of NTFP and their uses existed (Dounias, Rodrigues et al. 2000; Maille 2001).

By the beginning of the decade, the need for a regional level and transboundary approach for NTFPs was recognised. This resulted in a series of studies and initiatives on the policy framework (Wilkie, Hakizumwami et al. 2001) and its opportunities (Jetz, Rahbek et al. 2004), the link with indigenous knowledge (Tchatat and Ndoye 2006; Eyong 2007) and indigenous rights (Eyong 2007), how to collect data and monitor this on a national and regional level (Medicinal Plants Specialist Group 2007) and setting up an appropriate legal and institutional framework (Betti 2007b).

By the middle of the new decade, attention turned increasingly to the need to harmonize the regulatory, monitoring, tax and institutional framework on a both national and regional level (Betti 2007b; Betti 2007a; Ebamane 2008), largely within the context of COMIFAC related initiatives to improve and harmonize the forest regimes across Central African states. The socioeconomic aspects of NTFPs were assessed again in 2008 (Noubissie, Chupezi et al. 2008).

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 2 In Cameroon, at least 70 studies have been conduced about species, their uses and environments. These can be classified into three main types:

1. Studies focussing on a single species, notably Gnetum spp., Prunus africana and Irvingia spp. Cola spp. and Dacryodes edulis, have been subject of numerous studies in Cameroon (Ainge and Brown 2001; Tachie-Obeng and Brown 2001). These studies tended to focus on widely commercialized and well known species. For a fuller listing and references, see ANNEX 3 Species specific NTFP references.

2. Studies focussing on a specific geographic location. These have largely been associated with major conservation projects in areas to be designated as protected areas, or seeking a different level of protection, such as Dja, Takamanda, Campo-Maan, Korup, Mt Cameroon and the Bamenda Highlands (Kilum-Ijum). Although a largely representative listing of NTFP species and their uses from both the lowland humid forest zone and montane forest zone has been generated by these projects, a complete geographical coverage of Cameroon is missing, with the northern savannah zones especially largely unrecorded. These projects have also, by intention, focussed on areas of high biodiversity and conservation value, which can give a misleading impression of the extent, species and scale of NTFP use and availability across Cameroon. Particularly in zones where the local population have not had a close and historically long relationship with forest, such as the Tikar (Dounias 1996; Zapfack and Nkongo 1999), their use and knowledge of the same forest products is significantly less than, for example, forest dwelling ethnic groups such the Baka pygmies or even forest edge groups such as the Bantu in Dja or Campo-Maan. NTFPs are however also found in less biodiverse and more degraded landscapes, is peri-urban areas, and are both maintained and used in agroforestry zones. These zones are however poorly represented in the current literature and studies. For a fuller listing and references in Cameroon, see ANNEX 5 Location specific NTFP studies.

3. Several comprehensive studies have focussed on specific uses, such as fruits for food use (Vivien and Faure 1996; Eyog Matig, Ndoye et al. 2006) medicinal uses (Vasisht and Kumar 2004; Jiofack, Fokunang et al. 2008; Focho, Newu et al. 2009; Jiofack, Ayissi et al. 2009), tree use (Focho, Newu et al. 2009) and socio-economic uses (Tchatat 1999; Tchoumboue, Tchouamo et al. 2001; Nlend V 2007). For a fuller listing and references, see ANNEX 4 General NTFP studies in Cameroon.

The first wide scale assessments of the value and volumes of NTFPs on a regional and/or national level in Cameroon were made in the end of the 1990s (Ndoye, Pérez et al. 1997/98; CERUT-AIDEnvironment 1999; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 1999; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 2000). Statistics for Cameroon were collated by the FAO for the 1998 and 2001 Central Africa regional studies, largely a compilation and reiteration of existing statistics (FAO 1999; Mbolo, Walter et al. 2002). These focused mainly on listing the species and their types of uses, however little or no new, dedicated research was done.

The relevance and sustainability of wider regulatory framework for NTFPs in Cameroon started to be questioned at the turn of the century, producing a number of valuable recommendations which built a series of cases and proposals (Mbolo, Walter et al. 2002); (NGWASIRI, DJEUKAM et al. 2002 ; Djeukam 2007). The legal, policy and customary inconsistencies dealing with trade and auto-consumption by harvesters have also been addressed (Ingram 2009; Laird, McLain, and Wynberg 2009). Recommendations for monitoring by local communities (Mbile, PA’AH et al. 2005), the government (Ebamane 2008), and by local actors (SNV 2010a) have also been made. A number of value chain and market baseline studies have

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 3 been produced recently, which provide detailed data on the values, volumes and other socio-economic and environmental aspects (Anembom Consulting 2008b; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2008a; Matsop, Kamajou et al. 2008; Nchinda and Che 2008; Tajoacha 2008; Ade 2009; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009b; Ewane, Awono et al. 2009; Niba Fon 2009; van der Goes and Ngueko 2009; Ingram 2010b; Ingram 2010a; Ingram, Tieguhong et al. 2010; Ndumbe, Ingram et al. 2010; Wirsiy, Tanda et al. 2010)

Aims of the study Due to this lack of information about the importance of the NTFPs and their role in sustainable management of forest resources, the Forestry Research Network for ACP countries (ACP-FORENET) is coordinating a regional study on NTFPs in Central Africa. The ACP-FORENET aims to establish a scientific network on forestry issues across ACP countries and is financed by the European Union (EU). It is leading reviews of six Central African countries (Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of Central Africa) in collaboration with partners interested in the topic. The overall aim is to review, revise and update information from the major regional studies of 1998 and 2004 (Clark and Al 1998; Clark and Al 2004). This new information will be to develop systems of statistical data collection on NTFPs and making recommendations for the Member States of the COMIFAC (Betti 2007). This report feeds into this process by providing a review of the current state of NTFPs in Cameroon.

Despite the wealth of studies in Cameroon, large knowledge gaps however still remain (FAO, GTZ et al. 2008; FAO 2009a). This report therefore aims to fill the gap and provide comprehensive information that can be used to develop statistical data collection systems data on NTFPs on a national level. A better base knowledge can assist policy makers to estimate the risks and opportunities inherent in exploitation and trade in the NTFP the sector, to monitor future changes and flag up species of concern for conservation and/or livelihood reasons. It can serve to provide an early warning signal for when the level of trade threatens species. A system for improved monitoring of NTFPs in Cameroon, harmonized with other Central African countries in the framework of COMIFAC, is therefore proposed.

The review considers largely data and studies about NTFPs published from 2004 to March 2010, giving the actual state of affairs since the last large scale regional studies about NTFPs (FAO 1999); Clark et al. 1998; Clark et al. 2004). However, as information about consumption, trade, volumes and values that are nationally representative is rare, some data prior to 2004 have been used.

The objectives of this national review are to:

Update and revise the existing information about the state of the use and commercialisation of NTFPs Identify the key NTFPs (both plants and animals), both most commonly used and commercialized over the past 5 years. Update a description of the key NTFPs. Estimate the volumes, values and production associated with the commercialization of NTFPs. Present methodologies for monitoring NTFPs in Cameroon within the context of COMIFAC.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 4 2. Methodology The main methodology for the review is an analysis of documents and literature. Additional information was gathered, guided by semi-structured questionnaires in markets, and interviews with stakeholders working with NTFPs. The specific approaches used to gather and analyse the different data are detailed below.

Approaches

Grey literature Because the review specifically looked for new data and case studies, a large range of ‘grey literature’ covering a range of disciplines (botany, forestry, environmental sciences, development, anthropology, sociology, ethnology, ethnobotany, geography and agriculture) was reviewed for possible new information about NTFPs. Finding this broader scale of documents was done by search of key words in a web search tool (www.googlescholar.com, see Annex 1). In addition, the NTFP project1 led by FAO offered assistance finding relevant information by listing all relevant documents from their past projects and library. Recipe books available in Cameroon were included to provide an insight into the NTFPs commonly used for food. After a quick scan of about 500 documents using selection criteria (see ANNEX 1 Literature searches), 92 documents were retained for more detailed review.

Peer reviewed literature After a scan of about 600 peer-reviewed scientific journals and books, using key words as selection criteria (see ANNEX 1 Literature searches), 242 documents were retained for more detailed review. These are presented in detail in ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon, and by region, and species and classification in Annexes 3, 4 and 5 respectively.

Theses Academic thesis of masters, DEA and doctoral level students provide a rich source of data which is often not well disseminated or well known, particularly for master’s levels students who do not publish their results in scientific journals or non-scientific literature. Libraries and university websites were visited, and contacts were made with researchers at Universities in Cameroon (Dschang, Yaounde I, Ngaoundéré, Buea and Bamenda), international Universities known to have connections with Cameroon (Universities of Gottingen, Wageningen, Gembleau and Brussels) and research institutes (the Cameroonian Institute for Agricultural Research (IRAD), the French Centre for International Agricultural Research and Development (CIRAD), the French Institute for Research and Development (IRD), Tropenbos Cameroon and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), to obtain copies of relevant theses. While there are undoubtedly many more theses on the topic, a selection that meets the study criteria has been included. These provide in-depth details, often for a specific geographic site, on trade, values and volumes.

Government and international institutions trade data To obtain information on national and export trade of NTFPs within and from Cameroon, government trade and permit data was sourced and consulted. This consists of data held by the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife on the annual data quotas allocated and actual quantities exploited of the 13 ‘Special Forestry

1 GCP/RAF/408/EC, European Union funded ‘’Mobilisation et Renforcement des Capacités des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises impliquées dans les Filières des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux en Afrique Centrale’’ Project, FAO, SNV, ICRAF, CIFOR and the Governments of Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo; 2007-2010

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 5 Products’. Also consulted were CITES databases of products listed under Annex II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and the annual reports from the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife to CITES, which are maintained in the United Nations World Conservation Monitoring Centre database2. The Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife also maintains a Database of Commercialised Species in Cameroon (‘COMCAM’ database) which details export quantities, importing countries and exporters of forest products exports since 2004. The Système de Gestion de l’Information Forestière (SIGIF) appears to be no longer used and does not appear to contain any data on NTFPs (see also Betti 2007).

Stakeholder interviews Interviews and discussions and email correspondence with key stakeholders working in the sector included the associations of NTFP exports and harvesters, the FAO, a number of University professors, the National Herbarium of Cameroon, NGOs such as TRAFFIC, WWF and WCS, the Royal Botanic Garden Kew and CIFOR colleagues, to obtain further data and clarify specific questions on species, values and volumes.

Market survey and Market Information Systems The aim of the market survey was to meet with traders and market masters and verify the species and volumes traded. Although the survey is limited in that it was restricted only to a small number (10) of towns (Abong Mbang, Bafoussam, Bamenda, Dschang, Idenau, Kribi, Limbe, Lomie, Makenene and Yaounde) and was a punctual, one-off survey, not able to capture the well documented seasonal variations in NTFPs, it enabled a verification of all the traded NTFPs and especially the small quantities of condiments and barks not captured by the other market surveys. To address these limitations, data and reports from the Market Information Systems (MIS) set up by SNV from 2008 to 2010 were used (Mekongo and Ngueko 2008; SNV 2009c; SNV 2009b; SNV 2010b; SNV 2010a; SNV 2010c). These cover 8 months of data from the Centre, South, East and North West regions and their markets (physical and virtual) and trade across Cameroon. The NTFP Databases, also based on market surveys, also provide complementary information for the higher quantity NTFPs traded.

Internet sites and sources were also used to provide export price data for species where this data was not provided in the literature. Trade data was obtained from individual Cameroonian export and traders sites which had been registered as having Special Forestry Permits, as well as Cameroonian traders sites found during the internet search.

Data analysis The data on all species gathered from the different sources were entered into an excel sheet (ANNEX 4 General NTFP studies in Cameroon). Information on the species, names, values and volumes, parts, uses, level of domestication and impact of harvest was included, with reference sources. Exotic NTFP species and solely timber species were excluded from the review.

Trade volumes and values were taken from the literature and/or government data. Where several years of data on values and volumes were available, these were averaged, to account for seasonal variations. Trade values were calculated using annual exchange rates for the year(s) in question from CFA to $, if this exchange rate was not quoted in the literature. An inflation-index linked US$ exchange rate was used to calculate historical exchange rates into equivalent terms for 2010, to enable a comparison of values. Where no recent (i.e. from 2004 or later) values or volumes were provided, the most recent data was used, particularly where personal observations or literature sources indicate that this species remains consumed

2 http://www.unep-wcmc.org/citestrade/

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 6 or traded. However these figures should be treated with caution and have been included as a guide only. Values provided are either ‘‘Forest gate’’ i.e. the value to harvesters, or more often, retail market values in Cameroon. Where no export prices were available, prices advertised on the internet for the species from Cameroon were used. Total values and volumes were calculated, where available, by selecting the most recent; longer term averaged value and volumes for a species. If several discrete geographical studies provided information, all these were used when it was felt that there was no overlap of data.

The literature review, in the absence of obtainable government data on traded bushmeat, was used to determine which species are most used and/or commercialised. Eight studies (Wilkie and Carpenter 1999a; Ayeni and Mdaihli 2001; Ayeni, Tah et al. 2001; Fa, Seymour et al. 2006; Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009; Wright and Priston 2010), classified the most hunted and marketed species (in numbers of animals and/or biomass) for their geographical zone of study. The rankings provided by these studies were averaged to indicate key species nationally. As these eight studies are broadly representative of different lowland humid forest zone of Cameroon, they are judged representative for this zone. Similar data for bushmeat use in the Highland montane areas and Far North, however were not found - which represents a significant data gap.

Where no details of values and volumes were found in the literature, this has a distorting effect on the selection of ‘’key NTFPs’’ based purely on economic values. Particularly for some products such as Irvingia gabonensis and in some cultures (such as Baka’a pygmy in the Centre and East regions and in the Anyang and the Becheve in the Southwest region for example), exchange, gifts and non-cash trade can be significant at between 11 to 30 % of the total quantity harvested ((Ingram 2009a). To compensate for this distortion in selecting the ‘key NTFPs’, a simple scoring system was used to take account of own use, consumption, barter and non-cash trade. This follows and elaborates on a similar logic used to value NTFPs in previous studies (Zapfack and Ngobo 2001). Where studies had included an assessment or ranking of the importance of the NTFPs to the local population, this was used to guide the score. Where little data was provided on the importance and species did not have multiple uses, or only one reference, a ‘minor consumption’ score was given. Species which had multiple uses, and from which multiple parts of were used, were scored as being of a higher intrinsic value (Ticktin 2004; Akinleye, Olubanjo et al. 2008). The value scoring system was based on criteria shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Value scoring system

Score Use 1 = Minor consumption (for cultural, medicinal, food, tools, construction use) 2 = Multiple use species (consumption) Limited trade (Local trade or barter/exchange) 2.5 = Multiple use and local regional trade 3 = Wide scale trade (important revenue source for livelihoods, regional to national and international trade) Multiple use species (consumption and trade) Major consumption (important cultural, medicinal, food, tools, construction use) Species classified as protected or vulnerable 4 = Major consumption and wide scale trade nationally and/or internationally and/or protected.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 7 Limitations

Estimating revenues and volumes As has been widely noted, NTFPs often provide a highly variable flux of revenues for users and harvesters. This has several causes; The seasonality of production; The relation with seasonal farming practices; The need for cash at certain times of the year (cultural and religious holidays such as Christmas and Id, the start of new school terms etc.); The vulnerability of the product or possibility to transform the product to keep it longer and extend market possibilities (Hoare 2007). Trade barriers and ease of trade, particularly transport routes, are also a major variable affecting revenues and profitability of actors. Changing demand and markets; the history of Prunus africana trade in Cameroon demonstrates how over the last 40 years a changing market, triggered by regulations, has affected the level of trade. Suspension of trade in 2007 has completely altered the values and volumes currently being traded compared to 2007 and to1995 when comprehensive, annual data collection started.

As a result of his variability, data on prices and volumes, which with the exception of the government and CIFOR NTFP databases, has not been collected over significant time periods that allow an overview of the fluctuations and interactions between demand and supply, seasonal variations and natural changes in productivity.

Where no documentation on prices was available, several exporters were asked to provide data on prices. They were however largely reluctant to provide data. In these cases, internet sources, where available, were used to provide trade values. Internet sources however should be taken with caution as may be higher than actual prices paid by export and should be seen as providing indicative values only.

Export data concerning volumes is very patchy, with export data on volumes for only a few species collected officially. Volumes for those species not provided by government data are therefore not necessarily accurate and may represent minimum trade volumes. There is also a variation between the volumes indicated in annual Special Forestry Product Permits and actual volumes exported, according to the government COMCAM database: for some years less is exported than the permits requested, for other years more, with over 100% variances for some species. This means that averages over the period that data exists, may give an unrealistic long term impression of trade. Internet sources also indicate that many more NTFP species are traded and available from Cameroon, and in quantities vastly different to those recorded in the government database annually. Many of the references used were compromised by such fluxes and seasonality. The lack of long term studies of values and volumes means that it is extremely difficult to establish averages or baselines and to extrapolate this over the longer term, or to other regions, and even nationally for some products.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 8 Extrapolation to annual volumes and values Where annual volumes were not given, but data was provided in terms of weeks or months, data was extrapolated to a 12 month period for non seasonal products (e.g. Gnetum spp., Prunus africana). Where only seasonal production data was available, this was used without extrapolation. When large seasonal variations in prices or between markets were found, the average was used.

Study period The market observations were only over a short period over 3 months and were intended only to provide an indicative view of products traded at that period and the products usually offered in those markets. Accurate recall by market traders was a problem as most do not record sales, values and volumes. This limitation was complemented and compensated partially by CIFOR’s long term NTFP market databases and SNV’s Market information Systems.

Species scientific and local names Some forest products traded are not distinguished by their species name but are sold generically - meaning that for some species it is difficult to obtain data on species level. For example eru (known as okok or koko) is the common trade for two species: Gnetum bulchozium and Gnetum africanum, which are not distinguished in trade. Similarly, bush mango, known locally as ndo’o or mangue sauvage, is the trade name for two species (Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombulu). Whilst these species are distinguished in the forest by harvesters and due to their different fruiting periods, they are often not differentiated in the markets. Bushmeat, with monkeys, duikers and small rodents in particular, are also not sold according to their species name. The species is also not always identifiable per species once it reaches markets if the animals has been dried and/or smoked. Many caterpillars are often known only by their local names or by the host tree. For some species, particularly caterpillars, insects and mushrooms, the scientific name has not been yet been identified (van Dijk, Onguene et al. 2003). For many condiments sold in Cameroonian local markets, even many traders also do not know their local names, but refer to the barks, herbs and spices collectively by their main mode of use e.g. ’epice d’nkui’ and ’achu spices’.

3.

Photo 2 Cola acuminata, Garcina cola and Dacryodes edulis

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 9 3. Background This section briefly presents the Republic of Cameroon to set the context in which this study is framed. Located in Central Africa the country covers a total land area of 466,326 km2. It has 4,591km of land boundaries and 402km of coastline. It is bordered to the east by the Central African Republic, northeast by Chad, west and northwest by Nigeria and south by the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. The country is located between latitudes 2o and 13o N (about 1200 km) and longitudes 8o30’ and 16o 10’ E.

Climate, vegetation and topography Cameroon has a tropical climate along the coast, becoming semi-arid, hotter and drier in the north. The country can be divided into four geographic regions on the basis of climate and topographic criteria. The southern zone, roughly between 2° and 6° N has a four-season climate, rainfall over 1500 mm and two dry months. The Congo-Guinean zone forest zone is a region of closed evergreen or semi-deciduous rainforest, forming an almost unbroken blanket in the south and splitting into islands north of the fourth parallel; it corresponds to the ‘humid’ and ‘low and medium-altitude sub-humid’ eco-floristic zones. The coastal zone is a 200 km wide strip along the sea in which oceanic influences predominate. The single dry season is not very marked, and rainfall decreases from 4,000 mm on the coast with a maximum of up to 10,000 mm at Debunscha near Mt Cameroon, to 2,500 to 3,000 mm, some 50 km inland (Edea) and 2,000 mm along the border of the humid lowland forest zone. It corresponds to the ‘low- medium altitude very humid’ eco- floristic zone, with an evergreen forest whose vegetation differs from that of the evergreen forest further inland. The coastal and southern zones make up Letouzey’s (1985) ‘Congo-Guinean’ floristic region. The northern zone has a drier Sudano-Sahelian climate with annual rainfall between 500 mm and 1000 mm. The mountainous Cameroon Highlands zone is found along the volcanic chain from Mt Cameroon though the northwest to Adamaoua and includes unique Afromontane forests above 2000 m, and a rainfall of between 1500 à 2600 mm varying with relief and altitude. The average temperature in the south is 250C, 210C on mountain ranges and plateau and 320C in the drier north (Jonker and Foahom, 2009). The northern slope of the Adamaoua plateau is a clear boundary within the Soudanian zone.

Cameroons' terrain is diverse, with plains in the north and the southwest, the Adamawa plateau in the centre and high mountains in the west. The highest point is Mt Cameroon (4, 095 m) in the Southwest region and the lowest is sea level. For most part the country lies between 200 and 800 m above sea level. Lake Chad is in the far north and straddles the border with Chad. Three major rivers flow into the Atlantic: The Wouri, the Nyong and the Sanaga that is formed from the confluence of the Lom (which flows from the northwest) and the Noun (which flows from the east). The Dja arises in the east and flows out of the country into Congo in the east. The river Bénoué flows north to Nigeria through Lagdo reserve

Demography The population of Cameroon is estimated at 19.4 million as of January 1, 2010, a projection derived from the Population & Housing Census of November 2005. This is based on an estimated annual growth rate of 2.6%. A little over half (50.5%) of the population is female with 43.6% of the population is less than 15 years old (Government of Cameroon (2010). The urban population is increasing with 52% now living in urban areas, up from 48.9% in 2000. The average population density is 35.2 inhabitants per km2 (UNDP 2008: FAO, 2007), but varies considerably per region, from less than 5 persons per km² in some savannah and moist forest regions to 90-100 persons per km² in parts of the West. Three-quarters of the male population and 52% of the female population over 15 years of age are literate. The male/female ratio for the population is 1.01. The main ethnic groups are the Cameroon highlanders (31%) and the Equatorial Bantu (19%), Kirdi (11%) Fulani (10%), the Northwestern Bantu (8%) and the Eastern Nigritic (7%) (Neba

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 10 1999; CIA 2009). There are more than 250 linguistic groups with strong cultural identities associated with the ecological zones where they live. The Bantus are dominant farming populations in the humid forest zone while marginalized indigenous groups include the pygmies (Aka, Baka, Baka'a, Bakola and others) (Topa et al. 2009). About 25% of the population adheres to traditional religion (indigenous beliefs); about 22% is Muslim; the remaining majority is Christian (Jonker and Foahom, 2009). The official languages are English and French, with the latter dominating while the former is confined to the former British colony in the northwest and southwest regions.

Governance and administration Following German, British and French colonial rule, French Cameroon became an independent nation in 1960, merging with the British Cameroons in 1961. In 1972, President Ahmadou Ahidjo unified the country and created a republic with a constitution and a legal system based on French civil law, and divided Cameroon into 10 administrative regions, ruled through an autocratic, highly centralized, one-party system. Since 1982 the current president, Paul Biya, has continued a one-party state until 1990, when a multiparty system was introduced and parliamentary elections took place in 1992, with presidential elections in 1997. Cameroon’s government however is often described as authoritarian (Topa et al 2009). Throughout Cameroon, political parties and associations have been superimposed on traditional structures. In the last two decades administrative functions have been decentralized, devolving power but not always corresponding financial budgets to local councils and communities(Oyono 2004).

Socio-economics The GDP per capita is US$ 651 and real growth rate is 4.8% (FAO, 2007), however 40% of the population lives under the poverty line. Agriculture accounts for 44% of GDP, industry for 16% and service industries for the remaining 40% (CIA 2008) with seventy percent of the working population active in the agricultural sector. Cameroon is classified as a medium-income country, with a Human Development index of 0.532 in 2008 (UN 2009) but many development challenges remain (see Table 3). Because of its relative political stability, timber and oil resources and favourable agricultural conditions, Cameroon has one of the best- endowed, functioning primary commodity economies in sub-Saharan Africa.

Table 3 Cameroon Human Development Indexes Literacy rate 67.9% Life expectancy at birth 49.8 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita 2005 (purchasing power parity US$) 2.299 Human Development Index 1995-2005 Increase Population living below: - US$1/day 17.1% - US$2/day 50.6% - National poverty line 40.2% Births per women 6.3 Population undernourished 1990/92 33% Population undernourished 2002/04 26% HIV prevalence (15-49 age group) 2005 5.4% Cell phone subscribers (per 1000 people) 138 Net Official Development Assistance per capita (US$) 25.4 Net Official Development Assistance as % GDP 1990 4.0% Net Official Development Assistance as % GDP 2005 2.5% TI corruption perception index 2.4 Overall HDI rank (out of 177 countries) 144 (Sources UN Human Development Report 2007/2008, * United Nations World Prospects Report (2004 revision), ** World Bank Doing Business 2009)

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 11

Figure 2 Ecological maps of Cameroon

Source: Letouzey 1985

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 12 Infrastructure Cameroon has 34,300 km of roads of which 4,288 km are paved. Plans to upgrade and connect Cameroon to the African international highway system are ongoing, with routes to Equatorial Guinea and Gabon in the south, and Central African Republic to the East completed but not to Nigeria in the west. There is 1,104 km of one-metre gauge railway with the main line leading from Douala on the coast through the capital Yaounde and up to Ngaoundéré. There are eleven airports with paved runways but only 3 (Douala, Yaoundé and Maroua) served with regular flights, and 39 with unpaved runways. There are about 2,090 km of waterways, with the main ports of Douala, Limbe and Kribi on the Atlantic coast and Garoua on the river in the north, which handles exports to Nigeria. Cameroon is dependent on hydropower for 97.5% of its power, but faces regular power cuts in both rural and urban areas. The fixed telephone system that was previously largely only available to business and government has been transformed in the last five years by mobile networks which cover the majority Figure 3 Infrastructure map of Cameroon of towns and cities in Cameroon.

Cameroon’s forestry sector As shown in Table 4, the forest sector’s economic importance has made it a source of influence, political capital and reward in Cameroon’s patronage system, and the motives and behaviour of various groups with an interest in Cameroon’s forests are best understood light of these circumstances. Since 2004, forests have been under the competences of the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MinFoF), and nature protection under the Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection, with the roles of both enshrined in the Sectoral Program for Forests and Environment (Republic of Cameroon 2003). MinFoF is the gatekeeper to lucrative logging rights in Cameroon, and the majority of its activities are focused on commercial timber. Given its vital role in supporting the president, the Department of Forests enjoyed high-level access to the presidential office and has operated under rather direct presidential control. The initiation of democratic reforms in the 1990s has brought new complexity to forest management by involving a broader range of actors with competing and overlapping interests and claims (Topa et al. 2009).

Over 47% of Cameroon’s national territory is forested (de Wasseige, 2009). The forest is mainly closed tropical broad-leaved rainforest with three predominant types: lowland evergreen, lowland semi- deciduous, and montane. The closed forests are concentrated in the south and along the coast. Cameroon’s dense forested zone covers 19.6 million ha, about 40% of the national territory and is described as some of the most biological diverse and most threatened forests (Topa et al. 2009; CBFP, 2006; GFW, 2000). Areas of mangroves are found in the Gulf of Guinea and Acacia spp. savannah woodland occurs in the north. Cameroon has a modest area of agro-industrial plantation forests, largely oil palm and rubber of around 100,00 ha (Monfort 2005). Whilst low by international standards, Cameroon has one of the highest central African annual rates of deforestation in the humid zone is 0.14%, and an annual net degradation rate of 0.01% (de Wasseige, 2009). However when including the savannah zone, it is above the African average with 1%. The Government of Cameroon adopted a new forestry law in 1994, highlighting its strategies for making the forestry sector contribute to the socio-economic development of Cameroon by involving local

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 13 communities, NGOs, economic operators, as well as international communities. The forest zoning plan in Cameroon now covers 14 million hectares with growing recognition of the customary rights and socio- economic welfare contributions of forests at the local and national levels. The forest sector of Cameroon is the largest employer outside the public sector, providing 13,000 formal and 150,000 informal jobs and is the second largest source of export revenue after petroleum, 29% and 26% of nonpetroleum exports in 2001 and 2004 respectively (Topa et al. 2009; (Ingram 2009a). The value of forest products in Cameroon for which some statistics exist is – export timber around US$ 870 million and domestic timber US$ 58 million, with 15 Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) estimated to have a market value of around US$ 54 million in 2007-2008 (Ingram 2009). However, the NTFP sector accounts for 58% of people employed, with the domestic sector estimated 33% and the export sector at 9% of those employed in the forest sector (Ingram 2009a). In 1994, Cameroon introduced a number of forest policy reforms, both regulatory and market- based, to support a more organized, transparent and sustainable system for accessing and using forest resources (Topa et al. 2009). More policy and development focused attention is now increasingly been directed towards the value chains of NTFPs in the last decade.

In Cameroon, the state defines forestry sector policies, forest management regulations and grants logging rights. Cameroon’s forests are governed by the 1994 Forestry Law and its 1995 Decree of Application. Another important legal regulation on forestry and wildlife was the implementation of the National Zoning Plan and guidelines. The National Zoning Plan is an indicative framework for land use in the southern forested area. It acts as tool for the planning, orientation and exploitation of natural resources within the area (Jonkers and Foahom, 2004). Cameroon’s forest is divided into the permanent and non-permanent forest domains. The permanent forests consist of protected areas and production forests, designated for sustainable production of timber and other forest products. Non-permanent forests are forests that can be converted to other uses, provided that they are kept as forest and harvested according to regulations for production forestry.

Table 4 Cameroon forest key figures Aspect Figures Date Reference Public forest ownership 86% 2005 MINFOF and FAO 2005 Industrial roundwood production 2.3 million m3 2006 MINFOF 2007a Contribution forestry sector to GDP 6% 2004 CBFP 2006 Value of forest products exports 488 million $ 2006 INS 2006 (Sources: Fometé and Cerutti, 2008; World Bank, 2009; World Bank, 2009) Photo 3 NW and Western highlands forests: Source of NTFPs such as honey, Voacanga africana and Prunus africana

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 14 4. Results

The forests of Central Africa and Cameroon are rich in non-timber forest products (NTFPs), which have long been an important component in the livelihood strategies of forest-dwelling people, providing subsistence needs, employment and cash income for them (Arnold and Ruiz-Perez, 1998). A number of ‘guesstimates’ (Calibre Consultants and SSC University of Reading 2000) propose that between one in four to one in six of the world’s poor depend directly or indirectly on forests for their livelihoods (World Bank, 2002, FAO 2008). Timber and other forests products provide 350 million people living in or around tropical forests with 50 percent or more of their household needs and also directly provide 10 percent of jobs in developing countries (Ames, 1998). Given the high percentage of forest cover, some 62% of the rural population are estimated to depend on access to forests to meet their daily needs in terms of subsistence, employment and cash income (Tieguhong et al. 2009; Tieguhong and Ndoye, 2004, 2006; Arnold and Ruiz-Perez, 1998). Most Cameroonians, particularly the rural inhabitants depend on NTFPs for their subsistence and provide cash income. The value of forest products in Cameroon for which some statistics exist is – export timber around US$ 870 million and domestic timber US$ 58 million, with 15 Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) estimated to have a market value of around US$ 54 million in 2007-2008 (Ingram 2009). However, the NTFP sector accounts for 58% of people employed, with the domestic sector estimated 33% and the export sector at 9% of those employed in the forest sector (Ingram 2009a). At the household level, forests directly provide about 8 million rural and poor Cameroonians with traditional medicines, food, domestic energy and construction materials (Topa et al. 2009).

There has been increased interest in the collection and marketing of NTFPs as an instrument for sustainable rural development in Cameroon (Tieguhong and Ndoye, 2004). One approach has been to work with rural communities and participants involved in NTFP value chains to improve the income generation and sustainability, particuarly for remote and marginalised communities and ethnic groups (SNV 2009a). However, the ability of NTFPs to provide sustainable income and generating forest based enterprises has been hampered by inadequate political, economic, technical and legal arrangements. This is aggravated by the lack of statistics on the contribution of the various NTFPs to local, national and regional economies (Sunderland and Clark 2004, Tieguhong and Ndoye, 2006). Many of the species recognised for their economic contributions to livelihoods and large scale trade are not sufficiently domesticated to ensure that supply is greater than market demand. This has lead to some wild species to be classified as vulnerable and their international trade restricted to reduce the ecological pressures on wild populations. Examples are Prunus africana and Pericopsis elata, which are the two Conventions on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) listed plant species in Cameroon.

Defining priority NTFPs To establish the key NTFPs in terms of trade and use/consumption, the historical literature was first examined to provide an initial list. Ground breaking publications prior to 2005 (FAO 1999; Walter 2001; Clark and Sunderland 2004) provide a listing and assessment of the trade and consumption of different NTFPs in Cameroon (Ndoye, Pérez et al. 1997/98; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 1999; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 2000). These sources formed the basis for the NTFPs listed in ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 15 Defining what are ‘key’’ and ‘’priority’’ products is Box 1 A defintion of priority NTFPs necessarily subjective. However a consensus is apparent between many studies, that priorities can ‘Priorirty’ or ‘key’ NTFPs have been defined (Wilkie 1999; (Clark and Sunderland 2004) as those which have: be defined in terms of ‘’uses’’ (FAO 1999; Betti 2007b). 1. High value for domestic or market consumption (ie Livelihood value) Priority uses identified in the literature include: 2. Demand for the product exceeding supply 1. Using parts of plants for food, particularly unsustainable exploitation (a function of In-situ conservation priority status and Domestication fruits (e.g. Irvingia gabonensis), nuts (e.g. Cola priority) spp.), seeds (e.g. Ricinodendron heudelotii), 3. New markets potential: The validity of this last and animals (commonly known as criteria outlined by Wilkie (1999) is however ‘bushmeat’), is one of the most common uses questioned, as this aspect deals with future supply rather than with current actual practice. of NTFPs in Cameroon. For an excellent overview of all NTFPs (plants and animals) Adding to this list, other important criteria that emerge with importance for food security, see Bikoue from the literature review are; (2007). 4. Species which have multiple (including conflicting) 2. Medicinal use, including those exported and uses. plants or plant parts used locally such as 5. Species from which multiple parts are used. Prunus africana (Simons et al., 2000b), 6. Species which are classified as vulnerable or Pausinystalia johimbe (Ngo Mpeck et al., protected (for example, on the Red Data list, CITES listed and/or protected by national laws). 2003a; Tchoundjeu et al., 2004), and moabi (Baillonella toxisperma). The listing of medical Critera 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 are seen as the most relevant for NTFPs in the FAO report on NTFPs in this study, given the terms of reference. Cameroon (FAO 1999) illustrates over 358 plants used in local pharmacopeia. This list, one of the most comprehensive for Cameroon, is however misleading in that a significant number (at least 30) non-forest plants (e.g. Bildens pilosa) and exotic, cultivated plants such as Musa spp, banana), Psidium guajava (guava) and Citrus lemon (lemon)) are included in the lists of medicinal plants. 3. Tools and construction use of plants such as 5 species of rattan (e.g. Laccosperma secundiflorum) (Sunderland 2001), bamboo (Ingram, Tieguhong et al. 2010), and raphia (5 species) both of which are used as poles and in construction of buildings and to produce over 60 types of construction materials, utensils and handicrafts(Shiembo 1986; Ingram, Tieguhong et al. 2010) . 4. Energy and fuel use, most commonly of wood, but also other plants parts and biomass to produce energy, is one of the major uses highlighted in just a handful of studies. Depending upon the location, a wide range of species are used, particularly in the drier, savannah forests, whereas a more discriminate selection of species for energy is made in the humid forests. 5. The use of plants and animals for cultural purposes, including ceremonies and religious events, was highlighted by the FAO (1999) overview and in ethnobotanic literature. The species used and uses vary widely depending upon with the ethnic group and geographic location. For an overview of cultural uses, see ANNEX 5 Location specific NTFP studies.

Based on these usage types, six criteria for the priority or key NTFPs are proposed in Box 1, of which five are seen as appropriate to assess the priority NTFPs in Cameroon given the study terms of reference. The next section examines plants and animal species in the light of these five criteria.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 16 Key plant NTFPs The literature review indicated that from an estimated 3000 plant species identified in Cameroon, some 181 plant products can be termed NTFPs and are regularly sold in the markets (Betti, 2007). Vivien and Faure (1996) surveyed more than 300 edible fruits; (Fomete and Tchanou 1998) citing Fondou and Foteu 1995), found 205 species and Eyog Matig et al. (2006) described the use of 74 fruiting species. Over 200 plant foods were identified in southern Cameroon (van Dijk 1999). Adjanohoun et al. (1996) surveyed 839 plants used for 175 medicinal uses in Cameroun, and Betti (2004) found 102 medicinal plants used by the Baka in Dja. To distinguish between all these different products it is useful to look into resource characteristics, use, and value of the NTFPs. Betti (2007) divided the products into 13 different plant parts that are commonly used and scores the amount of these plant parts sold at markets in Cameroon. Almost half (47%) of all plant products sold are fruits and seeds, followed by bark (20%) and leaves (11%). Subsequently the NTFPs were categorized in terms of use or purpose of the product, with a majority (44%) of the products at the market sold for food consumption. The most often cited botanic families for food purpose found by Betti (2007) are: Sapotaceae, Gnetaceae, Piperaceae, Irvingiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Zingiberaceae. Medicinal use (29%) is the second most important group and frequently cited botanic families are: Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Polygalaceae, Sterculiaceae, Clusiaceae. Food products most commonly mentioned as ‘key’, using one or several of the criteria listed in Box 1, although not listed here in any order of priority, include; Irvingia gabonensis (Bush mango) (Ladipo et al., 1996; Okafor & Lamb, 1994), Gnetum africanum and Gnetum buchholzianum (Eru) (Clark and Sunderland 2004) Ricinodendron heudelotii (Ezezang/ Njansang)(Ngo Mpeck et al., 2003b), Garcinia kola (Bitter Kola) (Leaky et al., 2005) Cola acuminata and Cola nitida (Kola nut) Dacryodes edulis (Safou) (Kengue, 2002; Okafor, 1983; Tchoundjeu et al., 2002a).

NTFPs also contribute to the national economy and household income. The collection and sales of NTFPs provide income for the rural poor living in forest rich environments. NTFPS provide less export revenue than timber, but higher levels of employment. The timber sector provides an estimated 45,000 formal jobs and the informal, domestic timber sector employs some 163,000 people, whereas NTFPs provide employment for an estimated 283,000 people and generating a market value of US$ 54 million in the 2007- 2008 season, compared to US$ 870 million in the timber export sector and US58 million in the domestic timber sector (Cerutti, Ingram et al. 2009; de Wasseige, Didider et al. 2009; Ingram 2009b). NTFPs noted in the literature that provide significant revenues for harvesters, but also other actors in NTFP value chains include: bushmeat, fish, honey, palm wine, mushrooms, rattans, caterpillars, Irvingia spp., Gnetum spp., Cola acuminata, Garcinia lucida, Garcinia kola, Strophantus gratus, Coula edulis, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Dacryodes edulis, Dacryodes macrophylla (Clark & Sunderland, 2004; Dijk, 1999; Ndoye et al., 1999; (Ingram 2009b).

The literature review also revealed the volume and species traded internationally, data of which has not been maintained by the government sources unless it concerns species whose international trade is controlled such as Prunus africana. The major reference source is a study of European markets (Tabuna 1998; Tabuna 1999) – now over a decade old - which has not yet been replicated and for which reliable, up to date information has been difficult to obtain. Given the increase in the Cameroonian and African diaspora in Europe over this time period, combined with reports of growing NTFP exports from Cameroon to Europe and the USA (Pers. comm. Taless 2010 ), it is reasonable to assume that the volumes and species

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 17 shown in Table 5 are still indicative and have increased. Such international trade data is complemented by the product offers found on the internet.

Table 5 Internationally traded plant NTFPs from Cameroon in Europe

Species Product Volume Volume Location of sales Date (tons) Gnetum spp. Leaves 50 ++ France, Belgium 1998 Elaeis guineensis Oil, nuts, wine 650 litres + France, Belgium 1998 Cola nitida Nut 2 - France, Belgium 1998 Cola acuminata Nut 2 - France, Belgium 1998 Garcina cola Nut, bark 3 - France, Belgium 1998 Irvingia gabonensis Nut kernel 5 - France, Belgium 1998 Ricinodendron heudelotii Seeds 4 - France, Belgium 1998 Dacryodes edulis Fruit 100 ++ France, Belgium 1998 Hua gabonii Leaves/seeds n/a -- France, Belgium 1998 Landolphia owariensis Leaves n/a -- France, Belgium 1998 Monodora tenuifolia Seed. bark, n/a -- France, Belgium 1998 Monodora myristica Seeds 1 -- France, Belgium 1998 Tetrapleura tetraptera Seeds 1 -- France, Belgium 1998 Xylopia aethiopica Seeds 1 -- France, Belgium 1998 Aframomum spp. Bulb n/a -- France, Belgium 1998 Aframomum giganteum Bulb n/a -- France, Belgium 1998 Afrostyrax lépidophyl bark n/a -- France, Belgium 1998 Volume: ++ High - Small -- Very small Source: (Tabuna 1999)

Government sources also provide information on the ‘’key’’ products. The 1994 Forestry Law3 identifies thirteen products, which are termed ‘Special Forestry Products’4. Many of these, but not all, are NTFPs although over half are also used for their timber, as shown in 5. This list indicates the plant-based NTFPs seen as valuable and of ‘special interest’ by the government, inferred due to mainly to their high trade value.

3 Law No. 94/01 of 20 January 1994 laying down Forest, Wildlife and Fishery regulations. Government of Cameroon, Yaoundé. This has been followed to date by two decrees of application (No. 95/466-PM of 20 July 1995 on wildlife and No. 95/531-PM of 23 August 1995 on forestry) 4’Government of Cameroon (2006). Décision No 0336/D/MINFoF du 6 Juillet 2006, fixant la liste des produits forestiers spéciaux présentant un intérêt particulier au Cameroun. 0336. d/MINFOF: 2.Setting the list of special forest products of particular interest to Cameroon’') 5 Scientific name has been added in italics where known, or speculated where it was not specified in the list.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 18

Table 6 Special Forestry Products in Cameroon

Product Species scientific name7 Local names NTFP Timber (as it appears on the list) Ebéne Diospyros crassiflora Ebene, ebony √ Eru Gnetum africanum, Gnetum buchholzianum Okok, koko √ Pygeum Prunus africana Pygeum, √ √ kanda stick Yohimbé Pausinystalia yohimbe Johimbe √ √ Wild rubber Funtumia elastic √ Rauvolfia Rauvolfia macrophylla, R. Vomitoria √ Rattan Eremospatha spp., Laccosperma spp., Rattan, cane √ Oncocalamus spp. Gomme arabique Acacia senegal, Acacia seyal Gum, Gum Arabic √ Tooth stick Randia massularia (syn. Randia) acuminata, Chewing stick √ Garcinia mannii, Cola acuminata, Cola nitida Candle stick Carpolobia alba and Carpolobia lutea Cattle stick √ √ or Canarium schweinfurthii Candle nut Charbon de bois At least 23 commonly used species identified in Charcoal, √ √ Cameroon: Albizia zygia, A. adianthifolia, fuelwood, bois de Alstonia boonei, Bridelia micrantha, Dacryodes energie, bois de macrophylla, Entandrophragma utile, Ficus feu thonningii, Lannea welwistchii, Macaranga asas, Maesopsis, eminii, Mangifera indica, Milicia excelsa, Morinda lucida, Piptadeniastrum africanum, Phyllanthus discoideus, Presea maericana, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Theobroma cacao, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Voacanga africana, Xylopia aethiopica (FAO 1999) Aniegré Aningeria robusta √ √ Poteaux Eucalyptus spp. especially Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus √ d’Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus grandis

Data on volumes and species of Special Forest Products permitted, exploited and exported over the last twelve years is shown in Figure 4. Government data on NTFPs exported, sourced from the COMCAM database of exported forest products, is shown in Figure 5. Comparing these two sets of figures highlights several issues:

The data available per product varies depending on its status in that particular year and whether it has been listed in the annual Special Forestry Products list, and even when it is listed, data on the number of permits, exports and national trade is inconsistent across the time period for each product. There are wide differences in the quantities allocated in permitted and actual exports. Although some waybill data is collected by MinFoF on national levels of exploitation at some (but not all) customs and highway checkpoints, and the major border crossings and ports, this is not then centralised and compared with permitted quantities. This means that data on permits cannot be seen as an accurate guide to actual quantities sold or exported. Many exploiters and permit holders indicated in interviews that they try and reach the amount permitted, because they have already paid in advance the regeneration tax which is 10% of the total permit value. Not all NTFPs actually exported are recorded by MinFoF – for example comparing these figures from the COMCAM database with Error! Reference source not found.Table 5 and with ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon and recent studies by CIFOR for Gnetum spp. and Irvingia spp., (Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009b; Ewane, Awono et al. 2009; Ndumbe, Ingram et al. 2010) shows how for

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 19 products of which have high levels of regional and European trade, the data for these products is not fully captured by the government, despite their listing as Special Forestry Products. Only statistics on a small proportion of exported NTFPs are collected centrally by MinFoF - this data is therefore not representative of exports of NTFPs from Cameroon. The Special Forestry Products and COMCAM databases only include plant based products and animal products. There is no such comprehensive database of Permits for class A, B or C animals – whether for trophy hunting or for bushmeat. Data on insect products, notably apiculture products from wild and domesticated bees, caterpillars, termites and snails which are both harvested from the wild and farmed, is neither kept by MinFoF or the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries & Production (MinEPIA).

Photo 4 Key Cameroonian NTFPs; High trade but scarce data

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 20 Figure 4 Special Forestry Products: Species, Permitted quantities and Exported quantities

Source of data Averages Nembot Tabuna COMCAM COMCAM COMCAM SFP COMCAM SFP COMCAM SFP SFP COMCAM SFP COMCAM SFP CIFOR 1998-2010 1998 1999 Quotas Quotas Quotas Quotas Quotas Quotas NTFP

Databases

(tons) 1991 - 1997- 2003 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 Year 1994 1998

Species* exported exported exported exported exported Permits exported Permits exported Permits Permits exported Permits exported Permits exported

Exported

AVERAGE AVERAGE Permitted Total 4,755.33 7,462.12 58,647 1,666 829 1,221 2,131 3,847 1,812 7,180 928 - 7,623 643 9,173 - 8,170 110 Allanblankia floribunda 4.00 4 Afromomum spp. S Baillonella toxisperma s Bamboo 43.00 43 Barks 18,378.00 18378 Beeswax 88.00 88 Garcinia kola (bitter kola) 30.00 3.00 3 30 Bushmeat s Cashew (Noix d'acajou) 4.00 4 Charbon villageois 4.00 4 Charcoal de bois 857.14 3.00 400 18 740 1920 1140 1800 Chinconia spp. 42.00 3.19 84 19 Cola acuminata 2.00 2 Cola spp. 7.61 4,321.00 8,640 2 6.24 8.98 Diospyros spp. 2,175.00 1290 3060 Frandia 1.00 1 Funtumia spp. 1,901.81 9.05 0 2500 3500 3500 Garcinia lucida Garcinia manii 40.00 40 Gingembre 1.56 1.56 Gnetum spp. 1,9297 511.50 973 50 20.35 1650 1750 3925 2300 Graines de Geneve 20.00 20 Gum arabic 189.60 198 100 50 100 500 Honey 22.00 22.00 22 Irvingia spp. 110.00 5.00 5 120 100 Kigelia africana 2.00 2 Monodora myristica s Other plants 10,962.00 109620 Palm wine 650.00 650 Pausinystalia johimbe 333.72 989.20 5,568 81 170 466 533 377 300 104 875 240 318 0 60

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 21

Source of data Averages Nembot Tabuna COMCAM COMCAM COMCAM SFP COMCAM SFP COMCAM SFP SFP COMCAM SFP COMCAM SFP CIFOR 1998-2010 1998 1999 Quotas Quotas Quotas Quotas Quotas Quotas NTFP

Databases

(tons) 1991 - 1997- 2003 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 Year 1994 1998

Species* exported exported exported exported exported Permits exported Permits exported Permits Permits exported Permits exported Permits exported

Exported

AVERAGE AVERAGE Permitted Prunus africana 815.07 592.02 50 605 930 1499 780 1060 1260 526 500 80 0 Rattan 34.13 11,913 0.666 50 20 90 10 Rauwolfia vomitoria 9.81 3.42 20 6 Ricinodendron heudoletii 4.00 4 Dacryodes edulis (Safou) 100.00 100 Strophanthus gratus 4.00 2,170.00 2,170 4 Tabernanthe iboga 2.00 s 2 Tetrapleura tetraptera S Voacanga africana 182.33 292.63 800 137 122 167 289 357 299 304 0 *The species are as recorded in data source. Where possible, scinetific names are given to avoid confusion. For species in green, these are not NTFPs, for species in red the scientific name is not known. For species in blue, only a generic name was given in the data source and not indivudal species.

Figure 5 Cameroon official data on exports NTFPs 2003-2009

Source COMCAM

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 22 There are a number of issues related to the list of Special Forest Products to be taken into consideration when evaluating if these can be classified as ‘key’ products, using the definition in Box 1. These include:

The mix of French, English, local and scientific names given leaves ample room for confusion and exacerbates identification and control problems. This is particularly critical where several species are known locally under the same name or where species are only vaguely identified and thus the intention of the government to control one or several species (e.g. Candle stick) is not clear. The practical outcome of this is illustrated by personal communications from exporters and transporters: Upon telling MinFoF controls that a truck is carrying ‘Gnetum’ rather than ‘eru’, they have been exempted from control of waybills and permits. The Special Forest Products actually exploited change annually according to the quotas allocated by an inter-ministerial commission, chaired by the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife. Products in the last four years for which permits have been issued include both timber and non timber species with high local value, such as rattans and charcoal, and those with local and regional commercial interest, such as bush mango (Irvingia spp.), despite it not being on the 2006 Special Forestry Products List. The list includes products classified as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. One example is Prunus africana, which also has restricted trade as it is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. However the other CITES listed plant species in Cameroon, known as Afrormosia or Assamela (Pericopsis elata), which is a highly traded timber species, is not listed as a Special Product. Other NTFP and timber species classed as vulnerable, endangered or critical by the Red Data list are not included e.g. Garcina cola (vulnerable), Khaya ivorensis and Khaya senegalensis (vulnerable), Lophira alata (vulnerable) and Vitellaria paradoxa , the Shea or karite tree (vulnerable). Exotic introduced species, such as quinine (Cinchona pubescens) – which now grows spontaneously outside former plantations and Eucalyptus spp., common in both plantations and on farms, as well as increasingly spontaneously in the West, Northwest and North, are both included on the Special Forestry Products list. Special products have annual quotas set by an inter-ministerial committee headed by MINFOF. The quotas are not based on amounts available, surveys or inventories, but are entirely demand led, dependent upon amounts solicited by exploiting companies. In practice the actual quotas allocated are often way below annual market turnover. For example, in 2009 only one quota was allocated for 100 tons of Irvingia from the centre province of Cameroon6. However, in 2007, studies indicated that over 533 tons was produced from just 5 districts in the Centre, South and Littoral regions (Awono and Manirakiza 2008) and some 2.8 tons collected annually from the 676 km2 of the Takamanda landscape (Tajoacha 2008). These figures indicate that only fraction of the quantity harvested is actually covered under permits. Studies of the 280 million hectare humid forest zone of Cameroon (Ndoye, Pérez et al. 1997/98; Ndoye and Kaimowitz 2000; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 2000) indicate that Safou, or bush plum, (Dacryodes edulis) is one of the most highly traded and valuable NTFP from the lowland zone, with the volume traded in Cameroon in 1997 estimated at 11,000 tons (Awono, Ndoye et al. 2002; Tajoacha 2008). Safou is another good illustration of the enormous gap between data and practice on exploitation, trade and conservation, because it is neither listed as a Special Forestry

6 Ministère des Forets et de la Faune Décision No 0020 /D/MINFOF/SG/DF/AFF/SAG du 06 Jan 2009 Portant octroi des quotas d’exploitation des produits forestiers spéciaux Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 23

Box 2 Capturing the value of multi-use species: Product, nor is a permit needed, and there is no Raphia differentiation made between wild harvest and In the mid 1980s two studies showed the value and harvest from domesticated trees. The 1994 Law is diversity of products from Raphia palms, known as silent on other species of NTFPs, with no regulation, raffia or ‘bamboo’, with over 30 different products quotas or controls specified for other species traded. identified (Shiembo 1982; Shiembo 1986). An estimated 95% are still produced today. All parts of For these reasons, the list of Special Forestry Products is four species (Raphia montbuttorum, R. Hookerii, R. considered to provide only an indication of some of the Mambilensis and R. vinifera) are used, and these are key plant species, but only 84% of them can be classed as commonly sold separately different markets to NTFPs and only 50% are ‘’key’’ NTFPs according to the different consumers. definition adopted for this study. Stems: Sold as poles in or near domestic timber ‘’Major’’ plant NTFPs were also identified during a 1998 markets. Retial prices from 500 to 1000 FCFA a pole workshop (Wilkie 1999) and repeated verbatim in 2008 (Bamenda, Bafoussam). (Noubissie et al. (2008). The logic however behind the selection of the NTFPs identified as ‘’major’’ is unclear Stems: transformed by artisinal craftspersons who (see Table 4 and Annex 2 of Noubissie et al, and Table 1 produce crafts, and furniture and artifacts locally. and 2 in Wilkie 19997). Wilkie’s list of 19 ‘’major’’ species, Sold individually, at the roadside, in crafts stalls and despite setting out criteria for ‘key’ species, includes markets and crafts shops. Retial price varies from those with low volumes of trade, low use and small 500-1000 FCFA for local stools (Mbalmayo, markets e.g. mushrooms and Strophanthus gratus. Bamenda). Despite this inconsistency, the species indicated as having both high use and high trade can be used as a guide to Exudate: The sweet, liquid sap is made into palm ‘key’ species for this study and so have been included in wine by local tappers and sold in specialised palm Annex 6. Noubissie’s Table 4 also shows high value wine markets, at some stalls in food makrets, on the species, but as the source is a very general study (FAO roadside, directly bars by indivdal tappers, and from 2001), that again, is a summary of prior data. This tappers homes. Retial price for 5 litre = 800 to 1000 example illustrates how many of the supposedly ‘key’ FCFA (Bamenda). NTFPs of Cameroon, which have since become well embedded in the literature, and to an extent in popular Fruits: the cooked, bitter yellow fruit seed is sold in Cameroonian development and forestry mindset, but are some markets. A stick of 5 sells for 100 FCFA (Bafut, not based on either actual economic values or on specific Mbalmayo). and nationwide assessments of consumption values in terms of either volumes or importance). Seeds: Sold directly to craftsmen who transform into rattiles and curtains, sold in craftsmarkets and stalls. Market observations, supported by discussions with A 1 metre x 1 metre wide curtain costs about 2500 stakeholders, confirmed the data exchanged in the FCFA (Limbe). Market Information System and the CIFOR NTFP Leaves/Stems: Woven into decorations and used as Databases. The market observations highlighted the archways to market locations of funerals and discrepancy between literature which focuses on the high traditional ceremeonies, and relgous events. These value, wide scale often long distance trade in NTFPs such are often harvested directly by users. as Gnetum spp., Irvingia spp. and Dacryodes edulis. Observations indicated that for about 100 commonly

7 Incorrectly referenced as ‘’Wilkie, D. 1998. Le programme du CARPE sur les produits forestiers non ligneux. In Recherche actuelle et perspective pour la conservation et le développement. UAS,CARPE, USAID, FAO’’ - but assumed to mean Wilkie D. 1999, Le Programme Du Carpe Sur Les Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux In Recherches Actuelles Et Perspectives Pour La Conservation Et Le Développement, T.C.H. Sunderland, L.E. Clark and P. Vantomme Eds FAO , Rome 1999

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 24 traded and consumed NTFPs, there is no or scarce literature on the volumes and values of its use and trade. An explanation for this phenomenon is that as many of these species have multiple products and uses, the full trade, economic and social value of the multiple uses of several species has not been captured by market surveys and Market Information Systems, as these have tended to focus on food use. Raphia spp. provide an excellent illustration of this trend (See Box 2) (Shiembo 1982; Shiembo 1986; University of Dschang 2007). This has also resulted in an almost complete absence of attention on fuelwood. Literature on medical plants has also tended to focus on the efficacy and use of species for traditional and Western style medical use, rather than values and volumes, with a few notable exceptions (Olowokudejo, B et al. 2008).

The species observed, in approximate order of value, are: 1. Fuelwood; a large number of species, often undetermined and/or unknown by the retailers. The actual species differ markedly in each market and are commonly sold in specialised fuelwood markets, on the roadside or adjacent to some food markets. Photo 5 Raphia vinifera, Bafut 2. Cola or Kola nut (Garcinia cola, Cola nitida and Cola acuminata) 3. Raffia (Raphia spp.) for its multiple uses (see Box 2) 4. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) as both nuts, oil and palm wine 5. Insects (multiple species including palm grubs, caterpillars, termites and grasshoppers – when in season) 6. Mushrooms (multiple species, mostly unidentified) e.g. Ebae from the Centre and East 7. Candle stick (Canarium schweinfurthii) (fruits, resin, roots, bark)

A wide range of popular condiments was also observed. These were usually dried and traded in very small quantities (on average between 50 to 100g) by market traders. These constitute a small, but steady trade that is also largely not captured by the NTFP Databases and Market Information Systems. The following species were noted in the markets: 8. Aframomum melegueta (Maniguette) 9. Afromomum citratum (Maniguette) 10. Afromomum sulcatum (Maniguette) 11. Afrostyrax kamerunensis (bush onion) 12. Baillonella toxisperma (moabi) 13. Coula edulis (noisette) 14. Garcina kola (bark) Onye/onie) 15. Garcina lucida(essok, sok) 16. Monodora myristica(pebe, ding, dengo) 17. Piper guineensis (bush pepper) 18. Ricinodendron heudelotii (njangsang)

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 25 19. Scorodophloeus zenkeri (Olom, olon) 20. Tetracarpidium conophorum (Limba) 21. Tetrapleura tetraptera (Aidon, apwa) 22. Xylopia aethiopica (African pepper) 23. Xylopia parviflora (Pepper, Nkala)

Across all the markets, up to 40 different barks were also observed as being traded. These were often in small quantities (up to 5 kg), and usually at specialised traditional medicinal stalls in markets, as well as by traditional medical practitioners sold direct from their workplace in small quantities. In Bafoussam larger scale stalls selling up to approx 50 kg were observed. Observations and the local names given were confirmed by literature (Mbosso, Ngouela et al.; Noumi, Houngue et al. 1999; Noumi and Dibakto 2000; Guedje and Fankap 2001; Noumi and Yomi 2001; Betti 2002; Bellewang 2005a; Ndjakou Lenta, Vonthron- Sénécheau et al. 2007; Titanji, Zofou et al. 2008; Focho, Newu et al. 2009; Jiofack, Ayissi et al. 2009). The species identified were: 24. Allanblackia monticola 25. Alstonia boonei (Ekuk -Yaounde) 26. Alstonia congensis Bokuka (Douala) 27. Annonidium mannii 28. Antrocaryon klaineanum 29. Araliopsis tabuensis 30. Aspilia africana 31. Baillonella toxisperma 32. Bombax bouonopozense (Essodom -Yaounde) 33. Bridelia micrantha (Evoled - Esob) 34. Canarium schweinfurthii (Abel) 35. Ceiba pentandra (Dum - Yaounde) 36. Cleome ciliata 37. Cola acuminata (Abeu, abel) 38. Cylicodiscus gabonensis 39. Delonix regia (Tcheu babo - Bangangte) 40. Drypetes gosweileri 41. Enantia chloranta (Mfol - Ewondo, Ecorce du palu, Ecore jaune) 42. Entandrophragma cylindricum (Asie) 43. Erythrophleum suaveolens 44. Fagara macrophylla 45. Garcinia lucida 46. Guarea thompsonii 47. Guibourtia tesmannii 48. Harungana madagascariensis 49. Hexalobus crispflorus 50. Holarrhena floribunda (Ekuk) 51. Irvingia gabonensis 52. Isolona hexaloba 53. Khaya grandifoliola (Atungleh, ketuule) 54. Klainedoxa gabonensis (Atem, kentiise, Ngôn-Dja)) 55. Mammea africana 56. Milicia excelsia (Aban) 57. Mitragyna stipulosa (Afobezam/'Bahia)

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 26 58. Morinda lucida (Akeng) 59. Nauclea diderrichii 60. Odyendyea gabonensis (Ozhèng -Ebolowa) 61. Oldfieldia africana 62. Ongokea gore (Angueuk) 63. Opunctia vulgaris (Kiku ke njong si- Oku) 64. Peniantus longifolius 65. Pentachlethra macrophylla 66. Pentadiplandra brazzeana 67. Petersianthus macrocarpus (Abing) 68. Picralima nitida (Ebam) 69. Piptadeniastrum africanum (Atui) 70. Pseudospondias microcarpa (Atom koe mpom- Nkangela) 71. Pterocarpus soyauxii (Padouk, ecorce du sangue, Kwamtche- Bangante, Camwood) 72. Pycnanthus angolensis 73. Raphia mombuttorum 74. Rauvolfia vomitoria (Abodzok - Ewondo) 75. Rauvolfia macrophylla 76. Rauvolfia obscura 77. Rauvolfia vomitoria 78. Ricinodendron heudelotti (Ezezang) 79. Sacoglottis gabonensis (nyartorrji, chingleh) 80. Spathodea campanulata (Esusuk, Evôvôn-Dja) 81. Staudtia kamerunensis 82. Tabernaemontana crassa 83. Terminalia superba (Akom) 84. Tetrapleura tetraptera (Apkwa (beti), essessee (Douala), Esekeseke (SW) 85. Tricoscypha ferruginea (Amveut - Beii) 86. Turreanthus africanus 87. Voacanga africana (Etoume) 88. Xylopia aethiopica (Ekui -Yaounde, Koudje - Bangangte, Batoufam) 89. Zanthoxylum heitzii (Bongo/'Olon)

Databases provide another perspective of the key NTFPs. The UNDP CITES WCMC database of internationally traded species was accessed to evaluate the NTFPs from Cameroon. This database contains only one species of NTFP from Cameroon, Prunus africana, listed under CITES Annex 2.The volume of trade over the period for which records have been held, is shown in Figure 6. It is clear that there is a discrepancy between the government data and CITES, which may arise due to slight different definitions in the early 2000 about the dried, powered and fresh bark. Data is not available for all years from either database.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 27

Figure 6 Exports of Prunus africana from Cameroon 2000-2008

Source: COMCAM Annual reports 2003 to 2008, UNEP-WCMC Database 2000 to 2007

CIFOR’s NTFP databases also provide a wealth of data, obtained from weekly monitoring of 27 NTFPs in 28 predominately food based markets in the Centre, South, East, Littoral and Southwest regions of Cameroon. The markets were visited on average twice in 1995 (interviewing 253 traders) and three times in 1996 (interviewing 315 traders), and a sample of retailers, wholesalers and producers surveyed between June and August 1997. The database was updated with baseline surveys covering three harvest seasons from 2007 to 2009, based on interviews with 1203 harvesters, trader and exporters in five major products; Irvingia spp. across the humid zone, Gnetum spp. in the Southwest and Littoral region, Acacia spp. gum arabic in the Extreme North and North, honey in the West, Northwest, Southwest and Adamaoua regions, and Prunus africana in the Southwest and Northwest, and associated NTFPs harvested by harvesters of these products.

In the 1995 -1997 period three of the 27 NTFPs were found to represent 86% of total NTFP sales in the markets: Irvingia gabonensis (bush mango), Ricinodendron heudelotii (njansang) and Dacryodes edulis (safou), as shown in Figure 7.

A total of 22 species were recorded as traded in significant quantities across the markets, as shown in Figure 10. On average much smaller number (7) of products were traded per market, although the number varies depending on its location, as shown in Figure 8. The major urban centres of Douala (New Bell market) and Yaounde (Mfoundi market) both trade a larger selection of NTFPs from across Cameroon, than the other markets. The regional capitals and economic centres, such as Limbe, Buea (Muea market) and Ebolowa also have a slightly smaller, but wider range of products than the very local markets, many of which are surrounded by forest areas (e.g. Abong Mbang), and so offer, unsurprisingly, a smaller range of products but in larger quantities of locally sourced products, as shown in Figure 8.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 28 When the data over the thirteen year period is analysed, Figure 10 shows clearly how the majority of trade in the 18 major markets in the humid zone of Cameroon is dominated by nine species; Gnetum spp., Irvingia gabonensis, Dacryodes edulis, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Piper guineensis, Cola acuminata, Garcinia lucida, Garcinia kola (bark and nuts). The other products (originating from at least 11 species – although the exact number of species of termites and larvae is unknown) each constitute less than 1 % of annual volumes traded. Many of these products have good storage properties and are used as condiments, or are highly seasonable products, such as termites and larvae. All of these NTFPs are important in Cameroonian cuisine in the main humid and montane zone (Ndam 2000; Alaka 2009).

These eight products can therefore be seen as ‘’key’’ products in terms of quantity, their economic and social value. Their volume of trade and price however varies widely depending on both the zone of production and the markets, as shown in Figure 7 and in detail in ANNEX 9 Markets, Volumes and Prices 1995-2008.

Figure 7 Proportion of 3 main NTFPs in the markets per region 1995-1997

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 29

Figure 8 Number of NTFPs sold in 18 Cameroon markets 1995-2008

Figure 9 Annual average quantity of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 30

Figure 10 Annual average proportion % of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008

Photo 6 Traditional medicinal NTFPs, Bafoussam

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 31

Figure 11 Annual, average quantity of NTFPs traded in 18 markets 1995-2008

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 32

Using the approach described in the

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 33

Methodology Section, Figure 12 indicates the species most important for trade internationally and nationally. The values are shown in US dollars at 2010 prices to aid comparison. A logarithmic scale is used to show the wide variations in value. It is notable that fuelwood (including wood, sawdust and charcoal) has by far the highest value, despite the small volumes allocated in MinFoF Special Forestry Product permits for fuelwood and charcoal, on average of 857 tons annually (±1100). There is no record of quantities of fuelwood exploited in the COMCAM or SIGIF systems.

Figure 12 Key plant NTFPs by trade value

Of the 487 plants assessed (listed in ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon), only a very small proportion (3%) were the highly valued due to their wide scale consumption and/or large scale trade, which merited the highest score (score 4). This group comprises at least fifteen species, although many more would be included if all the species used for fuelwood were named. It also includes species such as Elasis guineensis, the oil palm, which are now extensively domesticated in large and small scale plantations, but which are also still found in the wild. The second group of 52 NTFPs (comprised of at least 39 species), were given a score of 3. This group represents 11% of the total and includes those with either a wide scale regional, national or international trade which provides important revenue source for livelihoods; multiple use species; species where trade is combined with large scale consumption for important uses (such as cultural, medicinal, food, tools or construction); and species classed as protected or vulnerable. The third ranking includes a small number (4) products (1% of the total), which have both multiple use and a local regional trade (score 2.5). For multiple use species where there was either only consumption or a small, limited trade (local or barter/exchange), these were ranked lower with a score of 2, and comprise the majority of products (56% of all NTFPs identified). The second largest group (29%) were valued the lowest with a score of one, as having a minor use, with either a small trade or small scale consumption (e.g. for cultural, medicinal, food, tools, construction use). The three highest valued groups of NTFPs are shown in Figure 13.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 34 Figure 13 Key plant NTFPs Species (Scientific name) Local name Value score Baillonella toxisperma Moabi Cola acuminata Cola nut Cola nitida Cola nut, chewing stick Dacryodes edulis Safou Elaeis guineensis* Oil palm 4 Fuelwood (multiple species) Fuelwood Garcinia kola Kola nut, onie/onye bark >15 species Gnetum africanum, Gnetum bulchozium Eru, okok, koko Irvingia gabonensis, Irvingia wombulu Bush mango, mangue sauvage > 22 products Piper guineensis Bush pepper 67% multiuse Prunus africana Pygeum Ricinodendron heudelotii Njangsang Voacanga africana Voacanga Acacia Senegal,Acacia polyacantha Gum Arabic Aframomum spp. (Aframomum melegueta, Wrapping leaves, gorilla food, spice Aframomum daniellii, Aframomum citratum) Alstonia boonei Stoolwood Canarium schweinfurthii Black, Aiele Carpolobia lutea, Carpolobia albea Cattle stick Chinconia spp. Quinine Coula edulis Noisette Garcinia lucida Essok, sok Garcinia manii Tola, chew stick Guibourtia tessmannii Bubinga Harungana madagascariensis Nken, Atôndôk 3 Khaya ivorensis acajou, African mahogany Kigelia africana Kigelia, sausage tree Laccosperma secundiflorum, L. Robustum, Rattan >40 species Eremospatha macrocarpa >95 products Lophira alata Azobe Lovoa trichilioides sakthoi, mbantou, Bibolo Megaphrynium macrostachyum okakon, lekong, okakwi, Nden Milicia excelsa Iroko, Aban Monodora myristica Gangat, Ikoma, Ozek, Pebé, Ding, Dengo Morinda lucida Fio, Medjock, Mendak, Hikoma, Nding, Atcheñ-élé Nauclea diderrichii Bilinga Pausinystalia johimbe Yohimbe Poga oleosa inoi nut, poga, esohtong, eyghaiyese, Ngalé, angale Raphia spp. Raffia, cane, bamboo Rauvolfia vomitoria Rauvolfia Scorodophleus zenkeri Garlic Tree, Olom, Olon, Ohomi, lem, Lom, doum Terminalia superba Frake, Limba Tetrapleura tetraptera Esekeseke, Aidon, Apkwa, Essessee Trichoscypha arborea Mvut/Abut , Ndoi, ngoyo, okoyan Vitellaria paradoxa Shea, Karitie Xylopia aethiopica Pepper Annona senegalensis Annona 2.5 Enantia chlorantha enantia, Moambe Tabernanthe iboga etong, ebtong 4 species Xylopia parviflora Nkala, poivrier >12 products

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 35 Key animal NTFPs The hunting and slaughter of forest animals, collectively known as ‘bushmeat’ in Cameroon, is, as for plant based NTFPs, regulated by the 1994 Forestry Law. The areas in which hunting may take place are defined in terms of game reserves, hunting areas and game ranches belonging to the State ‘hunting zones’ in Section 24:(1). Section 78 of the Forestry Law deals with the Protection of Wildlife and Biodiversity, with section 78 (1) classifying all animal species in the national territory into three classes (A, B and C), with conditions for their exploitation laid down by the Minister in charge of Forestry and Wildlife. Class A species are totally protected and may not be killed (except as provided for in section 82 and 83 of this law). Their capture or captivity is subject to authorization by the service in charge of wildlife. Class B species are protected and may be hunted, captured or killed subject to the grant of a hunting permit. Class C species are ‘’partially protected’’ according to the law but in practice include all animals not listed in A or B or by CITES. This classification was last amended in 20068. Any person found at any time or any place, in possession of a whole or part of a live or dead class A or B protected animal, as defined in section 76 of the law, is considered to have captured or killed the animal. For certain Class A trophy animals, a certificate of origin is required to specify the characteristics of the animals and the registration number of the trophies to enable the identification of the animal products. Export of wild animals, their hides and skins or trophies, requires a certificate of origin and an export permit.

This legal classification provides a good basis on which to assess the ‘key’ animal species, by examining databases and government data. The classification largely (but not completely) corresponds with the level of threat to species, as indicated by the vulnerability assessment in the Red Data Threatened Species database (IUCN 2010). The vulnerability classification is shown in ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon and the Class A and B species which are listed in ANNEX 7 Protected animal species in Cameroon). Class A includes 31 mammal, 60 bird, 15 reptile and 1 amphibian species and Class B contains 20 mammal, 92 bird and 44 reptile species. It is necessary to make the distinction between Class A ‘’trophy animals’’ and ‘’bushmeat’’. The commercial trophy trade cannot be seen as representative of local consumption or commercial trade, as the permits for these animals are provided to specialist, large game ‘tourist’ hunters, who are mainly not Cameroonian9. Data on hunting permits allocated to Cameroonians for Class A and B animals, or official statistics on off-take quantities related to permits either does not exist, or was not found upon request to MinFoF at a national level in Yaounde and regionally to officials in the Southwest and Northwest. Data was reported to exist in some regional delegations, but is incomplete (Pers. comm. MinFoF Department of Wildlife 2010). However, as the majority of literature indicates that most hunters do not possess a license, it is expected that these licenses would provide just a very partial indication of species actually hunted, consumed and traded.

The literature review, in the absence of obtainable government data on traded bushmeat, has been used to determine which species are most used and/or commercialised. Nine studies (Njiforti 1996; Wilkie and Carpenter 1999a; Ayeni and Mdaihli 2001; Ayeni, Tah et al. 2001; Fa, Seymour et al. 2006; Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009; Wright and Priston 2010), were used to indicate key species. All these studies ranked the most hunted and marketed species (in numbers of animals and/or quantity of biomass) for their specific geographical areas studied. As the studies are

8 Order No. 0648/MINFOF of 18 December 2006 setting the list of animals of Classes A, B and C. 9 For example, trophy hunting prices range from 300$ for a red river hog to 4000$ for an elephant, plus 600$ concession fee, hunting licesnse from 500 to 1000$, 200$ for gun fees etc. http://www.ahuntingworld.com/hunts/Cameroon.htm and http://www.gamehuntersafrica.com/website_cameroon_hunting_rates_savannah

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 36 broadly representative of different lowland humid forest zone of Cameroon, these are judged representative for this zone. Similar data on bushmeat volumes and trade in the Highland montane areas and Grand North were not found, except the Njiforti study. However this is outdated as its data are least 15 years old – and so represents a significant data gap. This is of concern due to reports (Edderai and Dame 2006) and projects (the WCS/WWF/MinFoF Camrail Project10) which have highlighted the link between bushmeat from the savannah area and Grand North arriving in Yaounde via the train. For the Highlands in the Northwest and West, the extinction of many large mammals due to anthropogenic pressure and hunting (Maisels, Keming et al. 2001a) has lead to much smaller, and many endangered endemic species, being hunted and now regarded as a delicacy – such as the Red Data listed and endemic Oku rat (Lamottemys okuensis) and Oku mouse shrew (Myosorex okuensis), both listed as Endangered (B1ab iii), which are sold in empty sardine tins locally in Oku under the name of “Oku sardines’’ for around 500 FCFA for a tin of four animals.

Only a handful of studies on bushmeat in Cameroon actually provide data on trade values and volumes by species. Seven studies list and rank 39 highly hunted species (see ANNEX 10 Ranking of most hunted animal species). These rankings were averaged and are shown in Figure 14. As these studies are broadly representative of the lowland humid forest zone, the individual species can be seen as representative for the humid forest zone of Cameroon. Individual species were listed as a proportion of total hunted or trapped animals and/or by proportion of biomass (weight). Figure 14 echoes the most comprehensive, recent and widest geographical scale study (Fa, Seymour et al. 2006) in Cameroon and in Central Africa (Fa and David 2009), which point out that the majority of species hunted are not the large, charismatic mammals, but smaller mammals and that ungulates and rodents make up the highest proportion of biomass extracted. This is confirmed by research in the Southwest (Abugiche 2008).

It is notable that 42% of the animals most hunted are protected species, classified as Class A or B (

Table 7). Several reasons are advanced by the studies for this predominance of smaller animals; the most striking is that despite changes in hunting practices resulting from an increase in access to superior weapons mentioned in at least 2 of the studies (Abugiche 2008; Wright and Priston 2010), these animals are the only ones ‘’caught’’ i.e. available. This indicates that preferred, larger animals are extinct in certain areas and also explains why hunting areas shift to forests often further or more difficult to access (Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Wright and Priston 2010). This adds to the strong evidence to suggest that current patterns of bushmeat off take (for consumption or commercialisation) across Central Africa are unsustainable (Cowlishaw, Mendelson et al. 2005; Fa and David 2009), and are being depleted on an unprecedented scale. Extraction rates in Cameroon and in Central Africa in general are of orders of magnitude higher than in comparable ecosystems such as the Amazon (Fa, Currie et al. 2003), and much less likely to be sustainable. However, the basic knowledge of the biology of harvestable tropical humid forest animals, and the consequences of hunting which would allow accurate estimations production rates (the excess of growth over replacement rate), is largely unavailable. This inhibits the estimation of hunting quotas, permits and setting sustainable harvest levels.

Mammals represented the largest proportion of carcasses (95.0%) and biomass (96.2%), with reptiles 4.6% of carcasses and 3.8% of biomass, birds 0.4% of carcasses and 0.04% biomass, and amphibians

10 http://www.wcs.org/conservation-challenges/natural-resource-use/hunting-and-wildlife-trade/keeping- bushmeat-off-the-rails-in-cameroon.aspx

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 37 <0.01% of carcasses and biomass. Mammals are the most common types of bushmeat in both rural and urban sites in Cameroon (Fa, Seymour et al. 2006). A recent study of the Congo Basin bushmeat trade also quotes similar statistics; 42 mammalian species of international conservation concern were identified in the commercial African bushmeat trade (citing CITES, 2000; Redmond et al., 2006), the majority of which are primates (20) and duikers (10). WWF (2003) estimates that as many as 3000 to 6000 great apes were killed annually across Africa for the bushmeat trade and anecdotal evidence indicates elephants are also hunted for meat in Central Africa (citing Stephenson, 2007). Although such large-bodied mammals are a small percentage of both total species and biomass, they do represent a significant conservation concern (Ziegler 2010).

All the studies highlight that bushmeat is important as both for consumption in predominately rural areas and economically for trade in both rural areas and as a luxury or cultural product in urban areas, and how these trends and tastes change over time (Smil 2002). The proportion of bush meat consumed and sold varies widely by area and ethnic group, with between 47% to 83% consumed by the hunter and their household (Njiforti 1996; Ayeni, Tah et al. 2001; Abugiche 2008; Nasi, Brown et al. 2008; Wright and Priston 2010). There is a strong correlation between proximity and access to markets and access to transport infrastructure (reasonable roads and/or rail) and bush meat’s price elasticity compared to other protein sources and food insecurity increases (LeBreton, Prosser et al. 2006; Abugiche 2008). Similar findings have been found in neighbouring Equatorial Guinea (East, Kümpel et al. 2005; Fa, Albrechtsen et al. 2009). It is notable that consumption varies between forested rural areas across Cameroon and by ethnic group, with communities that have traditionally viewed bushmeat as a primary source of protein (i.e. the humid forest zone) consuming and trading more, than for example the North where the dependence upon, and cultural importance of livestock increases. However, a preference for bushmeat has been recorded in some areas of the North (Njiforti 1996). This cultural preference combined with livestock supply not meeting consumer demand, together with spatial and resources competition has resulted in increasing pressure on wildlife in the savannah zone whether hunted for food or shot to protect agricultural land or pastures. As Ambrose Oji (2003) points out, many of the favoured species, such as porcupine and duikers, are also regarded as agricultural pests.

All the studies point out that bushmeat is not just a source of protein but also a source of cash. ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon) highlights that hunters/trappers across Cameroon tend to be specialised (i.e. it is their major income generating activity, although many have other, minor activities) and earn a significant proportion of their income from hunting (Solly 2004; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009; Wright and Priston 2010). Aubighe’s (2008) work indicates however that hunters do not always make a profit given the effort expended in hunting, but that the need for protein and cash outweighs the economic benefits. The bushmeat trade has few rivals in terms of revenues in rural areas, particularly when more sophisticated weapons (guns) are used (Brown and Williams 2003; Wright and Priston 2010), and because bushmeat is accessible, highly transportable, has a high value: weight ratio, can be is preserved at low cost, and has good storage qualities when smoked (Fa, Currie et al. 2003; Fa, Seymour et al. 2006). Paradoxically, Brown and Williams (2003) highlight that both fish and bushmeat are seen as ‘luxury items’ in urban areas, with consumption increasing exponentially with increasing wealth. In contrast, wild plants are often seen as ‘inferior goods’, with consumption declining as household wealth increases.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 38 Figure 14 Most hunted and trapped animal species in Cameroon

Sources (Njiforti 1996; van Dijk 1999; Wilkie and Carpenter 1999a; Ayeni, Tah et al. 2001; Fa, Seymour et al. 2006; Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009).

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 39

The highly ranked species shown in Figure 14 comprise at least 39 species (possibly more if all birds and snakes are included). However over a third (38%) are classed as protected (18% Class A and 18% class B (n=8)), and 31% (n=12) are CITES listed, as shown in Table 7. This raises several questions: 1. Should Cameroon law classify Red Data species currently unlisted as Class A or Class B? 2. Given their consumption popularity, are the non-protected species vulnerable? 3. Are the protected species also sufficiently protected, given that they are widely hunted despite their legal level of protection? Table 7 Protected and vulnerability status of highly ranked hunted animals

Species Vulnerability English name Cameroon Protected status Red Data & Scientific name CITES listing Potamochoerus porcus Red river hog Cephalophus callipygus Peter’s duiker (Birch) Atherurus africanus African brush-tailed porcupine Cephalophus dorsalis & Bay duiker, Ogilby’s duiker, C.ogilbyi Red deer CITES listed Cephalophus monticola Blue duiker Hystrix cristata North African porcupine Cricetomys emini Giant pouched rat Numida meleagris Guinea fowl Cricetomys gambianus Giant rat Tragelaphus euryceros Antelope Class B Kobus kob Buffon's kob Bitis gabonica Gabon adder Cercopithecus cephus Moustached monkey CITES listed Snakes Snakes* 1Class B: Python, Black mamba Manis spp. Pangolins (Giant) CITES listed Cercopithecus mona Mona moneky CITES listed Cercopithecus nicitans Greater white-nosed monkey CITES listed Cercopithecus spp. Guenons monkey Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee Class A CITES listed Tragelaphus spekei Sitatunga Class B Birds Birds* 2 Class A: Bannerman’s Turaco Red Data EN Class A : Grey parrott CITES listed II 2 Class A:, Hardlaub’s Duck , Yellow- casqued hattled Hornbill Class B: Knob-billed Duck Class B: Green Turaco, Whitecrested CITES listed II Turaco, Yellow-billed Turaco Cephalophus rufilatus Red flanked duikler Cercopithecus nictitans Greater white nosed monkey CITES listed Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Giant forest hog Class A

Felis aurata Golden cat, tiger cat CITES listed Hyemoschus aquaticus Class A Water chevrotain, water beef Thryonomys swinderianus Greater cane rat Proptoxerus stangeri Cane rat Uromanis tetradactyla Pangolin

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 40

1 Numerous species are mentioned but include a number of Class A and B birds (FAO 1999; Abugiche 2008; Samndong 2009) 2 Snakes mentioned include the python and black mamba (FAO 1999; Abugiche 2008; Samndong 2009)

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 41 41 Table 8 highlights the economic value of animal NTFPs. Forest–based fish are estimated on a national level to have a very large value. However, this figure should however be taken with caution as it is a very basic extrapolation.

Table 8 Values of animal NTFPs in order of value, per species

Species Value FCFA Value US$ Value References Location Date US$ at 2010 exchange rate)

Fish (Silures) 520,000,000 613,600,000 Brummett (2005) National 2003 Honey National 4,970,589,075 10,537,061 10,642,431 ingram SNV 2008, SNV 2009 NW, SW, W, Adamaoua 2008, 2009 Export 60,500 61,105 ingram SNV 2008, SNV 2009 NW, SW, W, Adamaoua 2008 Beeswax National 127,776,000 270,870 273,579 ingram SNV 2008, SNV 2009 NW, SW, W, Adamaoua 2008, 2009 Export 242,000 244,420 ingram SNV 2008, SNV 2009 NW, SW, W, Adamaoua 2008, 2009 Tragelaphus euryceros 75,529,404 157,547 181,180 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007 Felis aurata 69,000,000 143,928 151,124 Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2009 Lobeke 2007 Cephalophus callipygus 38,343,750 79,982 83,981 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007 Potamochoerus porcus 28,220,800 58,866 61,809 Wright 2010 Lebialem 2007 Cephalophus monticola 17,075,500 35,618 37,399 Wright 2010 Lebialem 2007 Crocodylus niloticus 13,803,500 28,793 30,232 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007 Atherurus africanus 14,110,400 29,912 30,212 Wright 2010, fao 1999 Lebialem 2007 Syncerus caffer nanus 5,112,500 10,664 12,904 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007 Phataginus tricuspis 5,776,800 12,050 12,652 Wright 2010 Lebialem 2007 Cercopithecus spp. 5,012,505 10,456 10,978 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2009 Lebialem, Lobeke 2007 Thryonomys swinderianus 3,643,000 7,599 8,435 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, van Dijk 1999 Lebialem 2007 Tragelaphus spekei 2,404,700 5,016 5,919 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007 Termites 1,098,000 2,308 3,300 Falconer 1990 1971

Other apiculture products 1,497,500 3,175 3,206 Ingram 2010 NW, SW, W, Adamaoua 2009 Hyemoschus aquaticus 1,406,000 2,933 3,079 Chupzei 2009, fao 1999 Lobeke 2007 Gorilla gorilla 460,080 960 1,209 Chupzei 2009, Samndong 2008 Lobeke 2007 Cricetomys gambianus 511,000 1,066 1,119 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, Samndong Lebialem/Llobeke 2007 2009, van dijk 1999 Python sebae 255,000 532 761 Chupzei 2009, fao 1999 Lobeke 2007 Atilax paludinosus 38,000 79 110 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007 Guttera plumifera 16,320 34 36 Chupzei 2009 Lobeke 2007

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 42

Table 9 Volumes and values of bushmeat, Cameroon

Location Annual Value FCFA Value US$ Value US$ Date References Volume (Market value) (Market value) 2010 (Tons) Pre 2004 studies Cameroon1 - 233,963,266 404,883 477,762 2003 Fa (2003) Cameroon1 276 - 362 kg/km²/year - 1990, 1995, Ziegler (2010) 2000, 2005 Dja - - 19,000 27,170 1995 Ngnegueu and Fotso (1996) Douala, Yaounde - - 42,942,445 43,371,869 1990s Wilkie (1999) Recent studies Dja, East 12.71 11,434,500 24,240 24,482 2004 Vermeulen (2009)3 Lebialem, SW - - - - 2007 Wright (2009) Littoral, Centre, SW 674,561 608,303,595 1,052,695 1,242,180 2002-2003 Fa et al (2006) (Korup & Cross River) - 417,641,603 586,995 739,614 2000 & 2001 Ayeni (2001) Takmanda, SW - 250,000,000 432,636 510,510 2003 GFA (2006) 22,397 50,779,476 105,921 111,217 2006-2007 Aubighe (2007)2 Banyang Mbo, SW - 38,377,199 54,824 66,337 1999 -2002 Wilcox (2007) Lobeke, East 484 43,914,000 91,601 96,181 2007 Tieguhong (2009) Yaounde markets 7 35,710,369 67,699 75,146 2005 Edderai (2006) (Centre & North) Cameroon Humid zone 1233.268 1,417,783,543 2,361,787 2,799,330 2001-1007 Estimated*

Notes: 1 Fa’s 2003 study is based on a 2001 literature review of hunting but not fieldwork 2 the total for Banyang Mbo includes only Aubighes data1, to avoid duplication, as Aubighes data is more recent and precise than Wilcox’s. Similarly Vermuelen’s study has been used in preference to Ngnegueu and Fotso (1996) as being more recent, but providing comparable values.

The key animal NTFP species shown in Table 10.are a combination of data from Table 7 on the protected and vulnerability status of highly ranked hunted animals, and Table 6 which shows the high value animals NTFPs.

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 43

43 Table 10 Key animal NTFPs in order of species

Species Local name Trade Value US$ Value US$ References Status Huntin Value type 2010 g rank Score Atherurus africanus African brush-tailed porcupine 3 29,912 30,212 Wright 2010, fao 1999 High 3 Atilax paludinosus Marsh mongoose 3 79 108 Chupzei 2009 3 Beeswax Wax 1, 2 517,999 517,999 ingram snv 2008, SNV 2009 3

Birds* Bannerman’s Turaco, Hardlaub’s 3 FAO 1999 2 Class A: & high 3 Duck , Grey parrott, Yellow- B casqued Wattled Hornbill Bitis gabonica Gabon adder 3 9 studies High 3 Cephalophus callipygus Peter’s duiker 3 79,982 83,981 Chupzei 2009 high 3 Cephalophus dorsalis & Bay/ Ogilby’s duiker 3 9 studies CITES listed High 3 C.ogilbyi Cephalophus monticola Blue duiker 3 35,618 37,399 Wright 2010 3 Cephalophus rufilatus Red flanked duikler 3 9 studies 3 Cercopithecus cephus Moustached monkey 3 9 studies CITES listed High 3 Cercopithecus mona Mona moneky 3 9 studies CITES listed High 3 Cercopithecus nicitans Greater white-nosed monkey 3 9 studies 3 Cercopithecus spp. Guenons Monkey 3 10,456 10,978 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, High 3 Samndong 2009 Cricetomys emini Giant pouched rat 3 9 studies 3 Cricetomys gambianus Giant rat 3 1,066 1,119 Wright 2010, Chupzei 2009, High 3 Samndong 2009, van dijk 1999 Crocodylus niloticus Crocodile 3 28,793 30,232 Chupzei 2009 3 Felis aurata Golden cat, tiger cat 3 143,928 151,124 Chupzei 2009, Samndong CITES listed High 3 2009 Gorilla gorilla Gorilla 3 960 1,180 9 studies 3 Guttera plumifera Guinea fowl 3 34 36 Chupzei 2009 3 Honey Honey 1, 2 2,245,5772 10,703,536 ingram SNV 2008, SNV 2009 3 Hyemoschus aquaticus Water chevrotain 3 2,933 2,962 Chupzei 2009, fao 1999 Class A High 3 Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Giant forest hog 3 9 studies Class A High 3 Hystrix cristata North African porcupine 3 Njiforti 1996 High 3 Kobus kob Buffon's kob 3 Njiforti 1996 High 3

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 44

44 Species Local name Trade Value US$ Value US$ References Status Huntin Value type 2010 g rank Score Manis spp. Pangolins (Giant) 3 9 studies CITES High 3 Numida meleagris Guinea fowl 3 Njiforti 1996 High 3 other apiculture products 1,3 3,341 3,206 Ingram SNV 2008 3 Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee 3 9 studies Class A 3 Phataginus tricuspis Tree pangolin 3 12,050 12,170 9 studies 3 Potamochoerus porcus Red river hog 3 58,866 59,455 9 studies high 3 Proptoxerus stangeri Cane rat 3 9 studies high 3 Python sebae Python, Boa 3 532 739 9 studies High 3 Silures Fish 1,3,4 500,000,000 75,000,000 9 studies 3 Snakes Snakes*1Class B: Black mamba 2, 3 9 studies High 3 Syncerus caffer nanus forest buffalo 3 10,664 12,584 9 studies 3 Python sebae Python, Boa 3 532 739 9 studies High 3 termites Termites 3 2,308 3,208 9 studies 3 Thryonomys swinderianus Greater cane rat 3 7,599 8,207 9 studies 3 Tragelaphus euryceros Antelope 3 157,547 174,878 9 studies High 3 Tragelaphus spekei sitatunga 3 5,016 5,768 9 studies Class B High 3 Uromanis tetradactyla Pangolin 9 studies High 3

Photo 7 Caterpillars, Lobeke

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 45

45 Key NTFPs in Cameroon

The data on plant and animal NTFPs, using the value scoring system to indicate social, cultural, environmental and economic values (shown in US dollar equivalent in 2010) indicates that there are about 30 ‘priorty’ or ‘key’ NTFPs in Cameroon, which are shown in Table 11.

It is necessary to reiterate that the values are only indicative, and due to the wide variation in data collection methods, cannot be seen as representative of current local trade values or nationally representative. The aim to include the economic values in cash terms to provide an insight into the economic value. The value score however is more useful in indicating overall how valuable the products are from a more holistic perspective.

Table 11 Cameroon Key NTFPs trade and consumption Species Annual Locations References Value value US$ score Fish (Silures & other species) 613,600,000 National Brummet 2005 4 Fuelwood/charcoal/sawdust 378,641,309 National Ministère de l'Énergie et de l'EauSIE, 2009 4 Gnetum africanum, Gnetum 12,197,503 humid forest zone Ndumbe et al. 2009, Tabuna 1999, Kanmenge et al. 4 bulchozium 2007, Tajocha 2008, Bell 2004 Irvingia gabonensis, Irvingia 8,089,580 Humid forest zone Awono et al. 2007, Ewane et al. 2009, Tajocha 2008 4 wombulu Prunus africana 2,874,928 Montane Awono et al 2007, Ingram et al 2009 4 Dacryodes edulis 989,504 Humid forest zone Tabuna 1999a ; 1999b, van dijk 1997 4 Pausinystalia johimbe 847,182 humid forest zone Comcam 1994-2010 4 Ricinodendron heudelotii 730,325 humid forest zone Ngono & Ndoye 2004, Tajoacha 2008 4 Voacanga africana 585,586 Humid forest zone snv 2009, Comcam 1994-2010 4 Cola nitida 430,639 Humid forest zone Facheux 2006, Ddegrand 2006 4 Laccosperma secundiflorum, L. 284,013 humid forest zone Sunderland 2001, Betti 2007, Sunderland et al. 4 Robustum, Eremospatha 2001, Nembot 1998 macrocarpa Cola acuminate 269,083 Humid forest zone Comcam 1994-2010 4 Garcinia kola 249,938 humid forest zone Comcam 1994-2010 4 Garcinia lucida 171,175 humid forest zone Ndoye et al 1997 & 2000, Guedje et al 1998 & 4 2002, Eyog Matig 2006 Baillonella toxisperma 11,868 Humid forest zone Romain 2009, Schneeman 1995 4 Piper guineensis 78.9 humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog Matig et al 2006, 4 Betti 2007, fao 1999, Pers obsv. 2010, CIFOR database, Noumi 2001 Xylopia aethiopica no data Humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog Matig et al 2006, 4 Betti 2007, fao 1999, Pers obsv. 2010, CIFOR database Acacia senegal, 4,040,000 Savannah SNV 2007 and workshop 2006, Mbolo 2005, Djiam 3 Acacia polyacantha 2009 Bushmeat: small mammals, 2,799,330 Humid, savanna & Njiforti 1996; van Dijk 1999; Wilkie and Carpenter 3 ungulates, reptiles, rodents montane zone 1999; Ayeni, Tah et al. 2001; Fa, Seymour et al. 2006; Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009 Raphia spp. 1,574,661 Humid, montane, Falconer 1990, Forbosh 2002, FAO 1999 3 savanna

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 46 Species Annual Locations References Value value US$ score Tetrapleura tetraptera 124,489 humid forest zone Pers. Obs., van dijk & Wiersum 1997, eyog matig 3 2004, betti 2004, FAO 1999, SNV 2010, Alaka 2009, ndencho 2009, zapfack 1999, betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, Nwakoth 2005 Rauvolfia vomitoria 94,803 Humid forest zone Comcam 1994-2010 3 Chinconia spp. 31,500 Humid forest zone Comcam 1994-2010 3 Kigelia africana 18,000 humid/montane MinFoF SFPs list 2008, COMCAMKIFP 1997, 3 ndencho 2009 Carpolobia lutea, Carpolobia 5,911 Humid & montane Tajoacha 2008 3 albea zone Aframomum melegueta, no data Humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Guedje et al 1998, Eyog 3 Aframomum daniellii, matig 2006, Alka 2010, zapfack 1999, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, Nkwatoh 2005, CIFOR databases Aframomum citratum Alstonia boonei no data Humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, fao 1999, betti 2004, 3 ndencho 2009, Laird et al 1996, Jiofack 2009, fao 1999 Coula edulis no data Humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Walter 2001, Betti 2007, 3 van dijk 1999 Garcinia mannii no data humid forest zone ndencho 2009, zapfack 1999, Sunderland Tchouto 3 1999, Comcam data 194-2010 Guibourtia tessmannii no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Laird et al 1996, Betti 3 2007, fao 1999 Harungana madagascariensis humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 2004, Jiofack 2009, 3 zapfack 2001 Khaya ivorensis no data Humid & savannah van dijk & Wiersum 1997, zapfack 1999, Laird et al 3 1996 Lophira alata no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, eyog matig 2006, Zapfack 3 1999, Laird et al 1996, Betti 2007, Jiofack 200, Lovoa trichilioides no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, eyog matig 2006, Zapfack 3 1999, Laird et al 1996, Betti 2007, Jiofack 200, Megaphrynium macrostachyum no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, 3 Dounias 2000 Milicia excelsa no data humid forest zone ndencho 2009, van dijk & Wiersum 1997, betti 3 2004, Laird et al 1996, fao 1999, zapfack 2001 Monodora myristica no data humid forest zone an dijk & Wiersum 1997, FAO 1999. Ndoye 1995, 3 Alak 2010, SNV 2009, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, zapfack 2001, Pers.obsv. 2010 Morinda lucida no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, 3 FAO 1999, zapfack 2001 Nauclea diderrichii no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, eyog matig 2006, 3 ndencho 2009, Laird et al 1996, betti Poga oleosa no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Laird et al 1996, Betti 3 2007, Nwkato Scorodophleus zenkeri no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Eyog Matig et al 2006, 3 Alak 2010, Jiofack 2009, betti 2007, van dijk 1999 Terminalia superba no data humid forest zone Betti 2004, Laird et al 1996, Jiofack 2009, zapfack 3 2001 Trichoscypha arborea no data humid forest zone van dijk & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2004, FAO 1999, 3 Betti 2007 Vitellaria paradoxa no data Savannah Eyog Matig et al 2006, Betti 2007 3 Apiculture beeswax 244,420 Savannah, montane Iingram snv 2008, SNV 2009 3

honey 61,105 SNV 2008, 2009 3

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 47

Photo 8 Fuelwood arriving in Yaounde

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 48

5. Description per NTFP

See Annex 11 for a detailed description of each of the priory NTFPs.

6. Methodology for monitoring NTFPs in Cameroon

The current consultations to revise the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law have had a particular emphasis on the regulatory framework for NTFPs (FAO 2009b; FAO 2009a). This process is ongoing but the broad themes for revision largely adopted during the 1st Consultative meeting in Bamenda May 3-6 2010 and in Ebolowa May 23-25 2010 (FAO 2010). This provides an excellent opportunity to update the policy and regulations surrounding NTFP value chains and products and address problems and challenges identified with the current system. This Review of NTFPs in Cameroon contributes to the revision process of the Forestry Law by identifying the ‘key’ NTFPs in Cameroon in terms of both trade and consumption. It is recommended that these NTFPs should form the basis of the revised framework and list of species which require permits and monitoring for ‘Special Forestry Non-Timber Products’ and how they are currently monitored and managed.

The monitoring, regulatory and harmonisation frameworks proposed in detail since 2006 (Walter and Mbala 2006; Betti 2007b; Bonannée, Zé et al. 2007) and the emerging presence of the Observatoire des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale (OFAC), provide an excellent opportunity for the regional level coordination and monitoring among Central African states.

Plant NTFPs A thorough and extensive review of the data available, the methods and subsequent proposal of an improved strategy for data collection for NTFPs in Cameroon has already recently been conducted in 2007 (Betti 2007b), This report also included with recommendations for other COMIFAC countries. and is judged still valid and pertinent, requiring only minor qualifications to incorporate the findings of this study. In summary, these recommendations are: 1. Introduce a definition for NTFPs in the revision of the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law 2. Revise the list of NTFPs Special Forestry Products, based on the lists presented above, stating both scientific name, local names in English, French and local languages and a description to avoid confusion during controls 3. The COMCAM monitoring system should be revised to include the revisions proposed to Special Forestry Product NTFPs. 4. Revise permit system based on regional quotas and inventories for key products in wild 5. Distinguish between the source of products: agroforestry and plantations and natural forests this is particular for plantation species such as Elaesis guineensis and some highly domesticated plants such as Raphia and Cola spp., 6. Distinction between international trade permits and national trade in the NTFPs 7. Harvesting guidelines and norms introduced for key NTFPs 8. Improve system of exchange of information from Waybills (Lettre de Voitures), Control Posts and regional level and the major customs controls at ports and border posts that feed into a national COMCAM system

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 49

Animal NTFPs Based on the key NTFPs, the main animal products that require monitoring is bushmeat. This issue was highlighted by the comments made by MinFoF Minster Dr Ngolle Ngolle relating to the MinFoF Anti- Poaching Brigade and the Direction Générale à la Recherche Extérieure’s “Operation Coup de Poing” (Operation Punch) raid on bushmeat markets in Yaoundé in October 2009 to seize illegal bushmeat on sale11.

Within the general classification, there are two categories of animals that stand out why qualify as key animal species: 1. Class A and B protected species: for which a system is set up but for which no or little rigorous monitoring takes place of hunting permits or outside of protected areas. A monitoring system needs to look outside of the current focus on Protected areas and take into account all forested areas, both the humid, montane and savannah forest zones. 2. Nearly 50% of Class C classified species form the bulk of volumes and values for both subsistence hunting and commercial trade (shown in Table 7). 3. At least 39 highly used species listed in the Red Data list, do not have any special level of protection in Cameroon i.e. they are not listed in Class A or B) and appear threatened by the situation described above.

A comprehensive analysis of the lessons learned at national and/or regional level of the studies on bushmeat on both a national and regional level is currently lacking (Ringuet, Melisch et al. 2010). This knowledge gap neither helps to identify what the “bushmeat crisis” is, nor when it has occurred and critically, what actions policy decision-makers can make to take remedial action. At least two guiding governing frameworks, the Convention on Biological Diversity and its report of the Liaison Group on Bushmeat (2009), and the operational document of the Central African Forest Commission’s (COMIFAC) Convergence Plan (2009) provide guidance about the bushmeat sector for decision makers.

TRAFFIC has set up a Central African Bushmeat Monitoring System/Système de suivi de la filière viande de brousse en Afrique Centrale (SYVBAC), through a participatory approach, including representatives of national institutions, scientific and technical institutions or organizations, NGOs and the private sector. As part of this, it organized two workshops in Douala, Cameroon, in December 2008, and February 2010 ((TRAFFIC 2008; TRAFFIC 2009; TRAFFIC 2010) which aimed to develop a monitoring system based on available aggregated survey information, providing a regular overview through proxy indicators, its potential structure and function, methodological aspects, challenges of data collection and site selection, identification of indicators, and partnerships and advocacy issues. The meetings indicate that there is a strong interest and support of participants to contribute to SYVBAC. Such as system would enable Government decision-makers to be better informed and meet national policy and development needs, but also to respond to requests for input to the international fora and conventions (CBD, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), regional bodies (COMIFAC, Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP),

11 http://allafrica.com/stories/200710291251.html 28 October 2007 Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 50 for example), and at national level to develop National Bushmeat Action Plans and strategies, legislation and Forest Management Plans). The SYVBAC could also contribute to the development of the Observatoire des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale (OFAC), which strives to provide for a jointly managed overview of available knowledge and data on Central African forests in their economic, ecological and social aspects and the joint knowledge-sharing undertaking of the “State of Forests” programme of OFAC (OFAC, 2009).

Recommendations include: A revision of the system of hunting permits would increase availability of data and enable improved control. Increase the ease of obtaining Class C permits Coordination between regional and centralised MinFoF authorities on granting of permits, monitoring, controls and data collection at decentralised and national level Increased control and monitoring of bushmeat markets for Class A and B species Increase basic knowledge of the biology of harvestable forest animals and the consequences of hunting, to would allow accurate estimations production rates (the excess of growth over replacement rate) and enable the estimation of hunting quotas, related permits and sustainability. Revise the Protected Classes of animals in the 1994 Forestry and Wildlife Law to include Red data listed species. Assess if the ‘key’ non-protected but traded & consumed species are vulnerable, and if so, revise their rating and classification Review the level and methods of protection and control for NTFPs, and specifically for key Class A and B species, given that they remain widely hunted despite their protected status.

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ANNEX 1 Literature searches

Internet search A search was performed using Google scholar www.googlescholar.com, with the following search terms:

The search: “Cameroon AND ("non timber forest products" OR NTFP) filetype: pdf for the period 2005- 2010 brought a total of 307 pdf. files.

The search: “Cameroon AND ("non timber forest products" OR NTFP) filetype: doc for the period 2005- 2010 brough a total of 6 doc.files.

The search: ”Cameroun AND ("produits forestiers non ligneux" OR pfnl) filetype: pdf for the period 2005- 2010 brought a total of 48 pdf.files.

The search: ”Cameroun AND ("produits forestiers non ligneux" OR pfnl) filetype:doc for the period 2—5- 2010 brought a total of 0 doc.files.

Scientific literature search Searches were performed using the following databases;

Google Scholar www.googlescholar.com (for scientific articles only)

ISI Web of Knowledge www.apps.isiknowledge.com

Online Access to Research in the Environment (OARE) www.oaresciences.org

Research4life http://www.research4life.org/

University of Amsterdam library portal http://cf.uba.uva.nl/uba2006/

University of Cambridge Journals online http://journals.cambridge.org/

Atypon Link http://www.atypon-link.com/?cookieSet=1

Cameroon Sectoral Forest & Environment Program monitoring Website http://data.cameroun-foret.com

Memoire online http://www.memoireonline.com/

With the following search terms:

(Cameroon AND NTFP) (Cameroun AND PFNL), (Cameroon AND non timber forest) (Cameroon AND bushmeat, hunting), (Cameroon AND market forest), (Cameroon AND forest trade market), (Cameroun or Cameroon AND……… Cola, Coula, Prunus africana, irvingia, ricinodendron heudelotii, gnetum, eru, okok, cola, kola, Dacryodes edulis, honey, forest + fish, Pausinystalia johimbe, yohimbe, Chinchona, Baillonella toxisperma, Moabi, Gum Arabic, gomme arabic, rattan, Rotin, Laccosperma secundiflorum, Eremospatha macrocarpa, Charcoal, Firewood, fuelwood, Kilinga erecta, raffia, palm wine, vin de palme, ethnobotany, ethnobotany)

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ANNEX 2 Market survey

February – May 2010

Questionnaire (market master/manager) Introduction: Explanation of what is meant by NTFPs. (e.g. Safou, okok, njangsang, barks, gibier du chasse etc...)

Number of NTFP traders monthly/annually?

Which NTFP products are sold in the market? List......

Which changes in products from dry season/rainy season?

Which products have highest volume? Provide details...

Which products highest value?

Which products are most sought after?

Where do they come from?

Observations during market tour Number of NTFP sellers/traders and stalls

Which products observed?

Which products observed in highest quantities?

Which products highest value?

Markets visited & Region Market Region Abong Mbang East Lomie East Bafoussam West Bamenda NW Dschang West Idenau SW Kribi South Limbe (Muea) SW Lomie East Makenene Centre Yaounde (Mfoundi, Madgascar, Mokolo) Centre

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Overview of Markets visited & Region (Recorded as Pers. Obs. 2010 in Annex 6)

Market Region NTFPs Source No stalls No stalls (in order highest value (Condiments (NTFP meat, and volume) & barks) vegetables/ Fruits) Abong Mbang East Irvingia spp. Local 1 2 Condiments Safou Bushmeat Bafoussam; West Condiments Local, W, NW Marche B Medicinal national 18 C Raphia spp. 6 B Elaesis guineensis 8 mixed Marche Central Gnetum 2 5 Safou Maranthacae/ Ngogo Honey Palm wine Bamenda; NW Condiments Local, SW Nkwen market Gnetum 4 4 Central market Maranthacae/ 7 5 Ngogo Safou Elaesis guineensis Honey Palm wine Dschang West Mushrooms Local 2 4 Condiments Medicines Palm grubs Idenau SW Gnetum Local 1 3 Condiments Kribi South Gnetum Local 3 7 Condiments Medicines Limbe ; SW Gnetum Local 3 5 Muea Condiments Palm wine Honey Lomie East Irvingia spp. Local 1 3 Wrapping leaves Elaesis guineensis Mushrooms Condiments Safou Bushmeat Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 78

Market Region NTFPs Source No stalls No stalls (in order highest value (Condiments (NTFP meat, and volume) & barks) vegetables/ Fruits) Makenene Centre Bushmeat Local, west 6 Yaounde; Centre Bushmeat Centre, East, Mfoundi, Gnetum South 11 ±20 Madagascar, Irvingia 4 ±08 Mokolo Condiments ±25 Safou Maranthacae/Ngogo Dried mushrooms Honey Palm wine

Condiments: Small quantities (a bottle top to small tomato tin measure: 50g to 100g on average, retailing at around 100 FCFA) of:

Aframomum melegueta Afromomum citratum Afromomum sulcatum Afrostyrax kamerunensis Baillonella toxisperma Cola edulis Cola nitida Garcina kola (bark and seeds) Garcina lucida Monodora myristica Piper guineensis Ricinodendron heudlotii Scorodophloeus zenkeri Tatracarpidium conophorum Tetrapleura tetraptera Xylopia aethiopica Xylopia parviflora and a number of unidentified barks (local names only were given & no translation found)

Medicinal plants Where large quantities and numbers of species of medical plants and especially barks were found in markets, reference has been made to ethno botanical and medicinal literature for a full listing of species.

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ANNEX 3 Species specific NTFP references

Species References Fauna Fish Brummett 2005; Caterpillars (Balinga, Mapunzu et al. 2004; Bikoue, Essomba et al. 2007) Honey & (API-CAM 1998; Kidd and Schrimpf 2000; Bonu 2001; Tchoumboue, Tchouamo et al. 2001; Forboseh 2002; Erasmus, Apiculture Hamaljoulde et al. 2006; Fombad and Nuesiri 2006; Tata, Hamaljoulde et al. 2006; WHINCONET 2006; Niba and Ingram Products 2007; Soukontoua, Mfomou et al. 2007; Anembom Consulting 2008b; Anembom Consulting 2008a; Cohen 2008; Ingram and Fon 2008; Jiofack, Fokunang et al. 2008; Matsop, Kamajou et al. 2008; Njonga 2008; Ade 2009; Chikamai and Tchatat 2009; Chupezi, Ndoye et al. 2009; Focho, Newu et al. 2009; Ingram, Husselman et al. 2009; Niba Fon 2009; Wright 2009) Bushmeat (Wilkie and Carpenter 1999b; Maisels, Keming et al. 2001a; Fa, Currie et al. 2003; Nkembi 2003; Solly 2004; Edderai and Dame 2006; Fa, Seymour et al. 2006; LeBreton, Prosser et al. 2006; Forboseh, Sunderland et al. 2007; Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009; Vermeulen, Julve et al. 2009; Wright 2009; Wright and Priston 2010)Stewart 2009; (Fa, Seymour et al. 2006; LeBreton, Prosser et al. 2006; Willcox and Nambu 2007; Abugiche 2008; Tieguhong and Zwolinski 2009; Vermeulen, Julve et al. 2009; Ziegler 2010) Flora Baillonella ((Jochem 1995; Debroux and Delvingt 1998; Dkamela 2001; Louppe and Mallet 2009; Romain 2009; Veuthey and Gerbera toxisperma 2009); Samndong, 2009; (Mundi 1978; Lauber 1990; Zon 1992; Nkwatoh 2005; Plenderleith and Brown 2006; Tabot Tabot 2006)

Bamboo (Ingram et al. 2010;(Rao and Rao 1998; Sunderland and Tchouto 1999; Sunderland 2001; Sunderland, Balinga et al. 2002; FAO 2003; Tabot Tabot 2006; Tajoacha 2008)

Carpolobia (Ngo Mpeck, Asaah et al. 2003; Schreckenberg, Awono et al. 2006; Tchoundjeu and Atangana 2006a; Tchoundjeu and spp. Atangana 2006b; Manirakiza 2007; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009d)

Cola spp. (FAO 1995; Tachie-Obeng and Brown 2001; Vermeulen and Fankap 2002; Facheux, Tchoundjeu et al. 2006; Niemenak, Onomo et al. 2008; Tita 2009)

Combretum (Betti and Lejoly 1998) mucronatum

Dacryodes (Schrekenburg, Awono et al. 2006; Manirakiza 2007; Tchoundjeu and Atangana 2007; Ogunsina, Koya et al. 2008; SNV

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Species References edulis 2008; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009c; Ewane, Awono et al. 2009; Sunderland, Asaha et al. 2009)

Ficus spp. (Gautier 1996)

Gacinina lucida (Marie 2000; Guedje and Fankap 2001; Guedje, Fankap et al. 2001; Ndoye, Ruiz-Perez et al. 2001; Vermeulen and Fankap 2002; Guedje, Lejoly et al. 2003; Guedje, Zuidema et al. 2007)

Gnetum spp. (Bokwe and Ngatoum 1994; Shiembo 1994; Shiembo, Newton et al. 1996; Fuashi 1997; Blackmore and Nkefor 1998; Nkefor, Ndam et al. 1998; Nkwatoh and F. 1998; Shiembo 1998; Isong, Adewusi et al. 1999; Nde-Shiembo 1999; Fondoun and Manga 2000; Ndam, Nkefor et al. 2001; Nkefor, E. et al. 2003; Tekwe, Ndam et al. 2003; Bell 2004; Clark and Sunderland 2004; Makoumsong 2004; Mbolo and Pouna 2005; Asaha, Balinga et al. 2006; Facheux, Tchoundjeu et al. 2006; Lingondo, Atanga W. et al. 2006; Mbolo, Ze et al. 2006; Tieguhong and Ndoye 2006; Eyong 2007; Kanmegne, Belinga et al. 2007; Nlend V 2007; Sewart 2007; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2008b; Betti 2008; CENDEP 2008; CIFOR 2008; Jiofack, Fokunang et al. 2008; Nchinda and Che 2008; Ntsama 2008; Tieguhong, Ndoye et al. 2008; UNEP-WCMC 2008; van Damme and Termote 2008; Awono, Ingram et al. 2009; Foaham, Dagobert et al. 2009; Ndoye and Awono 2009; Stewart 2009; Tanda 2009; van Vliet, Asaha et al. 2009; Ndumbe, Ingram et al. 2010; Ndumbe 2010; van Eijnatten 2010; Engineers without Borders Cameroon undated; Sumelong undated)

Acacia spp. (Mbolo and Pouna 2005; Molenaar, Boum et al. 2006; Njomaha 2008a; Yakeu Djiam and Tabuna 2009)

Gum arabic

Irvingia spp. (Mbolo and Pouna 2005; Asseng Zé 2006; FAO 2006; Kanmegne, Belinga et al. 2007; Nlend V 2007; Anembom Consulting 2008b; CENDEP 2008; Tajoacha 2008; Vabi and Tchamou 2008; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009a; Ndoye and Awono 2009; Ndumbe, Ingram et al. 2009; Republic of Cameroon 2009b; Tanda 2009)

Termites (Falconer 1990; Balinga, Mapunzu et al. 2004; Alaka 2009)

Mushrooms (van Dijk, Onguene et al. 2003; Mbongaya 2008; SNV 2009b; SNV 2010b; SNV 2010c)

Piper (Nkwatoh and F. 1998; Noumi and Yomi 2001; Nkembi 2003; Sunderland, Besong et al. 2003a; Tajoacha 2008) guineesnsis

Prunus (Watt and Beyer-Brandwijk 1962; Parrott and H. 1989; Cunningham and Mbenkum 1993; Acworth 1997; Dibobe 1997; africana Ndibi and Kay 1997; Sunderland and Nkefor 1997; Acworth, Ewus et al. 1998; Ewusi 1998; Ndam 1998; Nkefor, Ndam et al.

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Species References 1998; Tonye 1999; MCP 2000; Ndam and Ewusi 2000; Tonye, Ndam et al. 2000; Underwood and Burn 2000; Dawson, Were et al. 2001; Ewusi and Acworth 2001; Ondigui 2001; Stewart 2001; Cunningham, Ayuk et al. 2002; Page 2003; Peka 2003; Stewart 2003a; Stewart 2003c; Stewart 2003b; Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife 2004; Ndam and Marcelin 2004; Bellewang 2005a; Bellewang 2005b; Muchugi, Lengkeek et al. 2005; WHINCONET 2005; Cunningham 2006; Tieguhong and Ndoye 2006; Ingram and Nsawir 2007; Meuer 2007; MOCAP-CIG 2007; Stewart 2007a; Stewart 2007b; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2008a; Loden 2009; Nkeng 2009; Ingram 2010d; Ingram 2010c; Ingram and Nkeng 2010; Sumelong undated)

Raphia spp. (Shiembo 1982; Shiembo 1986; Gautier 1995; Guedje, Dijk et al. 1998; Mbolo, Walter et al. 2002; Vermeulen and Fankap 2002; Walter and Mbala 2006; University of Dschang 2007)

Rattans (Tshimala-Tshibangu, Ngeh et al. 1996; Sunderland, Clark et al. 1998; Sunderland and Tchouto 1999; Dione, Tamnjong et al. 2000; Sunderland 2001; Sunderland, Balinga et al. 2002; FAO 2003; Tabot Tabot 2006; Tajoacha 2008)

Ricinodendron (Ayuk, Duguma et al. 1999; Leakey 1999; Leakey and Tchoundjeu 1999; Leakey and Tchoundjeu 2001; Awono, Ndoye et heudelotii al. 2002; Leakey, Atangana et al. 2002; Schrekenberg, A.Degrande et al. 2002; Tchoundjeu, Kanmenge et al. 2002; Leakey, Tchoundjeu et al. 2004; Eyog Matig, Ndoye et al. 2006; Plenderleith 2006; Tajoacha 2008; Awono, Ingram et al. 2009)

Vitellaria (Vermilye 2004) paradoxa

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 82

ANNEX 4 General NTFP studies in Cameroon Topic/Product Key literature on Cameroon NTFPs

NTFP values (Belcher, Peréz et al. 2005; Betti 2007b; Ingram and Bongers 2009); (Ndoye, Pérez et al. 1997/98; Dorp, Niemeijer et al. 1998; Dione, Tamnjong et al. 2000; Mark van Dorp and Offermans 2001; Ambrose-Oji 2003; Lingondo, Atanga W. et al. 2006; Ingram and Nsawir 2007; Anembom Consulting 2008b; Tajoacha 2008; Ingram 2009b)

General NTFPs in (FAO 1999; Mbolo, Walter et al. 2002; Jetz, Rahbek et al. 2004; Belcher, Peréz et al. 2005; Eyog Matig, Ndoye et al. 2006; Cameroon Schreckenberg, Marshall et al. 2006; Tchatat and Ndoye 2006; Tieguhong and Ndoye 2006; Tobith and Cuny 2006; Betti 2007b; Bikoue, Essomba et al. 2007; Hoare 2007; Ebamane 2008; IUCN 2008; Noubissie, Chupezi et al. 2008; Vermeulen and DOUCET 2008; Ndoye, Awono et al. 2009; Republic of Cameroon 2009a; Topa, Karsenty et al. 2009)

Monitoring (Mbile, PA’AH et al. 2005); (Sunderland, Clark et al. 1998; Forboseh, Keming et al. 2003; Nkembi 2003; Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife 2004; Ndoye and Tieguhong 2004; Meuer 2007; Ngwobela 2007; Pfund, Ingram et al. 2009)

Legislative (Ndibi and Kay 1997; Ngwasiri, Djeukam et al. 2002; Bikoue, Essomba et al. 2007; Djeukam 2007; Ebamane 2008; Assembe 2009; FAO 2009b; Laird, McLain et al. 2009; Ndoye and Awono 2009; Samndong 2009; Assembe-Mvondo 2010; Laird, Ingram et al. 2010; Nfor no date)

Medicinal value (Watt and Beyer-Brandwijk 1962; Cunningham and Mbenkum 1993; Laird and Sunderland 1996; Ndibi and Kay 1997; Baba- Moussaa, Akpaganab et al. 1999; FAO 1999; Sunderland, Ngo-Mpeck et al. 1999; Dounias, Rodrigues et al. 2000; Tonye, Ndam et al. 2000; Guedje and Fankap 2001; Nfi, Mbanya et al. 2001; Noumi and Yomi 2001; Ngassouma, Essia-Ngangb et al. 2003; Stewart 2003a; Betti 2004; Vasisht and Kumar 2004; Bellewang 2005a; Sandberg, Perera-Ivarsson et al. 2005; Eyong 2007; Joseph, Stéphane et al. 2007; FAO, GTZ et al. 2008; Jiofack, Fokunang et al. 2008; Focho, Ndam et al. 2009; Focho, Newu et al. 2009; Loden 2009; Ndenecho 2009; Lohchoves 2010; Simbo 2010)

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ANNEX 5 Location specific NTFP studies Region Location Reference Zapfack et al. 1999; (MINEF and ONADEF 2000; Belinga 2001; Mbawala, Ngang et al. 2002; Chapman 2004; Tchuenguem, MAPONGMETSEM et al. 2005 ; Tata, Hamaljoulde et al. 2006; Adamaoua Tikar Ibrahima, Mapongmetsem et al. 2007; Soukontoua, Mfomou et al. 2007; Ndam and Asanga 2008; Mbawala, F.N. Tchuenguem Fohouo et al. 2009; Nkeng 2009; PHILIP 2009) (Zon 1992; API-CAM 1998; Tabuna 1998; CERUT-AIDEnvironment 1999; FAO 1999; Dione, Tamnjong et al. 2000; Ngwasiri, Djeukam et al. 2002; Tieguhong and Ndoye 2004; Betti 2007b; Cameroon Bikoue, Essomba et al. 2007; Parrotta, Oteng-Yeboah et al. 2008; Ndoye and Awono 2009; van Vliet, Asaha et al. 2009; Laird, Ingram et al. 2010) (Awono, Ngono et al. 2002; Ngo Mpeck, Asaah et al. 2003; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009b;

Jiofack, Ayissi et al. 2009; Ngendakumana, Balinga et al. 2009; SNV 2010a)

Mbalmayo Noumi 2001 Centre Lekie (Bruno 2004; Kanmegne, Belinga et al. 2007; Ndoye and Awono 2009) (Tshimala-Tshibangu, Ngeh et al. 1996; Edderai and Dame 2006; FAO 2006; Kanmegne, Belinga Yaounde et al. 2007; Manirakiza 2007; Njomaha 2008b; Yakeu Djiam and Tabuna 2009) Asseng Ze(Fomete and Tchanou 1998; Schrekenberg, A.Degrande et al. 2002; Jiofack, Ayissi et Haut Nyong al. 2009) East Lom Pangar (ACHOUNDONG, FAURE et al. 2005)

(Fomete and Tchanou 1998; Gwet 2004; LeBreton, Prosser et al. 2006; Tieguhong and Zwolinski Lobeke 2009) Debroux et Dethier 1993, Vander Linden 1994; Nlégué 1994, Betti & al. 1999 ; Doucet & Koufani (1997) (Betti and Lejoly 1998; Akoa and Mbolo 2001; Edderai and Dame 2006)Betti East & South Dja 1994) Betti 1995, Betti 2001; Betti 2002; Debroux & Dethier 1993; (Gwet 2004)Samndong 2009 (Awono, Ngono et al. 2002; Betti 2004; CAFECO 2009; Philippart and Doucet 2009) Perez et al Humid Zone 1999 ; Perez et al .2000 ; (Jochem 1995; Ndoye, Pérez et al. 1997/98; Ayuk, Duguma et al. (Centre, South, Littoral, East, 1999; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 1999; Pérez, Ndoye et al. 2000; Mbolo and Pouna 2005; Oyono, SW) Kouna et al. 2005; Degrande, Schreckenberg et al. 2006; Sonwa, Nkongmeneck et al. 2007; Romain 2009)

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Region Location Reference (CERUT-AIDEnvironment 1999; Abott, Thomas et al. 2001; Maisels, Keming et al. 2001b; Forboseh 2002; Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2008a; Cohen 2008; Ingram 2008b; Kwack 2009; Butchart, Walpole et al. 2010; Ingram, Asha et al. 2010; SNV 2010a) Kimbi (Abott, Thomas et al. 2001) Dom (Mzeka 2008) Ndop, Babungo (Simbo 2010) North West Bali Ngemba (Cheek, Harvey et al. 2010) (Parrott and H. 1989; Ndam 1998; Maisels and Forboseh 1999; Cheek, Onana et al. 2000a; Cheek, Onana et al. 2000b; Abott, Thomas et al. 2001; Maisels, Keming et al. 2001b; Stewart Kilum Ijum 2001; Kew 2003; Stewart 2003a; Bruno 2004; WHINCONET 2005; Degrande, Schreckenberg et (Oku, Boyo, al. 2006; Anembom Consulting 2008b; Ingram and Fon 2008; Mekongo and Ngueko 2008; Fundong) Mzeka 2008; Ade 2009; Foaham, Dagobert et al. 2009; Focho, Newu et al. 2009; Kwack 2009; Niba Fon 2009; Stewart 2009) (Knox and Beighle 2001; Ndifon 2007) Van Dijk 2003(Guedje, Dijk et al. 1998; Dijk and Wiersum 1999; Lescuyer and Emerit A. 2001; Zapfack and Ngobo 2001; Schrekenberg, A.Degrande et al. 2002; Mekongo and Ngueko 2008; South Awono, Manirakiza et al. 2009b; CAFECO 2009; SNV 2009a)

Campo Maan- Van dijk 1999, (Guedje, Dijk et al. 1998; van Dijk and Wiersum 1999) Bipindi Akom (Limbe Botanical Gardens 2002; (CERUT-AIDEnvironment 1999; Knox and Beighle 2001; Ambrose-Oji 2003; GFA Consultantcy 2006; Forboseh, Sunderland et al. 2007; Ingram 2008b;

Jiofack, Fokunang et al. 2008; Mbongaya 2008; Ewane, Awono et al. 2009; Ndumbe, Ingram et al. 2009; Sunderland, Asaha et al. 2009; Tanda 2009; van Vliet, Asaha et al. 2009) Aguambu (Focho, Ndam et al. 2009) Bambutos (Ngoufo 1992) South West (Nkembi and Hoyle 2001; Nkembi 2003; Forboseh, Sunderland et al. 2007; Willcox and Nambu Banyang Mbo 2007; Abugiche 2008; Chapman 2008)

Kupe (Cheek, Pollard et al. 2004; Foaham, Dagobert et al. 2009) Muanengouba Mone (Tajoacha 2008; van Vliet, Asaha et al. 2009) (Laird, Awung et al. 2007) Fuashi 1997 ; (Malleson 1993; Sunderland, Clark et al. 1998; Korup Malleson 2000; Jiofack, Fokunang et al. 2008), (ETUGE 1999 ), Tshiamala-Thisbangu 1997, Lingondo 2006

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Region Location Reference Lebialem (Ekatie and Mambo 2006)Wright 2010(GFA Consultantcy 2006; Focho, Ndam et al. 2009)

Mt Cameroon (Bokwe and Ngatoum 1994; Brocklesby and Ambrose-Oji 1997; Acworth, Ewus et al. 1998; Dijk and Wiersum 1999; Ambrose-Oji 2003; Mbile, Vabi et al. 2005; Abugiche 2008; Focho, Ndam et al. 2009)Proctor 2007; ETUGE 1999; (Ndenecho 2009) ) Takamanda (Ayeni et Mdaihli 2001, (Mdaihli, Schmidt-Soltau et al. 2002) ; Sunderland 2001 ;(Ayeni and Mdaihli 2001; Zapfack, Ayeni et al. 2001; Mdaihli, Schmidt-Soltau et al. 2002; Sunderland, Balinga et al. 2002; Sunderland, Besong et al. 2002; Sunderland, Besong et al. 2003b; Asaha, Balinga et al. 2006; Sunderland, Asaha et al. 2009; van Vliet, Asaha et al. 2009), Ojong Ayuk (2002), Zapfack 2001, Tajoacha 2008; (Comiskey, Sunderland et al. 2003; GFA Consultantcy 2006) Montane zone Highlands Tata et al 2006(Tchoumboue, Tchouamo et al. 2001; Bergl, Oates et al. 2007; Ingram, Asha et (NW, SW, West, Adamaoua) al. 2010) North & Extreme North (Akseye 2000; Kaïgama 2000; Ladjan 2000; Nfi, Mbanya et al. 2001; Garine 2002; Njomaha 2008a; Yakeu Djiam and Tabuna 2009; Naï no date) West Bafoussam (Gautier 1992; Gautier 1995; Gautier 1996; Tchoumboue, Tchouamo et al. 2001; Tata, Hamaljoulde et al. 2006; Ingram 2008a)

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 86

ANNEX 6 NTFPs in Cameroon A fuller verison of the database is available in excel. The database is separated in to plant and animals based NTFPs.

Abbreviations PRODUCT NAME: Species and or name of most common products from that species, in English, french and local dialects where available.

PARTS: Parts of the plant or animal used: All: whole plant, Wo/ti: wood or timber, Ba: bark, Ex: exudates/resin, Fr: fruit, Le: leaves, S: seeds, Sp: sprouts, St: stem, Ro: root, Th: thorns, Fl: flesh, Fr: Fur, Ho: Horns, Sp: Spines, Bo: Bones

MARKETS: Scale of the markets in which the product is sold: 1=National 2= internaitonal 3 = Local 4 = regional

VOLUME : Annual volume of trade and/or consumption, converted into tons or litres (for specific liquds e.g. palm wine and honey)

ECONOMIC VALUE: The market (export or retail) value in FCFA and US$ - at the value during the period indicated, and inflation adjusted equivlenet in SUS for 2010. Where not avialable, the value at harvester level (ie at forest gate) is given.

HABITAIT TYPE: The domainat type of forest ecology where the species is found: H= Humid M = montane S = savannah

PLANT TYPE LT = large tree MT = Medium tree ST = small tree Sh = shrub Li = liana

USES; Major uses of the product- may vary between regions; FO = food MED = Medicinal Fu = fuelwood Cu = Cultural Co = Construction Sh= Shade cover Con = condiment Fur= Furniture To= Tools Ti= Tmber Eq = Eq Re = Revenue Car= Carving Cos = Cosmetic MuI Muscial instruments Ap = Aphrodisiac Ba = Baskets We = Cords/weaving

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DOMESTICATION; main harvest regime and level of domestication of the species: 1 = wild harvest only 2 = small scale domesticaiton 3 = domesticated 4 = main harvest from domesticated sources 5= integrated into farm/forest

HARVEST IMPACT: effect in general of harvesting on the species: 1= Very destrcutive 2= Damaging to species population 3 = Low impact 4 = Sustainable

VALUE SCORE; Assessment of trade and consumption values: 1 = Minor consumption (consumption as food, tool, construction, medicia use) 2 = Multiple use species (consumption) 2 = Limited trade (local trade or barter/exchange) 2.5 = Both a trade (regional/national and/or small international) and local consumption 3 = Wide scale trade (important resource for livelihoods, regional to national and international trade) 3 = Multiple use species (consumption and trade, commerical Ti and non Ti uses) 3 = Major consumption (Important Cu, Med, FO, To, Co use) 4 = Major, widescale consumption and large scale trade

COLOUR CODES Yellow = Highlights data selected as most relevant (where there are multiple data sets and data from different years and geographical locaitons) used to indicate key economic values and qunaaities Other colors = Highlgihts the key products Pink = Animals Blue = fish Brown = apiculture products

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 88

Animal based NTFPs Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Status Habitat parts uses Status Protected status Value 4 Volume2 Type Score

Species English French Local Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $ value1

Anaphe venata Caterpillar Minyos 3 Balinga 2004 H FO host tree 1 Triplochiton scleroxylon

Anomalurops sp Anomalure 3 fao 1999 FO 1

Aonyx congica Congo loutre à 2 Fao 1999 FO 2 Clawless joues Otter bleues. du Class B Congo), Atherurus africanus African Chugge 3 17.64 14,110,400 29,912 30,212 Wright 2010, 2007, H fl FO 1 3 brush- r- fao 1999 Lebialem tailed chugge porcupine r Atherurus africanus Porcupine Hedge 3 Samndong FO 1 3 hog, 2008 porky pig Atilax paludinosus Marsh 3 0.04 38,000 79 110 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 3 mongoose 2009 Lobeke Bitis gabonica gabonadde 3 van dijk 1999 FO 1 r bushmeat 3,1 Debroux & - bushmeat Gibier de Dethier 1993 chasse FAO 1999

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Status Habitat parts uses Status Protected status Value 4 Volume2 Type Score

Species English French Local Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $ value1

1 680.00 6,800,000 11,768 15,416 Bahuchet et Yaoundé FO 3 Ioveva 1999

1 484.00 43,914,000 91,601 96,181 Tieguhong 2007 FO 3 2009 1,3 233,963.27 233,963,266 404,883 477,762 Fa 2003 FO 3

1,3 78,077.17 Wilkie 1999 mid 1990s FO 3 42,942,445 43,371,869 Douala, Yaounde 1,3 19,000 27,170 Ngnegueu Dja 1995 FO and Fotso (1996) 1 Samndong Lomie FO 2009 1 Maisels 2001 77 species FO 3

1 432,636 510,510 GFA (2006) 2003 FO 3 250,000,000 Takamanda, Nigeria . bushmeat 1,3 674.56 608,303,595 1,052,695 1,242,180 Fa et al 2006 2002-2003 Cross river to Sangah - Littoral Centre/SW/ Nigeria

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Status Habitat parts uses Status Protected status Value 4 Volume2 Type Score

Species English French Local Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $ value1

1 39.60 35,710,369 67,699 75,146 Edderai 2006 2005?

1,2 417,641,603 Ayeni 2001 November 2000 and March 2001, Takmanda 3 22.40 50,779,476 105,921 111,217 Aubighe 2006-2007, FO 1 2 2007 Banyang Mbo 187 hunters in 14 villages 3 12.71 11,434,500 24,240 24,482 Vermulen 2004 FO 1 3 2009 3 160.14 38,377,199 54,824 66,337 Wilcox 2007 1999-2002 FO 2 Banyan Mbo 96 hunters , 44 species Birds oiseaux 3 samndong 2007 FO 1 # Class A 3 2008, FAO Bannerman’s 1999 Turaco, Hardlaub’s Duck , Grey parrott, Yellow- casqued Wattled Hornbill, Grey Parrot B Knob-billed Duck, Yellow- billed Turaco White-crested Turaco, Green Turaco caterpillars caterpillar Chenilles 3 fao 1999 FO 2

Cephalophus Peter’s birch 3 51.13 38,343,750 79,982 83,981 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 3 callipygus duiker 2009 Lobeke (Birch)

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Status Habitat parts uses Status Protected status Value 4 Volume2 Type Score

Species English French Local Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $ value1

Cephalophus Bay duiker, So 3 Wright 2010, 2007, H fl FO 1 3 dorsalis & C. ogilbyi Ogilby’s (bulu) van dijk 1999 Lebialem CITES listed duikera Cephalophus Blue duiker 3 34.15 17,075,500 35,618 37,399 Wright 2010 2007, H fl FO 1 3 monticola Frutam Lebialem bo Cephalophus Blue duiker okpwe 3 Chupzei 2007, FO 2 monticola ng 2009, van Lobeke CITES listed (bulu) dijk 1999 Cephalophus red flanked 3 fao 1999 FO rufilatus duikler Cercocebus Mantled singe, 3 fao 1999 FO 2 albigena mangabey/ cercocèbe grey joues cheeked grises Cercocebus Tana River cercocèbe 3 fao 1999 FO 2 galeritus mangabey agile Cercopithecus De Brazza's cercopith 3 fao 1999 FO 2 neglectus Monkey èque de Class A brazza Cercopithecus moustache inge, osok 3 fao 1999, FO CITES listed 2 cephus d monkey moustac (bulu) van dijk 1999 Cercopithecus red eared 3 Wilcox 2007 2007 FO 1 2 erythrotise monkey Banyang mbo Cercopithecus mona Mona 3 Wilcox 2007 1999 to FO 1 2 moneky March 2002.Banyan CITES listed g mbo Cercopithecus greater singe 3 fao 1999, FO 2 nicitans white- hocheur van dijk 1999 nosed monkey Cercopithecus greater 3 Wilcox 2007 2007 FO 1 2 nictitans white Banyang nosed mbo CITES listed monkey Cercopithecus spp. Guenons 3 7.52 5,012,505 10,456 10,978 Wright 2010, 2007, H fl FO 1 3 Monkey Chupzei Lebialem/ 2009, 2007 lobeke

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Status Habitat parts uses Status Protected status Value 4 Volume2 Type Score

Species English French Local Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $ value1

Samndong 2009 Colobus guereza guereza colobe 3 fao 1999 FO Class A, CITES 2 colobus guereza listed

Cricetomys emini Giant rat Rat 3 Wright 2010 2007, H fl FO 1 2 pouched mole Lebialem Cricetomys Giant rat rat 3 0.51 511,000 1,066 1,119 Wright 2010, 2007, H fl FO 1 3 gambianus Chupzei Lebialem/ 2009, 2007 lobeke Samndong 2009, van dijk 1999 crickets cricket criquets cricket 3 fao 1999 FO 2

Crocodylus niloticus crocodile 3 27.61 13,803,500 28,793 30,232 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 Class B, CITES 2 2009 Lobeke listed

Crossarcuhus Common mangoust mango 3 FO 2 obscurus Kusimanse e brune ose Dendrolyrax Eastern daman 3 FO 2 arboreus Tree Hyrax des arbres Felis aurata golden cat, 3 1,150.00 69,000,000 143,928 151,124 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 3 tiger cat 2009, Lobeke Samndong CITES listed 2009 Gorilla gorilla Gorilla 3 1.92 460,080 960 1,209 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 3 2009, Lobeke Class A, CITES Samndong listed 2008 Guttera plumifera Guinea 3 0.10 16,320 34 36 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 3 fowl 2009 Lobeke Hippopotamus Hippopota hyppopot 3 fao 1999 FO Class A, CITES amphibius mus ame listed

Hyemoschus Water chevrotai water 3 1.41 1,406,000 2,933 3,079 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 class A 3 aquaticus chevrotain n beef 2009, fao Lobeke aquatique 1999

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Status Habitat parts uses Status Protected status Value 4 Volume2 Type Score

Species English French Local Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $ value1

Hystrix cristata North 3 njiforti 1996 1995 FO 1 3 African porcupine Hylochoerus giant forest 3 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 Class A 3 meinertzhageni hog 2009 Lobeke Imbrasia epimethea caterpillar 3 Balinga 2004 FO Petersianthus 2 macrocarpus host

Imbrasia ertlii caterpillar Bigomb 3 Balinga 2004 FO Entandrophragm 2 o a cylindricum, Ricinodendron heudoletii, Petersianthus macrocarpus

Imbrasia truncata caterpillar Mikom 3 Balinga 2004 FO Lovoa trichiloides 2 /Miko host michan Kobus kob Buffon's 3 Njiforti 1996 1995 FO 1 3 kob larvae larves de palm 3 fao 1999, FO 2 hanneton grub Pers obs Loxodondta Elephant 3 fao 1999 FO Class A, CITES africana listed

Mandrillus Drill 3 Wright 2010 2007 H fl FO 1 Class A, CITES 3 leucophaeus listed

Manis spp. (M. Giant Bissou 3 Chupzei 2007, lobeke FO 1 3 tricuspis etc) pangolin nal 2009, van CITES listed dijk 1999 Manis tetrdyctala pangolin pangoloin FO 3 à logue CITES listed queue Manis tricuspis pangolin à pangolin 3 fao 1999 FO écailles à écailles

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Status Habitat parts uses Status Protected status Value 4 Volume2 Type Score

Species English French Local Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $ value1

Nandinia binotata african 3 Wilcox 2007 1999 to FO 1 2 palm civet March 2002.Banyan Class B g mbo Nandinia binotata African nandinie Biwolo, 3 FO Class B 2 Palm Civet Mimbi nfsg Notodontidae caterpillar Chenilles 3 Dounias 2000 Numida meleagris Guinea 3 Njiforti 1996 1995 FO 1 3 fowl

Nudaurelia giant Sumbo 3 Balinga 2004 le leav oyenmsis silkworm es moths host for cate rpill ars Osteoaemus broadhead 3 fao 1999 FO Class B 2 tretraspis ed crocodile Osteoaemus crocodile 3 fao 1999 FO Class A tretraspis Pan troglodytes Chimpanze 3 samndong FO 1 Class A, CITES 3 e 2008 listed

Panthera pardus panther panthère 3 fao 1999 FO Class A, CITES listed

Perodicticus potto Potto Bitom 3 Wright 2010 2007 H fl FO 1 CITES 2

Phataginus tricuspis Tree Galago 3 7.22 5,776,800 12,050 12,652 Wright 2010 2007 H fl FO 1 2 pangolin s, potto Bush baby Potamochoerus Red river 3 35.28 28,220,800 58,866 61,809 Wright 2010 2007 H fl FO 1 2 porcus hog

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Status Habitat parts uses Status Protected status Value 4 Volume2 Type Score

Species English French Local Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $ value1

Potamogale velox Giant Otter potamoga 3 fao 1999 FO Shrew le Proptoxerus cane rat 3 van dijk 1999 FO 1 stangeri Snakes Snakes Black 3 Samndong FO 1 Class B 3 mamb, 2008, FAO python 1999 Python sebae Python, 3 0.20 255,000 532 761 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 Class B, CITES 3 Boa 2009, fao Lobeke listed 1999 snails snail escargot snail 3 fao 1999, FO 2 pers obsv Syncerus caffer forest 3 10.23 5,112,500 10,664 12,904 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 3 nanus buffalo 2009 Lobeke termites Falconer 1971 FO termites 3 1,098,000 2,308 3,300 1990 Thryonomys Greater cane 3 3.64 3,643,000 7,599 8,435 Wright 2010, 2007 H fl FO 1 2 swinderianus cane rat rat, Chupzei Cutting 2009, van grass , dijk 1999 mvep (Bulu) Tragelaphus Antelope cane 3 241.31 75,529,404 157,547 181,180 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 3 euryceros rat, 2009 Lobeke Cutting grass Tragelaphus Bongo Bongo 3 fao 1999 FO euryceros Tragelaphus bushbuck guib 3 fao 1999 FO scriptus arnaché Tragelaphus spekei sitatunga Bongo 3 4.33 2,404,700 5,016 5,919 Chupzei 2007, FO 1 Class B 3 2009 Lobeke Tragelaphus spekei sitatunga sitatunga 3 fao 1999 FO

Tryonomys Greater aulacode cutiing 3 Fao 1999 Fo 2 swinderianus Cane Rat grass, cane

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Status Habitat parts uses Status Protected status Value 4 Volume2 Type Score

Species English French Local Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $ value1

rate

Uromanis pangolin Cutter 3 wilcox 2007 1999 to FO 1 Ranked 9th 3 tetradactyla beef March 2002. Varanus niloticus Nile varans 3 FO CITES listed 2 Monitor (Varanus niloticus),

Viverra civetta civet civette 3 fao 1999 FO

Hare 3 Samndong FO 1 3 2008 caterpillar 3 Balinga 2004 FO 2 caterpillar Tonal 3 Balinga 2004 FO 2 bushmeat 1 960.00 Nasi 2008 1995 Allabenchelys (cf. Fish 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2 brevior) Auchenoglanis 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2 Barbus (cf. guirali) 1,3 Samndong around FO 2 2009 Lomie Clarias (cf. 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2 pachynema) Hepsetus (cf. odoe), 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2 Memichromis (cf. 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2 fasciatus) Mormyrops fao 1999 FO 2 delicious Oreochromis (cf; 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2 nilotica), Parophiocephalus poisson 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2 (cf. obscurus) vipère silures fish 1,3,4 260,000.00 500,000,00 Brummett 2003 FO 3 0 590,000,00 (2005) 0 Tilapia (cf. mvogoï 1,3 fao 1999 FO 2

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Status Habitat parts uses Status Protected status Value 4 Volume2 Type Score

Species English French Local Value FCFA3 value $ 2010 $ value1

& margaritacea)

Beeswax Wax Cire 2 88.00 242,000 244,420 ingram snv 2008, 2009 M/S FO, 1,2 4 3 2008, SNV Med 2009 , Cos, Re beeswax 1 44.00 270,870 273,579 ingram snv 2008, 2009 127,776,000 2008, SNV 2009 Honey 2 22.00 60,500 61,105 ingram snv 2008, 2009 FO, 1,2 3 2008, SNV Med 2009 Honey Honey Miel 1 3,322,586.28 4,970,589,0 10,642,431 ingram snv 2008, 2009 M/S FO 3 75 10,537,061 2008, SNV 2009 other Apiculture 1,3 1,497,500 3,175 3,206 Ingram 2010 2008, 2009 M/S FO, products Med , Cos, Re

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Plant NTFPs Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Allophylus olom 3 Zapfack 1999 S Med 2 africanus (beti), ohomi (bassa) Abrus 3 Zapfack 1999 S Med 1 preckatorius Abrus sp. 3 All Med 1 Acacia albida 3 Eyog Matig et al S MT ba, forag 2 2006, Betti 2007, fao le, fr, e, 1999 se, Fos, ro, Med, Fu Acacia hockii 3 fao 1999 S MT le forag 2 e Acacia nilotica Chaki 3 Eyog Matig et al S MT ex, forag 2 2006 le, e, ro, Fos, se, fr, Med, Fu ba, wo Acacia senegal Gum Gomme gavde 2 3,000.00 2,000,000,00 4,000,000 4,040,00 SNV 2007 and 2008 S ST ex trade, 3 Acacia arabic arabic 0 0 workshop 2006, Med, polyacantha Mbolo 2005, Djiam forag 2009, e 2 189.60 86,268,000 182,878 184,707 SFP Lists, 2004-2010, averaged S ex trade, 3 COMCAM 2004-2010 1994- Med, 2010 data 2,4 1,000.00 364,000,000 812,154 820,275 NJOMAHA 2008 2008 3

2 2,500.00 FAO 2006, Betti 2007 S ex trade, 3 Med,

Acanthospermu 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act m hispidum Acanthus 3 Zapfack 1999, Jiofack S st, le Med 1 montanus 2009 Acnella 3 Jiofack 2009 fr Med 1 caulirhiza Adansonia Baobab Baobab 3 Eyog Matig et al S LT fr, le, FO, 3 2 digitata 2006, Betti 2007 ba, oil, se forag e, Med Aegeratum Ôkpwaté 3 H herb conyzoides (dja) Aframomum Manigue hamar, 3, 1, 2 van dijk & Wiersum H herb fr, se Con, 1, 5 2.5 citratum tte bobdi , 1997, Guedje et al Re jutese boki, 1998, alak 2010, boumbo Betti 2007, Pers. u, Obsv ingram 2010 Mbongo spice Aframomum Manigue Mvolong 3,2 Betti 2004, Betti H herb le, se Med 3 daniellii tte , 2007 mbongo, Manigue tte Aframomum 3 Betti 2007 herb le, se Med 1 hanburyl Aframomum 3 Zapfack 1999 S herb Le, FO, 1 2 2 latofolium Fr, Wr Aframomum Alligato Manigue Ndong 3, 1 van dijk & Wiersum H herb se, fr Ap, 3, 5 3 melegueta r tte (ewondo 1997, Guedje et al Meds, pepper piquante ) 1998, Eyog matig Con, 2006, Alka 2010, Re zapfack 1999, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, Nkwatoh 2005 Aframomum Manigue 3,1 herb se Med 2 pruinosum tte

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 100

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Aframomum sp. Gorilla Manigue Ndong , 3, 4 KIFP 1997, van dijk H herb fr,le, FO/Fo 3 FO tte ketchou, wiersum 1997, ex, , ndon, ndencho 2009, st, se Meds, ndonodo Tabuna 1999, Betti Con 'a 2007, fao 1999 mounda, ndong Aframomum Manigue kisho, 3 Betti 2007 Med, 2 sulcathum tte Adjom , Con eynchok, acho Afrostyrax bush 1,3 Betti 2007, H tree se Con 2 kamerunensis onion Sunderland 2003, SNV 2009, Nwkatoh 2005 Afrostyrax ngakang 1,2, 4, Tabuna 1999, Betti H tree ba Med 2 lepidophyllus a 3 2007 Afzelia bella Omi 3 Jiofack 2009 tree se Med 1 Afzelia abre d'or Mbanga 3 fao 1999, zapfack H tree br, Cos, 1 bipindensis 2001 ba Med Agauria 3 KIFP 1997 H/M ST Med 1 salicifolia Alangium fang, 3 KIFP 1997 M, H LT insect 1 chinense ejeo , icide bang Albizia kiwuf, 3 Jiofack 2009, fao S tree le, ba Med,, 2 adianthifolia febom 1999 Fu Albizia 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1 ferruginea Albizia Nséné- 3 zapfack 2001 H tree medci glaberrima ésak cinal Albizia 3 KIFP 1997 M, H LT Ti, 1 gummifera fruit Albizia zygia lantanz kijooh, 3 Laird et al 1996, Betti M, H tree ba, Ti. 2 a fuim, 2007, Jiofack 2009, st, fr, Med , fewum fao 1999 le Fu Alchornea avô / 2, 3 van dijk & Wiersum H ST le,wo Meds, 2 cordifolia aboé 1997, betti 2004, ,fr , Eq, (beti) Jiofack 2009, fao lure 1999

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 101

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Alchornea Aboe 3 Jiofack 2009 ST le Med 2 laxiflora Allanblackia allanbl 3,2 4.00 5,000,000 8,121 10,639 FAO 1999, Betti Comcam decid MT se Med, 3 floribunda akia 2004, Eyog Matig et exports, ious, FO oil al 2006, comcam FAO semi 1994-2010 database 1999 re M prices Allanblackia Nsango 3 Eyog Matig et al H MT se oil 1 gabonensis mo 2006 Allophylus agnoume 3 KIFP 1997 M, H ST le Co, 1 africanus fibre Allophylus 3 KIFP 1997 M, H ST le Co, 1 bullatus fibre Alstonia boonei stoolw njabai, 3 van dijk & Wiersum H LT ba,ex Med, 3 ood njiabas, 1997, fao 1999, betti , le, additi leitung, 2004, ndencho 2009, wo ve Ekuk Laird et al 1996, palm ewondo) Jiofack 2009, fao wine, , Conga 1999 Ti, Fu (baka) Bokua (Douala), ekuk (bulu) Ampelocissus Ekuk 3 Jiofack 2009 le, st Med 1 sp. Amphimas 3 Jiofack 2009 ba, Med 1 pterocarpoides ex Anacardium 3 1 occidentale Ancistrocladus 3 Dounias 2000, H Li st, le Med 1 korupensis ndencho 2009 Ancistrophyllum Rattan nkan 3 van dijk & Wiersum H Li st, sp Co, 2 secundiflorum 1997, Betti 2004, Eq, Betti 2007, van dijk Con, 199 Med

Angylocalyx Nkan 3 Betti 2007 herb 1

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 102

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act talbotii Aningeria Aingue Aniegré , 3 Eyog Matig et al H LT fr, FO, 2 robusta ri Abam 2006, Betti 2007, wo wood zapfack 2008, Fomete 1998 Annickia tolongo, 3 ndencho 2009 H tree ba, le 2 chlorantha abam, mondon gue Annona Annone 3 Eyog Matig et al S ST ro, FO, 2.5 senegalensis de 2006, zapfack 1999 /Sh ba, anima savanne le, fr l feed Annonidium Coross Faolo, 3 FAO 1999, betti H tree fr FO 1 mannii ole doukoul 2004, zapfack 2001 sauvag oulade, e Sore, Mewou, Ebom- afan (Dja) Anogeissus 3 fao 1999 st To, 2 2 leiocarpus forag e Anonidium 3 van dijk & Wiersum H MT ba,fr Meds, 1 floribundum 1997, Jiofack 200, , st Fo Betti 2007 Anthocleista Ebom, 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 schweinfurthii afan Anthocleista 3 Jiofack 2009 tree ba, Med 1 vogelii ex Antrocaryon Onzabil ozakong 3 Betti 2007, Jiofack 1999 H, M LT fr,ba, Fo, 2 klaineanum i (Bulu) 2009, fao 1999, van se, Med, dijk 1999 wo Ti Aphrardisia sp. arbre à 3 Fao 1999 Con 2 ail Aphrardisia sp. 3 Zapfack 1999 H ba Con 1 Ozakong /'Angong ui' Ardisia cymosa 3 KIFP 1997 M, H Sh 1

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Aspilia africana aborneh 3 Zapfack 1999, Jiofack S l le Med 1 , eynchia 2009 , pahlohji Autranella 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 congolensis Baillonella Moabi Huile de Adjap, 1 6,200.00 4,600,000 18,400 8,442 Schneemann 1995, 1994 H LT se,ba cooki 2, 5 2 4 toxisperma moabi Moabi, Eyog Matig 2006, ,fr,w ng oil, Njabi, Betti 2004, ndencho o Con, also as 2009, van dijk 1999 Fo, Shea in Med, South & Ti East 3 854.00 Vermuelen 2004, 1997- 4 Laird et al 1996, Betti 1998 2007, Jiofack 2009 3,1 2,160.00 1,600,000 3,392 3,426 Romain 2009 2009, 4 Kribi Balanities Dessert 3 FAO 1999, Eyog S ST Le, FO, 1 2 aegyptiaca date Matig et al 2006 Fr, forag e Barteria morotodi 3 van dijk & Wiersum H MT ba Meds 1 fistulosa , adoua 1997 Barteria Mekben 3 Betti 2004, zapfack H tree ba Med 1 nigritiana ga , 2001 Mebeñg a (dja) Begonia sp. 3 KIFP 1997 M medic 1 iine Beilschmiedia 3 Eyog Matig et al S MT se Con 1 anacardioides 2006 Beilschmiedia kanda dingo, 3 Achoundong 2005, Markets H MT se FO 1 obscura mbangal Eyog Matig 2006 Kribi, a Ouami et Mararab a, Beilshmiedia 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 mannii Berlinis 3 fao 1999 tree ba, Cu 1 bracteosa fr, se Bersama eybieles 3 KIFP 1997 M ST Co, 1

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 104

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act abyssinica e fibre Blighia sapida akee ris de 3 Eyog Matig et al LT se, fr, FO, 3 2 apple veau 2006 ba, posin, le, oil wo Boerhavia otousi, 3 Jiofack 2009 bush le, Med 1 coccinea abai Bombax kapokier 3 Eyog Matig et al H MT se, Med, 2 costatum 2006, Betti 2007 gr, mellif ro, erous, ba FO Borassus Palmier essodou 3 Eyog Matig et al S m- fr, Fo, 1,2 2 aethiopum roncier m, nso 2006 sized wo, Co, , douma, palm ro, st wine, dombi Ap Bosquiea Osom- 3 zapfack 2001 H tree fr, ro FO 1 angolensis ozô Dja) Bridelia daleib, 3 Jiofack 2009, Betti S tree le, ba Med 1 ferruginea koh, kop, 2007, Zapfack 1999 doubi Bridelia 3 Jiofack 2009, Betti S, M tree ba, Med, 2 micrantha 2007, fao 1999 ex, Fu wo Bridelia speciosa elum eblum 3 KIFP 1997 M ST 1 Bryophyllum keng- kirum 3 KIFP 1997, ndencho herb le Med 1 pinnatum ketuule 2009, Jiofack 2009 Buchholzia 3 Jiofack 2009, Betti tree le, se Med 1 coriacea 2007 Buchholzia mban 3 fao 1999, Pers. Obsv tree se Con 3 2 macrophylla (eton) 2010 Butyrospermum Shea, Shea, 3 fao 1999, walter S tree se FO, oil 3 2 parkii shea shea 2001, Eyog matig et butter butter al 2006, pers obsv 2010 Caldaba 3 fao 1999 tree forag 1 farinosa e Calycobolus 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 africanus

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 105

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Canarium Black, Otu/'Aiel 1,2, 3 fao 1999, Matig et al 2009 H, M, LT ex,se fuel, 3, 4 2,3 3 schweinfurthii Aiele e, 2006, van dijk & S ,ba,fr witch Mboura, Wiersum 1997, Pers , wo, craft/ mbeu, Obs. 2010, KIFP la ro Cu, bili, 1997, ndencho 2009, Meds, sene, Zapfack 1999, pers FO, Mbu, obsv ingram 2010, Co, Ti Abel Laird et al 1996, Jiofack 200, Betti 2007 Canthium 3 KIFP 1997 M ST Cu 1 dunlapii Canthium mba-a 3 Betti 2007, Jiofack tree st, le, Med 1 mannii shevf, 2009 ex, ro mbang, mbang- ebfon e mbese Carapa 3 KIFP 1997 M LT wo Fu 1 grandiflora Carapa procera crabwo Crabwoo kijwun, 3,2 Eyog Matig et al H ST fr Fo, 1 2 od d ngoroba' 2006, Jiofack 2009 Med, d'afrique I, ebvun, Cos e'vuin, oil Toulouco una Carissa edulis djan, 3 Eyog Matig et al bush fr, Med, 2 hom, 2006 wo, mellif ngan, ro erous, nkpakou, Fu, Fo bamesa, godjo, kokolo Carpolobia Cattlest pinsela, 1,3, 4 168.20 2,523,000 5,629 5911 Tajoacha 2008, Betti 2007, H ST ro,fr, cattle 3 lutea, icks, tchaboul 2004, Betti 2007, 293 wo,le stick, Carpolobia Onong e bali, Sunderland 2001, househol Ap, albea bsgozahi, zapfack 2001 ds Fo, Eq chikazi, ongong Takaman da Cayratia debilis 3 Jiofack 2009 tree ba, Med 1 ex

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 106

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Ceiba pentandra ceiba, 3 Laird et al 1996, van H LT ba, Ti. 2 boma dijk & Wiersum 1997, wo , Med ndencho 2009, le, Jiofack 200, Betti ro, fr 2007 Celtis Dum 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 mildbraedii Celtis toka 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 Cercopetalum 3 Eyog Matig et al Tree 1 dasyanthum 2006 Chenopodium 3 KIFP 1997 M herb insect 1 ambrosioides icide Chinconia spp. Cincho Cinchon Cinchona 3,2 42.00 31,500 31,500 Cunningham 1993, 2010 H LT ba Ti. 3 na, a COMCAM 2004-2010 Med qunine Med tree Chrysophyllum abam 3 Laird et al 1996 fruit, Ti. 1 africana bark Med Med Chytrantus sp Abinazé 3 zapfack 2001 H tree ex FO (dja) Cinchona 3 Betti 2007 Sh 1 succiruba Cissus Mfazo'o 3 KIFP 1997, van dijk & M/H Li st, Med, 1 quadrangularis (dja) Wiersum 1997, ex, le drinki zapfack 2001 ng water Clausena nkviti, 3 KIFP 1997 M ST st Med 1 anisata Fazo'o Clematis livf, fii, 3 KIFP 1997 M Li st Co, 1 grandiflora febom fibre Clerodendrum ntang 3 Betti 2004, zapfack H Li fr Med, 1 splendens tisrr , 2001 FO oil shehdeh wul , Beyem élok (dja) Coelocaryon ekoum 3 Laird et al 1996 bark Ti. 2 preussii e Med Med

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 107

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Cola acuminata Cola, Faux abel, nia- 1, 4 127.00 94,000,000 188,170 269,083 Ndoye et al 2000, Données H MT se, Med, 4, 5 3 4 small cola abel, Eyog matig 2006, issues de ba stimul cola ribey, ndencho 2009, enquètes ant abe, Dalziel, 1937; Howes, conduite dibanga, 1948; Hedrick, 1972; Abatacol Menninger, 1977; s a, kola, Rosengarten, 1984; 1995/19 bata nut Mabberley, 1987; 96 Purseglove, 1987; Peters et al., 1992 1 2,160.00 27,830,750 51,077 73,040 Nembot 1998 1991- 4 1994 Minep data averaged 1 20,400.00 Nkomgmeneck 1985 1985 4 1 Facheux 2006, 2009, 4, 5 3 4 degrande 2006, SNV 2010 2009, Pers obs 2010 Cola anomala 3 Mabberley, 1987; 2 Purseglove, 1987 Cola lepidota Bamend 3 Betti 2007 tree 2 a cola Cola nitida Cola abel 1 318.00 158,323,000 316,646 430,639 Betti 2004, van dijk 1996 & H MT se,ba stimul 4 goro, 1997, Facheux 2006, 1997 ant, aba degrande 2006 Fo/Ap , Med

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 108

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act 2 6.20 Betti 2007 2003 H MT se,ba stimul 4 ant, Fo/Ap , Med, chewi ng sticks 4 2.00 Tabuna 1999 4, 5 3 4 2 7.61 44,780 51,497 Comcam 1994-2010 averaged 1994- 2010 1,4 237,000.00 Soup Nguiffo 1982, 1980s H MT se stimul 3 3 4 Falconer 1990, fao ant, 1999 Cu Cola pachycarpa Monke Cola de monkey 3 Eyog Matig et al H ST fr FO 1 y cola singes cola 2006, Betti 2007 Cola ricinifolia komngoe 3 van dijk & Wiersum H tree fr Fo, Re 2 i, eci 1997, van dijk 1999 (fr) mbock, ekom, mvoe, akomeng woe (bulu) Cola rostrata 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 Akomng woé s Cola verticillata 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 Combretum 3 fao 1999 tree le forag 1 aculeatum e Combretum 3 fao 1999 tree le forag 1 glutinosum e Combretum 3 Betti 2004, Zapfack H Li all Med 2 mucronatum 1999, Betti & Lejoly 1998 Corchorus 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 tridens Cordia 3 KIFP 1997 M LT Cu 1 platithyrsa

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 109

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Coreopsis Feshu, 3 KIFP 1997 M herb mellif 1 barteri fungom, erous Fangom, mbango m Corynanthe fol 3 KIFP 1997 M LT Fu 1 pachyceras Costus aferker ebweng 3 ndencho 2009 H Herb ro, Med 2 le, st, ri Coula edulis Noisett ewomen 3 van dijk & Wiersum H MT wo,s Co, 3 3 e (dja, 1997, Walter 2001, e,ba oil, bulu) Betti 2007, van dijk Fo, 1999 Con, Crassocephalum Ewomen 3 KIFP 1997 M Sh agrof 1 mannii , orestr koumou y n, bokomia Crossopterix kimbuuc 3 Zapfack 1999 S Med 1 febrifugum hum, burrugha l'hi, ngangng ang, alang Croton 3 KIFP 1997, Betti 2007 M ST wood 1 macrostachyus Car Cuviera kijam, 3 KIFP 1997 M ST FO 1 longiflora Ejuam, ebjam Cyathula ketyelum 3 Zapfack 1999 S Med 1 prostrata Cylicodiscus 3 Betti 2004 M tr tr, ba Med, Cu 2 gabunensis Cymbopogon Fipagrass 3 fao 1999 le, st Med 1 citratus (Bandjou n) Cynoglossum 3 KIFP 1997, fao 1999 M herb Med 1 lanceolatum

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 110

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Cyphostemma haakoh', 3 KIFP 1997 M Li Med 1 spp. eymbaan en* Dacryodes african Safoutier Plum, 1, 4 11,000.00 9,500,000 7,500,000 10,200,0 Awono et al. 2002, 1997 H MT fr,ba veget 3 3 3 edulis plum ketise, 00 Isseri 1998, Eyog able, Safou, Matig 2006 Meds, Sao, sas, Re wom, sene, Assa, assas, mbil 2 100.00 800,000 1,357 1,818 Tabuna 1999 1998

2 89.00 726,240 987,686 Tabuna 1999a ; 1999 3 1999b, van dijk 1997 Dacryodes 3 van dijk & Wiersum MT fr Fo 1 klaineana 1997, Eyog matig 2006 Dacryodes Atom Tom 3 van dijk & Wiersum H MT fr, ti Fo, Fu 1 2 macrophylla afan 1997, Eyog matig 2006, fao 1999 Dalbergia Atom 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 hostilis Tom Desbordesia Omañ 3 Betti 2004, zapfack H Med 1 glaucescens (or Alep) 2001 Desmodium 3,2 Betti 2004 H bush, all Med, 2 adscendens tree Ti Dichrostachys 3,2 Betti 2007, fao 1999 S bush se, le forag 2 cinera /tree e, mellif erous Dioscorea sp. Wild 3 FAO 1999, Zapfack H Li tu FO 1 2 yam, 1999, Noubissie 2008 igname sauvag e Diospyros ebene Nsang 3 Betti 2007, fao 1999 H tr tu, Ti, Cu 2 crassiflora ba, Diospyros White 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 ebeny

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 111

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act hoyleana Discoglypremna 3 van dijk & Wiersum MT ba Med 1 caloneura 1997 Distemonanthus moving Ata'a , 3 van dijk & Wiersum H m/LT wo,b Co, 2 benthamianus ui Eyen 1997, Laird et al a,fr Med (Dja) 1996, zapfack 2001 le Dorstenia Eyen/'M 3,2 Betti 2007 tree 1 psilurus ovingui Dovyalis nov. sp. 3 KIFP 1997 M, H ST MuIin 1 strum ent Dracaena Dragon 3 Betti 2004, KIFP 1997 M, H m lv music 2 arborea tree sized al, tree Med, Cu Dracaena Dragon anchomc 3 KIFP 1997, Gauliter M, H MT fencin 1 deisteli tree hom, 1996 g, ntumtu poles m Drypetes nkeng, 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 gossweileri kinkeng Duboscia 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 macrocarpa Elaeis oil palme 1,3,2 van dijk & Wiersum H MT ex,fr, FO, 3, 5 3 4 guineensis palm, de huile, 1997, zapfack 1999 se,le, wine, palm vin de st cooki wine palme ng oil, Med Elaeophorbia Alen, Sea 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 drupifera Embelia 3 KIFP 1997 M Li FO, 1 schimperi Med Emilia coccinea kirim, 3 KIFP 1997, Betti M/H herb ba/st Med 1 nguangu 2004, zapfack 2001 ang, kelemle m, Alômvu

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 112

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Enantia enantia moambe afeuame 3,2 van dijk & Wiersum H s/MT ba,w Med, 2.5 chlorantha , jaune ghi, 1997, Betti 2004, o,le , Fur, Moam emnjiene Laird et al 1996, FAO st Eq be n, Mfol 1999, Zapfack 2001 (ewondo , Dja) Entada gigas Mfo , 3 Betti 2007, pers bosv 2010 H tree se MuIin 2 Juju ingram 2010 strum seeds ent Entandrophrag Abing, 3,1 van dijk & Wiersum H LT wo,b Fur, 2 ma cylindricum Asié/'Sap 1997, Balinga 2004, a carpe elli, Asé Zapfack 2001 ntry (dja) Entandrophrag sipo atua bss 3 Laird et al 1996, fao M LT bark, Ti. 2 ma utile 1999, KIFP 1997 ti Med , Fu Eremomastax Pèkidjum 3 ndencho 2009, FAO M Herb le Med 1 speciosa en 1999 Bandjou n Eremospatha Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 1 cabrae Ba, furnti ture Eremospatha Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 1 cuspidata Ba, furnti ture Eremospatha Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 1 haullevilleana Ba, furnti ture Eremospatha Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 1 wendlandiana Ba, furnti ture Eremospatha Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 1 barendii Ba, furnti ture Eremospatha Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 1 hookeri Ba,

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 113

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act furnti ture Eremospatha Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 2 laurentii Ba, furnti ture Eremospatha Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 2 macrocarpa Ba, furnti ture Eremospatha Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 2 quinquecostulat Ba, a furnti ture Eremospatha Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 2 tessmanniana Ba, furnti ture Eribroma Eyong 3 van dijk & Wiersum H LT wo, Co, 2 oblonga 1997, Betti 2004, ba , Meds, /oblongum Eyog Matig et al se Fur, 2006, zapfack 2001 Con Eriocoelum sp Eñgôñ 3 zapfack 2001 H tree wo, Co st Erythrophleum 3 Balinga 2004, van H LT ba,w Meds, 2 ivorense dijk & Wiersum 1997, o, fr Fur, Co, FO (cater pillars ), FO Erythrophleum Elon/'Tali 3 Betti 2004, zapfack H tree ba, fr Med, 2 suaveolens (Dja, 2001 FO ewondo) , Essessan g Fagara heitzii Olôñ 3 Eyog Matig et al H/M l-size fr, Ti, 1 (ewondo 2006, zapfack 2001 tree ba, fruit ) le, wo

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 114

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Fagara leprieuri 3 tree se oil 2 Fagara Olôñ 3 Betti 2007, zapfack H tree ba, fr fruit 1 macrophylla (ewondo 2001 ) Fagara Olôñ 3 KIFP 1997, zapfack H/M s-size wo MuIin 1 rubescens (ewondo 2001 tree strum (Zanthoxylum ) ent rubescens) Ficus fig efo atsia 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencin 1 artocarpoides (bamiliek g, e) poles Ficus fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencin 1 chlamydocarpa g, poles Ficus fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencin 1 craterostoma g, poles Ficus exasperata fig jung, 3 KIFP 1997, zapfack M Sh le, Med, 2 ebjung, 1999, Gauliter 1996 wo Fu, enjung leaves as spong e Ficus mucuso fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencin 1 g, poles Ficus mucuso fig keghawu 3 Zapfack 1999 H, S tree Med 1 s (tree type), awovese Ficus fig 3 KIFP 1997 M LT Cu, 1 oreodryadum fencin g Ficus ovata fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencin 1 g, poles Ficus sur fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencin 1 g, poles Ficus thonningii fig fig 3 fao 1999, Galtier tree le, ti Med, 2 1996 Fu,

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act fodde r, FO (in north) Ficus thonningii fig 3 Gauliter 1996 H/M MT st fencin 1 g, poles Ficus vallis- fig kidzem? 3 Eyog Matig et al S ST fr, Fo, 1 choudae mfumgo 2006, Gauliter 1996 ba, To, h? wo Med Ficus vogeLi fig ndong, 3 KIFP 1997 M LT st fencin 1 doulou, g, bempe, poles gambo, k'ghum; fengak, fegvum Funtamia Funtu ntoh, 3 1,901.81 27,407 31,518 Betti 2004, Sonwa et 2004, H MT ba,w Fur, 3,5 2 elastica, mia akaine, al 2009, Mbolo 1998, Unprice o,ex Co, Funtumia Etendam COMCAM 2004-2010 price per Med africanum/afric ba, Elé- 12 Euro ndamba anan kg Gambeya 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 africana Garcinia 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 epunctata Garcinia kola Bitta Onye, 1 12.50 3,040,500 4,181 5,477 Ndoye et al. 1999, 1999, H MT se,ba Fo, 1, 3, 3 4 cola, onie, 2000, FAO 1999, 2009 Ap, 4 bitter Niel, We, Betti 2004, SNV Med cola nye, adi, 2009, van dijk 1999, ngbwel, Zapfack 2004 nguenyi Garcinia kola 2 30.00 217,337 249,938 Comcam 1994-2010 averaged H 1994- 2010 Garcinia kola 3 0.03 Vermeulen 2004 H tree ba Med 1, 3, 2 4 4 Garcinia kola 4 3.00 6,900,000 11,831 16,918 Ndoye et al. 1999, 1995 H 4

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Garcinia lucida Garcini Essok, 1, 3 33.75 54,515,000 119,703 171,175 Ndoye et al 1997 & 1995 & H s/MT ba, wine 1 2 3 a Sok, 2000, Guedje et al 1996 se additi Lano 1998 & 2002, Eyog ve, Matig 2006 Fo/sti mulan t, Cu use 3 FAO 1999 H Tree ba FO, 2 3 Con, wine 3 van dijk & Wiersum s/MT ba,se additi 3 1997 ve palm wine, Fo/Ap Garcinia mannii Chewin 3 40.00 ndencho 2009, averaged H MT ba, chewi 1 1 3 g stick, zapfack 1999, comcam le, ng chew Sunderland Tchouto data ex, st stick stick 1999, Comcam data 194-2010 Girardinia 3 KIFP 1997 M herb fibre 2 heterophylla (condensata) Gnetum ambwen 2 50.00 1,812,700 Tabuna 1999 Juin H vine le FO, 4 africanum aku, 1,830,82 1997 medin Gnetum kembiy, 7 cal bulchozium kibin

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 117

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Eru, 1,4 3,276.00 1,850,000 Besong 2001 2000? 4 Okok, 1,310,400,00 2,331,00 Koko 0 0 1 Mbalo (2005) 4

1,2,3,4 68.00 445,000 928 975 Tajoacha 2008 2007, 4 568 houseohl ds in 4 villages in Takaman da mone 2 3,600.00 Nkefor 2000, Asha 1999? 4 2000 4 1,500.00 900,000,000 1,557,488 Bell 2004 2003 4 1,791,11 2 3,2 841.00 441,525,000 985,127 994,978 Nchinda 2008 2007- 4 2008, 1,2,3 3,464.00 9,988,386 10,088,2 Ndumbe 2009 2009 4 5,086,046,80 69 study 0 SW and Littoral 1,2,3 34,841.00 Awono 2002 1995- 1997 H zone

1 van dijk 1997 1994- 4 1996 2 324.33 15,584,000 28,601 40,899 Nembot 1998 1991- 3 1994 export data- assumed

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 118

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act for gnetum - as 'leaves' Gnetum 1 287.62 46,737,600 97,490 102,365 Kanmenge 2007 4 villages 4 africanum in Lekie, Gnetum centre bulchozium region, Meyos, Minwoh o, Nkolassa II and Nkolowa ndja. We also selected six major markets of Gnetum in the Lékié Division: Evodoula , Monatél é, Elig- Mfomo, Obala, Sa’a and Okola. 224 collector s in the 4 villages in total and 153

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 119

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act traders in total in the markets

Gnetum 3,2 Peach brown 2008 2002- 4 africanum 2004 in Gnetum centre bulchozium Lekie & Sa'a and East: Haut Nyong & Lomie

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 120

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act I 1,533.00 1,840,000 3,520 3,802 Asseng Ze (2006), Donnees 4 FAO (2006 Idenau 2004, Donnees l’aéropor t de Yaoundé - Nsimalen MINFOR. 1,4 34,841.16 Awono et al 2002 1997- 4 1998 1, 2, 4 3,741.33 Mbolo 2002 2002 1 4 South, Centre, SW Cameroo n

Gnidia glauca 3 KIFP 1997 M ST Co, 2 fibre Gongronema ndzeng, 3 Betti 2007 herb 1 latifolium liing , borrkono rrje, ding Gossweileroden tola 3 Laird et al 1996 stem Ti. 2 dron exud Med balsamiferum ate Med Guarea Asé- 3 Betti 2004, zapfack H tree ba, Med, 1 thompsonii nombô 2001 wo Ti Guibourtia bubing Essingan 3 van dijk & Wiersum H LT ba,tr, witch 3 tessmannii a g 1997, Laird et al ex,w craft, (Ewondo 1996, Betti 2007, fao o , le Meds, ), Ôveñ- 1999 Eq, Ti, élé (dja), Simgang (Bassa), Oveng (Bulu),

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Modumb a (Baka),

Halopegia Oveng/'B 3 van dijk & Wiersum H herb ro,st, Meds, 2 azurea ubinga 1997 ex baske try haolopegia Wr se (bulu) 3 van dijk 1999 H herb le, st Wr 1 1 azurea leaves Harungana Nken 3 van dijk & Wiersum H s/MT ba,w Med, 2 madagascariens (NW), 1997, betti 2004, o, fr, Co, is Atôndôk Jiofack 2009, zapfack le Fur, (dja) 2001 We Haumania Atondo 3 van dijk & Wiersum H Li st Eq, 2 danckelmaniana 1997, betti 2004 drinki ng water , Med Haumania Wr nken(bul 3 van dijk 1999 H herb le, st Wr 1 1 danckelmaniana leaves u) Heckel Se 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 Clusiaceae Heisteria 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 zimmereri Hexalobus owe 3 van dijk & Wiersum H MT fr,wo Fo, 2 crispiflorus (Bulu) 1997, van dijk 1999 Con, lure, Eq Holopegia Owe 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 azurea Hua gaboni 1,2 Betti 2004, Tabuna H Med 1 1999 Hylodendron Omi 3 Betti 2004, fao 1999 H tree ba Med, 2 gabonensis Cu Hymenocardia 3 Eyog Matig et al H ST fr, med.i 2 2 acida 2006 ba, cinal,

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 122

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act ,le, FO, wo forag e Hypericaceae 3 Jiofack 2009 ro, st Med 1 root bark, stem Hypodaphnis 3,2 Betti 2007 H tree ba Med 2 zenkerii hypselodephus Wr nkomenk 3 van dijk 1999 H herb le, st Wr 1 1 scandens leaves omo (bulu) Hyptis 3 Jiofack 2009 st, le Med 1 suaveolens Irvingia Bush Mangue Ndo'o, 1 107.00 147,769,000 288,929 401,611 van dijk & Wiersum 1996 au H LT Con, 2 3 4 gabonensis mango de Ando'o, 1997, Ndoye et al., Sud se,fr, Fo, Irvingia brousse, Onyae 1999 , Tabuna Camerou ba Meds, wombulu mangue (dja) 1999a ; 1999b, van n Re, Cu sauvage dijk 1998, betti 2004, Zapfack 2001, zapfack 1999

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 123

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act 2 0.59 Vermeulen 2004 1997- 4 1998 1,3,4 46.00 762,000 1,589 1,669 Tajoacha 2008 2007, 4 655 househol d Takaman da Mone 3 SNV 2009 2009 4

1,3, 2 35.50 8,993,241 17,662 17,838 Ewane 2009 2008,200 4 9 East 1,3 2,692.00 7,927,018 Awono et al 2007 2007 4 4,036,406,37 8,006,28 2008, 4 8 CSL regions 1,3, 2 75.80 41,150,427 80,815 81,623 Ewane 2009 2008,200 4 9 southwe st 1 825,000 Ndoye, 2005 2000 3 4 1,039,50 0 2 5.00 40,400 54,944 Tabuna 1999, 1999 and Comcam 1994-2010 comcam average data Isolena 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 hexaloba Jatropha carcas 1,2,3 SNV 2009 2009 M, H Sh se oil 3 1

Justicia insularis Oyem ze 3 fao 1999 le Med 2 (Ewondo ) Kalanchoe 3 KIFP 1997, Jiofack M herb le, so Med 1 crenata 2009

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 124

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Khaya atungleh 3 Zapfack 1999 sava tree 2 grandifolia , ketuule nnh Khaya ivorensis acajou, Mpfa’a 3 van dijk & Wiersum H, S LT wo, Fur, 3 African 1997, zapfack 1999, ba, Meds, mahog Laird et al 1996 ro, se Ti any Khaya Ngollon/' 3 Betti 2007 S tree 1 senegalensis Acaju, Mpfa'a Kigelia africana Cucum 2 ber tree, sausag e tree Cucum 1,2 2.00 18,000 18,000 MinFoF SFPs list 2004 H, M LT se, Med, 3 ber 2008, COMCAMKIFP ba, Ti, tree, 1997, ndencho 2009 fr, bu wood sausag Car e tree Klainedoxa Atem, 3 Betti 2004, Jiofack H tree ba, Med 2 gabonensis kentiise, 2009,Betti 2007, wo Ngôn zapfack 2001 (dja) Kyllinga erecta 2 Noublisse 2008, swa herb ro Med 1 (spelt wrongly as Walter 2001 mpy Kilinga erecta by Walter and Noubissie)

Laccosperma Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 1 acutiflorum Ba, furnti ture Laccosperma Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 1 laeve Ba, furnti ture Laccosperma Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 1 opacum Ba, furnti ture

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 125

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Laccosperma Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001, H Li st Co, 1 1 2 robustum Betti 2007 Ba, furnti ture Laccosperma Rattan Rotin 1, 3 108,760.00 230,905 284,013 Sunderland 2001, 2000 H Li st Co, 1 1 3 secundiflorum, Betti 2007, Ba, L. robustum Sunderland et al. furnti Eremospatha 2001, Nembot 1998, ture Sunderland 2001, macrocarpa Betti 2007 Rattan rotin 1 700,000,000 282,000 383,520 Sunderland, 1997; Données H Li st Co, 2

.00 nécessita Eq, nt une Med mise à jour Rattan rotin 3 34.13 Comcam 2004- 2010 comcam permit data averaged Rattan rotin Nlong 2 11,913 283,274,667 519,885 743,436 Nembot 1998 1991- H Li wo, To, 1 2 3 1994 st crafts, average Co export figures Lagenaria ndeg 3 tree se music 3 1 siceraria (beti), al, ete (SW) decor ative fruits Laggera alata 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1 Landolphia 3 Betti 2004, Zapfack H bush le Med 1 owariensis 1999 Lannea acida Medouh 3 Betti 2007 bush 1 Lannea 3 Zapfack 1999 S Med 1 nigritana Lannea 3 Jiofack 2009, fao tree ba, ti Med, 2 welwitshii 1999 Fu

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 126

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Laportea 3 Jiofack 2009 sh, Med 1 ovalifolia ba, le, Lasianthera 3 Jiofack 2009, Betti le Med 1 africana 2007 Leea guineensis 3 KIFP 1997 M bush Med 1 Leptaulus chong? 3 KIFP 1997 M ST dye 1 daphnoides Lonchitis currori salengan 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 g, saringen g Lophira alata ironwo azobe 1,2,3 van dijk & Wiersum vulnerabl H LT se, Meds, 3 od, 1997, eyog matig e ba,le, oil, azobe 2006, Zapfack 1999, wo Co, Ti, Laird et al 1996, Betti Cos 2007, Jiofack 200, dye Lophira Faux Okwa/'A 3 Eyog Matig et al S MT se, Med, 1 3 2 lanceolata karitie zobé, 2006, Ingram 2009 wo oil, Kofia, mellif erous, Fu Lovoa african sakthoi, 3 van dijk & Wiersum H LT wo,b Co, 3 trichilioides walnut mbantou 1997, Balinga 2004, a Fur, , zapfack 2001 Med Bibolo/'B ibolo, Bibôlô (dja) Lovoa 3 fao 19999 tree ba Cu 1 trichilodes Macaranga asas 3 fao 1999 tree ti Fu 1 Macaranga Ewolo 3 Jiofack 2009 ba, le Med 1 spinosa Maesa 3 KIFP 1997 M ST ba, le Fu 1 lanceolata Maesobotria seim, 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 bacteri seim , bambam hi'

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 127

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Maesopsis 3 fao 1999 tree ti Fu 1 eminii Mammea 3 Jiofack 2009, Betti ba Med 1 africana 2007 Mansonia manso Bissouna 3 Laird et al 1996, Betti tree bark, Ti. 2 altissinia nia, l 2007 root Med bete Med Fuelwood fuelwo bois du 1,3 857.14 428,571,429 857,143 865,714 COMCAM 1994- Avwrage tree wo fuel 4 multiple species od feu, 2010 bois du energie

Fuelwood Fuelwo bois du 1 11,487,210.00 144,157,059,27 321,642,00 324,858,4 SIE 2009 tree wo fuel 4 multiple species od feu, bois 1 0 20 du energie

Fuelwood charco charbon 1 216307 19,389,640,340 43,262,000 43,694,62 SIE 2009 tree wo fuel 4 multiple species al du bois 0

Fuelwood sawdus sciere 1 279,603 3,759,426,360 8,388,000 8,471,880 SIE 2009 househol tree wo fuel 4 multiple species t d energy consume d in 2008 in Cameroo n Maranthaceae Wr 3 Zapfack 1999, SNV 2010 H, herb le Wr 1 2 1.5 spp. leaves 200, Pers Obs 2010, sava van dijk 1999 nnh Maranthochloa Ngongo 3 Betti 2007 H herb le, st Wr 1 1 purpurea Marantochola Wr madoro 3 van dijk 1999 H herb le, st Wr 1 1 holostachya leaves (bulu) Marattia 3 KIFP 1997 M bush Med 1 fraxinea Markhamia 3 Galtier 1996 M tree st poles, 1

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 128

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act lutea, fence s Massularia yobun, 3 Betti 2007, Zapfack H bush st To, Co 2 acuminata kelang e 2007 nchiafa Megaphrynium Wr okakon 3 van dijk & Wiersum H herb le,st FO 3 macrostachyum leaves (bulu), 1997, Betti 2007, Wr, lekong Jiofack 2009, Dounias baske (bagyelei 2000 try, ), okakwi Eq, (fang) roofin g Megaphrynium Wr Okakon/ 3 Betti 2007 H herb le FO 3 megalophyllum leaves Nden Wr, baske try, Eq, roofin g Microdesmis 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 puberula Milicia excelsa iroko Abañ 3, 1,2 ndencho 2009, van H LT wo, Meds, 3 dijk & Wiersum 1997, ba, Eq, betti 2004, Laird et al le, Fur, 1996, fao 1999, ex, Ti, Fu, zapfack 2001 fruits st, fr Milletia Abang/Ir 3 Jiofack 2009 ro Med 1 sanagana oko Mimulopsis sp. 3 KIFP 1997 M Sh wo Fu 1 Mitragyna Bum 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 inermis fingai Mitragyna Afobeza 3 van dijk & Wiersum H tree ba Med 2 stipulosa m/'Bahia 1997, Betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, van dijk 1999 Momordica Jiofack 2009 le Med 1 charantia Mondia whiteii 3 Betti 2007, internet H Li ro Med, 2 sources FO arom

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 129

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act a Monodora 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 brevipes Monodora False Faux Gangat, 2,3 van dijk & Wiersum 2009 H MT se, Con, 1 3 3 myristica muscat muscatie Ikoma, 1997, FAO 1999. ba Re, , r Ozek, Ndoye 1995, Alak Med, Calabas Pebé, 2010, SNV 2009, oil, h Ding, Betti 2007, Jiofack arom Nutme Dengo 2009, zapfack 2001, a g Pers.obsv. 2010

Morinda lucida Fio, 3 van dijk & Wiersum H MT ba,w Meds, 3 Medjock, 1997, Betti 2007, o,le, Eq, Mendak, Jiofack 2009, FAO fr constr Hikoma, 1999, zapfack 2001 uct, Pebe, Fu Nding, Atcheñ- élé (dja) Moringa oleifera radish Atjek , 3 Eyog Matig et al S - s/MT ba, Meds, 2 2 tree alim, 2006, Farmers Voice intro fr, se oils bouri, 2009, Betti 2007 duce gaba, d gilgandja , zogolo gandi Moringa 3 Eyog Matig et al Tree 1 pterygosperma 2006 multiple species Saw Sciure et 1 279,603.00 8,388,000 SIE, 2009 1 dust coupeau 4,194,000,00 8,471,88 0 0 multiple species Fu, 2 18.00 Betti 2007 quantity 4 charco exported al in 2006 multiple species Fu, 3 Tata 2001 2001 4 charco al multiple species Fu, 1 321,642,0 SIE, 2009 2008 4 charco 11,487,210. 160,821,000, 00 324,858, al 00 000 420

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 130

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Musanga Asseng 3 van dijk & Wiersum s/MT ex,ba 2 cecropioides 1997, Betti 2007, ,le Meds, Jiofack 2009, van dijk Eq, 1999 drinki ng Mushrooms Mushr Champin 3 SNV 2008, 2009, H, S fo 2 ooms gons Mekongo 2009, van dijk et al. 2003 Myrianthus mbel 3,2 van dijk & Wiersum H MT Fo, 2 3 2 arboreus messil, 1997, Eyog Matig et fr,ba, Meds, bikoko al 2006, Zapfack le,wo Co, oil Biyogo, 1999 & 2001, Jiofack ossié, 2009 nlom, mva’a, tolon, etog, (beti), Nauclea Bilinga Angoko 3 van dijk & Wiersum H m/LT wo,fr Ti, Eq, 3 diderrichii m, 1997, eyog matig , se , Co, Akundu 2006, ndencho 2009, ba, Fo, m (dja), Laird et al 1996, betti ro Med, wakawak 2007, zapfack 2001 chewi a, ngata, ng boekkou, sticks, engakom fruits Nauclea 3 Jiofack 2009 ba Med 1 pobeguinii Akondok /'Bilinga' Neoboutonia 3 KIFP 1997 M ST MuIin 1 velutina strum ent Newbouldia faangum 3 ndencho 2009, H, M tree ba, Med 2 laevis , Jiofack 2009 ro, le afongom , luujang Nuxia congesta 3 KIFP 1997 M LT Fu, 2 mellif erous Ocimum Tree karbon, 3 FAO 1999, Pers. Obs H Le Con, 2 basilicum basil kiyang, 2010 Med ebfian,

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 131

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act nfuewain

Ocimum sp. Messeb 3,1 FAO 1999 H le Con 2 Octolobus ossim 3 Jiofack 2009 ba Med 1 angustatus nnam Olax gambecola 3 Jiofack 2009 whol Med 1 e Olax 3 Zapfack 1999 S MT fr FO 1 2 subscorpoidea Oldfieldia 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 africana Olea capensis 3 KIFP 1997 M LT Fu 1 Omphalocarpu eughung 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 m elatum Omphalocarpu 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 m procerum Oncocalamus Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 2 macrospathus Ba, furnti ture Oncocalamus Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 2 mannii Ba, furnti ture Oncocalamus Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 2 tuleyi Ba, furnti ture Oncocalamus Rattan Rotin 3 Sunderland 2001 H Li st Co, 1 1 2 wrightianus Ba, furnti ture Ongokea gore 3 van dijk & Wiersum fr,ba lure, 1 1997 m/LT Meds Oxytenanthera Anguek 3 KIFP 1997 M Sh const 1 abyssinica urctio n fibre

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 132

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Pachyelasma mbasetu 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 tessmannii tuy, mentomt om Pachypondanthi 3 van dijk & Wiersum H m/LT ba Med 1 um staudtii 1997, betti 2004 Palisota Ntom 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 ambigua Panda oleosa Afane , 3 van dijk 1999, van H MT se,ba Con, 2 Afan dijk & Wiersum 1997, Meds, betti 2004, zapfack Re 2001 Pandanus Afane 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 candelabrum Parinari 3 Eyog Matig et al S MT fr,ba Med, 2 curatellifolia 2006 FO, Cu Parkia biglobosa Nere de kwi, 3,1 Eyog Matig et al S LT fr, se, soi 5 2 l'afrique toukouli, 2006 fertilit de gahoussa y, louest , seppo Con, Med Paulinia pinnata 3 Jiofack 2009 st, le Med 1 Pausinystalia Yohimbe I 715.00 600,000 804,000 MINEFI 1999 Données H MT 3 johimbe , datant Johimbe de 1997/98

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 133

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act 2 989.20 395,679,886 838,795 847,182 COMCAM 2004-2010 average 3 1994- 2010 2 1,392.00 67,805,750 124,442 143,108 Nembot 1998 averaged 1991- 1994 2 840,000 CARPE (2001) Données 3 1,125,60 datant 0 de 1998 2 100 20,000,000 34,293 45,952 Sunderland 1999 1996/97 3

3 Betti 2007 2 Pennisetum 3 FAO 1999, Jiofack H le, sh FO 1 purpureum 200 Pentaclethra Ebaé 3 zapfack 2001 H tree ba Med 3 1 aetveldeana Pentaclethra African Abre de Essong, 2,3 van dijk & Wiersum H m/l- Meds, 2 macrophylla beans semelles Sissongo 1997, betti 2004, sized ba,se witch SNV 2010, eyog ,wo , craft, matig 2006, Jiofack fr Fur 200, Betti 2007, van dijk 1999 Pentadiplandra Oubli Ebay , 2,3 Eyog Matig et al H Tree fr, le, Med 2 brazzeana bale, 2006, Betti 2007, se, ro bokomol Jiofack 2009 , bamba, mbalaka, ba Peperomia difeh, 3 KIFP 1997 M epipy Med 1 fernandopoiana guipi hte Petersianthus Manguie mbor 3 Balinga 2004, S/H tree fr Med, 2 macrocarpus r ouh, Zapfack 1999 & host mbol, 2001, Betti 2004 tree Abiñ cater (dja) pillar Phoenix date Abing, 3 Eyog Matig et al sava m- le, Co, 2 reclinata palm Essessan 2006 nnha sized ro, fr, Med g, Assié / palm ro, (sapelli) perif wo

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 134

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act orest

Phragmantera jan, lina, 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1 capitata anding, andzic Phyllanthus 3 fao 1999 tree wo Fu 1 discoideus Phyllanthus Ônyale- 3 zapfack 2001 H Sh ba Med 1 floribundus kabat Phyllanthus 3 van dijk & Wiersum H Li additi 2 muellerianus 1997, betti 2004, fao ba,ex ve 1999 palm wine, Meds Physalis Awum 3 Jiofack 2009 fr, le Med 1 angulata Physostigma Calabar 3 ndencho 2009, M Shby se Med, 2 venenosum bean noubissie 2008 climb Cu, er poisin Phytolaca sp. 3 Zapfack 1999 S Med 1 Picralima nitida Ebam 3 zapfack 2001, H tree fr, ba FO, 2 noubissie 2008, van Med dijk 1999 Picralima nitida 3 Betti 2007, Jiofack tree ba, ft 1 2009 Piliostigma Ebam, 3 Betti 2007, fao 1999 tree ba mater 1 thonningii Eban, ial matotok o , ebtoo ketam, afeuewa ng Piper capense 3 KIFP 1997 M Sh traditi 1 onal

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Piper guineensis Bush poivrier kiboboi, 1,3,4 3.20 35,000 78 79 Tajoacha 2008, FAO SNV H liane fr,ba, Con, 1,2, 3 4 pepper d'afrique boboy, 1999, Eyog matig 2009, le , additi 5 ebohma 2006, zapfack 1999 & 2007: se ve bomm 2001, Jiofack 2009 225 palm nkap wine, (Beti), househol Med Ndôndo ds in 3 m'efan villages (dja) in Takaman da mone Piper Abominj 3 Jiofack 2009 le, Med 1 umbellatum ang ndik top, Li , nkap, ro Nsep meshoro Piptadeniastrum dabem Tôm, 3 van dijk & Wiersum H LT ba, Ti, 2 africanum a, atui Atui (dja) 1997, betti 2004, fr, le Med , Laird et al 1996, Fu, FO Jiofack 2009, zapfack 2001, van dijk 1999 Pittosporum Atui/'Da 3 KIFP 1997 M ST Med 1 viridiflorum bema Poga oleosa inoi esohtong 3 van dijk & Wiersum H MT se,w Con, 3 nut, , 1997, Laird et al o , fr, cooki Poga, eyghaiye 1996, Betti 2007, ba ng oil, shea se, Nwkatoh 2005, Fo, nuts, ikoh'tam zapfack 2001, van Re, african nya, dijk 1999 Med, breadfr Ngalé Ti uit (dja), angale (Bulu) Polyalthia Angale , 3 Betti 2004, Jiofack H sh, Med 1 suaveolens mipo, 2009 ba moi, fo Polyscias fulva Umbrel Parasolie 3 KIFP 1997, Zapfack M ST st wood 5 2 la tree r 1999 Car, musci al instru ment

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Portulaca lunjang, 3 Jiofack 2009 sh Med 1 oleraceae keghung (large); kebongel engos (small), aghang Premna 3 Jiofack 2009 le, st Med 1 quadrifolia probably all Bambo Bambou cane, 2,3 10.75 530,750 974 1,393 Ingram 2010, H/S grass st Co, 3, 5 2 2.5 exotic species o bamboo Nembot 1998 poles, To Prunus africana Prunus, Pygeum, 2 159.00 2,550,400 Cunningham et al. SFP M MT ba, Med, 4 red kirah, 2,677,92 1997; Cunningham et permits wo, To, stinkw bi'beh'ke 0 Mbenkum, 1993b; 2004, se wood ood, mboh', FAO, 1997;KIFP 1997 Comcam African elouo, 1994- cherry eblaa 2007, cites 1995- 2007 averaged 2 592.02 COMCAM 2004-2010 SFP , permits 2004 onwards, 2 2,874,928 Awono et al 2007, SFP 1,394,192,618.6 2,738,027.00 Ingram et al 2009 permits 9 2004+, Comcam 1994- 2007, 1995- 2007 averaged Psychotria 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 densinervia Pteleopsis 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 hylodendron Pteridium 3 Jiofack 2009 ba, le Med 1 aquilinum

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Pterocarpus 3 fao 1999 tree ba Cu 1 mildbraedii Pterocarpus padouk Mbe(l) 3 van dijk & Wiersum H LT wo,e Eq, 3 soyauxii , 1997, betti 2004, x,ba,l Meds, camwo ndencho 2009, laird e , st Co, od 1999, Jiofack 200, FO, zapfack 2001 Cu, dyes Pycnanthus ilomba, Mbe/'Pa 2,3 van dijk & Wiersum H LT Meds, 3 angolensis Pycnan duk 1997, betti 2004, ba,w Eq, Ti thus Laird et al 1996, o , kombo Jiofack 2009 se, sh, le Rapanea Eteng 3 KIFP 1997 M LT 1 melanophloeos Raphia Rhapia, vin de boh'deh'j 3 KIFP 1997 M s- ex, Co, 3 farinifera Raffia, palm e, tree wo, fibre, palm fegwoug le wine wine h , ntoo koo Raphia hookeri ruh, aluh 3 Betti 2007 s- 3 eyluk tree Raphia 3 Betti 2007 s- 3 monbuttorum tree Raphia regalis 3 Betti 2007 s- 3 tree Raphia spp. 2 650.00 Tabuna 1998, swa s- Le, 1, 3, 3 3 Raphia Shiembo 1986 mpy tree st, 5 montbuttorum, palm wo, R. hookerii, R. le,ex, mambilensis, fr Raphia spp. Rhapia, vin de vin de 3 1,512,000.0 600,000,000 1,101,161 1,574,66 Falconer 1990, swa m- st, 1, 3, 3 3 (Raphia Raffia, palm palm, 0 0.81 Forbosh 2002, FAO mpy sized wo, 5 montbuttorum, palm mimbo, 1999 palm le,ex, R. hookerii, R. wine Zam fr Mambilensis)

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act 1, 3 144,000.00 Achoundong 2005, Kribi: H, M, ST wo, To, 1, 3, 3 3 van dorp 2001 Ouami et swa le,ex, crafts, 5 Mararab mpy fr palm a wine, Co, SW Van Fur Dorp 1999 Raphia vinifera 3 Betti 2007 Tree 3

Rauvolfia caffra 3 van dijk & Wiersum H 1 1997 Rauvolfia Esombo , 3 Betti 2004, fao 1999 H MT le,ba Med, 2 macrophylla Etoe Eq (Ewondo ), Mbongo (Baka) Rawolfia 3, 2 9.81 82,438 94,803 COMCAM 2004- H Tree Ex, Med, 3 vomitoria 2010, Jiofack 200, le, Car Betti 2007 ba, se , st, ro ebtong, 1,2,3 Betti 2004, FAO H ST fr,ro, Meds, 3 etong, 1999, ndencho 2009, ba,le Fu, Esombo KIFP 1997, zapfack , wo FO, (dja) 1999 & 2001, fao Re 1999, van dijk 1999 Ricinodendron Obaton , 1 155.50 290,500,000 492,590 660,070 Awono et al. 2002, 155.5 H m/LT se,ba FO, 2 3 4 heudelotii Njansang Tabuna 1999, Betti (1997 à Con, , Ezang, 2004, Van dijk 1997, 1999) Meds, Nditi, Zapfack 1999 & Re , Elon 2001, van dijk 1999, host (tali), Tchoundjeu 2006, carter Esesañ Betti 2007, pillar (dja)

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act 2 4.00 20,000,000 33,913 45,444 Awono et al 2002, 1998 4 Balinga 2004 2,3 0.80 Vermeulen 2004 1997- 4 1998 3 Samndong 2009 2008 4 thesis study around Lomie: Eschiam bor, Bapile and Djenou 1,3,4 5.10 762,000 1,307 Tajoacha 2008, SNV 2007 335 1 4 2009, pers obs 2010 househol ds in 5 villages in Takaman da mone 1 0.30 2,826,000 5,652 7,687 Facheux 2007 2006 4 1 557,500 730,325 (Ngono et Ndoye, 1999 2004). 1 35.95 43,432,200 78,967 107,395 CIFOR database, 1995 4 ruize perez 1997 Ricinus Tonal 3 Jiofack 2009 le, Med 1 communis Rothmania 3 Jiofack 2009 le, Med 1 octomera ba, st Rubiacées root 3 FAO 1999, Betti 1999, H tu/ro FO, 2 lianescentes 2004, Pers. Obsv. 2010 Con Rubus pinnatus nkang 3 KIFP 1997 M Sh/Li FO 1 Rubus exsuccus lalang, 3 KIFP 1997 M Sh/Li FO 1 bakoh, chingleh, nyartorrj

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act i

Sacoglottis nyartorrj 3 van dijk & Wiersum H m/LT ba ad ditive 1 gabonensis i, 1997 palm chingleh wine, Meds Sansevieria Bidu 3 KIFP 1997 herb Co 1 trifasciata Santiria trimera elang, 3 van dijk & Wiersum MT fr Fo, 2 eylang 1997, betti 2004 comm ercial Sapium ? Ebaptom 3 KIFP 1997 M LT Med 1 ellipticum Sarcocephalus ketoff, 3 Eyog Matig et al Tree 1 diderrichii kehtorh 2006 Sarcophrynium 3 Betti 2007 herb 1 brachystachys Sarcophrynium Wr angwafa 3 van dijk 1999 H herb le, st Wr 1 1 prionogonium leaves n bulu) akiene (Bagyeli), angokwi (Fang) Sarcophrynium 3 van dijk & Wiersum herb le,fr FO 2 prionogonium 1997 Wr, Fo, Re Scaphopetalum Angwafa 3 Betti 2007 herb 1 sp n Schefflera 3 KIFP 1997, Gauliter M tree st fence 1 barteri 1996 Schefflera elang 3 KIFP 1997 M LT wood 2 abyssinica Car, mellfe rous Schefflera shaai, 3 KIFP 1997 M LT wood 2 mannii youor, Car, djia, mellfe ndane'h rous o'

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Schumanniophyt 3 Jiofack 2009, van dijk le Med 1 um magnificum & Wiersum 1997, Betti 2004, Eyog Matig et al 2006 Scleria sp Scleria ewus, 2, 3 Betti 2007 swa herb ro Med 1 2 striatin ebwos, mpy ux kebongel gassl engos, and njaaloo'h i, kirarah, kibongrig -oi Sclerocarya 3 FAO 1999, Eyog S MT fr, se, FO, 2 birrea Matig et al 2006, ba, wine, Betti 2007 wo oil, wood, Med Scoparia dulcis Dania, 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1 Kampe, Yakgo, Edi Scorodophleus Garlic Abre de Olom, 1, 2, 3 van dijk & Wiersum H MT ba, Con, 3 2 3 zenkeri tree ail, Olon, 1997, Eyog Matig et se, Re , Ohomi al 2006, Alak 2010, wo, Med (Bafouss Jiofack 2009, betti fr , st am ): 2007, van dijk 1999 lem ; (Bamilék é) : lom ; (Bangang té ): doum ; (Bassa ): hiomi, ngô ; (Boulou ): Olan ; (Douala): bobinbi ; Ewondo) : Olom ; (Pygmée

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 142

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Baka ): mingagn e. Olon (bulu)

Securidaca 3 Jiofack 2009 tree sh, Med 1 longepedunculat ba, a le, Senna alata 3 ndencho 2009, H Sh le, Med 1 Jiofack 2009 ba, st Senna hirsuta 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1 Solenostemon 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1 monostachyus Sonchus 3 Jiofack 2009 ariel le Med 1 angustissimus Soreindeia 3 Eyog Matig et al Tree 1 deliciosa 2006 Spathodea Esusuk, 3 van dijk & Wiersum H MT ba,ex Meds 1 campanulata Evôvôn 1997, Zapfack 1999 , le (dja) & 2001, Jiofack 2009, fao 1999 Spilanthes Esusuk , 3 ndencho 2009, H herb/ ba/st Meds 1 filicaulis Chimbi, zapfack 2001 creep Añdoñsi er (dja) Spondias 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 cytherea Staudtia 3 van dijk & Wiersum H m wo,b Co, 2 kamerunensis 1997, Betti 2004 (?)- a Meds sized

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act tree Sterculia nkanan Mbonda/ 3 Laird et al 1996 bark Ti. 3 rhinopetala g 'Niove' Med Med Strombosia 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 pustulata Strombosiopsis 3,2 4.00 Betti 2004, Comcam 1994- H Med 1 tetrandra database 2004-2010 2010 comcam data averaged Strophanthus 2 542.50 56,678,500 104,020 119,623 Nembot 1998 average H Sh/Li st , Med, 3 gratus 1991- le, ro revnu 194 e Strophanthus 2 1.10 van dijk & Wiersum 1995 H Sh/Li st , hunti 1 2 gratus 1997, Eyog Matig et le, ro ng/fis al 2006, Cunningham hing 1993, ndencho 2009 poiso n, Med, Re Strychnos Enay, 3 van dijk & Wiersum H Li wo,e Eq, 2 asterantha eneh, 1997 x drinki neah ng water Strychnos Mfas 3 Betti 2007 Li 1 campicola Strychnos 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 longicaudata Strychnos 3 Eyog Matig et al H Tree ba Med 1 spinosa 2006, Jiofack 2009 Syzygium Waterb 3 Eyog Matig et al M MT fr, ro, Fo, 3 guineense erry 2006 le, ba Med, Ti Tabernaemonta kakout, 3 van dijk & Wiersum H s/MT ex,le, Med 2 na crassa tchankop 1997, Betti 2004, ba , zomoli, zapfack 2001, van malmop, dijk 1999 asora,

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act ebwey, oweh, perrki , Obatoan , Etoan (Dja, Bulu) Tabernaemonta Etoan 3 KIFP 1997 M s/MT wood 1 na ventricosa Car Tabernanthe Iboga etong, 3, 4 2.00 504,378 580,034. Betti 2007, Clark et al H Sh/h ro Med 1,3 2.5 iboga ebtong 70 2004 erb Talimum 3 Betti 2007 Sh 1 triangulare Tamarindus 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 indica Tapinanthus 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1 bangwensis Tephrosia fish 2,3 Jiofack 2009 H bush le, Med, 2 vogelii bean, ba, insect fish- icide, poison fish bean, poisin vogel’s tephro sia Terminalia 3 Betti 2007 1 schimperiana Terminalia frake, Akom 3 Betti 2004, Laird et al H LT le, fr Ti, 3 superba limba 1996, Jiofack 2009, ba, Med, zapfack 2001 wo, FO ex Tetracarpidium conoph Limba 3,2 Eyog Matig et al M ST, Li fr, se Fo 1 2 1 conophorum or nut 2006 Tetracera Eñgoñgw 3 zapfack 2001 H tree fr FO 1 aniflora i (dja) Tetracera ngag, 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1 potatoria ngak, nkat, naso

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 145

Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Tetrapleura Aidon Apkwa 2, 3 20.00 108,252 124,489. Pers. Obs., van dijk & 1999, H MT se, Con, 1 3 tetraptera tree, (beti), 97 Wiersum 1997, eyog 2010 ba, Med, Aridan essessee matig 2004, betti fr, ro, Re, Fu (Douala), 2004, FAO 1999, SNV wo Esekesek 2010, Alaka 2009, e (SW) ndencho 2009, zapfack 1999, betti 2007, Jiofack 2009, Nwakoth 2005 Tetrorchidium Kpwa'sa, 3 van dijk & Wiersum H s/MT ba,w Meds, 2 didymostemon Essessee 1997 o Co , Sassas, djetk, essissa, Thalia Dilik 3 Betti 2007 herb 1 welwitschii Thaumatococcu okeo 3 Betti 2007, fao 1999 H herb ro, Wr, 2 s daniellii beti), le, st sweet emgkbon ener, g (SW), Co ngongo Thomandersia Ngoka 3 fao 1999 le, ba Med 2 hensi (Baka) Tiegemella douka 3 Laird et al 1996 bark Ti. 3 hechelii-africana Med Med Trachyphrynium 3 Betti 2007 herb 1 braunianum Trachyphrynium Wr nkomenk 3 van dijk 1999 H herb le, st Wr 1 1 braunianum leaves omen(fa ng & bulu), mposo (Bagyeli), Treculia africana 3 van dijk & Wiersum MT wo,s Eq, 2 1997, Betti 2004 e Con, Med Trema Etui 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1 guineensis Trema orientalis 3 Betti 2004 H Med 1

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Trichilia 3 Betti 2004, Jiofack H ro, Med 1 rubescens 2009 ba Trichoscypha Abut 3 Eyog Matig et al H MT fr Fo 1 1 abut 2006, Betti 2007, zapfack 2001 Trichoscypha Ossang 3 van dijk & Wiersum H s/MT Fo, 2 3 2 acuminata Mvout, 1997, FAO 199, Eyog fr,ba, Meds, ngale Matig et al 2006, wo Re Betti 2007 Trichoscypha Mvut/Ab 3 van dijk & Wiersum H MT fr,ba Fo, 3 arborea ut , Ndoi, 1997, Betti 2004, Meds, ngoyo, FAO 1999, Betti 2007 Eq, Re okoyan Trichoscypha Engong 3 Betti 2004, FAO 1999 H fr Med 1 patens Tricoscypha engong 3 fao 1999, van dijk H tree fr Con 2 acuminata 1999 Tricoscypha mvut, 3 fao 1999, van dijk H Tree fr, se Con, 2 arborea abut 1999 fruit Tricoscypha 3 fao 1999 H tree orna 1 ferruginea ment al Triplochiton Ayous 3 Betti 2007, Balinga H/S tree le Med, 2 scleroxylon 2004, Betti 2004, cater Dounias 1996 pillars , Ti Triumfetta 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 cordifolia Trychoscypha 1 0.22 Vermeulen 2004 1997- 1 spp. 1998 Uapaca Rikio Asam-élé 3 Eyog Matig et al H MT wo, Ti, Fo 2 guineensis 2006, zapfack 2001 fr, ba, ro Uapaca lissamba, 3 FAO 1999, Betti 2004 H fr FO 1 heudelotii assam, obia Uapaca assam 3 Betti 2004, Jiofack H ba, Med 1 paludosa 2009 ro, fr

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Urera cordifolia 3 Jiofack 2009 le Med 1 Urera 3 Jiofack 2009 st Med, 2 gabonensis FO Vernonia Yôlô-yôlô 3 Betti 2004, zapfack H tree/ fr Med, 2 conferta 2001 Sh FO Vernonia Yôlô-yôlô 3 Jiofack 2009, zapfack H Sh ro, Med 1 guineensis 2001 ba, fr Vitellaria Caritie Karitie Karahi 1,3 Eyog Matig et al S MT se, fr, Med, 5 3 3 paradoxa (foulfoul 2006, Betti 2007 ro, oil, de) ba, Co, wo FO Vitex cienkosku oum 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 kouroum , sap, kol, karehi, kadanya Vitex cilitata 3 KIFP 1997 M ST Car 1 Vitex doniana Prunier Tambe 3 Eyog Matig et al S, M MT fr, le, FO, Ti, 5 2 noir 2006, Zapfack 1999, wo, Med Jiofack 2009 ba, ro Vitex grandifolia Prunier bi, 3 Eyog Matig et al H, S LT fr FO 5 1 noir galbiki, 2006 dinyar Vitex rivularis teyak, 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 bofoulok , evoula Vitex 3 Eyog Matig et al S Tree le, FO, 5 1 simplicifolia 2006 ro, fr, Med, ba, Fu wo Voacanga Vocang boumehi 2, 3 182.33 273,500,000 579,788 585,586 SNV 2009, 2009, H, M ST fr, ro, Med, 2 2 to 4 africana a , dinyar Cunningham 1993, 2004- ex, Car, 3 biri, Eton FAO 1999, COMCAM 2010 ba, le Fu (Ewondo 2004-2010, Eyog Comcam , se, ), Matig et al 2006, Obeton KIFP 1997, ndencho - average wo (Bulu & 2009, zapfack 1999, annually Fang) Jiofack 2009

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act Ximenia citron de obatoan 3 Eyog Matig et al S/gall ST fr, le, Fo, 1 americana mer, 2006 ery ro, oil, prun de wo Med, mer Xylopia African Povire mi, 3, 2 van dijk & Wiersum H ST wo,b Co, 4 aethiopica pepper de tsabouhli 1997, Eyog Matig et a,fr Fur, Guinea/ , Bikui al 2006, Betti 2007, Med, Ethiopie (beti) fao 1999 oil, Con, Fu Xylopia Kpwa'asa 3 Zapfack 2001 H tree st Con, 1 aurantiodora , Oyañ fibre (dja) Xylopia poivrier Nkala 3,1, 2 Eyog Matig et al H MT fr, se, Med, 2.5 parviflora de 2006, Betti 2007 wo, Con, sedhiou ro, le Ti Xylopia quintasii mbato 3 van dijk & Wiersum H s/MT ba,fr Con, 1 u'ou, 1997 Meds odjobi , Xylopia staudtii Mvom 3 Betti 2007, Zapfack H tree ba FO 1 ba, 2001 Odjobé (Dja) Xymalos 3 KIFP 1997 M ST le fibre 1 monospora Yushina alpina Bambo Bambou feghia, 3, 1 KIFP 1997 M, H Sh st Cu, 3 (Arundinaria ) o, pooto'j To, alpine e , fii, poles bambo , o pape r Zanthoxylum tomto 3 van dijk & Wiersum LT Eq, 2 gilleti m, 1997, Betti 2007, wo,b Meds ebtoto Jiofack 2009 a m, intomt om , kehwe h Zanthoxylum Bongo/ 3 van dijk & Wiersum LT st,ba, Ap, 2

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Resource Product name Market Annual Economic value References Data Habit plant parts Uses Dom Harv Value Volume Status at typ type estic est Score 3 Species English French Local Value FCFA value $ 2010 $ atio imp 1 value n act heitzii 'Olon' 1997, Betti 2004 th poiso n, Med Zanthoxylum Elelong 3 Eyog Matig et al S/riv ST fr Sh, 2 1 zanthoxyloides o/Ngue 2006, Betti 2007, erine FO, s/'Olon Jiofack 2009 Med ' Ziziphus 3 Betti 2007 tree 1 mucronata Ziziphus spina- 3 FAO 1999 tree ba Med 1 christi

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ANNEX 7 Protected animal species in Cameroon Sources (République du Cameroun 1994; Djeukam 2007)

Class A

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Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 153

Class B

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ANNEX 8 Exchange rates and inflation indexes

YEAR Average FCFA to US$ Average FCFA to US$ Bid price Ask price

1994 544.6582 545.1003 544.8793 1995 498.922 500.1748 499.5484 1996 510.379 512.4943 511.4367 1997 582.1685 584.2639 583.2162 1998 589.2666 590.2137 589.7401 1999 615.2975 616.0187 615.6581 *2000 647.9161 648.6497 648.2829 2000 709.5236 713.4572 711.4904 2001 725.7181 741.4718 733.595 2002 677.7969 724.6121 701.2045 2003 564.7325 590.9745 577.8535 2004 507.2896 549.1639 528.2268 2005 522.2248 532.7466 527.4857 2006 505.8538 539.561 522.7074 2007 466.0924 492.7224 479.4074 2008 439.3087 457.0734 448.191 2009 462.7569 480.692 471.7244 *2010 466.5664 484.9953 475.7809 Source : http://www.xe.com/ucc/

Year Consumer Price index US$ % equivalent 2010 1995 1.43 1996 1.39 1997 1.36 1998 1.34 1999 1.31 2000 1.26 2001 1.23 2002 1.21 2003 1.18 2004 1.15 2005 1.11 2006 1.08 2007 1.05 2008 1.01 2009 1.01 Source : http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/

Date Euro S US 2004 1 1.2009 2010 1 1.27106 French francs $ US 1997 0.17193 1 Source: http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates

Review of NTFPs, Cameroon, June 2010 159

ANNEX 9 Markets, Volumes and Prices 1995-2008

Market Product Volume in Average Price FCFA Sacks Local name Scientific name Unit buying Unit selling price price

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 66 18148 68172 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 4523 16326 29225 Mvonglo Aframomum sulcatum 2 7333 21500 Kola nut Cola acuminata 132 9682 15641 Palm nut Elaeis guineensis 5 1317 2175 Bitter Kola Garcinia kola 13 11681 18820 Mbalmayo Essock (noix) Garcinia lucida 388 6054 8924 Safou Dacryodes edulis 270 12060 23101 Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 675 9382 33353 Onié bark Garcinia kola 15 5160 12200 Piment Peper spp. 247 15201 30164 Termites 1 40000 100000

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 268 25110 48767 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 501 26552 48092 Ndong Aframomum melegueta 2 7667 18833 Mvonglo Aframomum sulcatum 1 7518 9394 Nding Monodora myristica 29 6615 13798 Tetrapleura Tetrapleura 17 2379 4945 Komen Coula Edulis 7 12083 18458 Yaounde Kola nut Cola acuminata 424 19549 27806 Mfoundi Palm nut Elaeis guineensis 1 1388 2156 Bitter Kola Garcinia kola 95 19240 26537 Essock (noix) Garcinia lucida 145 7517 11260 Olum Scorodophloeus zenkeri 1 6593 16577 Safou Dacryodes edulis 1573 15527 26263 Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 49 2297 6151 Onié bark Garcinia kola 27 6329 10321 Piment Peper sp 871 12064 21334 Olum fruit Scorodophloeus zenkeri 10 8409 15520 Ebolowa

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Market Product Volume in Average Price FCFA Sacks Local name Scientific name Unit buying Unit selling price price

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 738 14167 58021 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 2108 27111 42052 Mvonglo Aframomum sulcatum 4 10820 25400 Tetrapleura Tetrapleura 2 2167 5833 Kola nut Cola acuminata 1140 15184 23550 Bitter Kola Garcinia kola 848 16172 22080 Essock (noix) Garcinia lucida 830 4300 7864 Safou Dacryodes edulis 189 10895 17863 Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 7 5329 11631 Onié bark Garcinia kola 50 4683 13389 Piment Peper sp 120 18863 30975 Ebaïe Champignon 14 64000 80000 Poivre Piper guineensis 2125 60000 88000

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 314 13983 34027 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 655 44054 75742 Kola nut Cola acuminata 5 10953 26375 Abang-Minko Bitter Kola Garcinia kola 5 8394 18344 Essock (noix) Garcinia lucida 293 4256 7986 Safou Dacryodes edulis 23 10429 23774 Onié bark Garcinia kola 420 5024 9167 Piment Peper sp 37 8317 28344

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 39 7743 20789 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 47 11517 29883 Kola nut Cola acuminata 9 2520 5611 Palm nut Elaeis guineensis 17 2350 5970 Abong-Mbang Essock (noix) Garcinia lucida 74 5333 7917 Safou Dacryodes edulis 41 17577 30944 Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 39 6270 14741 Chenilles banches Larvae 1 42000 53125 (Foasse) Piment Peper sp 28 22156 34926 Olum fruit Scorodophloeus 1 3060 8700 Tiko Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 508 94500 193773 New-Bell

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Market Product Volume in Average Price FCFA Sacks Local name Scientific name Unit buying Unit selling price price

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 942 56186 83200 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 404 25850 56934 Ndong Aframomum melegueta 7 13019 18046 Mvonglo Aframomum sulcatum 4 23063 25781 Nding Monodora myristica 16 13177 24180 Tetrapleura Tetrapleura 98 3765 5837 Kola nut Cola acuminata 99 15361 24432 Bitter Kola Garcinia kola 131 29853 49433 Safou Dacryodes edulis 1565 13013 22176 Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 7131 8864 22120 Andok vert Irvingia gabonensis 12 3250 4875 Piment Peper sp 5561 17104 24200 Olum fruit Scorodophloeus 3 11145 18331 Termites 72 57851 92005

Mutenguene Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 1439 84000 145600

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 97 19348 26384 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 155 21904 36397 Ndong Aframomum melegueta 1 13643 16607 Nding Monodora myristica 1 10400 25432 Kola nut Cola acuminata 34 14035 31691 Limbe Bitter Kola Garcinia kola 24 14826 55431 Essock (noix) Garcinia lucida 14 5387 10357 Safou Dacryodes edulis 172 9391 19556 Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 3593 11230 19459 Onié bark Garcinia kola 33 4645 11182 Olum fruit Scorodophloeus 5 9778 14560 Haricot (g) Phasoelus sp 215 16543 25421

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 132 23322 44543 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 18 16175 70398 Nding Monodora myristica 2 13907 25679 Sa'a Kola nut Cola acuminata 10 10113 16034 Safou Dacryodes edulis 5 6717 10800 Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 60 7008 17923 Piment Peper sp 317 15152 31526 Olum fruit Scorodophloeus 4 9903 30005 Muea Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 1165 145147 202588 Kye-Ossi

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Market Product Volume in Average Price FCFA Sacks Local name Scientific name Unit buying Unit selling price price

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 581 11899 42153 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 656 57496 90840 Tetrapleura Tetrapleura 1 2550 6000 Kola nut Cola acuminata 11 12806 29267 Safou Dacryodes edulis 21 14583 24900 Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 4 6927 13585 Onié bark Garcinia kola 4 5000 10500 Piment Peper sp 34 19361 33778 Ebaïe Mushrooms 136 91576 138403

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 6 8726 11605 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 32 14784 23152 Ekondo Titi Kola nut Cola acuminata 9 21300 47208 Bitter Kola Garcinia kola 4 34780 62500 Safou Dacryodes edulis 38 11600 20549 Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 204 13834 26988 Piment Peper sp 78 19293 32250

Idenau Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 4831 19522 52737 Biwong-Bane Andok Irvingia gabonensis 10 48000 64000 centre

Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 15 15819 59628 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 19 18508 56770 Makenene Est Nding Monodora myristica 1 2878 4989 Safou Dacryodes edulis 361 9659 13454 Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 5 4224 7849 Piment Peper sp 297 8528 23633 Ezezang (Njangsang) Ricinodendron heudoletii 2 12344 16784 Andok Irvingia gabonensis 20 17331 68422 Mvonglo Aframomum sulcatum 1 5583 7500 Kola nut Cola acuminata 3 10950 28400 Makenene Essock (noix) Garcinia lucida 2 4250 7500 Centre Safou Dacryodes edulis 230 6245 9718 Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 4 5685 11721 Onié bark Garcinia kola 6 6500 10000 Piment Peper sp 10 8567 25333 Olum fruit Scorodophloeus 1 17012 27540 Fiango Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 2505 31500 51000 Ikom Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 1277 12115 36750 Ikang Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 1509 73500 157500 Symmetry Gnetum (Okok) Gnetum afrinum 1509 31500 63000 Calabar

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ANNEX 10 Ranking of most hunted animal species Species Value Ranking of most hunted species Averaged Score Tieguhong Abugiche Wilkie Wilcox Fa 2006 Fa 2006 Ayeni et Njirforti van Dijk rank 2009 2008 1999 2007 (by species) (by weight) al. 2001 1996 1999 Anaphe venata 1 Anomalurops sp. 1 Aonyx congica 2 Atherurus africanus 3 2 2 3 1 4 1 2 Atilax paludinosus 3 17 17 Bitis gabonica 1 10 5 caterpillars 2 Cephalophus callipygus 3 3 1 1 4 2 Cephalophus dorsalis, C. ogilbyi 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 7 2 Cephalophus monticola 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 Cephalophus monticola 2 Cephalophus rufilatus 7 7 Cercocebus albigena 2 Cercocebus galeritus 2 Cercopithecus neglectus 2 Cercopithecus cephus 2 5 5 Cercopithecus erythrotise 2 11 11 Cercopithecus mona 2 6 6 Cercopithecus nictitans 2 7 6 7 Cercopithecus spp. 3 9 4 5 6 Colobus guereza 2 Cricetomys emini 2 3 3 Cricetomys gambianus 3 10 3 3 1 4 Crickets 2 Crocodylus niloticus 2 11 11 Crossarcuhus obscurus 2 Dendrolyrax arboreus 2 Felis aurata 3 13 3 8 Gorilla gorilla 3 16 7 12

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Species Value Ranking of most hunted species Averaged Score Tieguhong Abugiche Wilkie Wilcox Fa 2006 Fa 2006 Ayeni et Njirforti van Dijk rank 2009 2008 1999 2007 (by species) (by weight) al. 2001 1996 1999 Guttera plumifera 3 14 14 Hippopotamus amphibius Hyemoschus aquaticus 3 12 8 4 8 Hylochoerus meinertzhageni 3 7 7 Hystrix cristata 3 1 17 Imbrasia epimethea 2 Imbrasia ertlii 2 Imbrasia truncata 2 Kobus kob 3 3 15 Larvae 2 Loxodondta africana Mandrillus leucophaeus 3 10 10 Manis spp. (M. tricuspis etc) 3 5 4 5 Manis tetrdyctala 2 Manis tricuspis Nandinia binotata 2 12 12 Notodontidae Nudaurelia oyenmsis 18 Numida meleagris 2 2 16 Osteoaemus tretraspis 2 Pan troglodytes 3 6 6 Panthera pardus Perodicticus potto 2 Phataginus tricuspis 2 Potamochoerus porcus 2 5 1 1 2 Potamogale velox Proptoxerus stangeri 1 9 9 Snakes 3 5 5 Python sebae 3 18 18 Snails 2

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Species Value Ranking of most hunted species Averaged Score Tieguhong Abugiche Wilkie Wilcox Fa 2006 Fa 2006 Ayeni et Njirforti van Dijk rank 2009 2008 1999 2007 (by species) (by weight) al. 2001 1996 1999 Syncerus caffer nanus 3 15 5 10 Termites Thryonomys swinderianus 2 8 9 5 8 8 Tragelaphus euryceros 3 4 4 Tragelaphus euryceros Tragelaphus scriptus Tragelaphus spekei 3 6 6 Tryonomys swinderianus 2 Uromanis tetradactyla 2 13 4 9 Varanus niloticus 2 Viverra civetta

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ANNEX 11 Description of priority NTFPs

See separate annex file.

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