FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences
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Fjrs.futa.edu.ng FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences ISSN: 2315 – 8239 (Print); E-ISSN: 2489 - 0413 FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences, Vol. 15(2), October, 2019: 254 -263 MACROPROPAGATION OF PYCNANTHUS ANGOLENSIS (WELW.)WARB.- (AFRICAN FALSE NUTMEG) M.S. Akinropo and A.M.A Sakpere Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile –Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Corresponding Author’ Email: [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT Pycnanthus angolensis is an important multi-medicinal tropical tree species that is vulnerable owing to high rate deforestation and exploitation without replacement. A study was carried out to develop a macropropagation protocol using stem cuttings and to investigate the effects of plant growth regulator IBA on rooting of both mature tree and juvenile stem cuttings of P. angolensis. Stem cuttings were collected from both the mature tree in situ and young seedlings within the period of May to August 2017. Stem cuttings were treated with Indole Butyric acid (IBA).The control cuttings were dipped in sterile water. Only cuttings from juvenile seedlings responded to treatment with IBA. The result revealed a significant effect of IBA concentration on the rooting performance of the stem cuttings and number of shoots per cutting. The highest rooting percent of cuttings from juvenile seedlings was recorded with 2000ppm IBA which was significantly different (P< 0.05) from 2500ppm IBA. After acclimatization, maximum survival rate of plants was 70%. A successful macro propagation protocol has been developed; therefore, it can be employed for uniform plantation establishment of P. angolensis for mass propagation of this multi-medicinal tree species and tree planting programme. Keywords: Macropropagation, Juvenile Stem cuttings, P. angolensis (FORMECU, 1991; Chakravarty et al., 2012). In INTRODUCTION addition to the changes in land use, existing forests The tropical forest zone of Africa is rich with are being degraded by pathogens and pests, fire, invaluable tree species, which have economic atmospheric pollution, extreme weather events, potentials meeting both food and medicinal needs climate change and unsustainable forest of man. Plants are an important universally management practices (Chakravarty et al., 2012; recognized source of medicines and play a key role EPA, 2016). FAO (2006) indicates that the world’s in world health (Kala, 2005; Street and Prinsoloo, forested area is attenuating, predominantly in 2013). The gradual increase in the exploitation of tropical regions where biodiversity and growth forest trees for timber and non-timber product rates are highest. Okafor (1993) estimated that over (food and medicine) have led to impaired 90% of the natural forest and natural vegetation in regeneration. Deforestation has also been Nigeria is still being lost annually in the country frightening as far back as three decades ago in while Ola-Adams and Iyamabo (1975) opined that Nigeria resulting in rapid loss of forest the possible consequence of deforestation would be 254 Akinropo and Sakpere., FUTA J. Res. Sci., Vol. 15 (2), October, 2019: 254 - 263 extinction of many Nigerian trees and substantial P. angolensis is propagated conventionally by loss of plant diversity. seeds but the seeds produced are few (60-100 seeds Pycnanthus angolensis, a tree species native to per tree annually) and recalcitrant while trial tropical Africa (GRIN, 2008) is one of such trees vegetative propagation by stem cuttings failed to that could suffer the consequences of deforestation succeed (Mapongmetem, 2007). There is, (Namuene et al., 2014). It is a member of the family therefore, the need to introduce a sustainable Myristicaceae. Pycnanthus angolensis has a method of cultivation of this multi-medicinal tree variety of human uses and is variously called: box species. The use of macropropagation technologies board, card board, Kombo butter, wild African have been documented and published especially for nutmeg and commonly African false nutmeg. In ornamental plant species specifically by Africa, it is widely known as Ilomba (Richter and horticulturist. Macropropagation allows for Dallwitz, 2000) and called Akomu by Yorubas in production of large quantity of true clone from the Nigeria. The family is a rich source of bioactive ortet for the purpose of conservation (Leaky, phytochemicals useful in treating various ailments 2004). Early reports on rootability of mature (Valderrama, 2000; Lopes et al., 2004; Wiart, cuttings of P. angolensis was not successful 2006; Denny et al., 2008; Calliste et al., 2010; La according to Onefeli and Akinyele (2014). Rooting Frankie, 2010). success of cuttings have been attributed to a Pycnanthus angolensis can be used for many number of factors such as age, early selection of purposes including medicinal, nutritional and desired characters and the interaction with the industrial. The bark, leaves, and seeds are environment (Ali and El-tigani, 2003). Difficulty employed for several ailments such as anaemia, of rooting in hard wood has been characterized to stomach and menstrual disorders, tooth ache, the degree of lignifications in the primary phloem emeto-purgative and can act as an antidote to which inhibit root primordial tissue to develop root poisoning and as a blood tonic; treatment of leprosy initials (Ali and El-tigani, 2003; Fadwa and Yahia, and infertility, gonorrhea and malaria (Zapfact et 2014). Auxins are plant growth regulators well al., 2001, Mapongmetsem, 2007; Orwa et al., known for their ability to induce rooting (Eklof et 2009; Ofori et al., 2012). The reddish sap is syptic al., 2000, Nordstrom et al., 2004; Fadwa and (arrest bleeding) and it is also used in treatment of Yahia, 2014 and Abidin and Metali, 2015) and thrush, mouth ulcer, gum diseases and bad breath different auxins have been employed for and for treatment of cataracts and filariasis macropropagation of many medicinal and timber (Onocha and Otunla, 2010). IITA (2012) reported value tropical trees and shrubs (Kipkemoi et al., that the plant is used more for medicinal than 2013, Abidin and Metali, 2015). This is as a result culinary purposes. It has anthelmintic, anti-fungal of its ability to improve rooting percentages, hasten and anti-cancer properties (Achel et al., 2012). root initiation, increase the number as well as the The aromatic non edible seed is a source of butter, quality of roots and promote uniform root solid reddish/yellowish vegetable fat (about 70%) developments (Blythe et al., 2007, Boyer et al., called kombo butter which is used for making soap 2013 and Abidin and Metali, 2015). However, the and candles. Seed remnants are used for optimal concentration of plant hormone as well as composting (Mapongmetsem, 2007). The wood is responses to different auxins vary considerably in whitish grey or pink tinged in colour. It is suitable tree species as a result of intraspecific variation for furniture and house construction to make (Alejandro et al., 2009, Guo et al.,2009). The aim shingles, both for roofing and covering the sides of of this research was to develop a reproducible native houses, and planks for doors and window method for the conservation of this tropical tree frames (Zapfact et al., 2001;Orwa et al., 2009). species as well as its multiplication for forest 255 Akinropo and Sakpere., FUTA J. Res. Sci., Vol. 15 (2), October, 2019: 254 - 263 restoration programmes. Therefore, the specific 0ppm, 1000ppm, 1500 ppm, 2000ppm, 2500 ppm, objective of the study was to investigate the effect 3000ppm and 3500 ppm) using the quick dip of plant growth regulator on the survival and method. The cuttings were then planted in moist rootability of stem cuttings from mature and river sand in a humidified environment. Each of the juvenile trees of P. angolensis with a view to treatments contained 10 cuttings and was replicated developing a reproducible macropropagation once making an aggregate of 140 cuttings. method. Watering of the set cuttings was carried out twice a day and monitored for a period of 20 weeks. Macropropagation Growth Measurement MATERIALS AND METHODS The number of rooted cuttings, sprouted cuttings, Plant materials survived cuttings and number of roots per cutting The propagules (cuttings) were obtained from the were recorded. Furthermore, the percentage upper position on the mother tree and juvenile rooting, percentage sprouting, and percentage seedlings (8 months old) of Pycnanthus angolensis survival was estimated. After five months of species within Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile- monitoring the cuttings under a humidifier, rooted Ife, Osun State (Lat. 70 31I 8.4 and Long. 40 311 cuttings were transplanted into pots filled with top 15.96). Authentication was carried out at Ife soil and assessed every day for another four weeks Herbarium (IFE-17630). The cuttings were planted for acclimatization. in river sand in a humidified environment. The Statistical Analysis cuttings were of three categories, the woody and Data collected were subjected to Analysis of herbaceous cuttings from mature tree and cuttings Variance using analysis of Variance with SAS from juvenile plants. The leaves of the cuttings Software version 9.1 (SAS Institute, 2004). were reduced to half of the original sizes. Treatment means were separated with Duncan‘s Root induction Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% probability This was carried out in two forms: level to determine the significant differences 1. Direct Auxin Treatment among the means of the recorded parameters. Two sets of cuttings